Promoting Active Transportation
Transcript of Promoting Active Transportation
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M
akingthe
Case
Theconnectionbetweentransportationandhealthisindisputableasascience,discipline
andmatterofpolicy.Transportationsystemsimpacthealthforbetterorworse.Historically,they
havebeendesignedtoaccommodatenonactivemodesoftransportation,namelythecar.Our
communitiesaresprawlingandbuiltinawaythatitmakesitverydifficultforanindividualto
gettowork,home,schoolorplaywithoutdriving.Therearelimitedopportunitiestogetoutof
thecartowalkorbicycle.Unnecessarycongestionandairpollutionhavebecomecustomaryand
ourwaistlinesaregrowing.ObesitycouldedgeouttobaccoaspublicenemyNo.1inourlifetime.
Luckily,asmallbutpassionatemovementintheUnitedStatesishappeningtocreatehealthier,
moreconnectedcommunitieswheretherearesafeplacestowalk,bicycleandplay,and
publictransitiswithinwalkingdistanceofhomeorwork.Thismovementisaimingtoensurethatthehealthychoiceisalsotheeasiestone.
Inmanyofthesecommunities,publichealthpractitionersareleadingthewaytoensurehealth
isconsideredintransportationandland-useplanninganddecisionmaking.Publichealth
workersareuniquelypoisedtobringimprovedtransportationsystemstothecommunitiesthat
needthemmost.
Itisourhopethatwecanbuilduponthisimportantmovementtowardsamoreactive,safer
andhealthiercountry.Withthehelpofourpublichealthcolleagues,wecancreatearipple
effectacrossallcommunities.Thisprimerisoneofmanytoolsthatwillhelpthiswork.Withthe
growingrateofobesity,thehighcostofgasandclimatechange,wemustrethinkandreshape
ourtransportationsystemsandnetworkstopromoteactivetransportation.
Preface
GeorgesC.Benjamin,MD,FACP,
FNAPA,FACEP(E),HonFRSPH,isthe
executivedirectoroftheAmerican
PublicHealthAssociation
DeborahHubsmithisthefounding
directoroftheSafeRoutestoSchool
NationalPartnership
PHOTO CREDITS: American Public Health Association, Safe Routes to School National Partnership
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ItshometotheGreatSmokyMountains,
ElvisPresleysfinalrestingplaceandis
consideredbymanytobethebirthplaceof
theblues.Sadly,Tennesseeisalsohometo
oneofthenationshighestobesityrates,
withanadultobesityrateofnearly32
percentasof2011andthesixthhighestrate
ofchildhoodobesity.
Tomakeadentinthestatesgrowing
waistline,publichealthworkersin
Nashville,DavidsonCounty,tappedinto
aninterventionpointthateveryonehas
incommon:theneedtotravel.Armed
withtheknowledgethatresidentswho
usepublictransitaremorelikelytomeet
dailyrecommendationsforphysical
activity,workerswiththeMetroPublic
HealthDepartmentpartneredwithstaff
atNashvillesMetroTransitAuthoritytopromotepublictransitandhelplocal
employersincorporatepoliciesthat
encourageemployeestoengageinactive
transportation.
Bicyclingisalsoacenterpieceofthe
departmentsactivetransportationplans.
Thankstoitsefforts,morebicyclesarenow
availableforusefreeofchargeinthe
citysparksandgreenways,andanurban
bikeshareprogramisunderdevelopment.To
makeitsaferforpedestriansandbicyclists,
thepublichealthdepartmentalsolaunched
itseducationalMovinginHarmonycampaign
inMarch2012.
So,whyshouldapublichealthdepartment
getinvolvedintheactivetransportation
conversation?Becauseitstherightthing
todo,saysTracyBuck,whodirectshealth
promotionactivitiesattheMetroPublic
HealthDepartment.Itsallaboutwhatthe
healthdepartmentisresponsibleforandthatsprotectingandpromotingthehealth
ofthecommunity,Bucksays.So,howcan
wenotbeinvolvedintheseconversations?
