Responsiveness of different potato ( Solanum tuberosum) varieties to phosphorus fertilizer
description
Transcript of Responsiveness of different potato ( Solanum tuberosum) varieties to phosphorus fertilizer
Responsiveness of different potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties to phosphorus fertilizer
Daoui K., R. Mrabet, A. Benbouaza, and E.H. Achbani Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (Maroc)
Introduction
In the Mediterranean Basin, potato is occupying an overall area of about one
million ha and producing 18 million tons of tubers,
In Morocco, potato occupies an area of about 50000 to 58000 ha annually.
The national production is about 1000000 to1400000 tones so with a national
main yield of about 23 t/ha which is below potential yield of about 40%.
Optimizing phosphorus fertilization is one way to reduce the gap between
actual and potential yield.
Potato in the world
Harvested area (ha) Production (t) Yield (t/ha)
Afrique 1 541 498 16 706 573 10,8
Asie et Océanie 8 732 961 137 343 664 15,7
Europe 7 473 628 130 223 960 17,4
Amérique latine 963 766 15 682 943 16,3
Amérique du Nord 615 878 25 345 305 41,2
MONDE 19 327 731 325 302 445 16,8
Table 1. Potato production and yield in different part of the world(Source : FAO, 2008)
Figure 1. Potato world production (1991 – 2007) (FAOSTAT)
World
Developed countries
Developingcountries
Potato in Morocco
Zone d'office Zone de DPA
Superficie (ha)Production
(T)
Superficie
(ha)Production (T)
GHARB 4410 155660 SETTAT 6725 206 500
LOUKKOS 3650 92040 KHENIFRA 4835 97 000
MOULOUYA 3375 125670 EL HAJEB 4600 144 250
DOUKKALA 2475 74200 CASABLANCA 4170 73 030
SOUSS-MASSA 2170 60060 RABAT-SALE 3135 78 050
HAOUZ 2135 52825 CHEFCHAOUEN 2025 41 000
OUARZAZATE 700 22100 MEKNES 1955 71 430
TAFILALETE 430 11740 EL JADIDA 1900 49 600
TADLA 120 3970 KHEMISSET 1765 30 615
FES 1500 45 000
BEN SLIMANE 1220 18 740
TETOUAN 1010 18 855
AL HOCEIMA 1000 17 175
Table 2. Production area of potato in Morocco(Source: MAPM/ DDFP, 2010)
Labour charge is very important from planting till harvesting
Phosphorus in question
Phosphorus is one of major mineral nutrients required by Potato crop and its
management in soil is critical. In fact, Potato requires a high amount of phosphorus
for optimum growth and yield, However, P uptake and use is also dependant on
genetic variability with the crops as well as the P fate in the environments including
the soil.
Accordingly, a better understanding of mineral application and use by crops is one
way for enhancing crop yields with a minimum impact on environment and reducing
production costs. The use of genetically enhanced plants with improved P acquisition
efficiency may represent a sustainable solution to increase crop yields.
In Morocco:
Only 50 % of farmers use fertilizers
Soil phosphus content in Saïs RegionSoil phosphus content in Saïs Region
Source:Source:
Fertilty Map of MoroccoFertilty Map of Morocco
Executed by the consortium:Executed by the consortium:
INRA – IAV - ENAINRA – IAV - ENA
Objectifs
The objective of this study is to assess, under field conditions,
responsiveness of different potato varieties to mineral
phosphorus application.
Materials & methods
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FES
TAZA
OUJDA
IFRANE
MEKNES
TANGER
AGADIR
BOUARFA
TARFAYA
LARACHE
TAN-TAN
TETOUAN
KENITRA
DAKHELA
NOUASSER
LAAYOUNE
MARRA KECHESSAOUIRA
SIDI-IFNI
EL JADIDA
KHOURIBGA
CASABLANCA
OUARZAZATE
RABAT-SALE
ERRACHIDIA
KASBA-TADLA
CHEFC HAOUENE
Pluviométrie moyenne annuelle au Maroc
Benaouda. H & Essadi. C, Laboratoire d'Agrométéorologie et Systèmes d'Information Géographique, INRA Settat.
