RevisionRevision

Unit B6Urban environments

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Where to find thingsWhere to find things

•http://newigcsenotes.wikispaces.com/6+Urban+environments

•http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6+Urban+environments

•And then Key Questions 1-6 and 10 only

•Next comes what you need to know ….

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Section 1: A growing percentage of the world’s Section 1: A growing percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas.population lives in urban areas.

• The nature of urbanisation (including suburbanisation and counterurbanisation); the factors affecting the rate of urbanisation and the emergence of mega-cities. Practical: Mapping of the changing global

distribution of megacities.

• The problems associated with rapid urbanisation including congestion, transport, employment, crime and environmental quality. Fieldwork: Environmental quality survey (fieldwork

opportunity).

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Section 2: The urban environment is Section 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnicstatus and ethnicbackground. (part 1)background. (part 1)• Factors encouraging similar land uses to

concentrate in particular parts of the urban area (eg locational needs, accessibility, land values). Fieldwork: Land use transects plotting (fieldwork

opportunity).• Reasons for, and consequences of, the

segregation of different socioeconomic and ethnic groups. A case study of one city to show the land use

patterns and the distribution of social/ethnic groups. E.g Manchester

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Section 2: The urban environment is Section 2: The urban environment is characterised by the segregation of different characterised by the segregation of different land uses and of people of different economic land uses and of people of different economic status and ethnicstatus and ethnicbackground. (part 2)background. (part 2)•Shanty towns (squatter communities):

location, growth, problems and mitigating strategies (including self-help). A case study A case study of shanty town

management in a LIC city.

There is some more but There is some more but ……

.. As those who were here at the beginning of the year know, I

divided each topic up into 2/3 and 1/3.

The reason being that we get students arriving all the time and we decided to keep a shorter time for each unit next year to review and finish off what did we did not

complete this year

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1. What is urbanisation?1. What is urbanisation?2.What are the

causes of urbanisation?

3.What has been the pattern of

urbanisation over time?

5.How do you define a

megacity?

7. Where are most of the megacities?

6. Can you name a

megacity? 8. People go from rural areas to urban ones due to pushes

and pulls. Define pull. Define push.

10. An examples of

a push?

9. An examples of

a pull?

London No employment

Better hospitals

Mumbai10

million

Bangkok

4. Where is urbanisation fastest

– poor or rich countries? Where gap between rural

and urban income is bigger or smaller?

Europe

Asia

Attracted towards Forced away

11. What is a primate city?

12. Name a primate city

1 million

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Different changes taking place in HIC Different changes taking place in HIC citiescities

• What is happening to Greater London and Central London

• at A? – what is this called? Why is it happening?

• at B? - what is this called? Why is it happening?

• Can you think of places that you know where people in situation A have moved to? In situation B?

AB

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• This is in Sheffield.

• What part of Sheffield is this? How can you tell?

• This Atherton in the 1950s. What part of Atherton is it how can you tell?

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• This could be any large town. Where would you find this type of housing? How can you tell?

• What about this?

And this one?

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Which models are Which models are these?these?

Burgess (top) and Hoyt (bottom)

A – CBD

B - Zone of transition – used to be where industry was, but is often now left abandoned or as a redevelopment site

C – Residential – lower class

D - Residential – middle class

E – Residential – upper class

F - Industrial

And who are

you?

What do each tell you about the

place? How well did they work when you tried to use them?

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FieldworkFieldwork• Fieldwork:

Environmental quality survey Land use transects plotting

• Most of you had a stab the environmental quality survey. You also used google earth to suss out the land use of your local town

• But you did not do the land use transect.• So what does that mean? How do you go

about doing it? Can you think of any problems involved in that?

• How do you find out about the different qualities of the environment? What might be the difficulties with completing this?

A A case studycase study of one city of one city to show the land use to show the land use

patterns and the patterns and the distribution of distribution of

social/ethnic groupssocial/ethnic groups. .

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This is a transect This is a transect through Manchesterthrough Manchester

• Watch out for the internationally famous curry mile – see the knife and fork on the map

• Please explore esp now google maps has street level all the way!