InadditiontoworkattheMetroPublic
HealthDepartment,theNashvilleArea
MetropolitanPlanningOrganizationhas
raisedawarenessandincreasedfunding
levelsfortheSafeRoutestoSchoolprogram
toimprovethebuiltenvironmentsaround
schools.
Iftheresonemessagethisprimershouldleaveyouthepublichealth
practitionerwith,itsthis:Everyone travels. Whetheritisforwork,
schoolorplay,howweasindividualsandasasocietytravelhasimpacts
thatgofarbeyondtheseeminglysimpleandroutineactofgoingfrom
oneplacetoanother.
Thiscommontraitprovidesanidealinterventionpointforpublichealth
practitioners.Infact,itmaybeoneofthefewinterventionpointswiththepotentialtotransformindividualhealth,communityhealthand
environmentalconditionsallatthesametime.Inotherwords,inatime
oftightbudgets,limitedresources,decliningworkforcenumbersand
growinghealthproblems,creatingopportunitiesforsafebicyclingand
walkingcanliterallyprovidepublichealthpractitionerswithoneofthe
biggestbangsfortheiralready-stretchedbuck.
Increasedphysicalactivityratesandtheopportunitytopositivelyimpact
obesityandtraffic-relateddeathandinjuryratesmayimmediatelycome
tomind.Forexample,street-scaleimprovementssuchassidewalks,
saferstreetcrossingconfigurations,multi-usepathwaysandbikelanescandramaticallyincreaseratesofphysicalactivityandreduceinjuryrisk.
AsnotedintheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsGuideto
CommunityPreventiveServices,street-scaleimprovementssuchasthese
haveresultedinamedianincreaseinsomeaspectsofphysicalactivityof
35percent.1
Morebicyclingandwalkingcanalsomeanlessairpollutioninthe
communitytoaggravateandtriggerrespiratoryillness,aswellas
moreopportunitiesforsocialinteractionandcommunitycohesionthat
havepositiveimpactsformentalhealth.(Ofcourse,officialsshould
takenotethatbicyclingandwalkinginfrastructurecreatednearhigh-
trafficareascouldincreaseresidentsexposuretopollution.)Improvedwalkabilityandbikeabilityalsoactaseconomicdrivers,whichcanhave
atrickle-downeffectforhealth.Forexample,streetimprovementsthat
increasepedestriantrafficcanhelpattractnewbusinesses,revitalize
neighborhoodsandbringhealthyopportunitiestoentirecommunities,
suchasmorestoresthatsellfresh,affordableandnutritiousfoods.
Activetransportationisanincredibleopportunityforpublichealth
practitionerstoleveragelimitedresourcestoproducemultiplehealth
benefits,directprogresstowardlong-heldpublichealthgoalsandcurb
healthcarespending.
Health andTransportation
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The CDC defines ac tive transportation as any self propelled, human-powered mode
of transportation, such as walking or bicycling (www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/
transportation/promote_strategy.htm). Ac ti ve tr an sp or ta ti on ha s pr ov en he al thbenefits, can reduce vehicle miles traveled and benefit the environment as well as provide
su bs ta nt ia l ec on om ic be ne fi t to co mm un it ie s.
Recent findings from a nonmotorized transportation pilot program conducted by the
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to gather statistical information on mode
sh ar e sh if ts wh en ne w in fr as tr uc tu re an d ed uc at io n pr og ra ms we re im pl em en te d in fo ur
communities showed that:
Roughly, 16 million miles were walked or bicycled that otherwise would have been
traveled by driving; bicycling increased by 36 percent and walking increased by 14
pe rcen t.
Emissions decrease d by more than 7,700 tons of CO2; th is is eq ua l to sa vi ng on e ga ll on ofga s pe r pe rs on in th e fo ur co mm un it ie s or 1.7 mi ll io n ga ll on s of ga s ov er al l.
Injuries were reduced: Even with the increased rates of walking and bicycling, fatal
crashes remained the same or decreased.
The communities reduced the economic cost of mortality by $6.8 million.
