Raymond Bernard Cattell

Raymond Bernard CattellFactor Analytical Theory

Raymond Cattell-HistoryBorn 1905 in EnglandWorld War I led to interest in social issuesInitial training in physics and chemistryWorked with Spearman--mathematical

emphasisExposed to factor analysis in the U.S.A key figure in the trait and factor movement

during and after World War II

fa a Factor analysis is a mathematical procedure for reducing a large number of scores to a few more general variables or factors.

Correlations of the original, specific scores with the factors are called factor loadings. Traits generated through factor analysis may be either unipolar (scaled from zero to some large amount) or bipolar (having two opposing poles, such as introversion and extraversion).

For factors to have psychological meaning, the analyst must rotate the axes on which the scores are plotted. Eysenck used an orthogonal rotation whereas Cattell favored an oblique rotation. The oblique rotation procedure ordinarily results in more traits than the orthogonal method. ctor analysis (a statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions)

given a list of items determine which item(s) is related to which item(s)

Methods of investigationOblique RotationP Technique3 media of observation

Oblique Rotation

Orthogonally rotated axes are at right angles with each other, which means that intercorrelation between some factors is zero i.e. they are independent of one another.

The oblique method assumes some positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of less than or more than 90 degree.

Oblique method produce a larger no. of traitsThis is the reason why Cattell extracted more

traits as compared to Eysenck.

P Technique Cattell's P technique is a correlational procedure that uses

measures collected from one person on many different occasions and is his attempt to measure individual or unique, rather than common, traits.

Cattell also used the dR (differential R) technique, which correlates the scores of a large number of people on many variables obtained at two different occasions. By combining these two techniques, Cattell has measured both states (temporary conditions within an individual) and traits (relatively permanent dispositions of an individual).

nalysis (a statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions)

given a list of items determine which item(s) is related to which item(s)

Media of ObservationCattell used three different sources of data that enter the correlation matrix:

(1) L data, or a person's life record that comes from observations made by others;

(2) Q data, which are based on questionnaires; and

(3) T data, or information obtained from objective tests.

Personality Traits

Personality traits include both common traits (shared by many people) and unique traits (peculiar to one individual). Personality traits can also be classified into temperament, motivational (dynamic)

A. Temperament Traits: Temperament traits are concerned with how a person behaves.

Of the 35 primary / first-order traits Cattell has identified, all but one (intelligence) is basically a temperament trait.

Of the 23 normal traits i.e. those found in normal population, 16 were obtained through Q media and compose Cattell's famous 16 PF scale. Rest 12 measure the pathological dimension.

The additional seven factors that make up the 23 normal traits were originally identified only through L data.

Cattell believed that pathological people have the same 23 normal traits as other people, but, in addition, they exhibit one or more of 12 abnormal traits. Also, a person's pathology may simply be due to a normal trait that is carried to an extreme.

--B. Second-Order Traits

The 35 primary source traits tend to cluster together, forming eight clearly identifiable second-order traits. The two strongest of the second-order traits might be called extraversion/introversion and anxiety.

Dynamic Traits In addition to temperament traits, Cattell recognized motivational or

dynamic traits, which include attitudes, ergs, and sems.

A. AttitudesAn attitude refers to a specific course of action, or desire to act, in response to a given situation. Motivation is usually quite complex, so that a network of motives, or dynamic lattice, is ordinarily involved with an attitude. In addition a complex set of subgoals, underlies motivation i.e. some goals are susidiary to others meaning they must be attained in order to reach next goal. B. ErgsErgs are innate drives or motives, such as sex, hunger, loneliness, pity, fear, curiosity, pride, sensuousness, anger, and greed that humans share with other primates. C. Sems

Another name for sentiments.Sems are learned or acquired dynamic traits that can satisfy several ergs at the same time. The self-sentiment is the most important sem in that it integrates the other sems. Identified 27 sems revolving around atitudes towards family, work, spouse, home, religion, etc.

D. The Dynamic LatticeThe dynamic lattice is a complex network of attitudes, ergs, and sems underlying a person's motivational structure.

Assumptions of Factor Analysis

An inductive methodExploratory vs confirmatory factor analysis

Founded on quantitative observationsA data reduction approach

Simplify original dataIdentify relationships (factors)

Limited by the extent of original data and the number of individual cases includedA common bias in FA studies

PersonalityRaymond Cattell also began his work by

identifying certain obvious personality traits, such as integrity, friendliness, and tidiness (1950, 1965, 1973, 1982). He called these dimensions of personality surface traits.

Cattell then obtained extensive data about surface traits from a large number of people (nomothetic approach).

