Refer to page 496 to 497

Group

practice

Individual practice

Classification

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How long would it take you to find an outfit?

How are the clothing grouped together?

What are some

groups you see

here?

What is Classification?

•Classification is when we place organisms into organized groupsbased on their similarities•Classification is also known as taxonomy.•Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

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Why Classify?

•Give organisms a universally accepted name, eliminates confusion from using common names

•Groups numerous & diverse (different) organisms into logical order

Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778

•Called the “Father of Taxonomy”

•Classified organisms by their similar structures & appearance

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Today’s Taxonomic System is based on

1. Physical Appearance2. Evolutionary Relationships3. DNA Similarities(Genetic sequence- do they share a commonancestor?)4. Molecular clock- allows scientist to compare DNA sequences from two species to estimate how long it has been since they diverged from a common ancestor

Classification Groups•Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a categoryinto which related organisms are placed•There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

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CATEGORIES OF TAXONOMY (OR TAXONS)• Domain- Broadest group, few traits in common

• Kingdom- 2nd Broadest group, few traits in common

• Phylum- make-up a kingdom

• Class- make-up a phylum

• Order- make-up a class

• Family- make-up a order

• Genus- make-up a family

• Species- smallest, most specific group, with many traits in common.

DumbKing

Phillip

Came

Over

For

Grape

Soda!copyright cmassengale 13

Which taxon has the most organisms included?

Which taxon has the fewest organisms?

Which 2 organisms are most closely related? How do you know?

_____________

___________

________

_____________

Kingdom

Species

Grizzly and Black bear,

most levels in common

The more

specific

you get,

the more

options

you have.

(3)

(6)

(32)

(90)

(493)

(5,404)

(94,240)

(953,434)

Hierarchical Systemof Classification

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

• From general

to more

specific

Scientific Names

•Accurately & uniformly names organisms

•Uses same language (Latin) for all names

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Sea”horse”??

Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

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Carolus Linnaeus

•Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature

•Two-word name (Genus & species)

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Binominal Nomenclature(Scientific Name)

•2 words using the GENUS & the SPECIES

•Genus is CAPITALIZEDex. Canis

•Species is lower caseex. lupus

•Both Genus & species is underlinedor italicized

ex.: Canis lupus or Canis lupus = Wolf

Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens = Human

Binomial Nomenclature

copyright cmassengale 23Which TWO are more closely related? Why?__________Same genus

Brainpop! video: taxonomy

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Dichotomous Keying•Used to identify organisms•Characteristics given in pairs•Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key

1a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4

3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

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Classify

this

frog

2. Which 2 organisms are more closely related?

3. Which 2 organisms are more closely related?

Classification of Living Things

Domains (Notice the domains on the chart)

• Most inclusive category

• Larger than a kingdom

• There are 3

– Eukarya – includes the kingdoms

» Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals

– Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria

– Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria

How Many Kingdoms?6Kingdoms

Kingdoms

• (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls

• Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals

• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls

• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose

• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall

Kingdom -Eubacteria

• Common name: Bacteria

• Unicellular prokaryotes

• Peptidogylcan in cell wall

• Ecologically diverse

• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla

• Reproduce both sexually and asexually

Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil

for years)

Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis

and dental caries)

Kingdom -Archaebacteria• Cell wall does not contain

peptidoglycan

• Unicellular Prokaryotes

• Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms

• Live in extreme environments:

– Brine (high salt) pools

– volcanic hot (thermal) springs

– Acidic pools

– black organic mud

– anaerobic (no oxygen)

Archaea

first detected in extreme

environments, such as volcanic hot

springs.

Kingdom Protista• Eukaryotes

• A classification problem – consists of organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi

• Most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular

• Autotrophic and heterotrophic

• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia

• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups

• Reproduce by mitosis and meiosisEntamoeba histolytica

Kingdom Fungi• Eukaryotes

• Heterotrophic decomposer: most feed on dead, decaying organicmatter by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source then absorbingit into their bodies

• Cell walls of CHITIN

• Most multicellular; some unicellular (yeast)

Boletus zelleri(Edible, but often infected with fly

larvae)

Epidermophyton floccosum

(one of the causes of athlete's foot)

Kingdom Plantae

• Eukaryotes

• All Multicellular

• Non motile – cannot move from place to place

• Cell wall with cellulose

• Mostly photosynthetic autotrophs

Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota

Ginkgo bilobaGinkgos are often very

long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500

years old.

Kingdom Animalia• Eukaryotes

• All Multicellular

• Heterotrophic consumers

• Most have mobility

• No cell walls or chloroplasts

• Incredible diversity

Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum

Txodes scapularisDeer tick

Ecotherms vs Endotherms

•Ectotherm, Any so-called cold-blooded animal; that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. The ectothermsinclude the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.

•Endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintaina constant body temperature internally-independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals.

Hierarchical Systemof Classification

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

• From general

to more

specific