Si mi la rl y, Sa fe Ro ut es to Sc ho ol in fr as tr uc tu re ha s be en sh ow n to in cr ea se ph ys ic al ac ti vi ty
in children by 20 to 200 percent; also, the safety benefit generates up to a 49 percent
decrease in childhood bicycle and p edestrian collision rates.
Thisprimerisintendedtogiveanintroductionandorientationtoastowhyandhowhealthshouldbeconsideredintransportationplanninganddecision-makinginparticularthrough
activetransportationandtherolethatpublichealthpractitionerscanplay.Inityouwillfind:
Examplesofhowtobecomeinvolvedwithtransportation,landuseandbuiltenvironment
decisionsatvariouslevelsinyourcommunity,regionorstate.
Commonwaysinwhichpublichealthprofessionalscanbecomeleadersinthedevelopment
ofactivetransportationpolicies.
Abriefoverviewofhowtransportationprogramsareorganizedandfunded.
Suggestionsforwaystoengage.
Youalsowillfindavarietyofresources,ideasandadditionalinformationlistedthroughoutthis
documenttohelpyoudigdeeperintoparticularaspectsandtoconnectwithotherpartnersand
experts.
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/transportation/promote_strategy.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/transportation/promote_strategy.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/transportation/promote_strategy.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/transportation/promote_strategy.htm -
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Inrecentyears,transportationandpublichealthpractitionershavebeguntofind
waystoworkcollaborativelyinavarietyofcapacities.Withthepassageofthe
latestfederaltransportationbill,MovingAheadforProgressinthe21stCentury
(MAP-21),nowineffectfortwoyearsbeginningOctober2012,theroleofpublic
healthprofessionalshasbecomeevenmoreimportant.Workingtogether,public
healthpractitioners,statedepartmentsoftransportation(DOTs),metropolitan
planningorganizations(MPOs),localgovernments,andwalkingandbicycling
supporterssuchasSafeRoutestoSchoolvolunteerscanmaximizethenewand
flexibleMAP-21fundingstreams.Whetherencouragingtheinclusionofasidewalk
onanewroadorconductingahealthimpactassessmentonamassivehighway
project,thepublichealthcommunitycanplayavitalroleincreatingactive
transportationsystemsthatbenefitthenationshealthandlimithealthspending.
Who are the Stakeholders?
Thefollowingoverviewprovidesthebasicbuildingblocksofthetransportation
planningprocess,relevantplayersandfundingprocessesforactivetransportation
initiatives.
Transportationagencies,suchasMPOsandstateDOTs,worktogethercloselyand
routinely,giventhemulti-jurisdictionalandever-growingnatureoftransportation
networks.Theconnectionsbetweenandacrosstransportationorganizations
whetheratthefederal, state, regional or local levelareintricateand
potentiallybringadditionalinteragencycollaboration.Forexample,asmaller-
scaletransportationprojectthatisfundedwithfederaldollarsandplannedatthe
statelevelmightalsoinvolvealocaldepartmentofpublicworks;manyplayerscan
The TransportationPlanning Process
Figure 1.
Overlapping
relationships withinthe transportation
pl an ni ng pr oc es s.
Federal
State
Regional
Local
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beinvolvedonanygivenproject.Muchoftransportationplanninganditsfundingvariesfrom
statetostateandisnuancedevenfurtheramongcountiesandcities.
Knowinginadvancewhichtransportationagencyisresponsibleforwhichkindsofprojectsand
initiativeswillsaveyoutimeandeffortasyougetmoreinvolvedintheplanningprocess.
Beforeunderstandingthedifferentagenciesthatareinvolved,ithelpstounderstandhow
transportationprojectsareplanned.TheFederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)listsfive
majorphasesforhighwayprojects:planning,projectdevelopment,finaldesign,rightofway
andconstruction. 2Routinemaintenanceandoperationswillfollowtheconstructionofthe
transportationproject.Thesephasescanapplytomanyotherkindsoftransportationprojects,
suchastransitfacilitydevelopmentortrailexpansion.Thenumberofphasesandtheirnuances
willdifferslightlyacrossthestates,butmosttransportationprojectswillgothroughsome
variationofthesephases.
