CHAPTER 12 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS -RNA -PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -MUTATIONS.
Protein Synthesis Or “How to make a Protein”
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Transcript of Protein Synthesis Or “How to make a Protein”
The Protein Synthesis Story Begins with DNA
2 Main Functions of DNA1.Carry the Code of Life-instruction manual for every living organism2. Blueprint for making proteins
A GENE carries the code for making each
protein
Everything in you is made of or by
proteins!
Protein Examples* In 2014 Play DNA Replication video from PBS in home folder—lots of examples
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood
Collagen makes your cartilage and tendons
Keratin makes hair & fingernails
Enzymes
Ribosomes Site of Protein Synthesis!
How can we solve this problem?
RNA – Ribose Nucleic Acid
RNA is like DNA except:
1. Single stranded
2. Uracil instead of thymine
A-U, C-G
3. Ribose instead of Deoxyribose
Nitrogen Bases
Sugars
&
Phosphates
RNA DNA
Step 1:Transcriptio
n
mRNA (messenger) goes into the
nucleus and copies the DNA
mRNA then moves from the nucleus to
the cytoplasm.DNA – ATCG
mRNA - UAGChttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MfSYnItYvg *clip in home folder from pbs…good stuff
Step 2 Translation
mRNA attaches to ribosomes.
tRNA (transfer) carries amino acids -- the building blocks of
proteins
tRNA consists of 3 Nitrogen bases (anticodon) ex. AUG
tRNA lines up with 3 bases in mRNA (codon) ex. UAC
tRNA drops off the amino acid in the
correct spot
Amino acids make proteins
U C A G
U
Phenylaline
Phenylaline
LeucineLeucine
SerineSerineSerineSerine
TyrosineTyrosine
StopStop
CysteineCysteine
StopTryptoph
an
UCAG
C
LeucineLeucineLeucineLeucine
ProlineProlineProlineProline
HistidineHistidine
GlutamineGlutamine
ArginineArginineArginineArginine
UCAG
A
Isoleucine
Isoleucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Threonine
Threonine
Threonine
Threonine
Asparagine
Asparagine
LysineLysine
SerineSerine
ArginineArginine
UCAG
G
ValineValineValineValine
AlanineAlanineAlanineAlanine
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid
GlycineGlycineGlycineGlycine
UCAG
http://www.dnalc.org/view/15501-Translation-RNA-to-protein-3D-animation-with-basic-narration.html
Any change in the DNA structure (specifically the order of nitrogen bases) is a mutation.
Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral.
Helpful – can create diversity in a population
Harmful – can cause things like cancer
Neutral – can have absolutely no effect at all
A mutagen is something that causes mutations in the DNA (for example: smoking, radiation from
the sun etc)
Slooze Worm
An insertion mutation is when a nitrogen base is added to the existing DNA
A deletion mutation is when a nitrogen base is subtracted from the DNA
A substitution mutation is when one nitrogen base is put in place of another.
If our DNA was AATTGGCC
An insertion would be AATTAGGCC
A deletion would be AATGGCC
A substitution would be AAATGGCC
Gene Sequencing – Determining the order of nucleotide bases within a gene
DNA Fingerprinting – technique used in criminal investigations.
DNA Fingerprinting takes the DNA out of a cell and separates it. This will allow investigators to distinguish body cells of different individuals (since they are unlikely to have the same DNA)
Cloning – take the DNA out of one of your cells then take the DNA out of a zygote (fertilized egg). Put the DNA from your cell into the zygote.
Genetic engineering is the process of moving genes from the chromosomes of one organism to those of another organism.
Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA
molecules.from two different organisms
What would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand in the diagram was made?
A.CUCAAGUGCUUCB.GAGUUCACGAAGC.GAGTTCACGAAGD.AGACCTGTAGGA
What is the amino acid sequence in the portion of the protein molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA shown in the diagram?
A. Ser-Tyr-Arg-GlyB.Leu-Lys-Cys-PheC.Val-Asp-Pro-HisD.Pro-Glu-Leu-Val