rmwdum - mopf.gov.mmJan-Mar)-part1_0...yHkESdyfrSwfwrf; rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;- pDrH^zGHU NzdK;...

rmwdum

aiGaMu;\umvtvdkuf wefzdk;t,ltq jrihfaomif; (rauG;) 1

ar;Mur,f? ajzMur,f ausmf'Gef; [DICA] 5

pdefac:rIudk zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrItcGihftvrf;aumif;tjzpf toGifajymif;zefwD;a&; {&m0wDcif 10

tajccHynma&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; xifatmifaZmf 14

tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; (attD;pD)twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm; udkjzLazG; 20

0efxrf;rsm;\ &ifudkat;apcJhaom tem*wf&HyHkaiG

tpDtpOfrsm;KodPf;0if;(abm*aA') 24

pD;yGm;a&;ESihful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&mumuG,frItpDtrHrsm; odef;jrihfa0 28

xkwfvkyfrIu@tm;enf;aomEdkifiHrsm; owdjyK&rnhf*vdkb,f ukefoG,frI

(odkYr[kwf) acwfopfe,fy,fcsJUxGifjcif;jzpfpOf

apmEdkif

(toHk;csabm*aA')35

r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ\ pD;yGm;a&;pBuørsm;ESihftvm;tvm a'gufwmyifvHkat; 40

vlxkusef;rma&;ESihf aq;vdyftEÅ&m,fumuG,fwm;qD;a&; cifaqmif;a[oD 45

Infographic taMumif;waphwapmif; r,k (pufrI) 48

wefzdk;BuD;vlom;rsm; 0if;0if;0g 52

zGHU NzdK;rIenf;vrf;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;odjrifjcif;ESihf aps;uGufydkif;jzwfjcif; a&Ta&T(0gPdZÆaA') 56

trsm;ydkifo,HZmwypönf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmufMuygpdkYeef;rdk;qdkif

(pDrHudef;ESihfpm&if;tif;)60

zGHYNzdK;rItenf;qHk;EdkifiHESihf ñTefudef;rsm;taMumif; waphwapmif; cdkifvGif 64

avhvmoif,ljcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;toD;tyGihfjzihf LDC EdkifiHrsm;xJrS ½kef;xGuf

MuygpdkY

arZvyfjzL

(csif;awmifwef;)66

tpm;tpmvHkavmufrIESihf ab;uif;vkHNcHKpdwfcszdkY tajccHA[kokwjzihf

vlxkuGef,ufjzefYa0pdkY

rdkiftufpwm

(Mai Ester)71

wpfacgufwpfcg ta&mufvm . . . . . . . . zGHU NzdK;a0qm jynfjrefrm . . . . . . opfOD;ar 76

tpD&ifcHpma&;om;jcif;taMumif; odaumif;p&m jrqm,m 81

yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;

rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; - pDrH zGHU NzdK;

twGif;tjyiftqif - [efjrifhrdk&f

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 5300070114

xkwfa0ol - OD;rsKd;rif;

ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (okawoeESifhzGHU NzdK;a&;Xme)

A[dkpm&if;tif;tzJGU trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifh

pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme/

yHkESdyfol - OD;jrwfxGef;ausmf

aumrwfpf*sme,fyHkESdyfwdkuf (NrJ-09744)

r*FvmawmifñTefYNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/

tkyfa& - 500

wefzdk; -

1

vkyfief;pDrHudef;wpf&yftay: &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH rIaqmif&Guf&ef twGufjzpfap?

aiGaMu;aps;uGuftwGif; pawmhESifh &S,f,mrsm;udk 0,f,l&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef &nf&G,f

vQifjzpfap? rjzpfrae vufcHxm;&rnfh aiGaMu;qdkif&m t,ltqwpf&yfrSm

]]aiGaMu;\ umvtvdkufwefzdk;}} t,ltqyif jzpfygonf/

EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfckck odkYr[kwf yk*¾vdupD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;

&SifwpfOD; OD;taejzifh vkyfief;pDrHudef;wckcktay: aiGaMu;yrmPtawmfrsm;rsm;

udk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef &nf&G,fxm;vQif t"dutm;jzifh vkyfief;pDrHudef;umvtwGif;

ukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh &&Sdvmrnfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfum pD;yGm;a&;t&

wGufajcudkufrI &Sdr&Sdudk BudKwifqef;ppfavhvm&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ vkyfief;

pDrHudef; \ ukefusp&dwfESifh tusdK;tjrwfpdppfoHk;oyfjcif; (Cost- benefit Analysis) jyKvkyf&mwGiftajccHtm;jzifh b@ma&;½Iaxmifhu avhvmMuygonf/

2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf

pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f

2

vkyfief;pDrHudef;\ oufwrf;wavQmufvHk;

twGuf ESpftvkdufukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh ESpftvdkuf

&&SdaomtusdK;tjrwf odkYr[kwf 0ifaiGrsm;udk aiGom;

pD;qif;rI (Cash Flow) &&Sdatmif wGufcsufjyKpkí

vkyfief;pDrHudef;pdppfoHk;oyf&ef wdkif;wmcsufrsm;

(Criteria) qufvuf wGufcsuf &ygonf/

xdkodkYaom b@ma&;½Ia'gifht& &if;ESD;jr§Kyf

ESHrIpdppfoHk;oyf&ef wdkif;wmcsufac: tnTef;udef;rsm;

wGufcsuf&mwGif ]]aiGaMu;\ umvtvdkufwefzdk;

t,ltqudk vufcHxm;&ygonf/ aiGaMu;\ umv

tvdkuf wefzdk;t,ltqqdkonfrSm ,aeYrdrdvuf0,f

&Sdaeaom usyfwpfodef; ESifh aemifESpfaemifumvrsm;

wGif &&SdvmrnfhaiGusyfwpfodef;wefzdk;jcif;rwlnD

Edkifonfh t,ltq [k½dk;&Sif;pGmajymEdkifygonf/

a,bl,stm;jzifh ,aeYvuf0,f&S daom

usyfwpfodef;onf aemifE Sp fwGif&&S drnf h usyf

wpfodef;xuf wefzdk;BuD;onf[krSwf,lMuygonf/

tcsdefumvajymif;vJvmonfhtavsmuf aiGaMu;

wefzdk;onf ajymif;vJvmonfhtcsufudkxnfhoGif;

pOf;pm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/

pma&;olwdkY vkyfief;pDrHudef;pdppfoHk;oyf

csufESif h ywfoufonfhoifwef;rsm;wufa&muf

&wdkif; oifjyolq&mrsm;u aiGaMu;\umvtvdkuf

wefzdk;taMumif;udk pwifoifMum;&mwGif “A bird in hand is worth two in the bush” [laom pum;yHkESifh

pwifed'gef;ysdK;ygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ]]vufxJuiSuf

wpfaumifonf csHKykwfxJuiSufESpfaumifwefzdk;

avmuf&Sdonf}} [l\/ jrefrmqdk½d k;xJwGifvnf;

]]aemifcgvm? aemifcgaps;}} [lí aemifumvtwGuf

aps;onf tckaps;ESifh rwlEdkifaMumif; today;xm;

NyD;jzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifh aiGaMu;\umvtvdkufwefzdk;

t,ltqt& atmufygtajctaeudk vufcH&

ygonf/

( 1 ) usyfwpfodef; ≠ usyfwpfodef;

(2016) (2017)

,ckESpf 2016 ckESpf&Sd usyfwpfodef;onf

aemifESpf 2017 ckESpfwGif&Sdaom usyfwpfodef;ESifh

wefzdk;rwlnDyg/

(2) usyfwpfodef;>usyfwpfodef;

(2016) (2017)