Theplanning phase offers the
best opportunity forpublic
healthprofessionalstomakean
impact.Planningisnormallyled
byeitherthestateDOToranMPO
andoftenusesfederalfunding.
Howtransportationfundsflowis
criticalinunderstandingwhatis
andwhatisnotfeasiblein
termsofinformingtransportation
planningtoimprovehealth.
Whilefundingfortransportation
projectsmaycomefromfederal,
stateorlocalsources,many
timesitismadepossiblebya
combinationofthesesources.This
overviewcoversthefederal,state,
regionalandlocalstakeholders
andsharesideaswithpublic
healthpractitionersonwaysto
getinvolvedonalllevels.
Federal
Approximatelyeveryfiveyears,transportationbillsarepassedbytheU.S.Congressthat
authorizetheuseoffundsforvarioustransportationprograms.TheFHWAistheleadagency
withintheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation(U.S.DOT)thatoverseeshighwayprogram
administrationandprovidesfinancialandtechnicalsupporttostateandtribalgovernments
thatadministertheprogramslocally.InlateJune2012,Congresspassedanewfederal
transportationbill,MAP-21,whichmakessignificantchangestofundingforbicyclingand
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Figure 2.Phases of a
transportation
pr oj ec t.
Planning
Project development (preliminary design)
Final design
Right of way (land purchase)
Maintenance and operations
Construction
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walkingincommunitiesacrossthecountry.TheSafeRoutesto
Schoolprogram,theRecreationalTrailsprogramandTransportation
Enhancementsarecombinedunderthislawintoanewprogram,
TransportationAlternatives.ThefundinglevelforTransportationAlternatives,aswellasotherneweligibleusessuchasenvironmental
mitigation,totalsapproximately$800millionayear,whichisa30
percentreductionfromthepreviousyear.State,regionalandlocal
transportationagencieswillreceivefederalsupportunderthenew
lawinotherways,suchasthroughtechnicalassistance,grantfunding
andguidance.
Inaddition,thefederaltransportationbillclearlystatesthatthepublicwillhaveaccessto
andmaybeinvolvedinthetransportationplanningprocess.AccordingtotheFHWA,public
involvement needstobeanearlyandcontinuingpartofthetransportationandproject
developmentprocess.Itisessentialthattheprojectsponsorknowsthecommunitysvaluesinordertoavoid,minimize,andmitigateimpacts.3Publicparticipationofferspublichealth
professionalsawaytoprovidehealth-relatedinsightsonplannedprojects.Whiledeeperand
moreformalrelationships(e.g.,servingonanMPOsboard)shouldbefosteredwhenpossible
withtransportationagencies,thepublicinvolvementprocesscanbeanimportantfirststepto
participatinginplanningactivities.
Additionally,thereareafewotherfederally-funded transportation programs throughwhich
stakeholdersmaybeabletosecurefundingforbicyclingandwalking.TheCongestionMitigation
andAirQualityImprovementProgram(CMAQ)fundstransportationprojectsthatimproveair
qualityandreducetrafficcongestion;thisprogramhelpsmeetrequirementsunderthenations
CleanAirAct.Secondly,theHighwaySafetyImprovementProgram(HSIP)fundsprojectsthat
aimtosignificantlyreducetransportationfatalitiesandinjuries.EligibleHSIPprojectsarelistedinastatesStrategicHighwaySafetyPlan(SHSP)andcanbeimplementedonanypublicroad.
Inaddition,theSurfaceTransportationProgram(STP)providesflexibilityforawidevarietyof
transportationprojects,includingpedestrian,bicycleandSafeRoutestoSchoolprojects.Finally,
theU.S.DOTperiodicallyoffersgrant-fundedopportunitiesthatsupportbicyclingandwalkingin
communities.
