Greenhouse Gas Mitigat Greenhouse Gas Mitigat ion Options from Rice Fi ion Options from Rice Fi

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Sirintornthep Towprayoon Sirintornthep Towprayoon The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environ The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environ

mentment King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonbur King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonbur

ii Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand 1 0 1 4 0 Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand 1 0 1 4 0

Presented at In-session workshop on Climate Change Mitigation 19 Bonn 2004, Maritim Hotel,Bonn

BackgroundBackground

►Rice fields contribute approximately 9-Rice fields contribute approximately 9-13 percent of the global greenhouse 13 percent of the global greenhouse gases gases

►Methane and nitrous oxide are the Methane and nitrous oxide are the dominant GHG emissiondominant GHG emission

MechanismMechanism

► To implement mitigation options need well To implement mitigation options need well understanding of the emission mechanismsunderstanding of the emission mechanisms

► Interaction between rice plant, microbe, the Interaction between rice plant, microbe, the environmental condition in the soil, and the cultural environmental condition in the soil, and the cultural condition of the farmercondition of the farmer

► Methane produced by methanogen under anaerobic Methane produced by methanogen under anaerobic condition in the rice fieldcondition in the rice field

► Nitrous oxide produced by nitrifying and denitrifying Nitrous oxide produced by nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria under the anoxic condition bacteria under the anoxic condition

► Rice plant, during reproductive growth excrete Rice plant, during reproductive growth excrete some essential nutrient and activated microbial some essential nutrient and activated microbial growth growth

Denier van der Gon, 1996].

Production

Emission

soil properties

Rice varieties

fertilizer

Indigenous Microorganisms

Root exudates

Growth and developmentHeight, mass,density

Production

Emission

Anaerobic and anoxic condition

Rice varieties

water regimes

Indigenous Microorganisms

Height, mass,density

Mitigation optionsMitigation options

►Factor affecting GHG emissionFactor affecting GHG emission Land preparationLand preparation Seed preparationSeed preparation Rice varieties Rice varieties Fertilizer applicationFertilizer application Water managementWater management Harvesting and fallow periodHarvesting and fallow period

Land preparationLand preparation

Wet land level Dry land level

PlowingPlowing

Seed preparationSeed preparationDirect seeding

Pre-germinated seed and seedlings

Transplanting or Casting

HarvestingHarvesting

The choice of mitigation optionsThe choice of mitigation options

► Ultimate goal : High yield and GHGs Ultimate goal : High yield and GHGs reductionreduction

► Economic aspect Economic aspect Low cost : investment, labor, machineryLow cost : investment, labor, machinery Market : positive expandable market, good priceMarket : positive expandable market, good price Governmental subsidyGovernmental subsidy

► Social aspectSocial aspect Acceptable by farmersAcceptable by farmers Easy to implementEasy to implement Undisturbed farmer way of life Undisturbed farmer way of life

Impact of mitigation options on rice Impact of mitigation options on rice cultivation cultivation

Mitigation Mitigation optionsoptions

GHG GHG reductioreductionn

Increased Increased investmeninvestmentt

IncreasIncrease Labor e Labor costcost

InfluencInfluence e cultural cultural practicepractice

Easy to Easy to implemenimplementt

Land Land preparationpreparation

YesYes yesyes Yes/noYes/no yesyes nono

Seedling Seedling practicepractice

Not Not clearclear

nono yesyes yesyes nono

Rice Rice varietiesvarieties

Not Not clearclear

yesyes nono nono yesyes

Fertilizer Fertilizer ApplicationApplication

yesyes yes/noyes/no nono nono yesyes

Water Water ManagementManagement

yesyes nono nono nono yesyes

Options chosenOptions chosen

►Water managementWater management Reduce GHG Reduce GHG Economic : not involved with investmentEconomic : not involved with investment Easy to implement and being accepted by Easy to implement and being accepted by

farmerfarmer

►Shifting fertilizer applicationShifting fertilizer application Reduce GHGReduce GHG Economic : less invesmentEconomic : less invesment

Options of water Options of water managementmanagement

► In common practice, water was drained In common practice, water was drained out of the field during vegetative period.out of the field during vegetative period.

►Drainage reduce methane but promote Drainage reduce methane but promote nitrous oxidenitrous oxide

►Shifting drainage time from vegetative Shifting drainage time from vegetative period to reproductive period help reduce period to reproductive period help reduce methane production and emissionmethane production and emission

►Shorten drainage day also help reduce Shorten drainage day also help reduce nitrous oxide emissionnitrous oxide emission

