Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary. What is a Rock? A rock is composed of minerals Can be made of...
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Transcript of Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary. What is a Rock? A rock is composed of minerals Can be made of...
![Page 1: Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary. What is a Rock? A rock is composed of minerals Can be made of organic material Solid material that forms Earth’s.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649dac5503460f94a9b0fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RocksRocks
IgneousMetamorphicSedimentary
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What is a Rock?
• A rock is composed of minerals
• Can be made of organic material
• Solid material that forms Earth’s hard surface.
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Igneous RockIgneous Rock
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Igneous Rock
• Rock that crystallizes from cooling of magma (inside Earth) or lava (on/outside surface of Earth)
• Characterized two ways – INtrusive or Extrusive
• Geology Kitchen Video - Igneous Rocks
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• Crystallizes inside of Earth from magma
• Magma cools slowly (because of the blanket of the Earth’s layers)
IntrusiveIntrusive Igneous Rock Igneous Rock
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Intrusive Igneous Rock (continued)
• Cooling slowly = large interlocking crystals (usually two or more colors)
• Large crystals = coarse-grained texture
Devils Tower, Wyoming
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Igneous Intrusive Rock Samples
GraniteGranite
Note 3 minerals = mica (black)Note 3 minerals = mica (black)quartz (smoky)quartz (smoky)feldspar (pinkfeldspar (pink))
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ExtrusiveExtrusive Igneous Rock Igneous Rock
• Crystallizes outside of Earth from lava – mostly from volcanic activity
• Lava cools quickly• Cooling quickly = tiny or no
mineral grains (usually one drab color)
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Extrusive Igneous Rocks (Continued)
• Tiny or no mineral grains = fine-grained texture
• EXTRA : Sometimes has pores or holes from trapped gases
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Extrusive Igneous Rock Samples
PumicePumice
Basalt (seafloor)Basalt (seafloor)
ObsidianObsidian (volcanic glass)(volcanic glass)
Notice the very smooth texture
Notice the drab colorNotice the holes or pores
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MaficMafic vsvs FelsicFelsic
• Mafic igneous rocks - dark in color and have a high density due to high quantities of heavy elements (magnesium, iron, calcium and sodium)– basalt (extrusive) and gabbro (intrusive).
• Felsic igneous rocks – light in color and have a lower density due to high quantities of lighter elements (silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium and potassium)– Pumice (extrusive) and granite (intrusive)
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Sedimentary Rock
• How does Sedimentary Rock form? • Click on image for video clip
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#1
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#3#4
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Sedimentary RockSedimentary Rock• Formed at surface of Earth (in lakes,
oceans, rivers) in thin or thick layers (strata)
• Layering is referred to as stratification• Formed from Cementation & Compaction
of sediments or Evaporation/Precipitation• Only rock type to contain fossils – one
exception = volcanic ash• Characterized two ways – clastic or non-
clastic
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Sedimentary Rock Strata
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ClasticClastic Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Rock
• Mineral grains (sediments/fragments) are compacted and cemented together.
• Example – sand compacted and cemented = sandstone
• Example – mud/clay compacted and cemented = shale
• Example – pebbles, sand and mud compacted and cemented = conglomerate
• Geology Kitchen Video – Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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ClasticClastic Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary Rock SamplesSamples
sandstonesandstone
shale fieldshale field
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Non-clasticNon-clastic Sedimentary Sedimentary RockRock
• Two types – Organic Non-clastic or Chemical Non-clastic
• Organic – made from once living things – plants (coal) or animal life (fossil rich limestone - coquina)
• Chemical – made from evaporation (gypsum) or precipitation – (CaCO3 – chemical limestone)
• Geology Kitchen Video – Chemical and Biologic Sedimentary Rock
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Non-clastic Sedimentary Rock Samples
Coal - organicCoal - organic
Fossil rich limestone - organicFossil rich limestone - organic
Chemical limestoneChemical limestone
Gypsum - chemicalGypsum - chemical
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Sedimentary Features
• Ripple Marks – left by water or wind in sand, mud, etc. – can be preserved as a rock feature
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Sedimentary Features
• Mud cracks in today’s puddles can be preserved as rock millions of years from now
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Sedimentary Features
• Cross bedding – formed in old sand dunes or on off-shore sand bars
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Metamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock
• How is metamorphic rock formed?
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Metamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock• Formed deep inside the Earth from
intense heat and pressure • Any rock type can be changed by
metamorphism – depends on how much heat, pressure and original rock type to determine the outcome
• No melting involved – solid state process (more like softening)
• Hardest of three types of rock• Characterized two ways – foliated or
non-foliated• Geology Kitchen Video - Metamorphism
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FoliatedFoliated Metamorphic Metamorphic RockRock
• Banding (stripes) or cleavage (flaky) is present
• Always a change structure and texture of original rock and sometimes a change in the composition.
• When composition changes – most often a semi to precious gem can be formed.
• Animation of metamorphism forming foliated rock
• Generally created from a rock that had more than one color.
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FoliatedFoliated Metamorphic Rock Metamorphic Rock SamplesSamples
schistschist
Gneiss (Previously granite)Gneiss (Previously granite)
Slate (previously shale)Slate (previously shale)
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Non-foliatedNon-foliated Metamorphic Metamorphic RockRock
• NO Banding and/or NO cleavage
• Change in structure and texture of original rock
• Possible change in composition.
• Generally created from rocks with only one color
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Non-foliatedNon-foliated Metamorphic Metamorphic Rock SamplesRock Samples
Quartzite Quartzite (previously sandstone)(previously sandstone)
Marble Marble (previously limestone)(previously limestone)