,ckESpf 2016 ckESpf&Sd usyfwpfodef;onf

aemifESpf 2017 ckESpfwGif&Sdaom usyfwpfodef;xuf

wefzdk;BuD;\/

rnfonfhaMumifh tcsdefumvtvdkuf aiGaMu; wefzdk;

ajymif;vJygoenf;/

tcsdefumvtvdkuf aiGaMu;wefzdk;ajymif;

vJvm&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; (4) &yf&Sdygonf/

(1) qHk;½HI;EdkifajcESifh ra&&mrI

(Risk and Uncertainty)aiGaMu;ESifh ywfoufí tem*wfqdkonfrSm

ra&&mraocsmyg? xdk Y jyif aiG&if;ES D;jr§KyfES Hxm;rI

twGufjyef&csufrSmvnf; qHk;½HI;EdkifrItajctaersm;

BuHKawGU&wwfygonf/ qdkMuygpdkY - yHkrSefvnfywfae

onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfckwGif 0ifaiGESifh ukefus

p&dwf 2 ydkif;wGif ukefusp&dwfbufwGif pepfwus

BuD;MuyfrIjzif h pDpDppfppfoHk;pG J jcif;jzif h xdef;odrf;

Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif 0ifaiGydkif;wGif vkyfief;oabm

t&a<u;a&mif;csjcif;aMumifh NrDpm;rsm;xHrS tcsdefrsm;

cGJjcm;í aiGay;acsavh&Sd&m tem*wfumvrsm;wGif

aiGvufcH&&Sdjcif;xuf vufiif;a&mif;csjcif;u ydkrdk

tcGif homaMumif; tm;vHk;todyifjzpfygonf/

xdkYaMumifh tem*wfumvtwGuf aiGvufcH&&Sdrnf

[karQmfrSef;jcif;xuf vuf&SdaiG&&Sdjcif;u qHk;½IH;EdkifrIESifh

ra&&mrIudkavsmYyg;apEdkifygonf/

twJG(3)? trSwf-1


3

(2) aiGaMu;azmif;yGjcif; (Inflation)

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif wpfESpfvQif 8% aiGaMu;

azmif;yGEIef;jzpfonfhtajctaewGif ,ck 2016

ckESpfwGif usyfodef; 100 wefaMu;&Sdaom wdkufcef;

wpfcef;udk0,f,lrnfqdkygu ,aeY aiGaMu;\ 0,fvdk

tm;wefzdk; (Purchasing Power) t& ,aeYyif0,f,l

vdkufonfu taumif;qHk;yifjzpfygonf/ tb,f

aMumifhqd kaomf aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef; 8% t&

aemifESpf 2017 ckESpfwGif usyf 108 odef;cefYjzpfay:

vmrnf jzpfygonf/ ,aeYwGifjzpfay:aom trSef

wu,faiGaMu;\ 0,fvdktm;wefzdk;onf aemifESpf

wGifjzpfay:rnfh wefzdk;xufomaeygonf/

(3) pm;oHk;jcif; (Consumption)

abm*aA'a0g[m& (Consumption) pm;oHk;

jcif;onf rdrdwdkY\tdrfaxmifpktwGuf vkdtyfcsuf

rsm;udk 0,f,lpm;oHk;jcif;tm;vHk;udk umrdygonf/

a,bl,stm;jzifh pm;oHk;olwpfOD;csif;onf rdrdvdk

tyfcsufudkvdktyfaom ,aeYwGif 0,f,ljznfhqnf;

jcif;onf csufcsif;vdktyfcsuf udkjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif

rnfjzpfNyD; tem*wfumvwGifrS 0,f,lpm;oHk;jcif;

xuf omvGefaumif;rGef ygonf/

(4) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItcGifYtvrf;

(Investment Opportunities)tusdK;tjrwfrsm;rsm;&&dSrnfh vkyfief;pDrH

udef;rsdK;udk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolu tcGifYtvrf;&Sdvmygu

csufjcif;yif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ygrnf/ aemifumvrsm;rS

tusdK;tjrwf&&SdvmrnfudkarQmfudk;ae&ef rvdkyg/

(5) bPftwdk;EIef; (Bank Interest Rate)

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItcGifY

tvrf;aumif;rGefrnf[karQmfrSef;umvkyfief; pDrHudef;

wpfcktay:&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif tqdk

yg&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;\ tusdK; tjrwfjyefay:onfh

EIef;xuf tjcm;vkyfief;uaumif;rGefygu tjcm;

vkyfief;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oifhygonf/ tu,fí

aemufqHk;a&G;cs,fxm;aom vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;\

tusdK;tjrwfjyefay: EIef;onf bPfrSay;onfhtyfaiG

tay: twdk;EIef; 8% cef Yxufyif enf;aeygu

tqdkyg&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrnfh aiGrsm;udkbPfwGif tyfaiG

tjzpfxm;onfu tenf;qHk;bPfwdk;&aernfrSm

rvGJjzpfygonf/ xdkbPfwdk;onf ESpfxyfwdk;jzifh

ESpfpOf&&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ aiGaMu;\ tcsdefumv

tvdkufwefzdk;ajymif;vJjcif;onf bPfwdk;&&Sdjcif;

onf xif&Sm;aomom"uyifjzpfygonf/

Componding (ESpfxyfwdk;EIef;enf;)

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwpfOD;\ aiG&if;usyfodef; 100

udk wpfESpfvQif 8% twdk;ay;onfh bPfwGiftyfaiG

tjzpfxm; &SdyguESpftvdkufaiG&if;ESifh twdk;(wdk;&if;)

aiGrsm;udk ESpfxyfwdk;ykHaowGufenf;t& atmufyg

twdkif;wGufEdkifygonf/

tem*wfwefzdk; = vufiif;wefzdk; (1+R)t

yxrESpfwdk;&if; = vufiif;wefzdk; x (1+twdk;EIef;)ESpf

= 100 x (1+.08)1

= 100 x 1.08 = 108 odef;

'kwd,ESpfwdk;&if; = t&if;+twdk;

= 100 x (1+0.08)2

= 100 x 1.166 = 116.6 odef;

wwd,ESpfwdk;&if; = t&if;+twdk;

= 100 x (1+0.08)3

= 100 x 1.26 = 126.0 odef;

pwkw¬ESpfwdk;&if; = t&if;+twdk;

= 100 x (1+0.08)4

= 100 x 1.13 = 136 odef;

txufygESpfxyfwdk;ykHaoenf;t& (1+R)tonf t&if;wdk;ajr§mufazmfudef; (Compounding Factor)jzpfygonf/

,aeYtyfaiG(vufiif;aiG)rsm;udk bPfrS



4

ESpfxyfwdk;enf;(Compounding interest rate) t&

wdk;&if;aiG(tem*wfaiG)ud k bPfaiGpkpmtkyfü

xnfhay;&mwGif ESpfpu odef; 100 tyfESHxm; &mrS

yxrESpfwGif usyf 108 odef;? 'kwd,ESpfwGif usyf

116.6 odef;? wwd,ESpfwGif usyf 126 odef;ESifh

pwkw¬ESpfwGifusyf 136 odef;toD;oD;&&Sdrnfjzpf

ygonf/

Discounting (t&if;avsmhEIef;enf;)

tem*wfaiG (Future Value) toD;oD;udk

vufiif;aiGrsm;(Present Value) jzpfvmap&ef tjyef

tvSef(Reverse) tm;jzif h t&if;avQmhEIef;enf;

(Discounting) t& atmufygykHaoenf;jzifhwGuf,l

Edkifygonf/

vufiif;wefzdk; = tem*wfwefzdk; 1

(Present Value) (Future Value) (1+R)t

yxrESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 92.6 odef;

(1.08)1

'kwd,ESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 85.7 odef;

(1.08)2

wwd,ESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 79.4 odef;

(1.08)3

pwkw¬ESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 73.8 odef;