TheConclusion sectionofthisprimerlistsseveralsuggestedwaysthatpublichealth
practitionerscanandhavemadeanimpactatalllevelsfederal,state,regionalandlocal.The
CaseStudiesfurtherhighlightreal-worldexamplesofwaystogetinvolved.Asamplingofways
forpublichealthprofessionalstomakeanimpactisprovidedbelowandinothersub-sections
movingforward.Nextstepsatthenationallevel:
Informyourelectedofficialsabouttheimportanceofactivetransportationoptionsinyour
community.
Recruitotherinterestedparties(e.g.,parents,teachers,doctors,nurses,businessowners)
andpublichealthprofessionalstoeducateyourelectedofficialsabouttransportationand
healthissues.
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State
ThestateDOTbuildsandmanagesroads,streets,bridgesandothertransportationassets,suchas
pedestrianandbicyclefacilities.Thisisthestateagencyresponsibleforstatewidetransportationprogramsandprojects.Thestatewide long-range transportation plan (LRTP)andthe
statewide transportation improvement program (STIP)arethemainplanningtoolscreated
andusedatastateDOT,usuallyforareaswithless
than50,000residents.[Forareaswithgreaterthan
50,000residents,theregionalMPOisresponsible
fortheregionallong-rangetransportationplan
andthetransportationimprovementprogram(TIP).
NotethatthefederallawcallsforthestateDOTand
MPOtoworktogetherindevelopingthesetools,
whereverthetoolsmaybehoused.]
Broadtransportationgoals,policiesandobjectives
areusuallydeterminedbythestateDOT,andthese
aredetailedintheLRTP,whichisdevelopedwith
a20-yeartimehorizonbutisupdatedeveryfour
tofiveyears.Theopenmeetingsandprocessesof
developingandimplementingboththeLRTPand
theSTIPareaprimeengagementopportunityfor
publichealthpractitioners,asshownintheCaseStudyexamplefromtheLosAngelesCounty
DepartmentofPublicHealth.
AsapartoftheLRTPsimplementation,analysesandtravelforecastsareconductedtodetermine
whichprojectswillbedevelopedinagiventimeframe.ThefulllistofstateprojectsslatedforfundingisintheSTIP;thisprogramguidesthedesign,constructionandmaintenanceof
transportationsystems.Again,theseprogramsconformtolegislationonpublicinvolvementand
providepublichealthprofessionalswithonewaytoengage.
State-derivedrevenuesfortransportationvarywidely.Fortunately,therearemanyopportunities
tofocusthesefundingstreamsonwalking,bicyclingandpublictransitimprovements.InIllinois,
forexample,thereisalong-standing,annualdedicationfromthecartitletransfertaxtosupport
trailandbicycle/pedestrianimprovementsinlocalcommunities.InJune2012,thestateofHawaii
passedanewlawthatassessesasurchargeof$25forviolationsofspeedinginaschoolzoneand
a$10surchargeonvarioustrafficviolationsanddepositsthesesurchargesintoaSafeRoutesto
Schoolprogramspecialfund.ThelawcreatescountySafeRoutestoSchoolprogramcoordinators
whowillprovide...school-basedandcommunity-basedworkshopsandinfrastructureandnon-
infrastructureprojectsthatwillreducevehiculartrafficandcongestion,encouragewalkingand
bicycling,andpromotehealthandsafetyaroundHawaiisschools.
Nextstepsatthestatelevel:
Geteducatedaboutstate-scaleplanningprocessesandhowplanscanincludeactive
transportationcomponents.
Buildrelationshipswithstate-leveltransportationprofessionalsandconnectthemwith
otheractivetransportationpractitionersandprofessionalorganizations.
Figure 3. Which
organization
typically develops
the long-range
pl an s an d th e
capital programs?
It depends on
the size of the
community.
Population
of
50,000
Less than:
State DOT
responsible
More than:
MPO
responsible
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JoincommitteesofthestateDOTthatareworkingongoals
andprioritiessuchasthoseintheLRTPorSHSPthat
arerelatedtotransportationandsafetyandensurethatactive
transportationandequitableaccessareincluded.
