Prospects of mitigation in rice fields and possible policy support: Examples from Asia

Reiner Wassmann Climate Change Coordinator

International Rice Research Institute

Prospects of Mitigation in Rice Fields

and Possible Policy Support:

Examples from Asia

Significance of Rice Fields for GHG budgets

(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)

Forestry,

17.4%

Rice, 1.5%

Agriculture

(w/o rice),

12.0%

All others ,

69.1%

Country

National Scale in Asia:

Emissions from rice

production (selected)

(Mt CO2eq) Perc. of total

Viet Nam 38.199 24.8 %

India 74.360 5.7 %

Indonesia 33.600 2.5 %

Data from the most recent

National Communication submitted to UNFCCC

GHG Measurements:

Automated and Manual

Measurement Approaches

Alternate-Wetting- and-Drying (AWD)

Synonyms:

• Intermittent Flooding/ Drainage

• Single or Multiple Flooding/ Drainage

Adopted from: Wiangsamut (2010)

a

a a

a a

a b

a a

a 33%

12% 22%

0.9% 21%

• Irrigation water savings of up to 33%

• No yield difference

Benefits of AWD

Yield Water use

Contin. Flooding

AWD

Global Warming Potential under Continuous Flooding (CF) and AWD

0

2

4

6

8

CF AWD CF AWD

ton

s C

O2eq

/ h

a*s

easo

n

N2O

CH4

Pump Irrigation

(Tarlac)

Canal Irrigation

(N. Ecija)

“ “

Introducing AWD

1. Prototyping ‘Clean Development

Mechanism’ projects

2. Country-specific/ Voluntary

emission reductions

3. Funding National Action Plans

of developing countries

Technical Support for Mitigation Policy

CDM Pipeline

Project

Developer Project

Proposal

Project

Developer

Designated

Nat. Auth.

Project

Design

Docum.

Letter of

‘no objection’

Designated

Operating

Entity #1

Validation

Report Designated

Nat. Auth. Letter of

approval

CDM

Executive

Board

Approved

Methodology

Project

Regis-

tration

Certified

Emission

Reduction

Project

Developer Monitoring

Report

Designated

Operating

Entity #2

Verification

Report

CDM

Executive

Board

Project

Implementation

and

Monitoring

Project

Design

SSM – Small Scale Methodology

Approved by UNFCCC (May 2011)

http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/D6MRRHNNU5RUHJXWKHN87IUXW5F5N0/view.html

“Methane emission reduction by adjusted water

management in rice”

Methodology AMS-III.AU. Version 3.0 (since 03 Aug. 2012)

Example:

• AWD in dry season

• Multiple aeration (1.8 kg ha/d)

• 100 d period

180 kg CH4/ ha season

= 3.78 t CO2 eq/ ha season

@ 0.50 $/ t CO2 eq.

= < 2 $/ ha season



Mechanism’ Projects

2. Mapping suitability for mitigation

3. National Action Plans of

developing countries

Rainfall <

Evapotranspiration +

Seepage&Percolation

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Dekad #1

Bio-physical Assessment of AWD


Dekad #5



Dekad #9






3. Assisting in ‘road maps’ at

different scales

New Policy in Vietnam (20-20-20)

Prime

Minister

Objective:

“Up to 2020, to reduce by 20% the total

GHG emissions in agriculture and rural

development sector (18.87 million ton

CO2e)”

New Policy in Vietnam (20-20-20)

Ministry of

Agriculture

Prime

Minister

• Apply improved cultivation techniques such as

water irrigation and inputs saving …

• Scale 3.2 M ha of rice cultivation

• Priority areas: Mekong and Red River Deltas,

Central Coastline

Farmers should use/apply AWD irrigation tech-

nology to not only greatly save water con-sumption

and reduce GHGs emissions in irrigated rice fields,

but also increase rice productivity.

New Mitigation Policy 20-20-20

Provincial

Governments

Ministry of

Agriculture

Prime

Minister

Seasonal Emission at yr 0:

1000 ha x 100 kg/ha +

= 100 t CO2eq

AWD Adoption Scenarios

YEAR

0

Province “Châm” (= slow) Province “Nhanh” (= fast)


1000 ha x 100 kg/ha +

= 100 t CO2eq

10 ha conv.


YEAR

1

Adoption Rate: 1%/ yr Adoption Rate: 10%/ yr


990 ha x 100 kg/ha +

10 ha x 63 kg/ha

= 99.6 t CO2eq


900 ha x 100 kg/ha +

100 ha x 63 kg/ha

= 96.3 CO2eq

10 ha conv.

10 ha AWD





980 ha x 100 kg/ha +

20 ha x 63 kg/ha

= 99.2 t CO2eq


800 ha x 100 kg/ha +

200 ha x 63 kg/ha

= 92.4 CO2eq


YEAR

2

10 ha conv.

10 ha AWD




930 ha x 100 kg/ha +

70 ha x 63 kg/ha

= 97.4 t CO2eq


300 ha x 100 kg/ha +

700 ha x 63 kg/ha

= 74.1 CO2eq


YEAR

7

10 ha conv.

10 ha AWD

25.9% 2.6%





3. Assisting in ‘road maps’ at

different scales

4. Developing guidelines

- Measuring, Reporting, Verific.

- Good Agricultural Practice

Measuring Mitigation Potential in

Smallholder Systems at Whole-farm and

Landscape Scales (SAMPLE)

• Initiative of

CCAFS/ Theme 3

• Collaboration with ICRAF, ILRI, IRRI,

KIT (Germany) and NARES partners

• Parallel assessment of mixed landscapes

(Kenya) and crop land (Philippines)

http://ccafs.cgiar.org/

http://ccafs.cgiar.org/

Determining

Emission Factor

for Straw Burning

Good Agricultural Practice

(GAP) Guidelines

Vietnam

Mot Phai/ Nam Giam

(1 Must Do/ 5 Reductions)

Philippines

Palay Check

Examples:

Sustainable Rice Platform

http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2661&ArticleID=8967

An initiative of the

• United Nations Environment Programme

• International Rice Research Institute

• National institutions from several Asian countries

• and several private sector companies

Aim:

Higher rice production in a healthier environment

for higher incomes

Conclusion on impacts of

mitigation policies

Wishful

thinking

Significant impact on farmers’

income and poverty alleviation

Realistic

outlook

More emphasis and – hopefully

– funds for rural development

(irrigation facilities, improved

technol.)

Conclusion on CCAFS role

in supporting mitigation

Wishful

thinking

Generic recommendations

automatically result in efficient

mitigation policy

Realistic

outlook

Increasing demand for country-

specific information at different

scales

Prospects of mitigation in rice fields and possible policy support: Examples from Asia

Technology

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