Pluie (mm)< 100100 - 300300 - 450450 - 650650 - 850850 - 1050
Province#Y Stations
A field trial was conducted at El Annaceur ((INRA, Morocco) situated 20 km far from Fès
at latitude 33°41’, longitude 4°,50’ ; height 1345 m.
Soil characteristics are: clay (27%), silt (53%) and sand (20%). pH water (8,4).
NO3- (11,6 mg/kg). Organic Matter (2,80 %), P2O5 (Olsen) (67 mg/kg) and K2Oexangeable
(520 mg/kg).
Seven potato varieties (Desirée,
Nicola, Barna, Pamela, Daifla,
Labella, Marguerita)
Combined with two phosphorus
treatments:
P0 : without any P application
and
P+ : 90 kg P2O5/ha as super
triple phosphate (45%)).
The experimental design was a
split plot with three replications,
P on main plots and varieties on
subplots.
Every subplot consisted on one line of 3m long of each variety separated on both sides by the check one (variety:
Desirée) at distance of 0.70m. Ten tubers by variety were planted on each line.
Nitrogen was added at the
rate of 50kg N/ha at planting
and another 50 kg N/ha at
tuber formation as ammonium
nitrate
The trial was implemented on
May and harvested on
August. The crop was under
drip irrigation system ,
Trial was well protected
against parasites and weeds.
At maturity for every treatments (V*P) each ten plant have been harvested and tuber yield was estimated
The data were subjected to analysis of variance procedures (SPSS). Standard errors of the means were calculated. NKS test was applied to compare measured parameters from variety.
The responsiveness of variety “i” was calculated on the basis of:
Vi: potato variety i
TY: tuber yield of potato (t/ha) of variety i
P+: treatment with added phosphorus as fertilizer.
P0: treatment with no added phosphorus as fertilizer.
)0(
)0()((*100)(%)(Re
PTYi
PTYiPTYiVisssponsivene
Results
Effect of phosphorus and genotype on tuber yield of potatoes
Both variety (V) and phosphorus (P) have a significant effect on tuber yield of potato while interaction
(V*P) had no significant effect on this parameter (figure 1).
Tuber yield varied between 16 t/ha for treatment (Barna (P0)) and 36 t/ha for treatment Pamella (P+).
Phosphorus improves tuber yield by about 25%. .The variety Pamela gave the highest main tuber yield
(34 t/ha) and performed well in both situations of P nutrition (P0 and P+).
Responsiveness of potatoes varieties to phosphorus fertilizer
Figure 2. Responsiveness of different potatoes varieties to phosphorus fertilizer
Responsiveness of varieties to phosphorus application varied between 9% and 71% (figure 2). The
variety Desirée showed the highest responsiveness to P application with 71% of improvement of tuber
yield, while the varieties Daifla, Labella and Pamela responses to P application was on average only
10%. The varieties Nicola, Margarita and Barna responded to phosphorus application by respectively
18, 27 and 49%.
Hypothesis
Phosphorus use efficiency
availableavailable P
PTB
PTB
GY
P
GYPUE
PTB
GY
availableP
PTB
Corresponds to grain yield per unit of P absorbed or phosphors
utilization efficiency (PUZE) And
Is P absorbed per unit of available phosphorus or phosphorus
uptake efficiency (PUPE).
Genetic adaptation of plants to low phosphorus supply
Mechanisms which improve P acquisition Mechanisms which improve P utilisation
Root morphological characteristics
Root growth and distribution
Root diameter
Root-hair development
Mycorrhizal association
Root physiological characteristics
P uptake systm
P mobilization in the rhizosphere
Partitioning of P within the plant
Remobilization of P within the plant
P status of the harvested organ
Efficient utilization of P at the cellular level
Intracellular compartmentation of P
Metabolic requirements for P
Figure Mechanisms which improve genetic adaptation of plants to phosphorus-limited tropical soils. (Rao et al. (1999))
Within this experiment, even if just for one year, we do find genetic variability
to phosphorus responsiveness among different potatoes varieties.
This indicates that choosing efficient variety may guarantee an improvement of
tuber yield with less phosphorus fertilizer demand.
This work should be reconducted. More measures should be made to
characterize genotypes and elucidate differences in performances among
those genotypes
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Workers and technical staff at the experiment station of El Annaceur (Morroco) are gratefully acknowledged