F 0

nhnical Paper No. 11 EIFAC/T11

FEIMS BRAMI LE flY-DI NU= 220 52174

WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

FOR EUROPEAN FRESHWATER FISH

REPORT ON AMMONIA AND INLAND FISHERIES

prepared by

EIFAC Working Party on Water Quality Criteriafor European Freshwater Fish

EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSIONFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1970

EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY CO MISSION (EIFAC)

E1FAC documents are issued in four series:

EIFAC Report

Report of each session, in English and French.

EIFAC Technical Paper

Selected scientific and technical papers, including sonne of those contrib-uted as working documents to sessions of the Commission or its sub-commissions. Published in English and French.

EIFAC Occasional Paper

Papers of general interest to the Commission. Published in the languagesubmitted, either English or French.

EIFAC Newsletter

Notes and comments on the activities of EIFAC and its Member Nations,FAO and other organizations: a forum for the exchange of news, ideasand experience. Published in English and French.

Copies of these documents can be obtained from:

SecretaryEuropean Inland Fisheries Advisory CommissionDepartment of FisheriesFAOVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italy

COMMISSION EUROPEENNE CONSULTATIVE POUR LES PECHESDANS LES EAUX INTERIEURES

Les documents de la CECPI sont publiés dans quatre series:

Rapport de la CECPI

Rapport de cheque session, publie en français et en anglais.Document technique de la CECPI

Des documents scientifiques et techniques sélectionnés comprenantcertains documents de travail présentés aux sessions de la Commissionou de ses sous-commissions. Publiés en français et en anglais.Document occasionnel de la CECPI

Documents d'intérét general pour la Commission. Publiés dans la langued'origine, soit en français, soit en anglais.

Nouvelles de la CECPI

Notes et commentaires sur les activités de la CECPI et de ses EtatsMembres, de la FAO et d'autres organisations: une tribune pour l'échanged'informations, d'idées et d'expériences.Des exemplaires de ces documents peuvent étre obtenus en s'adressantau:

SecrétaireCommission européenne consultative pour les peches dans les eauxintérieu resDépartennent des 'AchesFAOVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italie

WATER QUALITY CRITERIA POR EUROPEAN FRESHWATER FISH

Report on Ammonia and Inland Fisheries

Prepared by

European Inland Fisheries Ad.visory CommissionWorking Party onWater Quality Criteria

for European Freshwater Fish

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome, 1970

EIFAC Technical Paper No, 11 EIFAC/T11

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUEENT

The background of this paper in described in the Foreword to the reportitself. The paper was prepared by the European Inland Fisheries AdvisoryCommission (EIFAC) Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for EuropeanFreshwater Fish.The report is being issued in this series where the first four documentsof the Working Party were published: "Report on finely divided solids andinland fisheries", EIFAC tech.Pap., (1):21 p., 1964;"Report on extreme pHvalues and inland fisheries", EIFAC tech.Pap., (4):24 p., 1968; "Report on

water temperature and inland fisheries based mainly on Slavonic literature",EIFAC tech.Pap., (6):32 p., 1968; and "List of literature on the effect ofwater temperature on fish", EIFAC tech.Pap., (8):8 p., 1969.

Bibliographic Citation

Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. Report on ammonia andinland fisheries. EIVAC tech.Pap., (11):12 p., 1970.

EIFAC

GONTENT

FOREWORD

SURMARY iv

1. INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE SURVEY ON hi, ECTS OF AMMONIA

Direct Lethal Action:

2.1 Laboratory Data 1

Affectin T, b. ,1 Levels 1

fH ValueFree Carbon Dioxide 2

Dissolved Oxygen(d) Water Hardness 3

( e Alkalinity

(f TemperatureSalinityAcclimation to low anmonia concentrations

Other Factors

Summar of ToxicitDaLsAt

Salmonidsb Other Species 5

(c) Toxicity of Ammonia in the presence of other Poisons

2.2 Field Observations

2.3 Modo of Toxic Action 6

2.4 Avoidance Reactions 7

2.5 Effect on Aquatic Food Organisms

CONCLUSIONS 7

REFERENCES 9

FIGURES

This ie thc fifth techni/pl pacuf co watav quality oriterja for European fresh-water fish pre-pared for the Eunpean InlaPd loiellerjae Advsory GemmLon:.ou (1!;TWAI) - :,ut.:rovoramental organiza-tion with a. mel.zi».-;:H)lp of Jsconntmion, The Oommicsioa ban concont.rated ite efforts on the establish-ment of water qua:Hy criteria for European freshwater fish cinco itn ;ocond Session, Paris, 1962 1 9

when it took note of a recommendation of the United Nations Conference on Water Pollution Problems inEuropa, 1961, that EIFAC take the initiative in this fi6..d.

An was otatad in itn firs i 'oiir reports - o (;Pfiv.isaion "agreed that lo proper management ofa river sysLnir. demcurlo that w.,1,er o i'ì'jrø quality 1Je pvidod for ncli une that is made or inten-dod Lo be iodo of 1,% and klia Llte attairmp.t and maint.rpoce of such quliLy is normally to be soughtthrough thc coutrol of poi :i it wac neorgscary thercore to know the eJandarde of quality re-qui)-ad for each oartienl,r Rao lu order io ¡he, OPCPPe of pol'LiL control necessary and tofol'aeaei, ,e probable our,, or ,,t1.-HencJI nr new ajnohnr, of offluents. It was pointed out that

watco qually st,11.0nrdc Cea drinking watev had beeu well do:ined by thc rorld Health Organization(mTn) and unìqhr.ndl.rdri frop certain agricultural and. industrial /oJer alno well defined. However,wa90 o/Jallty Por 75ah hive not received the attention .Tha:1; doserve. All too often, waterhas beeu cDp:HJ,:HJ adeqoalc for as long as there 11.: been no ..)100un mortality which canbe a:.'cribod to Leoviii pollutantn, Do!,.,,ation of the aquatic 11.?b4at top!;11 pollution and decrease inthe annual proc1nction and subseqpcp ).est of fieh haa.- ofton nasd nunotod.

With ouoh reA,coning in miud,jI, aooc agreed that the establishmont of water quality criteria forEuro-ocan freshwater finh be undcrken by the Commission, This wae te be accomplished by a critical-,mio,,tion of Co'1 Titaturo, and very poesjbly oxperimn'tation to clect? up contradictions and fill

of kno-lod,.;0, followed 1);,- mooi ;dandaions aS to dor,ble requircmcnW for various aquaticor grou: of a,inahie orr:onirme remocet to the varean quclities of water. The final

criteria were to be puhlished and. t;iven 11J1k) dienelopotion."

t!..r) ; (4, ,hr, :7,7r-f;',' or. iy"0,-n:;,r1,,o i;he 7 o I :»NrerAFJ of 111uropcap

1-7pa11/r-H-,, f2:07 Lo Lopicc to 1,7, qtudj(d, Thia Pa7'.3, prop-rod 7),71 fivnt peposau Hurly .117-ided 1xL,A-0, reCern-d io ,ihove. which woe cnbmiLted to tho;7i011, Eannlou, o 11,m1d,7;co, 19e/1, where 1.1. vac Puaulmously approvojo Tis ooper-i;

ri, :11107,'.).,It :-;en "i,j0i,Y1.0i3O 2) 'I,- 1il7151.11H7.111C6 oarl-y in 19662 -in tirac, Coi';21) 17:if'1) Oe Fotoo, Iliv 196) Ifneoc aroju It un;ulimous14 appeoved.