Gatherandprovidedataontheimpactoftransportation
decisionsonvulnerablepopulationsoronhealthingeneral.
Encouragehealthimpactassessmentsconductedbystate
orcountypublichealthorganizationsontransportation
projects.
Regional
AnMPOisanagencycreatedanddesignedtocarryoutthefederallymandatedmetropolitan
planningprocess,normallyforurbanareaswithapopulationgreaterthan50,000;itisrequired
bylawtoconductinclusivetransportationplanningactivities,suchasholdingpublicmeetings.Whilepublicinvolvementisafederalrequirement,atransportationagencyseffectivenessin
engagingandencouragingthepublictoparticipateinthetransportationplanningprocessvaries
tremendouslyacrosscommunities.
MPOsmayfocusexclusivelyontransportationoronbothtransportationandlanduse.As
previouslynoted,insmallercommunitiesandruralareas,eitherthestateDOT,aRuralPlanning
Organization(RPO)oralocalgovernmentbodymayberesponsibleforconductingplanning
activities.4Whenthepopulationinaregionexceeds50,000,theMPOistheorganizationthat
developstheregional LRTPandthe regional TIP.
Theimportanceofregional public transit systemsandtransitplanningshouldnotbe
overlooked,especiallysincepeoplewholiveincommunitieswithpublictransittendtodrivelessandexercisemorethanthosewholiveincommunitiesthatlackqualitypublictransit.Public
transitoffersalotofopportunityforimprovedhealthoutcomesgiventhatitislesspolluting,
saferandfarmoresupportiveofactivetransportationwhencomparedtoprivateautomobile
use.Thearrayofoptionsforpublictransportationwhetherbuslines,paratransitorrideshare
alsooffermanyopportunitiesforsafetravel,improvedaccessandincreasedphysicalactivity.
Forexample,onestudyfoundthatmenwhocommutetoworkviapublictransitare44.6percent
lesslikelytobeoverweightorobeseduetoincreasedactivecommutingthanthosewhodonot
commutetoworkviapublictransit.5
Attheregionallevel,thedevelopmentofbicycle and pedestrian master plans , whichaim
toincreaseopportunitiesforactivetransportation,isflourishing.Bicycleandpedestrianmaster
planstypicallyoutlinepolicies,streetclassifications,designguidelinesandprojects.Theseplans
providealong-rangevisionforactivetravelinfrastructureandpolicies.Whileoftenproducedat
theregionallevel,theymayalsobeproducedatthestate,countyorcitylevel.Thedevelopment
ofabicycleandpedestrianmasterplanprovidesanidealwayforpublichealthpractitionersto
identifyandsupportevidence-basedpolicychangesthatimprovehealthoutcomesandaddress
relatedenvironmentalandequityissues,suchasincreasedphysicalactivity,reducedobesity,
improvedairqualityandlowerratesofroadway-relateddeathandinjury.CompleteStreet
policies,whichdefinehowtransportationplanning,design,constructionandmaintenancewill
serveallusers,canalsobeincludedinbicycleandpedestrianmasterplans.
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Nextstepsattheregionallevel:
AttendcommitteemeetingsatyourMPOtogeteducatedontheissuesandtobuild
relationshipswiththeMPOsleaders.
Workwithotherinterestedparties(e.g.,underservedcommunities,faith-based
organizations,bicyclingandpedestriangroups)toensureroutinerepresentationatMPO
meetingsonkeyprojectsandplanningprocesses;thiswillkeepyouinformedandwill
providerepresentationattheseevents.
Supplydataandanalysestoinformdecision-makersatMPOmeetingsorregionalpublic
transitmeetingsabouttheconnectionsbetweentransportationandhealth.
Encourageacommunityhealthdirectororpublichealthprofessionaltoserveonyour
regionsMPOboard.
