CHAPTER 12 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS -RNA -PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -MUTATIONS.

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CHAPTER 12 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS -RNA -PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -MUTATIONS

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Transcript of CHAPTER 12 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS -RNA -PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -MUTATIONS.

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CHAPTER 12PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND

MUTATIONS

-RNA-PROTEIN SYNTHESIS-MUTATIONS

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1. Who are the players?

2. What are the 3 processes?

3. Where in the cell do the processes occur?

4. How does each process work?

5. What is the product produced?

6. What if mistakes are made during the process?

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DNA

Gene Protein

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AA—AA—AA—AA Monomer?

Amino Acids

Bond?

Polymer?

Polypeptides range in size from a few monomers to thousands

Protein =

“Polypeptide”

“Peptide” Bond

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Differences in ___ groups produce the ___ different amino acids

R20

Unique characteristics

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3 bases = “Codon”

ACTGTTCGAGCTTATCodon Codon Codon Codon

Codon Amino Acid

Amino Acid Protein

1 GeneCodon

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Genetic Code = “Universal Code”Same letters? Same words? = Different stories?

ATGC 20 Amino Acids

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Where is DNA?

What makes Proteins?

2 Subunits

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RNA?Ribo-Nucleic Acid

= Carry/Contain coded information for making proteins

“PROTEIN SYNTHESIS”

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3 differences from DNA:

1. Generally single stranded

2. Uracil in place of Thymine (U not T)

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3. Sugar is “Ribose”

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3 Types of RNA:

messenger RNA (mRNA)

transfer RNA (tRNA)

ribosomal (rRNA)

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DNA RNA Protein

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1

2

3

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Protein/ polypeptide

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64 Codons

20 Amino Acids

43

alanine - alaarginine - arg

asparagine - asnaspartic acid - asp

cysteine - cys glutamine - gln

glutamic acid - gluglycine - gly

histidine - his isoleucine

leucine - leulysine - lys

methionine - metphenylalanine -

pheproline - proserine - ser

threonine - thrtryptophan - trp

tyrosine - tyrvaline - val

DNA Code:

ACAGTTCGAGCTTATAmino Acids?

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TranscriptionDNA mRNA

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

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RNA Processing (Splicing)Avg length of Pre-mRNA is 8000 nucleotides long

Takes only about 1200 to code for an average sized protein of 400 AA

“Long noncoding stretches” that are not translated

Introns = noncoding segments (intervening)Exons = coding segments (expressed)

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TRANSLATIONmRNA tRNA rRNA = Protein

tRNA = transfer AA from cytoplasm ribosome

tRNA = transcribed from DNA

tRNA

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Amino Acid (end)Anticodon (end)

~80 nucleotidesFolds back on itself

H bonds

tRNA

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Large and Small subunits“rRNA”

Structure/Function?

Ribosome

= bring mRNA together with tRNA (AA)

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mRNA binding site

P site = holds tRNAcarrying the growing peptide chain

A site = holds tRNA carrying the nextamino acid to be added

E site = discharges tRNA’sleaving the ribosome

_

_

_

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1. Initiation

guanine triphospate

Brings together mRNA and tRNA bearing the first AA (P site)

5’cap tells small unit to bindAUG initiation codon

methionine

Large subunitInitiator tRNA sits in P siteA site ready to receive

3’5’

Requires?

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2. Elongation

AA added one by one

1. Codon recognitionIncoming tRNA binds to A site

2. Peptide bond between new AA’s

3. Translocation tRNA in A site P site tRNA in P site E site

mRNA moves 5’ end first

10th of a second

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3. TerminationElongation continues until a stop codon reaches A siteUUA, UAG, UGA

Protein called a “release factor” binds directly to the stop codon in the A site

Polypeptide set “free”

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UGGUUUUGAmRNA=

DNA?

tRNA?

Amino Acids?

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Transcription

Translation

DNA

RNA

PROTEIN

Copy Drawing off Board

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Protein Synthesis

• YouTube - The wonders of a tiny cell

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dMlde9akBk&feature=related
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MUTATIONS!!

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A MISTAKE IS MADE IN CODING?

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POINT MUTATIONS

•THE DOG BIT THE CAR

•= Misread a single base pairBase pair substitutions

•THE DOG BIT THE CAT

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EpilepsyChromosome 6

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Albinism

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Frameshift Mutation

= add or delete a base

Insertions and Deletions

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SchizophreniaDepressionChromosome 1

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Color BlindnessRed/GreenX Chromosome

So why men?

Sex-Linked Mutations

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CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

• Part of chromosome broken off during Meiosis and rejoins incorrectly.

•Can have too many, or not enough

•Zygote usually dies

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Down’s Syndrome = 47 chromosomes

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Positive Mutations?

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DNA, RNA, and MUTATIONS

-DNA-Watson and Crick-Sugar-Phosphate Backbone-Nucleotide-Nitrogen Bases (4)-Base Pairing-Complimentary Strand-Double Helix-Length of DNA

-Function of DNA-Codon-Amino Acids and Proteins-Genetic Code

-RNA-Differences from DNA-3 types-Protein Synthesis-Transcription-Translation

-Mutations-Point Mutations-Frameshift Mutations-Sex-Linked Mutations-Chromosomal Mutations-Positive Mutations


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