(1.08)4

yxrESpfqHk;? 'kwd,ESpfqHk;? wwd,ESpfqHk;ESifh

pwkw¬ESpfqHk;toD;oD;wGif usyf odef;100 pDwefzdk;aiG

rsm;udk ESpftvdkuft&if;avsmhEIef;ajr§mufazmfudef;

rsm;jzifh ajr§mufjcif;tm;jzifh vufiif; wefzdk;toD;oD;

udk&&Sdygonf/ txufygwGufcsufyHkt& yxrESpf

wefzdk;onf 92.6 odef;? 'kwd,ESpfwefzdk;onf 85.7

odef;? wwd,ESpfwefzdk;onf 79.4 odef;ESifh pwkw¬

ESpfwefzdk; onf 73.8 odef;toD;oD;avsmhusoGm;

aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

txufygt&if;avsmhEIef;ykHaoenf;t& x 1/(1.08)t odkYr[kwf (1+r)-t onf t&if;avsmh

ajr§mufazmfudef; (Discounting Factor) jzpfygonf/

tcsKyfqdk&ygu tem*wfumv\ wefzdk;

odkYr[kwf ESpftvdkufaiGaMu;wefzdk;rsm;udk ,aeYwefzdk;

odk Yr[kwf vufiif;wefzd k;odk Y toD;oD;ajymif;vJ

wGufcsuf&eftwGuf tqdkygESpftvdkufaiGaMu;

wefzdk;rsm;udk t&if;avsmhEIef;ajr§mufazmfudef;rsm; jzifh

ajr§muf,l&ygrnf/

xdkodkYaiGaMu;\umvtvdkuf wefzdk;,lq

csufudkvufcHum vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;\ aiGom;pD;

qif;rI (Cash Flow)tay: t&if;avsmhEIef;ajr§muf

azmfudef; (Discounting Factor) udktokH;jyKí vkyfief;

pDrHudef;okH;oyfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfaom tom;

wifvufiif;wefzdk; (Net Present Value NPV) ESifh

t&if;tEDS;\ tusdK;tjrwfjyefay:EIef; (Internal Rate of Return IRR)wdkYudk qufvufwGufcsuf&ygonf/

odkYjzpfygí&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;\ vkyfief;pDrH

udef;rsm;tay: &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&mwGifvnf;aumif;?

aiGaMu;aps;uGufwGif pawmh&S,f,mrsm; 0,f,l&if;

ESD;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\ aiGt&if;tESD;rsm;

tay:qkH;½IH;rItenf;qkH;jzpfatmif pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef

twGuf aiGaMu;\ umvtvdkufwefzdk; t,ltqudk

aocsmpGmem;vnf&ef vdktyfygonf/

5

ar;(1) ,ck&ufydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifeJY

pyfvsOf;NyD; owif;pmawGrSm zwf&awmh? odcsifvmw,f? b,fvdktzGJU

tpnf;vJ? b,fwkef;uay:vmvJ? bmawGvkyfwmvJ? b,folawG

wm0ef,lwmygvJ/

ajz(1) jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif \ MYANMAR INVESTMENT COMMISSION (MIC) qdkwm jynfwGif;ESifh jynfyrS

vma&muf &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHwJh vkyfief;awGtwGuf cGifhjyKrdefY PERMIT xkwfay;

wJh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfygw,f/

]]jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 1988 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHSHrIOya'jy|mef;

cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif FOREIGN INVESTMENT COMMISSION (FIC) pwif zGJUpnf;cJhygw,f? FIC Ouú|u pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf atb,fvf

jzpfygw,f? tzGJU0ifrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;rsm; jzpfyg

w,f/ twGif;a&;rSL;u pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf

a':cdkifcdkifjzpfygw,f? FIC &JU ½kH;vkyfief;awGudk pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;Xme

&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIu@rS 0efxrf;rsm;u aqmif&Guf&ygw,f/



6

- 1994 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; &if;ESD; jr§KyfESH

rI Oya'jy|mef;vdkufwJhtcsdef rSm FIC tpm; MIC qdk

wm ay:vmygw,f? MIC Ouú|u 'kwd, 0efBuD;csKyf

'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armifarmifcif(a&)? 'kwd,Ouú|u

'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; wifxGef;(av)? twGif;a&;rSL;u

AdkvfrSL;csKyfatb,fvf (Munf;? pDrH? pD;yGm;0efBuD;) ESifh

wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;u a':cdkifcdkif (ñTefMum;a&;rSL;

csKyf? pDrHudef;) wdkYjzpfygw,f? MIC &JU½kH;vkyfief;awG

aqmif&GufzdkY &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPDrsm; ñTefMum;rI

OD;pD;Xme DIRECTORATE OF INVEST-MENT AND

COMPANY ADMINISTRAT ION (D ICA)

ay:vmygw,f? tJ'D DICAudk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI qdkif&m

rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;XmerS

0efxrf;rsm;eJY ukrÜPDrSwf ykHwifqdkif&m rsm;aqmif&Guf

&ef ukefoG,f a&;OD;pD; XmerS 0efxrf; rsm;eJY zGJUpnf;cJhyg

w,f? DICA &JU yxrOD;qkH; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyfu

OD;atmifjrifh (pdppfwdk;) PAPRD DG jzpfygw,f/

]]aemufydkif; DG awGuawmh OD;armifarmif&D

(ukefoG,fa&;) ? a':od*Ðwif (ukefoG,fa&;)? OD;cifpdk;

(Munf;) ? OD;at;udk (pdppfwdk;pDrH? pD;yGm;)eJY OD;atmifEdkifOD;

(Munf;? ukefoG,fa&;) wdk Y jzpfygw,f? aemufydkif;

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7

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8

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yg/

twJG(3)? trSwf-1


9

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10

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11

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12

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13

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14

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15

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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tem*wf &HykHaiGtpDtpOfrsm;udk pepfwusxm;&Sd

aqmif&Gufjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD[k ,kHMunf&if;

jzifhpuFmylEdkifiH\tem*wf&HykHaiGtpDtpOf tawGU

tBuHKrsm;udk a&;om;wifjyvdkufygonf/

&nfñTef; -

1. Chew Soon Beng : Central Provident Fund Scheme in Singapore, Nanyan Technological University.

2. Andrew Mckay: Defining and Measuring Inequality, Overseas Developing Institute and University of Nottingham, 2002.

28

pD;yGm;a&;ESihful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qkdif&m

umuG,frItpDtrHrsm; (Commercial defence measures) qkdonfrSm jynfyvkyfief;rsm; rdrdEkdifiHwGif;odk Y 0if

a&mufvkyfudkifvmjcif;aMumihfjzpfap? jynfyEkdifiHrsm;

uxkwfvkyfaomukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd rdrd

EkdifiHtwGif;odkY (oGif;ukef) wifoGif;aomaMumifhjzpf

ap rdrdEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;

vnf;aumif;? oufEkpufrIvkyfief;rsm; (Infant in dustries) tm;vnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiHom;rsm;\ tvkyf

tudkif&&SdrI (Employment) udkvnf;aumif;? tenf;

ESihftrsm;xdcdkufepfemrIrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmuftEÅ&m,fjyKrI

rsm;ESihf rrQwaom (w&m;enf;vrf;rusaom) NydKif

qkdifrIrsm; (Unfair Competitions) jzpfay:apEkdifaom

aMumif h tqkdygxdcd kufepfemrIrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmuf

tEÅ&m,fjyKrIrsm;ESihf roefY&Sif;aom NydKifqkdifrIrsm; rdrd

EkdifiH\ vkyfief;rsm;tay:odkYvnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiH

om;rsm;tay:odkYvnf;aumif; usa&muf&ifqkdif&

rnfhtaetxm;rS umuG,fay;onfh tpDtrHrsm;cs

rSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ þtpDtrHrsm;onf rdrd

EkdifiH\ vkyfief;rsm;ESihf EkdifiHom;rsm;&ifqkdif&rnfh xd

cdkufepfemrIrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;onfh vkyf

aqmifcsufrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; ukefoG,frIvkyfief;pOf

tay:wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap twm;t

qD;jzpfapaomaMumihf ,if;wdkYukd ukefoG,frIt[efY

twm;rsm; (Trade barriers) odkYr[kwf ukefoG,frIuefY

owfcsufrsm; (Trade restrictions) tjzpf pD;yGm;a&;ynm

twJG(3)? trSwf-1


29

&Sifrsm;uvufcH,lqxm;onf/ rdrdEkdifiH jyifqif

aqmif&Gufoihfaom Commercial defence measure rsm; tjzpfvkyfief;tpDtrH 4 rsKd;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf-