addition to the review of literature r temperaturi nud ril. Cemmtsaieu had decidedfiePeloP Belg,--do, 1966, to W.udy dienolvod errue:,eu 7rpquirementn and subctencos

lleavy mcl,,,loC, phone:17 2nd pe:AicideP and Ator tha Peur1,h 1-lonc.)n; FAO al so

Pap 16,0(.1'6 V-M2 1,411.UN C:(1,1f o-", ro;; 1-'1.°1):1011-0 in Europe,

jo ;7pow 1-2? Le 1 Narch 1961.cohmittn1 4o .11c Cenfo.ocp,e, 1,/(171" *( -III, United Natione,

p,1,01, 01.1 i i .1 fri i i rl ; rl T J 1 101,z1v 0-1 ,,,,01-,P p 1.964.

f' 01,1, Ork Vr, I ; 1 u L 117,:;(*('4 ) 2400 v.,: 1.0f1 vv:, ^0. 1,1'1"'t.-,,,

n 1,c;, (S):8 p., 1969/ 7-,t,I I. "'''1

appointed a consultant to review thewater fish. At its Fifth Session A/,future studies, decided to undertakeand phenols. At its Sixth Sessionphenols, copper and zinc and to star

ACT

For the preparation of the report on water quality criteria for ammonia the following expertswere appointed to the EIFAC Working Party on Water Quality Criteria:

Mr, 3.5. AlabasterProf. T. BackielDr. T.B. HasselrotMr, R. LloydDr. V. Mitrovio

FAO Seoretariat: Mr. HillIpm A, Dill Seoretary to EIFACMr. A, ThorOund Fishery Officer

(Inland Water Pollution)

The preparation of the present report on Ammonia and Inland Fisheries was accompltshod lpxgayby Mr. R. Lloyd who prepared the basic manuscript to be reviewed by other members o iioltor

Party.

This report will be presented to the Seventh Session of EIFAC which is echeduled toAmsterdam, 1972.

EIFAC Report, Fifth Session, 1968, p. .13-5EIFAC Report, Sixth Session, 1970

(Unkl:od Nfingdom), Convener

(Pol,".nd)

0110.011)(UnV6oci. KInijora)

rinvolavlp.

world literature on dissolved oxygen requirements fo.,Rome, 1968, the Commission, reviewing avkin the prioi,the oritical reviews of the literature on the effects

Krakow, 1970, the Commiesion decided to continuework on mercury compounds and cyanides.

SUMMARY

In establishing water quality criteria for European inland fisheries, the effeot of ammonia isan important factor to be considered. Sewage effluent, effluents from certain industm,ec

agriculture are common sources of ammonia in water.

The harmful effects of ammonia on fish are related to the pH value and the temperature of thewater due to the fact that only the un-ionized fraction of ammonia is poisonous. The un-ionized

fraction increases with rising pH value, and with rising temperature.

Fish differ slightly in their tolerance to ammonia depending on species. The difference in

tolerance being more significant for short periods of exposure. The difference in tolerance is,

however, not great enough to justify different criteria for different speoies.

The lowest toxic concentration found for salmonids is 0.2 mg NH,/1 (un-ionized), but otheradverse effects caused by prolonged exposure are only absent at concetitrations lower than 0.025 mgNH /1 (un-ionized). Concentrations of total ammonia which contain this amount of un-ionized ammonia

y from 19.6 mg/1 (pH 7.0 , 5°C) to 0.12 mg/1 (pH 8.5, 30°C).

The criterion should not be applied to temperatures below 5°C or to pH values above 8.5 whenother factors have to be taken into consideration.

ACT

AC T

2.1

Af

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpope of this reviev ip to anmmoriso 1-1( c;;;-_o e$ammonia on rishv Lo see whother firm criLevlo can bo fo ribjsaYcas whero further rosoarcb is necnoporT, Ammonia tn pvcconi; io merideEradaLlou product of proteiml althongh poucnutnatLo,c ffloy Fcx clorA7( 0,f1 Tidsw,(0,

Pion Lo nitrato (nitrLfication) may tat:o plaen Poobc:bw moat commel) sonyncsclisf,;e or sewago erfluent9 particolarly nik-oir-icHiro i Jnb1b14ed IT'7717:;oli;hou,sh largo quantities or ammoc,Ja cou bn produced by .111.01,,r;I!jpri ,W11 co;),colo and Cortilizers; aRJ considerable -11onn.;,c ma, he d.I.Yrb-rod(pent nou.rco in from silage. and manRre oarl. '1;; eau oTro 7,eepmploi, hi °A.Fdl ponc T nne7-crotory proOuct of the fish. Hovovcrov ammonia ,i'Pc1 rrI,vr rnri hairo

verrtng ponds, nnd amo Cor avatic vend control, Al:ibc], rmNrwla. eateo:cygonated natnral watcy,s the reverpc process may to'cc o7e0o

Je long ngo as 19i3 it linz shown th,i,t the :to7;;c1f: rmmoRia ro CArli rc eoRai.cleval,(y

Led by tho pH value or ;Ala) waLen, but it on rot euti.J. wro,,mc,w, r-nr", l'701-co,jLo n

clessio El ludy, dcmonstrcted thoi ape the rl-ioui2cd U1M01-- 71c,;;Iand that tho tonlocd frootton ho0 tittle nr Ro F,11,11rmolIctc0 ,T:ceesvr,b har.

onvLrorimontel factors conld arfec the Ir:: no concont:ootineo oinmoR. mo,;

for nomn of Lbn inconoisteRcine phowR in. the. early 0a;;:,, T:

appoorP to havo procludnd .the erat'61nr,; c.;Tent:-,c

er1Lorlio, aro hosod on the coRenotration o otni omino r70, N1,-) [010 (1,1 ir, I nr, rn".of pH vo3n.oi,

Mneh of the JAtsratnre issued T7105: LO 90 he- be,J 1*,'"

DondoroCf rind KoA.,.. (1950) .7o0 yc-nimr ;Icon mr,lo b7Tbis roviol-r will folio,: 1,110 cowl paern. ,?n i7 ;j6ILdfl

(EIPAC2 1968) ond ,J.111 draw oo. MOJ111:1 C70111 PI1X171, ;'Lq,1A1flf'-' 07(c"T:, ,3

Europers species of fish aelwc ro o.dd collJ,bozc:6tvo Co r.'

on whi.ell tbnre iP no Utiropeon evidence- I'l%b.onrdi 111e;: rtart %;1:,

vuedv 01711s:1'U-ins will be inevi;:oblc; in sow, oc,Jon, por- -17C I-el" 11P,-0

they do n(); odci o. sicnificar6; 1-11o.ii is 11;,:t'11 " 1

pin'60, TOO OLO, UOld obceionn on i.ho ;

mom--.41eoments of crwcen lovolc,, pH valn-ir tompori. 11,1_rA,/li; ;AC- 1127'1Y ' ,100 h,

ol:hor fiold obsevai-ijon7, or vcculin (7

Thoro is some confncion An th. 'Grd1aioo)cv,7 VIPC41 Ln,inrlcni:°;,( ocooewtatl:lb:, umme]7-:review; tho LCNI5 "1011j1309. ommonia" oPd "Fri-l_ontrod

tuo otoi;en o C ommonto.7 Pad nommonloP 7.:11) -cf,,ro- "60 (-0,11h:h)cr'. n,"

ionised ommonia (NH3 Ohemieol me2lods 7oTho,: ovw, ;0,-

nsed for calculating the amounts of lin-inntrod cid. LorJn,er1 WW11.7 rb, L

t.inno of ammonia uill bo ei.:presped ac mgNUVle

2. LITERATURE SURVEY ON ETFECTS OP AUMONIA

Direct Lethal Actie,-:

(a) pH Value

Although thero aro several reports tn tho 111a1

lirio than in acid solutions; laic chemical brin in Por: M dr-mk-inr,1;i:p,i; A6. 1`; 11 . L'0.a 017W.:

(1948) who showed ',hat, only title unionizad moincolo ciwwwjvrii

city. Texthor studios by Downing and Mori:ens (1955) eoofl.cia0 i-i']

directly rolatod to tho coucontratioR oC na-lonje0J Jurno.