Statistical analysis of these data revealed that certain surface traits seemed to occur in clusters or groups. Cattell theorized that these clusters indicated a single underlying trait.

Cattell derived a list of 16 primary or source traits that he considered to be at the center or core of personality. He listed each of these traits as a pair of polar opposites (16PF).

Cattell’s Personality Factors16 key factors of personality, each with two dimensions. These dimensions are assessed using the 16PF for adults, the HSPQ for teens, the CPQ ESPQ for late and early elementary.

Dimension A vs. Dimension B

Reserved Outgoing

Dull Bright

Emotionally affected

Emotionally stable

Humble Assertive

Serious Happy-go-lucky

Expedient Conscientious

Shy Venturesome

Tough Minded Tender Minded

Trusting Suspicious

Practical Imaginative

Forthright Astute

Self Assured Apprehensive

Conservative Experimenting

Group Dependent Self-Sufficient

Undisciplined Controlled

Relaxed TenseArranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004

Genetic Basis of TraitsCattell and his colleagues provided estimates

of heritability of the various source traits. Cattell has found relatively high heritability

values for both fluid intelligence (the ability to adapt to new material) and crystallized intelligence (which depends on prior learning), suggesting that intelligence is due more to heredity than to environment.

Eysenck Compared to Cattell, Eysenck (1) was more likely to theorize before

collecting and factor analyzing data; (2) extracted fewer factors; and (3) used a wider variety of approaches to

gather data.

BiographyBorn in Berlin in 1916, But as a teenager, he moved to England to escape

Nazi tyranny and made London his home for more than 60 years.

Eysenck was trained in the psychometrically oriented psychology department of the University of London, from which he received a bachelor's degree in 1938 and a Ph.D. in 1940.

Eysenck was perhaps the most prolific writer of any psychologist in the world, and his books and articles often caused world-wide controversy. He died in September of 1997.

Measuring PersonalityEysenck believed that genetic factors were far more

important than environmental ones in shaping personality and that personal traits could be measured by standardized personality inventories.

A. Criteria for Identifying FactorsEysenck insisted that personality factors must (1) be based on strong psychometric evidence, (2) must possess heritability and fit an acceptable genetic model, (3) make sense theoretically, and (4) possess social relevance.

B. Hierarchy of MeasuresEysenck recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization: (1) specific acts or cognitions; (2) habitual acts or cognitions; (3) traits, or personal dispositions; and (4) types or superfactors.

Major Personality Factors

Eysenck's theory revolves around only three general bipolar types:

extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism/superego function. All three have a strong genetic component.

Dimensions of PersonalityExtraverts are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness,

jocularity, liveliness, optimism, and quick-wittedness, whereas

introverts are quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled. Eysenck, however, believes that the principal differences between extraverts and introverts is one of cortical arousal level.

Neurotic traits include anxiety, hysteria, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Both normal and abnormal individuals may score high on the neuroticism scale of the Eysenck's various personality inventories.

People who score high on the psychoticism scale are egocentric, cold, nonconforming, aggressive, impulsive, hostile, suspicious, and antisocial. Men tend to score higher than women on psychoticism.

Measuring Super factorsEysenck and his colleagues developed four personality inventories to measure superfactors, or types. The two most frequently used by current researchers are

the Eysenck Personality Inventory (which measures only E and N) and

the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (which also measures P).

Biological Bases of PersonalityEysenck believed that P, E, and N all have a powerful biological component,

Cortical arousalShifts in arousal

He cited as evidence the existence of these three types in a wide variety of nations and languages.

Eysenck's later work investigated personality factors across 35 European, Asian, African, and American cultures and found that personality factors are quite universal, thus supporting the biological nature of personality.

Personality and Behavior

Eysenck argued that different combinations of P, E and N relate to a large number of behaviors and processes, such as academic performance, creativity, and antisocial behavior.

Critique of Trait and Factor TheoriesCattell and Eysenck's theories rate high on

parsimony, on their ability to generate research, and on their usefulness in organizing data Concept of Humanity

Cattell and Eysenck believe that human personality is largely the product of genetics and not the environment.

Thus, both are rated very high on biological influences and very low on social factors.

In addition, both rate about average on conscious versus unconscious influences and high on the uniqueness of individuals. The concepts of free choice, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology do not apply to Cattell and Eysenck.

Following Cattell, trait data collected in new,

more comprehensive, and multivariate ways Further factor analysis Cattell’s data replicated with new, diverse

samples, multiple cultures, different languages, children, and over time

“lay-person” trait terms included More observations and nonverbal

assessments Findings showed 5 factors!

Raymond Bernard Cattell

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