(u) wefjyeftpDtrHrsm; (Countervailing measures)(c) umuG,frItpDtrHrsm; (Safeguard measures(*) pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;udkwdkufzsufonfh tpDtrH

rsm; (Anti-dumping measures)(C) trdefYjy|mef;aom tpDtrHrsm; (Mandatory

measures)Commercial Defence Measure rsm;ESihfywfouf

aom taMumif;t&mwpfckcsif;\ tcef;u@udkwif

jy&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh OD;pGmavhvmod&Sd

xm;oihfaom tajccHrl 4 rsKd;&Sdygonf/ wpfenf;tm;

jzihf urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU\ tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;rjzpfr

aevdkufemusihfoHk;&rnfh urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU\

tajccHrlrsm; (Basic Principles of WTO) yifjzpfonf/

tqkdygtajccHrl 4 rsKd;&Sdonf-

(1) rcGJjcm;a&;rl (odkY) trsKd;om;a&; vkyfaqmifcsuf

tajccHrl (Principle of national treatment)(2) tcGifhta&;tay;qHk;EkdifiHtajccHrl

(Most-favored nation principle)(3) ta&twGuf uefYowfcsufrsm;tajccHrl

(Principle of quantitative restrictions)(4) uefYowftaumufcGefEIef;xm;rsm;

tajccHrl (Principle of bound rates)

(1) rcGJjcm;a&;rl (odkY) trsKd;om;a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf

tajccHrl

EkdifiHwpfEk difiHtaejzihf rdrdxkwfukefESih f

jynfyxkwfukefwkdYtMum; rcGJjcm;oihfaomrljzpfonf/

rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmaom ukefpnf(oGif;

ukef)rsm;tay:wGif rdrdE k di fi Huxkwfvkyfaom

ukefpnfrsm;tay:jyKrlouJhodkY wlnDaom trsKd;om;

a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf (Same national treatment) ay;&

rnfjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf rdrdEdkifiHe,fedrdwft

wGif;a&muf&Sdvmaom EkdifiH jcm;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;

tm; rdrdEkdifiHom;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay: jyKrlaqmif&Guf

onfhOya'? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;twkdif; (wef;wl)

usifhoHk;aqmif&Guf&onfh tajccHrljzpfonf/ cGJjcm;

qufqHjcif;rjyKoihfay/ rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; wdkif;&if;om;

vkyfief;rsm;u xkwfvkyfaom xkwfukeftay:wGif

jzpfap? rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;üyif jynfyvkyfief;uxkwfvkyf

aom xkwfukeftay:wGifjzpfap wlnDaom tcGefEIef;

xm;rsm;aumufcHonfh Internal tax pepfjzpfonf/

jynfyrS rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; wifoGif;vmaom products (oGif;ukefrsm;) tay:wGif Oya'? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;

rsm;owfrSwfxm;&SdNyD; tqkdyg oGif;ukefrsm;tay:wGif

a&mif;cGef (sale tax) ESifh ,pfrsKd;cGef (excise tax) wdkYudk

aumufcHEkdifonf/ EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\ e,fedrdwftwGif;

(jynfwGif;) üomvQif toHk;jyKEkdifaomrljzpfygonf/

þtajccHrlusihfoHk;jcif;udk WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;u

vdkufemusihfoHk;&ygrnf/

(2) tcGifhta&;tay;qHk;EkdifiH tajccHrl

rdrdEdkifiHwGif usihfoHk;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;

twkdif; odkYr[kwf rdrdEkdifiH&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;

twkdif; urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU\ useftzGJU0ifEkdifiH

tm;vHk;udkvnf; wlnDaom tcGifhta&; (vkyfaqmif

csuf)ay;&onfh tajccHrljzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;

jzihf rdrdEkdifiHu WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHodkY txl;

tcGifhta&;ay;ygu usef WTO tzGJU0if 148 EkdifiH

udkvnf; tvm;wltcGifhta&;ay;&rnfjzpfygonf/

þtajccHrludk WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHtm;vHk;u vkdufem

usihfoHk;&ygrnf/

(3) ta&twGufuefYowfcsufrsm; tajccHrl

jynfyrS rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;odkY wifoGif;aom

ukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm; (oGif;ukefrsm;)tay:wGif

ta&twGuf uefYowfcsufrsm;xm;&Sdí wifoGif;cGifh

jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ cGJwrf; odkYr[kwf udkwm (quota) owf



30

rSwfjcif;rsKd;udkqkdvkdonf/ okn ta&twGuf udkwm

owfrSwfjcif; (Embargo) onf jynfyEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHrS

rdrdEkdifiHodkYwifoGif;onfh oGif;ukefrsm;tay: wif

oGif;cGifhvHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonf/ þokddYta&

twGufuefYowfcsufrsm;xm;&Sdjcif;ukd WTO tzGJU0if

EkdifiHrsm;u a&SmifMuOf&rnfjzpfonf/

(4) uefYowf(owfrSwf) taumufcGefEIef;rsm;tajccHrl

urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJUodkY wifjytwnfjyK

xm;onfh taumufcGefEIef;xm;rsm;jzpfonf/ xkdokdY

uefYowf odkYr[kwf owfrSwfxm;onfh taumufcGef

EIef;xm;xufydkrdkí oGif;ukefrsm;tay:wGif aumufcH

jcif;rjyK&ay/ Oyrmtm;jzihf bound rate udk 15 &mcdkif

EIef;owfrSwfxm;ygu oGif;ukefcGefrsm;ukd 15 &mcdkif

EIef;xufydkrdkí aumufcHcGifhr&Sday/ 15 &mcdkifEIef;om

vQif tjrihfqHk;aumufcHEkdifaomaMumihf ceiling rate [l

ívnf;ac:qkdEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumihf uefYowfcsuf

(owfrSwfcsuf) xm;&Sdaom taumufcGefEIef;rsm;jzpf

aomaMumihf bound tariff rates [lí ac:qkdonf/ tqkd

yguefYowfowfrSwfxm;aom taumufcGef EIef;rsm;

udk Z,m;jzihfazmfjyxm;&Sd&ygonf/ ,if;Z,m;udk

cGihfjyK (twnfjyK)xm;aom taumufcGefZ,m; rsm;

(Schedules of concessions) [líac:qkdonf/ WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf þodkYuefYowfxm;&Sdaom

Bound rates rsm;twkdif; vdkufemusihfoHk;Mu&ygrnf/

(u) wefjyeftpDtrHrsm;

axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;udk wefjyefwdkufzsuf

onfh tpDtrHrsm;udk avhvm&eftwGuf axmufyHhaMu;

ay;rIrsm;\ oabmobm0ESihf t"dyÜg,frsm;tcef;

u@rSmta&;ygaMumif; awGU&SdEkdifygonf/ axmufyHh

aMu;ay;rIrsm;wGif oufqkdif&mvkyfief;odkY wkduf½dkuf

aiGaMu;vTJajymif;ay;jcif; odk Yr[kwf wkduf½dkufaiG

xkwfay;jcif;? vkyfief;\ ay;&efwm0efrsm; (Liabilities) ukdwkduf½dkufvTJajymif;jcif; odkYr[kwf vkyfief;wGif&Sdae

aom a<u;NrDrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;? tpdk;&aiGudk

aumufcHrIrjyKjcif;tjyif vkyfief;odkY ukefpnfESihf 0ef

aqmifrIrsm; jznfhqnf;axmufyHhay;jcif;wkdY yg0ifyg

onf/ tpd k;&&aiGud k raumufcHjcif; od k Yr[kwf

pGefYvTwfay;jcif;wGif tcGefjyeftrf;jcif; (Tax rebate) ? tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhjyKjcif; (Tax exemption) ESihf tcGef

avQmhcsjcif; (Tax reduction) ponfwdkY tusKH;0ifyg

onf/

rdrdEkdifiHtwGif; oGif;tm;pkcGJa0rIudk xdcdkuf

ysufjym;apaom axmufyHhaMu;trsKd;tpm;rsm;tjzpf

vkyfief;wpfckwnf;udkomvQif a&G;cs,faxmufyHhrIjyK

jcif;? vkyfief;pk odkYr[kwf aps;uGufwpfckwnf;ukdom

vQif oD;oefYaxmufyHhay;jcif;? a'owpfckwnf;odkY

axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;ESihf ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;

wkdYukd awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ wm;jrpfydwfyifaomaxmuf

yHhaMu; 2 rsKd;udkvnf; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf-

(u) ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;rsm; (Export subsidies)(c) oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;axmufyHhaMu;rsm;

