Revolution! 4.2 & 4.3 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America.
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Transcript of Revolution! 4.2 & 4.3 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America.
Revolution!
4.2 & 4.3 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America
France
• Louis XVIII: placed on throne after Napoleon– Constitution w/ limited freedoms– Ultra royalists-hated constitution– Liberals- power to the M.C.– Radicals- want a republic– Working class- concerned about wages
and food (bread) prices
• Charles X- absolutism!– People revolt, barricade narrow streets
• Louis Philippe- “Citizen King”, chosen by legislature to rule– Tended to favor m.c. over workers
• February Days- 1848, people take to streets, corruption in the gov’t, not enough reforms– Louis Philippe abdicates (last king of France)– Second Republic set up
• June Days- split between working class and M.C.
Louis Napoleon• Nephew of Bonaparte, wins election
for pres. of 2nd republic
• Vote given to all men by Nat. Assembly
• Liked by both left and right
• By 1852 names himself emperor Napoleon III (Napy’s son was known as Napoleon II even though he died young)
• Things are good at first, foreign wars will bring down the empire
Rest of Europe• Belgium
– Came under Dutch control after Congress of Vienna
– Very different people, language, religion, economics
– Revolt supported by France and Britain– 1831 gained indep., perpetual neutral
country
• Poland (not a separate country)– Started uprisings, never gained indep.– Most of Poland was in Russia
• Austria– Student riot suppressed by Metternich, students
supported by workers– Metternich resigns, flees, reforms promised, never
given
• Italy (not a separate country)– Revolutionaries set up separate republics– Didn’t last, French and Austrian troops take back
control except on Sardinia
• Germany (not a separate country)– People demand reforms– Frankfurt Assembly- meeting of people from many
German states try to get a constitution– Offered crown to Prussian king who said no
thanks
Ottoman Empire
• Greece – with backing of other European powers, is
able gain its freedom.
• Serbia– Shared Slavic heritage with Russia– Russians help Serbs gain autonomy within
the Empire
• Why did most fail?– Lack of mass support, the ones that
worked needed outside support
• Political work not revolution will cause change in the decades ahead
• France continues to face social and economic problems
Latin America
• Social/Ethnic Classes– Peninsulares: born in Spain (the
Peninsula), they are the highest social class
– Creoles: born in the New World of European parents. Land and business owners
– Mestizos: Native and European parents– Mulattoes: African and European parents
• Only peninsulares could hold the highest political and Church positions.
• Other groups resented that they were denied opportunities
• Educated creoles studied in Europe or read Enlightenment works
• Many had copies of the Dec. of Indep. and Constitution
• Napoleon’s invasion of Spain provides the spark for revolt
Haiti
• A slave revolt begins led by former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Hispaniola was a French colony, but Spain and Britain also sent troops to stop the rebellion
• The revolt begins in 1791 and years of fighting finally end in 1804 when Haiti becomes an independent country.
Mexico• Father Miguel Hidalgo
– 1810, Creole priest, “El Grito de Dolores”: cry for freedom
– Led mestizos and Natives in revolt– Captured and executed
• Father Jose Morelos– Picks up from Hidalgo– Led rebels for 4 years before he is shot
• Agustin de Iturbide– Conservative, had fought against revolts– Spanish liberals force king to issue constitution in Spain– Joins revolution and overthrows Viceroy– Calls himself Emperor, until he is overthrown and a
Republic is set up
Father Hidalgo and “El Gritto de Dolores (Iturbide is in background) Agustin de Iturbide
South America• Simon Bolivar
– “The Liberator”, when France controls Spain in 1808 Bolivar saw opportunity
– Over the next decade he frees Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela (Gran Columbia), Peru and Bolivia
• Jose de San Martin– Joins with Bolivar and works to free Argentina
• Could not achieve goal of a united South America, splintered into many countries
• Dom Pedro– Son of the king of Portugal– Family flees to Brazil when Napoleon takes over– When the king goes back, Dom stays– Declares Brazil’s independence and accepts a
constitution
Simon Bolivar