2

tP 'er, .;;i1 u preeentIn an ,..1-c,(!to;

local,iLbffl oi 1Q

lonica-Uon con'.tant

W ic fo.,, 1d°,%I'J e; odi tc) T.,3 would doublo Lho con-oentroio O:7 kho,C;L% ooluo bocomori 19nn aboyo pH gD5,,Tho voln6 pho, cl0000,-ol oca 000. PiachinC ]950) "-cclvoa 1n 'P t , and c1.11 c'1 1t' io )

1. Values for pka of

Tnmoovu;,u,.7, 30p 9,S0 9i 9r 5e, 929

Tt c,7,n b loula0 thwt io. oì M°0 000Tl.o 60DOCAiWation of mo-ionis,Jd 7cAmool presco lo co ommoaia , coo 'iu o 1ouu ProPoltion of mudicoo-c1ai.od CMWV0.0 noi'o'oo d,h Inooa9ci f!.).1 jooic ;stJ7ou,i;31, ;310 ov57 too:i; in distillod vator luabout 10 cent in a -.rato7) ho.,,infs- a .11)!c1nonn of aboW6 25e '/ -3 calcium carllouato andabout 25 cco. 10 noa wo:.oro

T,21):2:',;0, (1552) llas j.ettieecl fraction of ammonia hor o deM011CL;rali)toxicity., ,13..,11uo2;h Iran only otic-fifti.ei,li or 1..11c, ooluor.1 i;ho 17aLcv(Dulinia 17,C, r.11,`0/1 O. (..0110.1.1y11:1.0tIC ,71PC, vp,rian.00data givoa 1)3, pi; 1.1c rirel'.0 (1985)

(17')

"1, 7 oor,', ) Le: , zi'jtfl ,,nrklmoni.uPa 0111 . c*.°."1. 0,4710.(3,.

t)-» ' . 7.,1)1., reducen l SYZ, .110,

WI°47.;.1, , , ,on r)1.^. oh I'c'JOI' oyi , ':;c1

' ; r ,or ^ ," "" Looirr 1.° rd' i."0 .1A, ;AI or io i i, a- Pr; 'tj'u '');

,,;i t o ),' r (3,,tw/i/ ;.;*110 which V f'dd"

fdA. d d 'd°: '1,'°"(1 'f1d, :111 ,;:'1,dd.ild lirdr, ;,h 7,0 ' trk ."130 jro _.,3,1-'4,11dop, ; , -Lf'

d d" dq'dCddd,.° (.1 ,

ou 0,1

,rl o Y a itgor 5'10) I 000111.A.1.nrc,i.L.1

. , ':r ),Yto Ytic.1.; Lilco"r ,711 1; 5 ,0-7 ,,,d+ !,, )11 1-lamonjuala:

r , 1J,-) i,e1:,*'''to

our - °!,114,r;, ,c 110,

"1" "° - ;5: LID ,j*. " C.,;,111C11..":; ino O

1" 11-1 01

't , ri. to 4'.$ f",1., :° ' *,°1,1 1d: 2 Idfd,1,1,1_,212-ddi'd ;f1d0 I f1...111:14,r, or'. ;101,0dd ;r 2 d,

,d1 I ''toc Oar) PiCX'ke; ;2! (1 (7:3!.°,;)- ; 'br+ ,'110° d "01-' ° 7 1. fv"-, o -

, . t. Cl,-% r's:: 01. c.-0,ir (101, 1:;.1 C.))

I In,. .'t , d dn,i dd ff.'d °.:1)<-?.es r , 1..Gd 0011,r, ,

s ',0.1*;. oiu trin I.,r; , . k . , ddd drï0, f 111113C:C1 Id),dr° dr.H.,(11 °2,11,1011,:q°

-- 13 . )I", 1, CJ.° d d:d1. f,3,1 ' :1'ds,dril 07,

EIFAC T 1

Kowever, in field situations where e lowering of the dissolved oxygen 1cre1r, js Vieely to tenied by an increase in the level of free carbon dioxide aed a concomitan roduction pH

War factor is likely to reduoe the toxicity of OMMORC, to a greater extent theu ho 1.W-!0G.j,c.e'tazicity caused by low oxygen levels., le the .eaaporimento which have been reporead hero, ah, ,eatransferred directly from clean aerated water to ammonia sol' :ee cai lower a conteetE co ereeknowledge, similar experiments with fish already acclimated to f low diesolv c- ;gem_ iceel of tbowater have not been made.

(d) _ ce Hardness

(10) Both Wuhrmann and. Woker (1955) using minnow.] (Fho:ziobil pboxinus), aud Hachert (v!vorb1;a6data referred to in Herbert, 1961) usaug rainbow troutTS171Owea 'tha t V:aviatioes io [he ;10.crt 717.;

water had no effect on the toxicity oi' cmmonia to those iiehc

) A1ka,nit

(11) So far as is koeua: alka1Anity bi.earboaatc couceatratioe) only afCectr the tojeeiammonia by its part, in dotermintee. .6111c 1)7 value of the T»,7%Qr 5.1) ereajunction v11b the leavol of Cro.carbon dieeride preacut. Thin effect bee beee doncribed araphioally by Lloycl 1,120!b),

(f)

(12) It hae already bccu rtated that aa illOVOan0 zm temporat.are will illOPOOF0 tbe proem-tie,' a,' ea

ionised ammonia present :1.'1 PU emmonle 50,1vAi.1011 (TC7: 6), ban beoe ohowa be Wol-ae (10,1,9)

survival Limon of chub (cellailee cephelne) OC VU-,1011.3.SCarise in temperatura, the theeshetd LC 0 remained the rEtrafl, eoculte foe. :eliebre7 tef ' -ore

found by Herbert (1962).

(13) However, it is possible) that t'heen aeol,y to temocratuces a-1,r,-, 10°C.(1964) showed thaLeA lowee temper:eta:cc^. aeioeised ommelia bename markedly moec te iaeleheee (cleeeeherkehees tehate-teebe) Jaw eanent ro; ir by BM' nUrl r.)( C2) ) r.311C,Se,1: ;511;7, "`

7.4rj1) Of-L7,11- 1.4' n. 2-rma'r;,1' ;"Z 1' PA i; ). 0 1, F tic elem.; 6 11 e7ae °C, ihia.1,, 41O, !

:H....CPC% of temp-ea.:ter() OR lira diereciat:ioe o.7 ammoni,o This ir of aomo imeovteree eem001% enee'Le':tiore:a rize is corpH7 ce cEAT conde derieg tho vialtep,

(g) a.

The toxicity of ommoni.a to rainbow teoat decrecuce -1.0 1,11

(a coeeePteat&on appro7imetely isotopic vi,th the bleed) bit i.11.0Or !(.1

fl; sec:water (Herbert and. Shur-boa, 1965) ander laboratovy enuditiono ef conetaet eti eaiee Itahc),--

tion of the datasholes that the curve relating threnhold LO !-,0 of ammonie to 1;fl:

'eater ice symmetrical abopt the) ecocentratiou isotonic: with fish Weed, the threeund 7u

haieg Just ovou twice that ened ie freshwater. The 6.1e,eoeaceti6. 0011, .;: ,'WMC.Cr

this study were those for freen water.

