Reformation• Attempts to reform the Catholic Church

• Key Reformers:– Martin Luther– John Calvin– Henry VIII

Martin Lutherwww.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Luther/Martin

%20Luther.gif

• Born in 1483 • Studied law• Struck by lightening = Fear of

damnation, becoming Augustinian Monk

• Becomes Professor at University of Wittenberg

• In turmoil over church teachings of sins and relation to good works

Balancing Act

www.indianwomenonline.com/womenhome/Serious/images/justice.gif

SinsGoodWorks

Luther’s Teachings

• 95 Theses (Nailed to Door of Church in Wittenberg)

– Basic ideas found in 95 Theses • Justification by Faith Alone – goes against Catholic

teachings of Faith and Good Works• Against sale of Indulgences – pardons of sins sold

by the Church• Protest against the abuse of papal authority• Challenge to the Pope: If he controls purgatory,

why not empty it for free• Denial of extra merit theory for Indulgences

Government/Religious Conflict• City – Wittenberg• Kingdom of Saxony – Duke Frederick• Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Emperor – Charles V• All church monies went to Rome

DenunciationDiet of AugsburgDebate with Johann EckDiet of Worms – Charles V Excommunicated in 1521 – life in dangerKidnapped by Duke Frederick for his safetyAgainst violence of movement – denounces peasant uprising

Reaction of The Church/Government

Reforms within the Lutheran Church

• Money once gone to Rome would stay in home country

• Seven sacraments to two (Baptism and Holy Eucharist)

• Vernacular Liturgy• Bible is supreme authority in all matters of faith• Universal Priesthood of All Believers• Marriage of clergy

John Calvinwww.ignatiushistory.info/00842.jpg

• Begins reform in church in Switzerland

• Believed as Luther in scripture and faith

• Salvation by grace

• Added Predestination– Belief that God has known from beginning of time

whether or not we would go to heaven, nothing we can do or not do

• Theocracy– Calvin believed that it was necessary for Church

and religion to play a major role in the government

• Liturgy– Calvin believed that Liturgy (ceremonies) took

away from the true meaning of the worship of God

What type of Calvinist am I?

• Huguenots – French Calvinists

• Presbyterian - Scottish Calvinists

• Puritan – English Calvinist

Huldrych Zwinglidemo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/reformation/people/images/zwingli.jpg

• Began reforms in early 1500’s

• Influenced by writings by Erasmus

• Like Luther in many ways except for church décor – wanted plain

Henry VIIIwww.monkeyview.net/id/246/uk_2002/Hnery_VIII.jpg

• Second Tudor king of England

• Pro-Catholic church during early days of the Protestant Reformation– Pope refers to him as a “Defender of

the Faith”

– Henry calls Luther “a limb of the devil”

• Henry is married to Catherine of Aragon – devout Catholic and a …Hapsburg – the family line of the Holy Roman Emperor, her nephew, Charles V

• Catherine’s Problem

– Birthed five children, one survives, a girl named Mary

– Henry fears death without heir, wants son

• Henry’s Move

– Petition the Pope for annulment

– Pope denies the annulment

– Henry is peeved and goes before Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy, which gives the power over all churches in England to the King

– Thus as the head of the Church in England, Henry grants himself a divorce and then marries Anne Boleyn

John Knoxwww.electricscotland.com/history/other/images/John%20Knox.gif

• Bring Calvinism to Scotland

• Church will be governed by elders call Presbyters – led to formation of the Presbyterian Church (Baptists)

Knox in Scotland

• 1567 – Protestant noble led by Knox overthrow the Catholic queen of Scotland (Mary Stuart) in a bloodless revolt

• Revolutionaries place Mary’s one-year old son James on the throne as a symbolic gesture (James VI)

Johannes Gutenbergwww.chaco.gov.ar/cultura/Medios/historia/gutem.jpg

• Created the Printing Press around 1450

• Effect of Printing Press– Allowed for mass printing

of:• Books• Broadsides

– Books made cheaper and quicker

– Allows knowledge to spread quicker and to a wider range of areas

– People become more literate

Catholic Reformation / Counter Reformation

• Pope Paul III– Works to bring about spiritual

revival to the Catholic Church

– Brought the Inquisition to Rome in 1478

– Different than Spanish Inquisition – less punishment based and more unifying

– Calls meeting of Catholic church leaders in 1545

Council of TrentMajor Doctrines

1. Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final.

2. Alternate interpretation = heresy

3. Christians are saved by faith and good works

4. The Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority for guiding a Christian’s life

5. Indulgences, pilgrimages, and venerations of holy relics were all valid expressions of Christian piety.

6. False selling of indulgences was banned

Ignatius de Loyolawww.companysj.com/v191/ignatius.jpg

• Worked to stop Reformation by strengthening Catholicism

• Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534

• Work to spread Catholicism through education

Consequences of the Reformation

• Less toleration of differing religions/denominations

• Appearance of many different types of churches in Europe

• Strong interest in education

• Increased power for national governments

go.hrw.com/venus_images/0317MC14.gif