Protein Synthesis Bowser
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Transcript of Protein Synthesis Bowser
Protein Synthesis
BY: Danielle Bowser
Transcription
Cell Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Transcription is the process of putting DNA into another print (RNA) that is small enough to move through the nuclear membrane of a cell.
Transcription
Cell Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane
Transcription begins in the nucleus of a cell where DNA is located.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
DNA Backbone made of phosphates and sugar
Hydrogen Bonds
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
DNA is a double strand with a phosphate and sugar backbone and hydrogen bonds between the bases (A,T,G,C).
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
RNA
Polymerase
Promoter Region
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Promoter Region
RNA Polymerase
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Promoter Region
RNA
Polymerase
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Promoter Region
RNA
Polymerase
mRNA Strand
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that reads the DNA is a 3 prime to 5 prime direction and makes the new RNA strand in a 5-3 prime direction. RNA polymerase starts at the promoter region (T,A,C), separates hydrogen bonds, synthesizes complementary RNA nucleotides, and stops at the termination sequence.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Promoter Region
Termination Sequence
RNA
Polymerase
Coding Region
mRNA Strand
The area between the promoter region and termination sequence is called the coding region. The single strand of RNA produced is called mRNA or messenger RNA.
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Promoter Region
Termination Sequence
RNA
Poly
mer
ase
mRNA Strand
The area between the promoter region and termination sequence is called the coding region. The single strand of RNA produced is called mRNA or messenger RNA.
Coding Region
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Promoter Region
Termination Sequence
mRNA Strand
The area between the promoter region and termination sequence is called the coding region. The single strand of RNA produced is called mRNA or messenger RNA.
Coding Region
Transcription
Inside the Nucleus
T-Thymine C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
mRNA Strand
T A C G G A T A C T T A A T T
A T G C C T A T G A A T T A A
A U G C C U A U- C A A U U A A
After RNA polymerase finishes, the hydrogen bonds snap back into place. The mRNA strand has complementary nucleotides of the top DNA strand. The only difference is that Thymine is replaced with Uracil.
Transcription
Cell Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear
Pores
The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.
Transcription
Cell Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear
Pores
The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.
Transcription
Cell Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear
Pores
The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.
Transcription
Cell Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear
Pores
The mRNA strand is now ready to leave the nucleus through tiny nuclear pores and head to the cytoplasm.
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
Start Codon Stop Codon
mRNA Strand
We are now taking a more in depth look at the mRNA strand for the process called translation. A ribosome attaches on to the start codon, which is a specific set of three nucleotides, and the process of converting the mRNA nucleotide sequence into amino acids starts.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
We are now taking a more in depth look at the mRNA strand for the process called translation. A ribosome attaches on to the start codon, which is a specific set of three nucleotides, and the process of converting the mRNA nucleotide sequence into amino acids starts.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
We are now taking a more in depth look at the mRNA strand for the process called translation. A ribosome attaches on to the start codon, which is a specific set of three nucleotides, and the process of converting the mRNA nucleotide sequence into amino acids starts.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
tRNA molecules now come into play to attach complementary anticodons. The start codon always has the anticodon sequence of U, A, C.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
G A U
Anticodon
Amino Acid
tRNA molecules are made up of amino acids and the anticodon. After the ribosome reads the first codon it moves on the next one while the first codon gets it’s anticodon. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon and drops off the chain.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
tRNA
tRNA molecules are made up of amino acids and the anticodon. After the ribosome reads the first codon it moves on the next one while the first codon gets it’s anticodon. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon and drops off the chain.
RibosomeC A U
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
A G G
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
tRNA molecules are made up of amino acids and the anticodon. After the ribosome reads the first codon it moves on the next one while the first codon gets it’s anticodon. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon and drops off the chain.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
A G G G A U
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
G A U A U U
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
A U U
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.
Ribosome
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
As the ribosome moves on peptide bonds form between the amino acids. Also, the tRNA molecules fall off leaving the amino acids with peptide bonds behind.
Translation
Cytoplasm
A U G C C U A U C A A U U A A
U-Uracil C-CytosineA-Adenine G-Guanine
G A U
Anti-Codon
Amino Acid
The ribosome is now done with it’s job. The amino acids left behind will fold up on themselves to give their functions.
Translation
Final Protein Tertiary Structure
The ribosome is now done with it’s job. The amino acids left behind will fold up on themselves to give their functions.
Ribosome
Small Subunit
EXTRA INFORMATION
Ribosomes are made up of rRNA and they have a large and small subunit.
Large Subunit
Summary of Transcription
Transcription is the process of coping a DNA sequence in the nucleus and transporting it to the cytoplasm. DNA is too large to fit through the nuclear pores and not everything needs to be copied at one time. So, RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA strands copies what it needs and that new strand is called an mRNA strand or messenger RNA. The single stranded mRNA contains complementary nucleotides to the DNA strand; the only difference being that thymine is uracil. mRNA is small enough to fit through the nuclear pores and go to the cytoplasm where it will run into the ribosomes and start the translation process.
Summary of Translation
Translation is the process of converting the mRNA strand into a code that ribosomes can understand and make amino acids. This process starts when the mRNA strand runs into a ribosome or rRNA (ribosomal RNA). The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in 3 nucleotides or codons. Each codon gets a specific anticodon (complementary codon) from a tRNA or transport RNA. tRNA’s contain amino acids at one end an anticodon on another end. The tRNA temporarily binds with the codon and peptide bonds form between the amino acids. The ribosome continues down the mRNA sequence until it reaches the stop codon where it falls off. tRNA fall off as the ribosome continues down the strand as well. The amino acid chain folds up on itself giving it’s function as the final step in translation.
THE END!