(Import replacement subsidies) ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;rIrsm; onf ydkYukefpGrf;

aqmif&nf (Export performance) tay:rlwnfNyD;

axmufyHhjcif;rsKd;udk qkdvdkonf/ oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;

axmufyHhaMu;rsm; onf jynfwGif;ukefpnfrsm;ukd

toHk;jyKrI odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;yg0ifrI (Local content) tay: rlwnfNyD; axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdk

onf/ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI (Local content) qkdonfrSm

jynfypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcku rdrdEkdifiH twGif;vm

a&muf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHNyD; vkyfief;vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaom

tcg rdrdEk difiH\ (jynfwGif;&S d) ukefMurf;udkaomf

vnf;aumif;? vkyftm;udkvnf;aumif; ,if;wdkY\

xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif owfrSwfxm;onfh tcsKd;tpm;

twkdif; xnfhoGif;(yg0if)toHk; jyK&jcif;ukd &nfñTef;

ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf rdrdwkY d\ ukefMurf;rsm;ukd

vma&mufvkyfudkifaom jynfyvkyfief;rsm;\ xkwf

vkyfrI jzpfpOfwGif tenf;qHk; 15 &mcdkif EIef;xnfh oGif;

toHk;jyK&jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/

twJG(3)? trSwf-1


31

ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;rItydkif;wGif EkdifiH

trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf 4 rsKd;cGJjcm;aqmif&GufaMumif;

avhvmawGU&S d&onf/ Ek difiHtrsK d;tpm; 4 rsK d;udk

atmufygtwkdif;cGJjcm;azmfjytyfygonf-

(u) zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm; (Developed countries)(c) zGHUNzdK;NyD;edrfhusaom EkdifiHrsm;ESihf zGHUNzdK;qJ EkdifiHrsm;

(LDCs and developing counntires)(*) tjcm;zG HU NzdK;qJEk difiHrsm; (Other developing

countries)(C) toGiful;ajymif;vsuf&Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;

(Economies in transition) zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm;\ ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;rI

rsm;ukdtrsm;qHk; 3 ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf;avQmhcsz,f

&Sm;oGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ zGHUNzdK;rIenf;aom EkdifiHrsm;ESihf

zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;\ axmufyHHhaMu;ay;rIudk avhvm&m

wGifwpfESpfvQif tar&duefa':vm 1000 atmuf

axmufyHhaMu;ay;aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ydkYukef

axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifrIr&SdaMumif;

awGU&Sd&onf/ tjcm; zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf ydkYukef

axmufyHhaMu;ukd 8 ESpftwGif; z,f&Sm;ay;&efjzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif þowfrSwfumvudk tjcm;tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;

ESihfoabmwlnDcsuf&,lNyD; oufwrf;wdk;jcif;jyKvkyf

Ekdifygonf/ toGiful;ajymif;vsuf&Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;\

ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;udk 7 ESpftwGif;tNyD;owf

z,f&Sm;ay;&efjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/

oGif;ukeftpm;xk d;axmufyH haMu;ay;rI

tydkif;wGifvnf; EkdifiHtrsKd;tpm; 4 rsKd;jzihfcGJjcm;azmfjy

xm;onf/ zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm;\ oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;

axmufyHhaMu;udk trsm;qHk; 3 ESpftwGif; zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiH

rsm;\ tqkdygaxmufyHhaMu;udk 5 ESpftwGif; zGHUNzdK;rI

aemufusaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf 8 ESpftwGif;ESihf

toGiful;ajymif;aeaomEkdifiHrsm;twGuf oGif;ukef

tpm;xdk;axmufyHhaMu;udk 7 ESpftwGif; toD;oD;z,f

&Sm;Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/

tqkdygwm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aom axmufyHh

aMu;rsm; (Prohibited subsidies) tjyif w&m;0ifcGifhjyK

xm;aom axmufyHhaMu;rsm; (Authorized subsidies) vnf;&Sdygonf/ þ Authorized Subsidies wGifta&;,l

aqmif&Gufjcif; od k Yr[kwf wm;jrpfydwfyif jcif;

rjyK&aom axmufyH haMu;rsm; (Non-actionable Subsidies)ESihf ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifaom okdYr[kwf

wm;jrpfydwfyifEkdifaom axmufyHhaMu;rsm; Actionable Subsidies [lí 2 ydkif; cGJjcm;wifjyxm;yg onf/ ta&;

,laqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKoihfaom axmufyHhaMu;ESihf

ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifaom axmufyHhaMu;trsKd;

tpm;rsm;udk qufvufazmf jytyfygonf/

urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJUESihf oufqkdif&mtpdk;

&wkdYu w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;NyD; ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;

rjyKoihfaom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;wGif axmufyHhaMu;

ray;&[lí wdwdususowfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom

axmufyHhaMu;rsm;? tusKd;rJha'orsm;twGuf tul

tnDay;rIrsm; (Oyrm=bdef;pdkufysKd;aoma'orsm;

twGuf bdef;tpm;xkd;oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd;&eftwGuftul

tnD)? obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;

twGuf ulnDaxmufyHhrIrsm;ESihf ukefoG,frIudk t[efY

twm;jzpfapaomfvnf; jyefvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfNyD;

taxmuftyHhay;oihfonf[lí ,lq&aom axmuf

yHhaMu;rsm; ponfwkdYudk awGU&Sd&onf/

w&m;0ifcGif h jyKxm;aomfvnf; ta&;,l

aqmif&GufEdkifonfh axmufyHhaMu;rsm; tjzpfukefoG,f

rIudktwm;tqD;jzpfapaom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;? wm;

jrpfxm;aomaxmufyH haMu;rsm;? raumif;aom

tusK d ;oufa&mufr I (qd k ;us K d ;)ud k jzp fapaom

axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ qkd;usKd;udk

jzpfay:apaom tcsufrsm;tjzpf xkwfvkyfrIp&dwf

xufavQmhcsNyD;a&mif;csjcif;aMumihf jynfwGif;vkyfief;

rsm;udkxdcdkufepfemapjcif;rsm;? &&Sdxm;aom tusKd;

w&m;rsm;udk qkwf,kwfysufjy,foGm;apjcif;rsm;? tzGJU

0ifEkdifiH wpfEkdifiH\ ukefoG,frIukdysuf,Gif;aprIrsm;?

aps;EIef;avQmhcsa&mif;csjcif;rsm;ESihf jynfyEkdifiH\ aps;



32

uGufa0pkus,fjyefYvmapjcif;rsm; ponfhaxmufyHh

aMu;rsm;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/

atmufazmfjyyg pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;jyKvkyfNyD;

rSomvQif wefjyeftpDtrHrsm; odkYr[kwf ta&;,l

aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk pwifusifhoHk;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm

jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;udk,fpm; tjcm;EkdifiHtpdk;&u OD;

aqmifOD;&GufjyKí aqmif&GufvQifaomfvnf;aumif;?