• http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=114294639013811556926.00046fa36e0cfa8e7cc73&z=12

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CBD; zone of transition; lower, middle, upper CBD; zone of transition; lower, middle, upper class housing – which is which and where?class housing – which is which and where?

• Central Manchester, Rusholme, Withington, Fallowfield, Didsbury, Chorlton

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What are the differences between the people What are the differences between the people who live in the different parts of Manchester?who live in the different parts of Manchester?

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The other area that we needed to explore was ethnicityThe other area that we needed to explore was ethnicity

The City Centre

white Chinese Other

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Where are these 2 pictures

taken?

These 2 represent positive aspects to

concentration of ethnic groups

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From the graphs we saw there were From the graphs we saw there were concentrations of ethic groups in different concentrations of ethic groups in different

placesplaces• What groups concentrated where?• How do concentrations of one ethnic group occur?• If the concentration is high – the place is a …?

Language

New arrivals need help to settle

Culture

Religion

Fear of the unknown

Prices

Special facilities

Racial tension

Non-members feel isolated

Tension

Ghetto

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Problems in Manchester from ethic Problems in Manchester from ethic concentrationsconcentrations

•Which groups are involved in thses activites?

'Gunchester

'

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In conclusionIn conclusion

• In conclusion: the further you are from the city centre, the better the quality of housing there is The nicer the environment the higher the income The fewer the members of the ethnic groups are

found The less likely you are to come across gun/gang

crime• Having large groups of one ethnic type can

be advantageous as it brings cultural diversity (China Town and Curry Mile), but it can bring problems of fear and suspicion and culturally antisocial behaviour (gang warfare and drug trafficking)

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Why are some Why are some cities growing cities growing

rapidly?rapidly?

•What patterns can you see?

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When an LIC city grows quickly, what happens?When an LIC city grows quickly, what happens?•The government makes the place attractive to investors with good transports and power, and so TNCs arrive with jobs.

•People flock in from the rural areas and find that there is not enough affordable housing, schools, health facilities etc

•So they establish unofficial housing – slums, shanties, favelas – on pieces of land of no use for higher quality development, on the edge of the city, in river valleys and marshy areas and close to industry where the air quality is poor

•These lack water, roads, electricity, healthcare, schools and other services.

•Too many arrive for the jobs•So they live off the informal economy, exploitation by back street unofficial factories, crime, drugs.

•The roads are crowded or non-existent. In general the environment is of very low quality.

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What can be done?What can be done?•Initially, often the official city used the fact that the housing is unofficial to ignore the shanty dwellers and permitted them to do nothing much e.g. Nairobi until recently. In some places they simply bulldozed the illegal housing, hoping that the people would return home as in Brazil in the 1970s.

•More recently, housing schemes of various sorts have begun to happen:

•The country, shamed in some cases, such as Brazil, by the increasing national prosperity, knocked down the shanties and replacing them with basic flats with the amenities.

•Other schemes include what has become know as self-help housing, which is where the land is cleared and the services and the materials are provided, leaving the future occupants to build their own dwellings, to which they are given ownership, either immediately or after paying off a small low interest loan. They have enough spaces between units to extend later if they have the money.

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What can be done?What can be done?• Now, especially since 2000 and the

Millennium Development Goals (MDG) were established more has been happening. The UN and the World Bank and NGOs have started working on various schemes. But these are not exclusively housing – this can be to improve water and sanitation, provide health and educational facilities

• Then there are a number of smaller local schemes, often started by NGOs, but then taken on by the local residents and include micro-finance schemes, business start-up, training schemes for young people, environmental improvement and green energy. All of which address unemployment, but also are there to steer the young away from crime and drug addiction.

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So we looked at KiberaSo we looked at Kibera

•How do Kibera and the other shanties fit into the patterns so described?

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What do these pictures tell you about Kibera?What do these pictures tell you about Kibera?

• In particular what is it lacking?

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Kibera – hope for the future?Kibera – hope for the future?

• Housing?• Education?• Clean water?• Sanitation?• Job opportunities?• Training?• Green energy and improving the

environment?• Under this slide are a number of ideas

collected from the PP and videos on• http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/6.6

+All+about+Shanty+towns