(h) Acclimation Lo low amar , ea.eicentrations

(15) It is well esteblizbed that e.-epooleee of floh sub-acthcl lovelm (eZ' eempleia 'eeeeerk, ibeleoubeequent resistance to lethal. eoneeetuatioes, (Vemoo, 196)7 Malacca, 196NThe resistance obtained by raipbow trout is head Zoe at lecet 0110 dey, bet ie(Lloyd and Orr, 1969). None oC the ricIn, available allm an ,e-Itimate ro be mede k,' %110 ':,,9,-

tration to which fish como be aeelimatieed.

(i) Other Factors

It has been shown by Herbert and Shurben (1963) that the resiatauco o vaielbee

ammonia poisoning was unchanged at swimming opeeds up to 2 body lerigtho/ueo het JocA.oas,;(71

and at 3 body lengths/sec the threshold LC 50 Oras 70 pee ecet of that iu a:till

Hornees (1966) found that female mosquito fish (Gembusie eCfinis) wore elighae move rezietantthan males to ammonia poisoning, but that size difZerences had AO 01717O0% ou theie 71.1coopL;111 n y

There is some circumstantial evidence (Lloyd and. Orr, 1969) that the pl:71,fish immediately before exposing them to ammonia increases their rcelstaneo 't() lice r'poteo

4

To

(V) Salmonide;

(19) 1;, V b000 preeentaa by Poriao (l95) show that the ova of brown trou almo trutte,

-

fy:),o.) LP° vory roointont to sheto expoouree t120 min) to oonoontratiovo ac high os0"f ua-onised ammonia e.'a 10°03 although thoee nome indication ',hat hatching sitcom-1 won reduced

ir thn eggs wero exp000d ao thin hign conoentration during the later stages of aevolopmeet. IlulEcmarm

and Woker (1948) .7ound that ho brecbold foe trout npawn ;:as 0,3 .-0./1, mg 1013/1 un-ionisod ammonioe,

(20), FurAier experimente by Penaz (1965) on the fry of brown teont alro a 10 hr LC 50 of 3,C0 mg

NH3/1 althoeeie tba data presented show that there was a 60 per cent mortality in 0.4 mg N113/1 at tho

end of thi_e -paejad, and this concentration was suggested as thc threshold level. Lloyd and Herbort

(1960) showej the threshold LO 50 at the gill surface of rainbow trout vas 0.49 mg NH3/1, olthongh

higher concootaations wefln required in the bulk of the solutir4l to produce theso levels. Thisaccounted for hieeh theashold LO 50 values (1.8 mg NH3/1) found by Koakous and Downing (1957) whoused water of voey Tee: fowl carbon dioxide content. In order to take into account the many differentvariables which affact t]ee toxicity of ammonia solutions, Lloyd (1961b) published a series of graphsCrom "hich the Lbroshold LO 50 of this poison for rainbow trout could be calculated. From the datathen avoiJnble, three.: woe c. close correlation between predicted and observed threshold LO 50 values.

110Y3.P, 5200011t oeporimoeho by Boll (1967) gave a one-day LO 50 value for rainbow trout of 0.50 mgoimilee to ihat foend by Herbert and Shueben (1963) of 0.50 mg NH3/1 and by Herbert and Shurben

(1965) "f 0e11.9 m;'.; NTO, althoeh a second test (;'ve a one-day LO 50 of 0.70 mg NH3/1. Lloyd and Orr(1969) found o. ono-day LO 50 oC 0,47 mg NH3/1 for rainbow trout fitted with a urinary catheter andkept iu aeratod wator. Theoe values are lowor tban those predicted from the graphs of Lloyd (1961b)for the. aTpoy1meettal conditions and it been suggested (Lloyd and Orr, 1969) that differences inthn oxperimontal tocheiquos. used, such ea the handling of the fish immediately before the start of theexpor)meot, may (Ivan voriations in the reeeata. Even lower threshold LO 50 values of 0.2 mg 1ffl3/1havo boon given to rainbow trout fry by LiC:1=A (1960) and for rainbow trout fingerlings byD. ' a (1964) but no suggeation can be pea fa=d to account for the increased susceptibility oftheml. eish, except that Danecker used diluted laquid manure to produce the required ammonia oonoen-tration.

oe.;; data on the toxicity of ammonia to fish r( o : to in p 20 have been obtained fromtests wheeth oontinued for a few days only. However, tos (e a a th: -eonth period with batches of200 raieborf trout have shown that a small proportion of th fish population are killed by concentra-titeio lo,Tev ',boa tooadael pl. 0,22 7,1,1fli3/1, fifteen per cent died, and at 0.11 and 0.06 mglaljit, cold; lied (Wator Potletion Reeearch, 1967). On the other hand, there was no mortali-le. ohlaooL eaimou :Tineerlirgs ceepooed to 0.618 mg NH3/1 or less for a six-week period, (Burrows,1961, talieob aome hyperplasio of the gil lamella opithelium waA observed (para 35).

Woetic oolmon emol(:a (CleImo, ookor) in .;7reoh water are more nonnative to ammonia poisoning

thae roiabra trout of the (1,110 sise: )1alang a one cloy LO 50 oC 0.28 mar NR3/1 (Herbert and Shurben,1905) b... tho differenoe in ceaeitivity Le tost at increasoa

SS 00E) tho pH eoano of natural watoen 100.y not remaiq coDr0.:ab%, oboN a alarrolthe loy.1,). of: 'ob--Joni:;ed ammoaa mehost will co2Lainly vaiv RosulLo of oT.pel:iemonho by Brom3 Jord*:Ls1A? Tillo ( 59) on Cho tolo!ty of .fluoLnatin,c_: ammoDia loiroloy diPacult, to evaluato ia

flAiGhualWic; coucentraLionn beG:loeu ana tho tiro.A1.oy LO a0 OD oorcle °Famed acl'ecior more.lit;J of :cubo:::* trov6, hboo woald hmc been empectoa fPom ho hwo-dny LO 50 aloao e

,c:iven'Loation) ul he he ,:aririval timo Do.infs about trio() as LOW; as Joat round fo: 1.* himecthe hwo-Jo, )4 50. 0o hbis u-Od-Inc;o hharefuve, ono could ar:slime that VR2COLiViVC, crepoouree to *lethal.coecontiotaoi! co! armonia 1.17Wv otmefae/.vo. Hoveveo, flnetuotiono of a aimilar magnitude on P. ono-hom

..)-e6ocoa mortalit3en that ,..Lt;o ooasta,,t tvo-day W: 503 aad in this case tho ;7-211o,.,111d ho eonmad to be ronc;;i%; ho tio alrerof;o CiAto ne th, coucenhmtioas to which t:er

c,:,:poso0 floe oxplanaeion foe those diaCovent renults might be that it taleen ODO to two honra 2orramopia to hoao a pheeiologioal oCfoot on no, aish (Lloyd and Orr, 1969) ana that thio might aCfootab: I:Jr-101.1one of fish to cve.pooure to ommcnia unde.r those test conditioes. Favther experiments areecl to eetrmine th, offee of aiooeca vorantiono of mn-tonisod ammonia on tho Enareriiral of floh,

ateeeed °hanger; iP 1i valuo aed temporatero, uhinh oan occur -3h. be L' ru,,twoal and polluted