(vkyfief;wpfck odkYr[kwf a'owpfckwnf;ukdomvQif)

oD;oefYaxmufyHhaMu;ay;vsuf&SdvQifaomfvnf;

aumif;? xdcdkufepfemrIESihf tusKd;pD;yGm;ysufpD;rIwkdYudk

jzpfay:apvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? qihfyGm;qkd;usKd;

oufa&mufrI&S dvQifaomfvnf;aumif; ta&;,l

aqmif&Gufygrnf/

Countervailing duties qkdonfrSm wefjyefvkyf

aqmifcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf wHkYjyefonfhtpDtrHrsm;jzpf

ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf tjcm;EkdifiH\ axmufyHh

aMu;ay;aom vkyfaqmifcsuffrsm;u rdrdEk difiH\

vkyfief;tay: xdckdufepfemrIjzpfay:aprItm; ouf

omcGifh&ap&eftwGuf taumufcGefaumufcHjcif;jzihf

wefjyefxdcd kufonfhoabmjzpfygonf/ xk d Y jyif

axmufyHhaMu;r&&Sdaom rdrdEk difiH\ vkyfief;rsm;

twGuf axmufyHhaMu;&&Sdonfh jynfyvkyfief;rsm;ESihf

,SOfNydKifEkdifap&eftwGuf nd§EIdif;aqmif&Gufay;onfh

rQwatmifaqmif&Gufay;onfh vkyfaqmifcsuftjzpf

½IjrifEdkifygonf/ tjcm;EkdifiH\ axmufyHhaMu;ay;onfh

vkyfaqmifcsufudk qefYusifwdkufzsufonfh tpDtrH

jzpfaomaMumihf Countervailing duty udk Anti-subsidy [lívnf;ac:qkdonf/

Countervailing duties \oabmwGif tedrfh

qHk;owfrSwfcsuf DE MINMIS odkYr[kwf the minimum [líyg&Sdonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf axmufyHhaMu;onf

xkwfukefwefzkd;\ 1 &mcdkifEIef;xufenf;yg;u ta&;

,laqmif&Gufjcif; odkYr[kwf wefjyefjcif;r&Sday/ zGHUNzdK;

qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf axmufyhHaMu;onf xkwfukef

wefzdk;\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;xufenf;ygu rnfodkYrQta&;,l

wefjyefrIjyKrnfr[kwfay/ tvm;wlyif zGHUNzdK;rIaemuf

usaom EkdifiHrsm;ESihf tqif;&JqHk;zHGUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;

twGuf 3 &mcdkifEIef;xufenf;vQif wHkYjyefrIrjyKay/

odkYwnf;r[kwf oGif;ukefyrmPonf pkpkaygif;oGif;

ukefyrmP\ 4 &mcdkkifEIef;xuf enf;yg;vQif ta&;,l

aqmif&Gufjcif; odkYr[kwf wHkYjyefjcif;&Sdrnfr[kwfay/

Countervailing \t"duvkyfaqmifcsufrSm

taumufcGefrsm;udk jr§ifhwifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdodkYjr§ihf

wif&mwGif wpfbufEkdifiH\ axmufyHhaMu;tusKd;ouf

a&mufrIESihf wlnDonfh taetxm;odkY taumufcGef

rsm; udktjrihfqHk; (Maximum) aumufcHjcif;jzpfygonf/

'kwd,tpDtrHtjzpf axmufyHhaMu;uwdu0wfxm;

&Sdjcif;rsm; (Subsidy undertakings) jzpfygonf/ þtpD

tpOft& oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsm;onf axmufyhHaMu;

ESihfywfoufaom udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif

tjyeftvSefoabmwlnDcsuf&,lxm;&SdNyD; uwdjyK

xm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ xkdenf;wlpGmyif aps;EIef;tmrcH

csufuwdrsm; (Price undertaking) xm;&Sdjcif;udk wwd,

tpDtrHtjzpfawGUjrifEkdifygonf/ pwkw¬tpDtrH

tjzpftqHk;owfjcif; (Termination) udkawGU&Sd&onf/

þtpDtpOft& tajccHrlxm;&SdNyD; xkdtajccHrlESihf

tnD 5 ESpfaemufydkif;wGif wifoGif;rIudk tNyD;wdkifz,f

&Sm;ypf&efjzpfonf/ aemufqHk;tpDtrHrSm jyefvnfoHk;

twJG(3)? trSwf-1


33

oyfjcif; (Review) jzpfonf/ þwGif axmufyhHaMu;ESihf

ywfoufNyD; tbufbufrS jyefvSefoHk;oyfvsuf

wefjyef tpDtrHrsm;udk usihfoHk;&efjzpfygonf/

(c) umuG,frItpDtrHrsm; (Safeguard measures) jynfyEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHu xkwfvkyfaomxkwf

ukefrsm;udk rdrdEkdifiH\ e,fedrdwftwGif;odkY wifoGif;&m

wGif rdrdEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrIyrmPxuf ydkrdk

rsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;aevQifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrd

EkdifiHwGif xkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom tvm;wlxkwfukef

odk Yr[kwf tNydKiftqkdifjzpfaom xkwfukefrsm;udk

tvGeftrif;xdcd kufaprI odk Yr[kwf Ncdrf;ajcmuf

tEÅ&m,fjyKrIrsm;jzpfapvQifaomfvnf;aumif; þ

umuG,frItpDtrHrsm;ukd toHk;jyKygonf/ ta&

twGufrsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;jcif;tydkif;wGif rdrdEkdifiHu

rxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfudkwifoGif;jcif;ESih f rdrd

EkdifiHu xkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom tvm;wlukefpnfudkyif

rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;xkwfvkyfaeonfh ta&twGufxuf

ydkrdkwifoGif;jcif;[lí 2 ydkif;awGUjrifEkdifygonf/

tvGeftrif;xdcdkufrI (Ncdrf;ajcmufrI)qkdonf

rSmrdrdEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfck\ &Sif

oef&yfwnfrItaetxm;udk ododomom,dk,Gif;

ysufpD;apaom vkyfaqmifcsuftm;vHk;ukd qkdvkdyg

onf/ þtaMumif;t&mESihf qufEG,fywfoufae

aomtcsufrsm;tjzpf wefzdk; (value) t&jzpfap?

yrmP (value) t&jzpfap oGif;ukefrsm;pGmwifoGif;ae

jcif;? oGif;ukefrsm;\aps;uGufxdkazmufwdk;csJUvmjcif;?

rdrdEkdifiHxkwfukef\ a&mif;tm;usqif;jcif;? pGrf;tm;

jynfhvnfywfEkdifrI (toHk;csEkdifrI) ,kwfavsmhvmjcif;?

tjrwfrsm;avsmhenf;vmouJhodkY t½HI;rsm;ESihfvnf;

&ifqkdifvm&jcif;tjyif rdrdvkyfief;rsm;&yfqkdif;&jcif;

odkYr[kwfpufpGrf;tm;jynfhrvnfywf&jcif;wkdY aMumifh

tvkyfvufrJhwdk;yGm;vmjcif;wkdYudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

umuG,frItpDtrHrsm;tjzpf pHkprf;ppfaq;

jcif;? ,m,DtpDtrHrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;? aemuf

qHk;enf;vrf;rsm; toHk;jyKjcif;? wifoGif;cGifhumv

(tjrihfqHk;)owfrSwfjcif;? avsmfaMu;awmif;cHjcif;ESihf

wifoGif;cGifh&yfqkdif;jcif;wdkYyg0ifygonf/ pHkprf;ppf

aq;rItydkif;wGif oGif;ukefrsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;ae&

onfhtaMumif;t&if;? tjyif;txefxdcdkufepfemrIESihf

¤if;taMumif;tcsuf 2 ckMum;&Sd qihfyGm;tusKd;quf

rsm;yg0ifrnfjzpfygonf/ ,m,DtpDtpOf (enf;vrf;)

rsm;udkrl vkdtyfrSomvQif csrSwfusihfoHk;rnfjzpfyg

onf/ aemufqHk;enf;vrf; odkYr[kwf tpDtrHrsm;tjzpf

taumufcGefwdk;jr§ihfaumufcHjcif;? cGJwrf;(udkwm)