Local
Atthelocallevel,planningforactivetransportationisfocusedonvariouslanduseand
communitydesignregulations,suchasstreet-scaledesignguidelines,zoningcodes,subdivision
regulationsandothercomprehensivecityorcountyplans.Atthislevel,agenciesarebeginning
toinstitutionalizepublichealthreviewprocessesfornewdevelopmentandzoningapprovals,
providingforwidersidewalks,trafficcalming,spaceforcanopystreettreesandotherstreet-scale
improvementsthatcreatesafeopportunitiesforphysicalactivity.Forexample,inColumbus,Ohio,
Figure 4. A range
of ways to get
involved, with
many connections
across activities,
pr og rams an d
agencies.
Federal
National
Transportation
law (2-5 years)
Grant
opportunities Training,
research
State DOT
Statewide
STIP (4 years)
LRTP (20 years)
MPO
Regional
TIP (4 years)
Master plans
Public transit
Local
government
Community-
level
Zoning
ordinances General plans
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thelocalpublichealthdepartmenthiredanurbanplannertohelp
facilitateworkbetweenthepublichealthdepartmentandplanning
andzoningofficials.
Inaddition,citiesandcountiesmaydevelopgeneralplans,alsoknown
ascomprehensiveplans.Thisisapolicydocumentthatestablishesa
visionofwhatasmallercommunitywantstolooklikeinthefuture
andoutlinesthegoalsandstrategiestoachievethatvision.Some
areasareusinghealthinallpoliciesstrategiesasathemefortheir
generalplanupdates.Sometimes,bicycleandpedestrianmasterplans
andCompleteStreetpoliciesareadoptedasstand-alonedocuments
orwithinageneralplan.
Localmunicipalitiesmaysupplementtheirtransportationprojectdollarsbyissuinglocalbonds
orlevyingtaxes.Also,localfundingstreamsoftenfundactivetransportationatitshighestlevels
inurbanizedareas.Forexample,intheSanFranciscoBayArea,justone-thirdofitsregionstransportationfundingcomesfromfederalandstatedollars.Inspring2012,stronglocalefforts
involvingpublichealthleadersinSanFranciscoweresuccessfulinincludingpolicylanguage
thatanycityorcountythatreceivesfundingaspartoftheOneBayAreaGrantfundingprogram
fortransportationmusthaveaCompleteStreetspolicythatmeetsnineminimumcriteria.Local
fundingexamplesalsocanbeinitiatedbycities,countiesorschooldistrictsandmayincludeuser
fees,salesandpropertytaxinvestments,aswellasbondinitiatives.Forexample,inPinellas
County,Florida,muchofthePinellasTrailsystemwasbuiltusingaportionofa1-centsalestax
increaseapprovedbyvoters.
Nextstepsatthelocallevel:
Stayinformedaboutwhatshappeninginyourcommunity.
Startalocaltaskforceorcoalitionifonedoesnotexist.
Partnerwithalocalbicycleorpedestriangroup.
Ensurethatahealthperspectiveisincludedinthedevelopmentofanytransportationand
landuseplansandkeyprojects.
Provideevidenceforzoningordinanceoptionsthatsupporthealthycommunities.
Insummary,therearemanywaysforpublichealthpractitionerstosupportactivetransportation
intheircommunities,regions,statesandthroughoutthenation.Thenewfederaltransportation
legislationofferssomeflexibilityforusingspecificfundsforarangeofprojecttypes.TheSafe
RoutestoSchoolNationalPartnershipsMAP-21ResourceCenterwillcontainupdatedinformationthroughoutthetwo-yearbill,whichgoesintoeffectinOctober2012.
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Whetheryouareworkingasapublichealthpractitionerinasmalltown
orinthelargestmetropolitanareasofthecountry,yourinvolvementin
transportationplanningcanbetransformativetotheprocessofactive
transportationplanningandfunding,asdemonstratedbythreeselect
casestudysuccessstories.
The Role of Public Healthin Informing Long-Range
Transportation Planning in t heSouthern California Region
InsouthernCalifornia,long-rangetransportationplanningaffects
thelivesofmillionsofpeople.TheSouthernCaliforniaAssociationof
Governments(SCAG)servesastheMPOforthesix-countyregionin
southernCalifornia.Encompassingmorethan18millionpeople,191cities
andsixcounties,SCAGproducesa25-yearlong-rangetransportationplan
(RTP)everyfouryearsforfundinglevelsthattop$500billion.