L,{7," ;`",1',1' '" "Fr- .; ( 967) n' 0%. p 11.10 (1,d i ..7:1197,IT,:; 71 ;I) ;-:)/01Oril,70.rn B-,43.1,/,`311 F.:r.r r 1:.. (),,42, 04.1g r; 50 nrla

;12;1' Ii; r ç,Ptooork'',,m) 170171. boa *,,n iiu cf))1 hi-1111'71(1 CO5"1)71; 1;)1 :7.111,°C;r110)11 '1,13 (Tri vr.1,p on were.

wi.";,h4 11 2 1, 1017 cainhovr s 1.1a- e eu un as 1; conaliion.,o.'Oa rLu.o u or." i,1,170-1 ,741119,0j.P. (1101:11,'_; 1.; inH un o o 70.1.11,-; cylig1;.;-, LI! m...7.+,;.; nlif:;1.77 '010 1,11:17rii1.010. ),c, 50 for c.1:1.r I sort -hr 11,11(97 mcni,a +1If -

yir,;} -0;1 vol (11,1(^1 "1.013C ccii 1--rc3 r.C..roc ;:cd. byOr-`1";"

(2r,1 rrt ",- r:, -;)-1 pip cnr -1-)") p 1]. Hmi)c. "',411.7c o C 11°C 201Mdi;r"I in ricin; i*.o"1 :Vir 1..11 1 coo can 1, of mc; N113/,l ono

;. ),,5 rR, 1-11T.V1 3n r no 1,b.r.0,, thollno , ;, 7,cm: T., 07; rimaort ;Jim T,,tra.-.-1.de n liti L'Ji e high iI 'r7,1 oso of 11,3 Lo G,7 would

't''''''' I. ,-,. r rp-, eri'bon cl Lo , ro !That 1;1e 1.;e:-1 a so .14 loos ma,y ba?c+ "" o+.; w %1C: 17 1, cr.; 1.-,n .-..,-oPer;o r 3o5, (Ji6311) (i,1). 3 pc,p coa l;ro,' roc; 1`,711V:1- 01011 11 AI n l,C.:0110, ni; Lii i.e C011.711.1;PC-,.

I rIr Ie i"','', I er. ¡co:, ?:,70 't 1;1 r 1,1-10p 0"','n12,0".. (.3 9i5,) or; 1°,1 ed. 0,01110113.C. COn°01A-': ;, r/ 1" 1,-;U I 1.0 1.evol ror common sc 1, alaop.1. 1 *ha 1,er lun wc Pc; o C loss

u;,-) :\:,(-`111.1-).1"; OS' %Ile) %ha ; by,:,;.11-101() conoop 1,rai, Loo m tc,+111;

j;Jain Mai 7110E1 (1963) ...ound that the concentrat ion of un-ionisedcommor r. 5 mg NH3/1 in tots of only a few hours duration.

;; u 1.7' '1'011 1, 1:11.11, i,o+1;.+1 o r so;:+0.0a.1, roe:ell:co 1,o oil 1;-o La. nhaepouro;,(-! C2C -'":1 eh L or: 1,r; o shor 1;ar (+1.17,:ra1. le!) a-++.a tsivr. '+'.,1117r2--

(1 ----- (.1) cri.,,m314 un m::-.17.0 n compaxls+--.11. 1-,he :ear 1.1.1 1;;-.1 ob 1. 0.3 11+-,c3. C or °Hier,1 , 1, a ;11..) 1ro.7.3..r .S"." pn i on't sho L+ar. 1-,r for r.P,Ir+'..;nr.1

;7.--0J-1 rii-1-211 poPcb., and. r a 3(1. '60)1r11 _1ThlOC,L)

0, ; 1; n : ' 1 1 -/e'.) 3

- ; .

' e'rre' Ll rL nur, upoolaz 1:10:;-r;-.

'O..) 'ef ,7,,r! r:_plastr, ,1 1 or; 1, ovni,' a L-1.0r, 1.10V9 YC":2, is r-sponI. '01) - 'k.lotor .'`C) '1,;i",.E 1 ,r".1r,,l, n;' 101-1 oufi.nnci rnmnP

' 0'17 i o %)",-" i 1;;'),'u of 'Lo ammoni.e. o ip, i;he nil va. Luce or 1. cm--

lac; .1- , 7.1('Itr; ruoy 0,111ri iM spr\ 11.1.,'"Ch °of', fo.0 rhor 1+ pariocls; ,1 ;. V.71

the pror.

(28) mr,10 r,rnm..-011

, , 1,1( ,i-;,rt'',11 rt";2..o.i ' rc'++-11;r3111;;+-; :;31 c oine)",11 r 1-Car

; H, . mac- ; -Wog mra1) ilorl 1/01 , Tteplacr. 1, ( I..(162) r1aoared

)`" .1 `+',+; -7) phenol tisrl ob1;;? -1 .1.er., 1T1',.C:1) 1;neu,, of. I.t1C1.1-TIclum

;L J ' 1c1,r" ,,r,0l of r rlopr',1,0 ;1101.0. Lk". 5'.) 1)/11

,r? Owl 81,,021)0 um, 1.!.-11) r ecL ,-7,enew,..r (.[Te,A71-)0,:1,

' L . 1. I, ' ;/ ^ 1 ; 1 r- L ,1-1+- " r ;i1 ralvi dr 1,1 1,c, ", $,.cl ,o e ed.olio, Ti :;:(;9) .1,1';';:-. 51)1,':-; 1-)I-Larto) p

H - 711; P n 1.0:+ 00.0 ir') pi; (-pc. 1 rid. amnion ;.r '70r:

1 . 1+, ,,. 1-1) r "I 1' 1;11.,-; ;;11-1..., 1,1-aorl ripmm ,ie: !

,1--r, ' PC,)`)il V' !YIN) ',I10'j 01 orli Ç i 967) hove

'cum.-low; ru iza ca..7) poo(k' , aryi -.C.- ir, i;ocl 1,11F1,1- ;Jae

1; CI o ',o +,7Anc1,4 Dr.; oprOr." i t;l7 1-11.0 P,11,6 Vle,711. 4.1[17S1

e i

,-.;.mh kills f+ a oL am.-aoui a 1.o

, '111'1 carp p .61.1e claom r

insufficient to onable a correlation to be made with the laboratory evidence. Furthermore, it is un-

common fee ammonla o be the only poison present and it is difficult to make an estimate of the part

played by oftor toxic substances.

Recently, however, Vamos and Tasnadi (1967) have made some interesting oboovvatlons on the

mortality of carp in fish ponds. Mortality occurred when the concentration of unioniaod ammoniareached. 0.5 mg N}13/1 with a level of dissolved oxygen of 6 mg11, but when the oxygen concentration

2 mg/1, the lethal level of unionised ammonia was 0.2 mgNH3/1. These observations aleo support the

laboratory data on the effect of low oxygen levels on the toxicity of ammonia to fish. There areseveral other instances recorded of common carp mortality in ponds where a combination of high tem-

peratures, high pH value and high ammonia concentration were present in varying degrees. Usually the

lethal conditions persist for a few hours only, and insufficieet measurements are made of the water

quality before and during this period to make a correlatioo wlth laboratory data possible. Kempinska(1968) recommepOo that ammonia should not be used as a fertille.or for fieh ponds if the pH value of

the water eteeedo 8.5.

t etamination of data on water quality in the River Trent system in England (Garland andHart, peesoeal communication) shows that species of coarse fish are present where the median concen-tration of unionised ammonia over a period of a year is botweoa 0.01 and 0.04 mg NH3/1 (with mediandissolved oxygen concentrations between 6.8 and 8.5 mg/1)0The upper value is about 10 per oent of thethreshold LC 50 found for coarse fish found by Ball (1967).