owfrSwfjcif;ESihf MFN principle udktoHk;jyKjcif;[lí

awGU&Sd&ygonf/ wifoGif;cGifhtrsm;qHk;umvowf

rSwf&mwGif 4 ESpfowfrSwfavh&SdNyD; vdktyfygu aemuf

xyf 4 ESpfwdk;csJUowfrSwfEkdifonf/ avsmfaMu;awmif;

cHrItydkif;wGif oabmwlnDcsufrsm;xm;&SdNyD; tajccH

rla&;qGJxm;jcif;rsKd;jzihf aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ xkdokdY

oabmwlnDcsufrxm;&SdygvQif vufwHk Yjyefonfh

taejzihf ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf owf

rSwfxm;onfh umvrwkdifrDwifoGif;cGifhydwfyifjcif;

rsm;jzihf aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/

txl;tcGifhta&;ay;onfh vkyfaqmifcsuf

(Special and differential treatment) tjzpf zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiH

rsm;\ oGif;ukefrsm;onf pkaygif;oGif;ukefrsm;\ 3

&mcdkifEIef;xufenf;yg;vQif umuG,fwm;qD;onfh

tpDtrHrsm;xm;&Sdrnfr[kwfaMumif; azmfjyyg&Sdonf/

zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm; usihfoHk;aom umuG,frItpDtrHrsm;

xm;&Sdonfhumvudk 10 ESpftxdowfrSwfEdkifaMumif;

awGU&Sd&ygonf/

(*) pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;udk wdkufzsufonfhtpDtrHrsm;

pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif; (Dumping) qkdonfrSm

rdrdEkdifiH\vkyfief;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;avmurS

xGufcGmoGm;ap&eftvdkYiSm jynfyvkyfief;rsm;u ¤if;

wkdYxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udk xkwfvkyfrIukefus

p&dwfxufavQmhí (t½HI;cHí) rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;ü trsm;



34

tjym;a&mif;csjcif;udk qkdvdkygonf/ xkdokdYa&mif;csjcif;

ukdwdkufzsuf&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif rdrdEdkifiH\ vkyfief;

rsm;tay: xdcdkufrItEÅ&m,frsm;ukd wdkif;wm&mü

wdwdususowfrSwfxm;aom pH[lívnf;aumif;?

xkdokdYwdkufzsuf&eftwGuf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwf

xm;aom tpDtrHrsm;[lívnf;aumif; rawGU&Sd&

ay/ pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;u rdrdEkdifiH\ vkyfief;wnf

axmifvkyfudkifrIudk t[efYtwm;jzpfapvQifaomf

vnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiH\ vkyfief;udk ½kyfykdif;qkdif&mt&

xdcdkufepfemrI odkYr[kwf Ncdrf;ajcmufrItEÅ&m,fjyKrIjzpf

apvQifaomfvnf;aumif; uefYowftaumufcGefEIef;

(Bound rate) xufydkí taumufcGefpnf;MuyfcGifh&

onf/

ydkYukefaps;EIef; (Export price) u omrefwefzdk;

(Normal value) xufenf;aejcif;ukd Dumping [líqkd

vdkygonf/ ydkYukefaps;EIef;qkdonfrSm taumufcGef

ray;aqmifrD jynfyEkdifiHrS rdrdEkdifiHodkY wifoGif;aom

aps;uGufwGifa&mif;csrnfh ukefpnfwpfck\ aps;EIef;

jzpfonf/ jynfyEkdifiH\ ydkYukefaps;EIef;ukdqkdvdkonf/

omrefwefzdk; (Normal value) qkdonfrSm rdrdEdkifiH

twGif; pm;oHk;&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfxm;aom tvm;

wlwifoGif;rnfh ukefpnfwpfck\ ta&mif;t0,fjyK

vkyfvsuf&Sdaomaps;EIef;jzpfygonf/ rdrdEkdifiH\ jynf

wGif;aygufaps;udk qkdvdkygonf/ þowfrSwfcsuft&

Dumping qkdonfrSm jynfyEkdifiHu rdrdEdkifiHwGifjzpfay:

vsuf&Sdaom vuf&Sdaps;EIef;xufavQmha&mif;jcif;yif

jzpfygonf/ Export price ESihf Normal value wkdYudkEIdif;,SOf

&mwGif Normal value udk owfrSwf&efrvG,fulaMumif;

awGU&Sd&wwfonf/

pkyHkjcif;? a&mif;csjcif;udk wdkufzsufonfhtpD

trHrsm;tjzpf pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;? ,m,DtpDtrHrsm;ESihf

aemufqHk;enf;vrf;rsm;[lí cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ pHkprf;

ppfaq;onfhtydkif;wGif rdrdEdkifiH&Sd pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;

udkOD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKaejcif;udkvnf;aumif;? Dumping jzpfay:wnf&SdrItaetxm;udkvnf;aumif;? xkwf

vkyfrIp&dwfxufavQmhcswifoGif;rIrsm;ESihf rdrdvkyfief;

udk,dk,Gif;ysufrIwkdY\ qifhyGm;tusKd;qufrsm;udkvnf;

aumif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rnfjzpfonf/ xkdYjyifwif

oGif;onfhukefpnfESihf ywfoufaom aps;EIef;ESihfta&

twGufponfwdkYudkvnf; pHkprf;rIjyKrnfjzpfygonf/

,m,DtpDtpOftjzpf toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;

pnf;urf;rsm;udkrl vdktyfvQif vdktyfovdk csrSwfusihf

oHk;ygrnf/ aemufqHk;enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf taumuf

cGefwdk;jr§ihfjcif;? aps;EIef;tmrcHcsufuwdrsm; xm;&Sdap

jcif;ESihf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/

txl;tcGifhta&;ay;onfh vkyfaqmifcsuf

(Special and differential treatment) tjzpf zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiH

rsm;\ txl;udpö&yftajctaetwGuf txl;pmem

axmufxm;rI (Special regard) ay;aMumif; awGU&Sd&

onf/ xkdYjyif ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; (wHkYjyefjcif;) rjyK

rDtaumif;bufodkY OD;wnfaom tjcm;ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfh

jzpfEkdifajcrsm;udkvnf; avhvmpOf;pm;aMumif; awGU&Sd

&onf/

(C) trdefYjy|mef;aomtpDtrHrsm;

þtpDtrHrsm;onf w&m;enf;vrf;rus

aom ukefoG,frIudpö&yfrsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf

vnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wnfaxmif

vkyfudkifrIudk xdckdufaprnfh tEÅ&m,frsm;tm;umuG,f

&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? rdrdEdkifiH\ oufEkpufrIvkyf

ief;rsm;twGuf rrQwaom NydKifqkdifrIrSumuG,f&ef

twGufvnf;aumif; ponfh&nf&Gnfcsufrsm;ESihftwl

jynfyrSwifoGif;onfh oGif;ukefrsm;ESifh roefY&Sifaom

ukefoG,frIvkyfief;pOfrsm;tay:wGif trdefYtmPm

jzihf usihfoHk;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/

Source: Commercial defence measures,Ms.Ratchavit, Department of Trade Negotiations,Ministry of Commerce,Thailand,2007.

