DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY

KALKA DENTAL COLLEGE

SUBMITTED TO-Dr Abhay Aggarwal (HOD)Dr Neeraj Kant Panwar(READER)Dr Neeraj Solanki (READER)Dr Himanshu Tomar (SR. LECTURER)

SUBMITTED BY :SHIKHA ARYABDS FINAL YEAR (2012-2013)

To understand the child better . To know the problem of psychological

origin To deliver dental services in a meaningful

and effective manner. To establish effective communication with

the child and parent. To have a better treatment planning.

WHY IS IT IMPT. FOR US AS A DENTIST??

CHILD PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES

PSYCHOANALYTICAL/PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORYBY-

DR.SIGMUND FREUD

Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential - and controversial - minds of the 20th century.

Freud developed a topographical model of the mind, whereby he described the features of minds structure and function.

Freud was the founder father of psychoanalysis ,a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior.

6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939

Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud would encourage his patient to talk freely (on his famous couch ) regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was in their mind.

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Dr Sigmund Freud (1905)was the originator of

psychoanalytical approach. Freud’s interest in

development arose from his desire to explain the

disorders of personality in adults.

He described 5 psychosexual stages .

FREUD DESCRIBED HUMAN MIND WITH HELP OF 2 MODELS :-

TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL

PSYCHIC TRIAD

FREUDS’S CONSCIOUS/UNCONSCIOUS CONCEPT

Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg.

CONSCIOUS MIND – what one is aware of any particular moment.

PRECONSCIOUS MIND – or available memory – anything that can be easily made conscious like the memories one’s not thinking at the moment but can readily be brought to mind .

UNCONSCIOUS MIND- these are hidden desires , can be simple , but these are the ones which mind often deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives and thus , these are often available to us only in disguised form.

PSYCHIC TRIAD -1923

Acc. to Freud , our behavior is influenced by :

Acc. to Freud , our behavior is influenced by :

Instincts –ID Social rules & ethics– SUPER EGO

Reality – EGO

ID (INSTINCT) The most primitive part of a personality.

It is the basic structure of a personality.-it serves as a reservoir of instincts.

It is present at birth as impulse and strives for immediate pleasure.

E.g.: the need to eat in a child is based on pleasure principle. i.e., the child wants food irrespective of external circumstances.

BASED ON PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

SUPEREGO (MORALITY) It is that part of personality that is internalized representation of the values and morals of the society as taught to the child by parents & others

It is essentially an individual's conscience and judges whether the action are right or wrong.

BASED ON SOCIAL ETHICS

EGO (REALITY) It is the part of self that is concerned with overall functioning & organization of personality.

Ego is concerned with a state in which an adequate expression of ID can occur within constraints of reality & demands & restrictions of superego.

Eg: hunger must wait until the food is served.The ego is the executive organ of the psyche & controls

PerceptionContact with reality The delay and modulation of drive expression.Freud believed that ego substitutes the reality principle for the pleasure principle.

BASED ON REALITY

PRINCIPLE

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

In the Freudian Psychoanalytical model, child personality development is discussed in terms of psychosexual stages of development.

tHeterosexual relationships

WHAT IS FIXATION ??Fixation is the psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under or over gratified.

ORAL STAGEAGE : 0- 1.5 years.

Erogenous zone – Mouth Gratifying activities – nursing , ,mouth movement, eating, sucking , biting & swallowing

In this stage , the child’s personality is controlled by the ID & thus , demands immediate gratification ,

responsive nurturing is the key . Both insufficient and forceful feeding can result in

fixation at this stage.

Age -0 – 1.5 yrs

SYMPTOMS OF ORAL FIXATION

ANAL STAGEAGE – 1.5 – 3 YEARS

Gratifying activities : bowel movement & the

withholding of such movement.

Erogenous zone – Anus Age – 1.5- 3 years

The major event at this stage is

“TOILET TRAINING”

SYMPTOMS OF ANAL FIXATION

ANAL – EXPULSIVE PERSONALITYANAL – RETENTIVE PERSONALITY

PHALLIC STAGE

AGE -4-5 YEARS

Age – 3-6 years Erogenous zone - Genitals

This is the most challenging stage in a child’s psychosexual

development.

FIXATIONS IN PHALLIC STAGE OEDIPUS COMPLEX

IN MALES

The boy will have the desire to posses his mother &

displace his father.

ELECTRA COMPLEX IN FEMALES

The girl will want to posses the father & remove her

mother.

RESOLVING PHALLIC STAGE

To reduce the conflict, the child identifies with the

same sex parent , striving to be like him/her .

LATENCY PHASEAGE-5 years -Puberty

AGE -6 – Puberty Erogenous zone –

None In this phase , the child

focuses the energy on other aspects of life . This is a time of adjusting to the social environment outside of

home . The child develops

same sex friendships, engaging in sports.

GENITAL STAGEAGE – Puberty onwards

Age – Puberty onwards Erogenous zone – Genitals

Gratifying activities – heterosexual relationships.

This stage does not cause any fixations.However, if people

experience difficulties in this stage is due to

damage done in earlier stages.

SUMMARY OF FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY BASIC

ASSUMPTIONS – The major causes of behavior have their

origin in the unconscious.

All behavior has a cause/reason.

Our behavior & feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood memories.

Different parts of the unconscious mind are in constant struggle.

STRENGTHS Made the case study method popular in

psychology. Defense mechanisms

Free associations Highlighted the importance of childhood

Highlighted the importance of the unconscious mind dream analysis.

LIMITATIONS Unscientific

Too deterministic (little free will) Biased sample(middle aged women from

Vienna) Rejects free will

Un-falsifiable(difficult to prove wrong)

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