2.3 3.1, Toxic Action

aatements are sometimes made that ammonia acts on the nervous system of fish but this isbased mainly on mammalian data; several authors have demonstrated that exposure of fish to toxicammonia solutions results in damage to the gill epithelium (Kuhn and Koecke, 1956; Burrows, 1964;ReichenbachKlinke, 1967; Flis, 1968a) and Marchetti (1960). found that prolonged exposure to sub-lethal levels of ammonia cansed severe caudal damage to Crucian carp (Caraeeies carassius). Reichen-bachKlinke (1967) also described some effects on the blood of rainbow troet in which the number oferythrocytes falls as the ammonia level reaches a toxio concentration, and he considers that troutfry areeseriously affected by a concentration of 0.27 mg NH3/1. In a more extensive study on theeffects of lethal and subfe5he1 concentrat;ono of ammonia on various organs of common carp, Flis(1968b) demonstrated severe Jecixe damage aC'ter 35 daye (exposure to an unionised ammonia concentra-tion of 0.11 mg Ni-13/1 which althongh not lcthai in one killed 8 per cent in a second experiment.Damage to the liver and kidneys appeared to be associated wath dieruption of the blood vessels.Danecker (1964) reports both gill damage and haemolysis ocrelring in carp.

Lloyd and Orr (1969) demonotrated that exposure to ammonia concenLeations greater than 12 percent of the threshold LC 50 inereeeed the absorption of water by rainboe trout. By measuring changesIn the rato ef reine producticee tk:. .)y showed that the threshold LO 50 Tw,s aseociated vath a ueine

flow 'ate ml/:g/h, ooni a a normal rate of 2 ml/kg/h at 10,5°C; showing a cxfold in-creaeeie eHeeeetion. These eay account for the greater resietance of rainboe trout e

eeela in isotonic solutions (para 14); also, the stress iv:posed by this water intakeon and the water alance of the fish. generally, may account for the effects found byother oeebent on the blood end tissues. Lloyd and Orr (1969) furthee suggest that aney factorwhich afeete tlea water balance in fish will also influence their susceptibility to ammonia poieoningand thia may acaaeot for the increased eusceptibility of uloceeed fish (Vamos, 1963) and of salmonsmolts (. aurben, 1965).

The eeaeono for the ienrease in the permeability of fish to water is not known. Fromm andGillette (1968) found evidenua ef some accwnulation of ammonia in the blood of rainbow trout exposedto wnmonia soloions, although t;ac emornt crac cmell and f.s considered to have been derived endoge-nously. It is poosible that the increaee in parmeability ()eon's only when the normal excrctorymechanism beaomes overloaded and Fromm and Gillette (1_965) ahownd that the proportion of ammonia tototal nitregoo eeeeeted decreased wi.th inorilg ambient ammoaia levels. In those solutions wherethe amount (e7 eeeeev7.a entering the f3sh oee he readily o.oe,eed, or detoxified, there would be noharmful effect, ead this may ceciv, ommeeie concepLraLiols below 12 per cent of the leathal level.If fish change from ammonia to 1.17Qr: exceetion at temperaures below 11°C, as shown for the chinooksalmon by Burrowa (1964) their resistance to ammonia mIgh be expected to decrease as shown by Brown(1968),

PAC

(35) Thevc In conflicting evidence on the permanence of damage caused by short-term exposure toemmonia; CrLadley (1946) reported that few overturned rainbow trout survived on transfer to cleanwoLor, wherom. TImos (1963) found the reverse with carp, and that overturned fish had a greater re-sistance to subsequent exposure to ammonia solutions. Berrows (1964) exposed chinook salmon to lowconcentrations of ammonj.e, for six weeko, and found progreesive hyperplasia of the gill epitheliumduring the first foee 'elef of exposure; subsequent exposure to clean water led to recovery of thegill epithelium whey roJer temperature was 1400, but not at 600.

2,

,Tl* Jonef, sing FticifLebacks Gerteronteus P 1 eaten) and Summerfelt and Lewis (1967),using green enneish cynnelln found 'Ghat Llie,ee fieh were repelled by lethal solutions ofammonia in r. w7r,(1507.1 '' .1- Cron), sonheh were not repelled by concentrations in which the fish showedobvious sigee of die-e: and eticklabaclee were attracted to sub-lethal levels. Hepher (1959) observedthat common leave evot6ed. local high concentrations of ammonia after it had been applied as a fertilizer:!.n pond culture. There no evidence to suggest that fish avoid sub-lethal levels of this poison.

2.5 Food Dreeeieme

In ee, extenevo Bendy of invertebrate orgaaisms typical of different zones of pollution,Stemmers (1953) founa the't speciee inhabiting the most polluted zone were the most resistant to ammo-nie poisonilee. In generol, all th organisms tested were more resistant than trout. Malacea (1966)ele the two day LO 511 Cor mor;na as 0.66 mg N113/1 whioh is close to values obtained fromtrout,

It is un1.317e1.y, therefore, that the presence of ammonia in a river at concentrations lowerthan thcee toxic to fish would affect adversely the food supply of fish; indeed, it may have a signi-fleent beneficial effect on productivity, and therefore the total biomass present, as can also occurrheei eaep poeds are fertilized with ammonia.

3. CONCLUSIONS

fnceor control3ing Lbe toxicity of ammonia is the pH value of the10C:007'i Ll I. nine ,ueo govecnc 'UT() concentraLion or un-ionised ammonia present in

C101111,-01H. Neer leberatery ee_preeimeete of rolatvoly short duration have demonstrated that theeeoce%rjoil oP emmeaja for a veriety of ash epcoies lie la ehe rango 0,2 to 2.0 mg N}13/l,

[1,a Hntj pcno51:ivo ond corneen corp being the nazi, reeistent. Discrepancies betweenIv Jny onc, apnoien moy reflect differences to other envireemental variables, such as the:ear, eeebee Ojeetdr in 411e waer2 which have a small, but significant, effect on the toxicity

' n0Y mPY he eeeed by differences in experimental technique, such as in the handlingo'Lli,fl'liJ1)01-Y:4 i4 in clon,.' 44c.L tho more sluexieh of coarse fiFh species survive muoh longereenoLa .,,nn then, de rnTh,oìide7 ilho difTnronco in sennitiviily between various fish specicn toyeeeeeer' eeeeenre ir probalily lees than tho Lon-fold range given above. Therefore, it seems that n.

ee cvi[;nrinA "or ammooia boced on a Liout etoederd woeld eot be too harsh for waters con-: eter:iy :caiNnnt npccic,- cf. conore fish.

IFrom the lalcaLç,c'i ceeidaece whieh in avoiloble, the lowest toxio concentration found fer

0,r a II l e)r le;ubow [eel-1'G .cer (Liobmann, ?.960), with values for Atlantic salmonemo5j.- ee,me,,e :(") end for roinfnew troet e!, 30C (Brown, 1968) being only slightlyeeelle.e )- [:;1,:t an oCCective ceiLovion could be based on this concentration,

dala roeld prevee!, Mes ow/C.:Went adoption for temperatures below 10°C.