Methane emission and soil redox Methane emission and soil redox potential potential

from 4 different drainage rice fieldsfrom 4 different drainage rice fields    

Nitrous oxide and methane Nitrous oxide and methane emission emission

from 4 different drainage rice from 4 different drainage rice fieldsfields

Comparison to local methodComparison to local method

Net Net GHGsGHGs

MethanMethane e EmissioEmissionn

Nitrous Nitrous oxide oxide EmissioEmissionn

Grain Grain yieldyield

Mid Mid season season drainagdrainagee

<25.86<25.86%%

<27.52<27.52%%

>55.5%>55.5% <6.86% <6.86%

Multiple Multiple DrainagDrainagee

<33.53<33.53%%

<34.55<34.55%%

>16.47>16.47%%

<11.43<11.43%%

Yield and GHG EmissionYield and GHG Emission

►Area of irrigated rice field (local practice) Area of irrigated rice field (local practice) is 3 times greater than area of rain fed is 3 times greater than area of rain fed rice field ( continuous flooding)rice field ( continuous flooding)

►Three scenarios have been set upThree scenarios have been set up Continuous flooding and local practice (base Continuous flooding and local practice (base

case) case) Continuous flooding and midseason drainageContinuous flooding and midseason drainage Continuous flooding and multiple drainageContinuous flooding and multiple drainage All midseason drainageAll midseason drainage

Estimated economic Estimated economic comparisoncomparison

ScenariosScenarios Total GWP Total GWP (million (million tons CO2 tons CO2 equivalent)equivalent)

Yield Yield ( million ( million tons/year)tons/year)

Local Price Local Price (million (million Baht/year )Baht/year )

World World market market Price Price (million (million US$)US$)

Base caseBase case 54.454.4 45.645.6 341,678341,678 10,70610,706

Continuous Continuous + + MidseasonMidseason

50.0(4.4)50.0(4.4) 44.644.6 334,310334,310 10,475(2310,475(231)1)

Continuous Continuous + Multiple + Multiple

48.7(5.7)48.7(5.7) 43.943.9 329,384329,384 10,320(3810,320(386)6)

All All MidseasonMidseason

39.8(14.6)39.8(14.6) 42.642.6 319,519319,519 10,011(6910,011(695)5)

Option of fertilizer applicationOption of fertilizer application

►Two time of fertilizer application : basal Two time of fertilizer application : basal fertilizer and top dressing fertilizerfertilizer and top dressing fertilizer

► In general, urea is use as the common In general, urea is use as the common fertilizerfertilizer

►Ammonium sulphate (inhibit Ammonium sulphate (inhibit methanogen) and ammonium methanogen) and ammonium phosphate ( promote rice plant growth ) phosphate ( promote rice plant growth ) was applied in substitute to urea was applied in substitute to urea

Economic comparisonEconomic comparison

ScenariosScenarios Total GWP Total GWP (million (million tons CO2 tons CO2 equivalent)equivalent)

Yield Yield ( million ( million tons/year)tons/year)

Local Price Local Price (million (million Baht/year )Baht/year )

World World market market Price Price (million (million US$)US$)

Base caseBase case 26.726.7 50.650.6 379,651379,651 11,89111,891

AmmoniuAmmonium sulphatem sulphate

22.5(4.2)22.5(4.2) 48.548.5 364,352364,352 11,397(4911,397(494)4)

AmmoniuAmmonium m phosphate phosphate

21.6(5.1)21.6(5.1) 49.049.0 367.547367.547 11,515(3711,515(376)6)

No No fertilizerfertilizer

20.6(6.1)20.6(6.1) 34.734.7 260,110260,110 8,154(3738,154(3737)7)

Reduction and trading Reduction and trading

PercentagPercentage of GHG e of GHG reductionreduction

Amount of Amount of GHG GHG Reduction Reduction (Million (Million tons CO2 tons CO2 equivalent)equivalent)

Percentage Percentage of trading of trading price price reduction reduction

Range of Range of trading trading price price reduction reduction (Million (Million US$)US$)

Water Water managememanagementnt

8-27 %8-27 % 4.4-14.64.4-14.6 2-6 `%2-6 `% 231-695231-695

Fertilizer Fertilizer applicationapplication

16-23 %16-23 % 4.2-6.14.2-6.1 3-30 %3-30 % 494-3737494-3737

Conclusion(1)Conclusion(1)

►GHG emission from rice field is GHG emission from rice field is ‘survival emission’‘survival emission’

►The implementation need to be The implementation need to be carefully considered carefully considered

►The options should not impact on the The options should not impact on the farmer’s way of life as well as theirs farmer’s way of life as well as theirs investment but should promote theirs investment but should promote theirs incomeincome

Conclusion(2)Conclusion(2)

►Aprox. 25 percent of GHG reduction Aprox. 25 percent of GHG reduction could achieve in comparison to base could achieve in comparison to base case case

►Options to reduce GHGs impact on Options to reduce GHGs impact on rice yield rice yield

►Optimizing between GHG reduction Optimizing between GHG reduction and yield need to be concernedand yield need to be concerned

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

► Thailand research fundThailand research fund► Ms. Saipin Poonkaew and Ms. Kruamas Ms. Saipin Poonkaew and Ms. Kruamas

SmaghanSmaghan

Thank you for your attention