35

vGJacsmfcJhaomt,ltq

urÇmonf vlom;rsm;aMumihf wkd;wufrIrsm; &&SdcJhNyD; vlom;rsm;aMumihfyif

jyóemaygif;pHk? ab; tEÅ&m,frsKd;pHkudk &ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&onf/ jzpfxGef; wdk;wufrI

rsm;ESihf ,SOfwGJvsuf ajz&Sif;p&mjyóem aygif;pHkuvnf; NydKifwlvdkufygwdk;yGm;vm

aecJhonf rSm "r®wmyif/ vlom;wkdYwGif trd0rf;rS arG;zGm;uwnf; updwftwGif;

tZÑw¬xJü ]]twå}} tajccHonfh ]]ig}} [laom 0g'upGJNiduyfygvmcJhNyD;jzpfonf/

xdk]]ig}} 0g' jzihf rdrdESihfywfouforQwkdYukd tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf ydkrdkpGJvrf;í &yfwnf

cJhMuonfcsnf;jzpfonf/ xkdrS wpfzefyg&SdNyD;om; ]]avmb}} pdwfaMumihf wyfrufjcif;

rsm; jzifh rdrdwdkYwyfrufaom t&mrSeforQwdkYukd &,l&ef tm;xkwfcJhMujyefonf/

tm;xkwf&mwGifay:xGufvm wwfaom vGefuJonfh ]]a'go}}pdwf? ]]arm[}} pdwfwdkY

onfaemufqHk;wGif um,uH&SifvlwpfOD;wpfa,muf csif;rSpí vlYtzGJUtpnf;

wpfckvHk;udkyg ysufpD;jcif;qD odkYOD;wnfoGm;cJhMuavawmhonf/ vlom;rsm;aexkdif

aeaomurÇmBuD;wGif twårSponfh vGefuJpGmjzpfay: cJhaom avmb? a'go? arm[

tqHk;wGif qkd;usKd;&v'f rsm;pGmBuHKawGUcJh&onfudk urÇmhorkdif;aMumif;rSwfwrf;

rsm;rS pmzwfoltm;vHk; pmawGUtm;jzihf od&SdcJhMu NyD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/



36

urÇmhordkif;wpfavsmuf awGUBuHKcJh&aom

e,fcsJUusL;ausmfrIrsm;? ppfyGJrsm;? wpfurÇmvHk;ysufpD;

apcJhaom urÇmppfBuD;rsm;onfum; rnfrQrSjiif;csuf

rxkwfEkdifaom twåvGefavmbpdwf\ qdk;usKd;&v'f

rsm;yifjzpfonf/ xkdacwfxkdtcgumvrsm;ü e,fy,f

toD;oD;wGif tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;pGm ay:ayguf

cJhaomfvnf; xkdolwkdY\ tawG;tac:? t,ltqt

rsm;pkonf ]]þurÇmay:&Sdvlom;rsm;onf þajrþ

a&þavudk rS Dck d&yfwnfaeMuNyD; wlnDaom rd k;

aumif;uifatmufwGif aexkdifMuaom urÇmhrdom;

pk0ifrsm;yifjzpfonf}} [laom t,ltqrsKd;us,fus,f

jyefYjyefYawG;ac:cJhjcif;rsKd;r&SdcJh[k xifrdonf/ tawG;

tac:ynm&Siftrsm;pkonf ¤if;wdkYaexdkif&m vl

tokdif;t0dkif;wpfckwnf;\ tusKd;? ¤if;wdkYvlwef;pm;

tusKd;ESihf oufqkdif&me,fajr&Sd tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;

rsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udkom tajccHvsufusOf;ajrmif;

pGmawG;ac:cJhMuNyD; tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;rsm;uvnf;

rdrdwdkYtzGJU? rdrdwdkYEkdifiH tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tjcm;aom

tm;enf;onfh EkdifiHrsm;udk tEkdifusihfusL;ausmfodrf;

ydkufcJhMuonf/ qkd;&Gm;aom ted|m½Hkrsm;udk zefwD;cJhMu

onf/

twdwfumvt&dyfrnf;rsm;

o rdkif;pmrsufESmrsm;udk vSefavSmMunfhygu

17 &mpk? 18 &mpk? 18 &mpkumvrsm;rSpí Oa&myrS

pD;yGm;a&;wefcdk;BuD;? vuffeuftiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;

onf wpfurÇmvHk;udktNydKiftqkdife,fcsJUcJhMuonf

udkawGU&Sd&vdrfhrnf/ pydefonf tar&duawmifydkif;?

tv,fydkif;ESihf taemuftdEd´,uRef;pk? zdvpfydkif

uRef;pkwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? ay:wl*Donf b&mZD;vf?

tmz&duwd kufE Si h f tdE d ´,wd k Yud kvnf;aumif; ?

a[mfvef(e,fomvef)onf ta&SUtdEd,uRef;pk(tif

'dkeD;&Sm;)? awmiftmz&dua'owdkYudkvnf;aumif;?

NAdwdoQ(t*Fvef) wdkYonf ajrmuftar&duta&SU

bufurf;ajc? taemuftdEd´,uRef;pkESihf tdEd´,jynf

wdk Yudkvnf;aumif;? jyifopfwkd Yonfvnf; ajrmuf

tar&duESihf tdEd´,jynfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; udkvdkeD

e,fajrrsm;tjzpf toD;oD;wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHonfvnf; udkvdkeDe,fcsJUwdkY\

usL; ausmf odrf;ydkuftEkdifusihfrI'PfrS rvGwfuif;EkdifcJh

ay/ wpfEkdifiHvHk;udk usL;ausmftEkdifusihfcJ haom

t*FvdyfwkdYonf 1885 ckESpfrSpí wpfEkdifiHvHk;ukd odrf;

ykdufcGifh&cJhNyD; ESpfwpf&meD;yg;usL;ausmfuRefjyKcJh onf

[kteD;uyfqHk;orkdif;tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk a&;om;

xm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;wGif zwf½IcJh&onf/ odkYaomf xkd

umvxuftvGefapmaom tcsdefumvrsm;uyif

Oa&myom;wkdYjrefrmjynfukd usL;ausmfe,fcsJUí pD;

yGm;&Sm;cJhaMumif;? a&S;usaom ordkif;rSwfwrf;jyKpkol

rsm;u qkdxm;onf/ 15 &mpkESpf tif;0rdk;n§if;rif;w&m;

BuD;vufxufü Aif;epfNrdKUom;jzpfol eDukdvkd'DuGEDÅ

(Nicolode Conti) onf weoFm&D? &cdkif? tif;0? yJcl;

paom a'orsm;udk a&muf&SdavhvmcJhzl;onf[k od&

onf/ 1470 ckESpfwGif ½k&Sm;vlrsKd;Edkufuif (Ntikin)

pufrIxGef;um;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;tif tm;BuD;Oa&myEkdifiHBuD;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\

xkwfukef ukefacsmrsm;udk ¤if;wdk Yodrf;yd kufxm;aom e,fajrrsm;udk

aps;uGufrsm;tjzpf zefwD;a&mif;csrnf/ xkde,fajrrsm;rSxGuf&Sdaom

ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vuf0g;BuD;odrf;ydkufí . . .

twJG(3)? trSwf-1


37

qdkolonf yJcl;odkYvnf;aumif;? 1496 ckESpfwGif tDw

vDvlrsKd;ukefonfwpfOD;jzpfol pwufzEdk (Stephono) wdkYonf yJcl;a'oodk Yyif ukefpnfrsm;a&mif;cs&ef

twGufvnf;aumif;? 1498 ckESpfwGif ay:wl*DvlrsKd;

Ampudk'*g;rm; (Vascoda Gama) onf ,dk;',m;bk&if

&mZm"dywdESihf pmcsKyfcsKyfum t,k'¨&? weoFm&D

a'oESifh Nrdwfa'orsm;wGif aexkdifa&mif;0,fcGifh

&& S datmi fvnf;aumi f ; tm;xkwfc J honfuk d

avhvmjcif;tm;jzihf Oa&myom;rsm; a&S;OD;jrefrmjy

nfod k Yvnf;a&muf& S dc J h onfuk d od& S dc J h&onf/

(xkdtcsdefu weoFm&Da'oESihf Nrdwfa'owdkYonf

,dk;',m;(xkdif;) ydkife,fajrrsm;jzpf onf/)

1519 ckESpfwGif ay:wl*DwdkYonf ykwåNrdKUpm;

ESihfpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkNyD; ykwåNrdKUü ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;

XmewpfckzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ t*FvdyfwkdYurl tdEd´,wGif

ajcukyf,lxm;onfrSmMumNyDjzpfaomfvnf; t,fvD

Zbwfbk&ifrBuD;vufxuf (1600 ckESpf) r'&yfwGif

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38

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39

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Transcript of rmwdum - mopf.gov.mmJan-Mar)-part1_0...yHkESdyfrSwfwrf; rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;- pDrH^zGHU NzdK;...