Y[how:11 connonra)(7ar or in-4-ioul.oca nimonia bcinw 0.2 mg L1113/1. plPy no i, kill a significant'ton 'i pono(a[nn, ma7 ntal exeat, ni ndvorsc nhysiological or htstopathological

i9001,3 L-1.0y0 ono 01,:,2, L969). Tho naly OVJaCDOO from Labovp.tory tosts on which a level,o 11Q -OPT7.-:e. La 411nt oC Llcnni nod Gin' (1969) Lho nhowca concontrationB lowere eee wee ee e, Lheeehol0 coneeotretion Otd not inorr:vso Lite permeability of rainbow

e-01' He Thv csvt(tr!)(1 YOlal:OG 01.100.en CYWTUTC (),:r tito M41 Lo nmmonla soiicLiouß, ana thorn

t! r0:1(, nrcUur-,Ljon [4, -,r1)-1.c6hrl onoconinnn can !,n:l(r) Nam:. it Is ponsibln,

, h'""L on c(4).4 oP n throchola LC :0 would be unduly low, 1Iowevor7e- ee'e 1.ca,cln nnLy Ueen obeen 'Lo gtve an f.n.c'i!eacca ronint,ancn to concon4rn-

B

tions and a reduoed physiological response, and it is still possible that the fish migh'undergo

deleterious histophathologioal changes during a prolonged exposure (pares 21 and 32). It is very un

likely that a constant concentration of un-ionised ammonia could be maintained in any natural water

oystem and fish which have been adversely affected might recover when the level of un-ionised ammonia

fell, but such recovery may not occur in cold water (para 35). There is some field data (para 31) 4)

suggest that coarse finheries can be maintained in the presence of a median concentration of anmonia

which in about 10 per cent of tha threshold LC 50 with higher levels being present at times. On balouce,

therefore, a concentration n 025 mg NH3/1 (12 per cent of the threshold LO 50 of 0.2 mg NH3/1 un-

ionised ammonia) may be thr h' ,ilra which can be tolerated by fish for a long period. Concentrationsof ammonia which contain this amount of un-ionised ammonia are given in Table 2 and expressed graphi-

cally in Figure 2,

r.

* Criteria under these headings may be unduly low if there inlittle free carbon dioxide in the water.

The values given in this Table are related to the pH value and temperature of the water; forwhere the pH value of the water is 8.0, and the temperature 20°C, thc toq,.1 mnmonia concen-

tu ehould not exceed 0.65 mg NH3/1. It is of interest to note that the reccnt report of theT,:f.71nical Advisory Committee on Water Quality Criteria (US Federal Water Pollution Control

:,Aflt;,:tion) concluded that above a pH value of 8.0, the total ammonia concentration should not1.8 mg NH3/1, a criterion not at variance with those given in Table 2. II must be strc30.that these concentrations may add to the toxicity of other poisons present in the waer,more research is required to demonstrate whether thie actually occurs.

Table 2. Concen,rationstration of 0.025 mg

of ammonia (NH3-WH4t) which contain an un-ionised

NH .

ammonia concen-

Temperatureoc

pH value

7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9..0* 9.5*

5 19.6 6.3 2.0 0.65 0.22 0.088

10 13.4 4.3 1.37 0.45 0.16 0.068

15 9.1 2.9 0.93 0.31 0.12 0.054

20 6.3 2.0 0.65 0.22 0.088 0.045

25 4.4 3..43 0,47 0.17 0.069 0.039

30 3.1 .00 0.33 0.12 0.056 0.035

FA

Alabaster, J.S. and D.W.M. He1954 ill, 404-405

Ball, 1.R0, The relative anseopti13liic;71967 Water Reseaeoh, V-,-77!-*

Bates, R.G. and G.D. Pi

1950 the ammonit.1

Brown, V.M., Th,7, ccu1ation of the1968 snryi!ch, 2, 723-733

de '4y of

Brown, V.M., D.R.M. s"137P urci FL' ;:(177:1C.i A .low

1969 grg it0:7.4/0'r

Burrows, R. EffeoLn1964 FI,sh.1411d1..`;nr-v., ,66» 1,j:

Danecker, E., Die Jauchevergiftung1964 5,-68

Doudoroff, P. and M. 3.e.i;;, cMJA1,10,1 1, :c;, .1:01 0, 101r, '6.0,-:f40, wm,%7r

1950 composonts L o rinh, 1 1 Iro,v6 .0.10PC;t-0,Q. P;CV,MC:,.oPC,17.1,0,,Wenee

Downing, K.M. and J.C. , The e7 0,111201vyceu eonoesi,.7,71. oo CV ,

1955 ionised ammoni o rainbol SP1DK. rniVdilOrit RjO1r'Yek."0d)r, Anct,-ps'1,Uto

EIFAC, Water quality criteria for Uu-oro, .:u: fish. Report on finely divided 1

1964 fisheries 8TPAC ,

EIFAC, Water quality iov Tneo1rn :ashwc.Lcv fish. Report1968 fisheries. BIM (7,

Plis, J., Anatomicohistooheinc 7.)1968a Part 1. EfCcon c.0 inezieemloe,lt;7c,Thoc. Ilydyobiot O. -D5-224

J,, A7.,a'c,omicohistopst*o1.roo). 3.C!, (A-,1? (Gyortpro cerpi.n b;

1-90,) EUccts of subt,n-,;...

Fromm, P,O. and J.R, Gillette, Effnc,-. nr ct-011,o0¡, c,mronn,Jo. en blood ammorio, ond r;;.%orw ,

1968 rainbow trout (ScOpo go,/(toc,,iTh ('ompoohcmjhe:sj,(0,, 26, 887-'196

Grindley, Jo, Toxicity to raibow ' '

1946 waters discharged to . 102.-1

Hemens, J., The toxicity of emmoro.o ',7,Dlut;iow! te t'

1966 JProc.Inst-beir,PsyC., 265-21..

References not checked by FAO services

'i.iwn to

on

Hepher, B., Use of aqueous ammonia fish ponds. Bomicic.h- 71a)

1959

Herbert, D.Ipt.M, The to7..ici,:i ¡co -,2airbev trout of apent still liquob from the distillation of oonlo1962 Ann.appl.Binl 755-Ti7

Harbert? Dow.m. and 14s. sbnl.bor,, 7 n1,71.10-- ploJoy or %he efi7r,o;; of cbysioal, ae-t,Lvit\ oa the1963 sistance of rev:thou ;7,,,or% rtkobevdson. 1,we POIDOPOni t I L 5:2;?

321-326

ish to poisons - 1. Ammonia.

, ,crnoono emmorl72 ct

193-1996

of f poisonis to rainbow trout. V

10 EIFAC Tl

Herbert, D.W,,"0 and D.S. Shurt,n, Tbo -,o7cicity to fish of mixtures of poisons. I. Salta of ammonia

1964 Aan..00n10Di21., fp:,?L, 33-01

,r eascenLihiliy of calmonid fish to poisons under estuarine conditions. II. Ammonium

!9c5 InL.J.AlyWat,P4lut,o, .9j 89-91

Herbert, D.W.M. and J.M. Van Dyke, toxidity to fish of mixtures of poisons. II. opper-ammonia and

1964 zinc-phenol mixtures. fimea_,Epl.Biol., 415-421

Jones, J.R.E., A further Study of ib.T. reactions of fish to toxio solutions. ElluAla., ¡a, 22-341948

3747Kempinska, H., Influence of ammonia fertilizers on fish. 20, 3-5,

1968

Kuhn, O. and H.U. KoeC:s, Histologische und cytologische Vorauderungen der Fisohkeime nach Einwir-1956 kung A ' enthaltener schadigendr Substauzen. Z.Zell,Zorsch., Al, 611-643

Liebmann1960

Lloyd, R., Effec

1961a trout

, Fish and River Pollution. Bn.t;orsiorth,London,

Hand l Loh der Frischwasser- und Abmnarbio1ogie. II. Len

lAssolved-oxygen concentrations on the toxicity of several poisons to rainbow

Richardson). J.exp.Biol., 38, 447-455

The 1.,;.:qcity of ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo .airdnerii Richardson). Wat.Wastc19 lb 8 278-79

