ClassificationClassification

Biology IBiology I

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

The science of The science of classifying organisms is classifying organisms is called called taxonomytaxonomyThe “father of modern The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)Linné)Organisms are grouped Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their into “taxa” based on their similarities to each othersimilarities to each other 1707-1778

The Old SystemThe Old System

5 Kingdom Classification System:5 Kingdom Classification System:– Monera: all prokaryotesMonera: all prokaryotes– Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)– Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile

eukaryoteseukaryotes– Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile

eukaryoteseukaryotes– Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile

eukaryoteseukaryotes

6 Kingdom Proposal6 Kingdom Proposal

6 Kingdom Classification System6 Kingdom Classification System– Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria

(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles

(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Protista (same)Kingdom Protista (same)– Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi– Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae– Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

3 Domain Proposal3 Domain Proposal

3 Domain System:3 Domain System:– Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophilesArchaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles– Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteriaEubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria– Eukarya: eukaryotesEukarya: eukaryotes

ProtistaProtista

FungiFungi

PlantaePlantae

AnimaliaAnimalia

Under Domain and KingdomUnder Domain and KingdomOrganisms are grouped into smaller and Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their smaller groups all the way down to their speciesspeciesA species is the most specific grouping A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspringfertile offspringTo remember the grouping order – just To remember the grouping order – just remember:remember:

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification TaxaClassification Taxa

KKingdomingdom

PPhylumhylum

CClasslass

OOrderrder

FFamilyamily

GGenusenus

SSpeciespecies

Together, these make up a species’ scientific name

Example: Ursus americanus

Common Name: American Brown Bear

Note: Scientific names are always written with the first letter of the genus capitalized, the first letter of the species lower-case, and the whole thing underlined in italics.

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea

Formerly part of the kingdom moneraFormerly part of the kingdom monera

Microbiologists who study bacteria Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteriamuch different from other, true bacteria

Most Archaea live in extreme conditions Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)(very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria

Formerly a part of the kingdom moneraFormerly a part of the kingdom monera

Name means “true bacteria”Name means “true bacteria”

These are the kind of bacteria likely to These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of digest food, or be used in the making of cheesecheese

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya

Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)with a nucleus in their cells)– ProtistaProtista– FungiFungi– PlantaePlantae– AnimaliaAnimalia

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Includes All Protists:Includes All Protists:– EukaryoticEukaryotic– UnicellularUnicellular

Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)– Pseudopods, Ciliates, FlagellatesPseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates– Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, GiardiaExamples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia

Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)– Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms,

Green/Red/Brown AlgaeGreen/Red/Brown Algae

Fungus-Like ProtistsFungus-Like Protists– Examples: Water molds, slime moldsExamples: Water molds, slime molds

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Amoeba Paramecium Giardia

Water Mold Slime Mold

Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organismssessile organisms

Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichenslichens

Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the absorb more water and nutrients from the soilsoil

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organismssessile organismsProduce their own food from sunlight and Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxideCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Bryophyta (mosses)Bryophyta (mosses)– Pteridophyta (ferns)Pteridophyta (ferns)– Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)– Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like

flowering plantsflowering plants

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Bryophyte (Moss)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;

DicotAngiosperm;

Monocot

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaAll eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms(most) organismsCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Porifera (sponges, corral) Porifera (sponges, corral) – Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)– Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) – Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)– Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)– Annelida (segmented worms)Annelida (segmented worms)– Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)– Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)– Chordata (those with spinal chords)Chordata (those with spinal chords)

Human ClassificationHuman Classification

Domain: EukaryaDomain: Eukarya

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia

Order: PrimatesOrder: Primates

Family: HominidaeFamily: Hominidae

Genus: HomoGenus: Homo

Species: SapienSpecies: Sapien

Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys

Used to help identify unknown specimenUsed to help identify unknown specimen

Work by asking yes or no questions whose Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organismthe organism

Simple Example:Simple Example:

1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2

1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20

2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3

2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35

3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger

3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous KeyTry this one:Try this one:

1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2

1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8

2a. Organism has visible fur 3

2b. Organism has no visible fur 20

3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7

3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4

4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus Americanus

4b. Organism has white fur Ursus Maritimus

Note GuideNote Guide

Who was Linnaeus?Who was Linnaeus?

What are taxa?What are taxa?

The old classification system is:The old classification system is:

The new classification system choices are:The new classification system choices are:– 1.1.– 2.2.

How are organisms scientifically named? How are organisms scientifically named?

What is the difference between the 3 domains?What is the difference between the 3 domains?– 1.1.– 2.2.– 3.3.

Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya:Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya:– 1.1.– 2.2.– 3. 3. – 4.4.

Note Guide (pg. 2)Note Guide (pg. 2)

Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia:Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia:– 1.1.– 2.2.– 3. 3. – 4. 4. – 5.5.– 6.6.– 7.7.– 8.8.– 9.9.– 10.10.

What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?

How do you read a dichotomous key?How do you read a dichotomous key?