Lloyd, R. and D.W.M. Herbert, The of carbon dio:,:ido on tho tomicity of un-ionised ammonia

1960 to pejobow trout (Salmo Richardson). 42, 521-527

r, ),,D. dievotio vcr:ponse by rainbow trout to sub-lethal concentrations of

I1vt0RP73.,

't,. ounoasterea ao4iuoit toxiee a eianuriZor, zunoniacului, merousului si0 abupra unor speoii de pozìfi. si a dafniei. StudiI.dé_protootia si e araren apelor,

yr,r, 2; 751.-7'0

, )Ji.,:onc.nno.2At abor di Goub1arba,7 der Fische an hohe Konzentrationen toxischer Sub-

kej1dr:314:2-.10 65/ 74-95

tolw,Auai 6:mdo3 cuT la to=looloplo do:1 volssons an point de vue du controle des eaux190) ktiu.RatCer.erolW.robJo1.Anp%0, 8; 307

. tossicologia delle acque usate. ETAS, Milano

Downiu, Tbe eCroct of tension of dissolved oven on the toxicity of un-t)57 mmonir, to rolwen.L opeoies ot fish. Au.aul.Biol.., 45, 521-527

.2r,rirkung urG Marnstofflösungen auf verschiedene Fischarten. Z.Fisch. 9:

Pep.7, na jikry a pludek pstruha obeoheho, Salmo trutta m.fario. Zool.listy, 14:,

Reichnbacb--0,: Unorsucnunc::Dn i31,m. dio Einwirkung des Ammoniakgehalts auf den Fischorga-1967 17;3Z2-13

St:w47. , ),:'nfluss von SohLorolsorsoff und Ammoniak auf tiorische Leitformen desVos WIrcr 20 34-ql

AC T

Summerfelt, R.C. and W.M. Lewis, Repulsion of green sunfish by certain Chemicals. J.Wat.Pollut.1967 Control Fed., 39:2030-2038

Ta-01 Toxioity of ammonia to aquatic animals with reference to the effect of pH and carbon1962 dioxide. Bull Tokai.re 0Iish9Res0Lab., 34: 67-74

U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Water Quality Criteria: Roport of the National1968 Technical Advisory Committee. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

VaM009 RO

1963Ammonia poisoning in oarp. AálábicapSzeged, 9: 291-297

Vamos, R. and R. T nadi, Ammonia poisoning in oarp. 3. The oxyt4n content factor in influen-1967 cing the toxio limit of ammonia. Acta biol.Szeged, 13: 99-105

Woker, H., Die TemperaturabhEngigkeit der Giftwirkung von Ammoniak auf Fisch°. Ver.Int.Limnol., 10:

1949 575-579

Woksy, H. and K. Wuhrmann, Dio Empfindliohkeit versohiedener Pisoh genaber Ammoniak, Blausgure1950 und Phenol. Rev.Suicoo do Zoolot 57: 548-553

Wuhrmann, K., Sur quelqnes prinoipes de la toxicologie du poisson. Bull.Cent.Belge Et

1952 49

uhrmann, K. and H. Woker, Etperimentelle Untersuchungen Uber die Ammoniak- und Blausaurevergiftung.1948 Schweiz Z.Hydrole, 11: 210-244

Uber die Giftwirkungen von Ammoniek- und Zyanidlösungen mit verschiedener Sauerstoff-1953 spannung und Temperatur auf Fisch°. Schweiz z.HyA4102., 15: 235-260

Wuhrmann, K., F. Zehender and H. Woker, Uber die fischereibiologische Bedeutnng des Ammonium- und

1947 Ammoni tzhaltes fliessender Gewässer. Z.natur.Ges.Zurich, 92: 198-204

2 EIFACT).

9.6

9.8

9.4

9.2

9.0

9.5

9.0

8.5

8,0

7.5

FIG, 1. Relation between tanperatureand pKa values for ammonia.

FIG. 2,

10 15

TEMPERATURE °C

Concentrations of total ammonia which contain 0.025 mg NHunionised ammonia for waters of different pH and tempera

0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0

TOTAL AMMONIA mg NH3/1. (LOG. SCALE)

25

50C

10.0

o 5

Papers issued in this seriesEIFAC/T1 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.

Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries (1964).EIFAC/T2 Fish Diseases. Technical Notes submitted to EIFAC Third

Session by Messrs. J. Heyl, H. Mann, C.J. Rasmussen, andA. van der Struik (Austria, 1964).

EIFAC/T3 Feeding in Trout and Salmon Culture. Papers submitted to aSymposium, EIFAC Fourth Session (Belgrade, 1966).

EIFAC/T4 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on extreme pH values and inland fisheries (1968).

EIFAC/T5 Organization of inland fisheries administration in Europe, byJean-Louis Gaudet (Rome, 1968).

E1FAC/T6 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based mainlyon Slavonic Literature (1968).

E1FAC/T7 Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing, by Ingernar Norling(Sweden, 1968).

EIFAC/T8 Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. List ofliterature on the effect of water temperature on fish (1969).

EIFAC/T9 New Developments in Carp and Trout Nutrition. Papers sub-mitted to a Symposium, EIFAC Fifth Session (Rome, 1968).

EIFAC/T10 Comparative Study of Laws and Regulations Governing theInternational Traffic in Live Fish and Fish Eggs, by F.B. Zenny,FAO Legislation Branch (Rome, 1969).

EIFAC/T11 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish.Report on Ammonia and Intand Fisheries (1970).

Documents publiés dans la présente sérieE1FAC/T1 Critères do qualité des eaux pour les poissons d'eau douce

européens. Rapport sur les solides finement divisés et les pé-ches intérieures (1964).

EIFAC/T2 'Maladies des poissons. Notes présentées à la troisième sessionde la CECPI par J. Heyl, H. Mann, C.J. Rasmussen etA. van der Struik (Autriche, 1964).

EIFAC/T3 Alimentation dans l'élevage de la truite et du saumon. Com-munications présentées à un symposium, quatrième sessionde la CECPI (Belgrade, 1966).

EIFAC/T4 Critères de qualité des eaux pour les poissons d'eau douceeuropéens. Rapport sur les valeurs extrèmes du pH et lespéches intérieures (1968).

EIFAC/T5 Organisation de l'administration des péches intérieures enEurope, par Jean-Louis Gaudet (Rome, 1968).

EIFAC/T6 Critères de qualité des eaux pour les poissons d'eau douceeuropéens. Rapport sur la température de l'eau et les péchesintérieures basé essentiellement sur la documentation slave(1968).

EIFAC/T7 Evaluation économique de la péche sportive dans les eauxcontinentales, par Ingemar Norling (Suède, 1968).

EIFAC/T8 Critères de qualité des eaux pour les poissons d'eau douceeuropéens. Références bibliographiques sur les effets de latempérature de l'eau sur le poisson (1969).

EIFAC/T9 Récent développements dans la nutrition de la carpe et dela truite. Communications présentées à un symposium, cin-quième session de la CECPI (Rome, 1968).

EIFAC/T10 Etude comparée des mesures législatives et administrativesrégissant les échanges internationaux de poissons vivants etd'eaufs de poisson, par F.B. Zenny, Service de législation dela FAO (Rome, 1969).

EIFAC/T11 Critères de qualité des eaux pour les poissons d'eau douceeuropéens. Rapport sur l'ammoniaque et les péches intérieu-res (Rome, 1970).

christen roma MI/A8529/11.70/E111600