Inthisregion,21percentofalltripsaremadebypeoplewalkingand
bicyclingand25percentofallroadwayfatalitiesinvolvebicyclistsand
pedestrians.ObesityratesforresidentswithintheSCAGregionhaveclimbedtonearly24percent,withadultobesityratesforsomeracial
andethnicgroupsinLosAngelesCountyreportingratesofnearly30percent.However,funding
levelsforwalkingandbicyclingbarelyequaledafractionofapercentinthelastRegional
TransportationPlan.
AsSCAGbeganitspublicreviewprocessinmid-2011,itquicklybecamecleartocommunity
leadersinpublichealthandwithSafeRoutestoSchoolthatSCAGhadproposeditsinitial
fundingrecommendationtoincreaseactivetransportationfundingfrom0.46percentin2008
to1.3percentbeforedevelopingacomprehensivemethodologytounderstandtheneedand
calculatethecostforbuildingwalkableandbikeablecommunitiesthroughoutthesouthern
Californiaregion.SCAGhadlookedonlyatalimitednumberofplansanddatasets.Forexample,
inLosAngelesCountyacountycomprisedof88citiesonlyfourofthosecitieshave
pedestrianplansthathadbeenapprovedfromOctober2001toOctober2011.
DuetotheirinvolvementwiththeSafeRoutestoSchoolNationalPartnershipsnetworkin
theSouthernCaliforniaregion,theLosAngelesCountyDepartmentofPublicHealth(LACDPH)
becameinvolvedintheSCAGRTPprojectanddeterminedthatitcouldassistSCAGsplanning
processbyprovidingarealisticcostforbuildingwalkableandbikeablecommunitiesintheSCAG
region.
Case StudySuccess Stories
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Wesawanexcellentroleforourpublichealthdepartmenttoplay:
collectingdata,saidJeanArmbruster,directorofthePoliciesforLivable,
ActiveCommunitiesandEnvironmentsProgramwithinLACDPHSDivision
ofChronicDiseaseandInjuryPrevention.
WithaquickturnaroundandknowingtheRTPwouldbeadoptedinthe
springof2012LACDPHdevelopedamethodologyforcalculatingthe
costsofbuildingactivetransportationnetworksbasedonbroaderdata
andbroughtittoSCAGstaff,policymakersandpartnersinthefallof2011.
(AlinktothePoliciesforLivable,ActiveCommunitiesandEnvironments
Programisprovidedinthe Resources section.)LACDPHanalyzeddata
fromavarietyofsourcestoestimatethepercapitacoststodevelopandmaintainpedestrianand
bicyclistinfrastructure;thesepercapitacostswerethenappliedtotheentirepopulationofthe
SCAGregion.
LACDPHcompileddatafrombicycleandpedestrianmasterplans,bikefacilitymaintenancecosts,coststoclosegapsinbikewaynetworks,sidewalkmaintenance,SafeRoutestoSchoolfunding,
andTransit-OrientedDevelopmentcosts.Theirworkfoundthatthetotalcostsneededtocreate
anactivetransportationsystemforthesixcountyregionwouldbeanestimated$37-$60billion
orapproximately7-11percentoftheoverallfundingintheplan,versustherecommendedlevelof
1.3percentinincreasedactivetransportationfunding.
Nowequippedtobeabletocommunicatethetrueneedsofabroader,moreequitablecross-
sectionofSCAGcommunitiesandnotjustlimitedtodataprovidedbycommunitiesthat
alreadyhadactivetransportationmasterplansLACDPH,SafeRoutestoSchoolsupportersand
othershavebeenabletoshifttheemphasisoftheconversationfromwhatfundscouldbemade
availabletowhatisactuallyrequiredtocreatesaferactivetransportationformillionsofpeople
alreadywalkingandbicyclingandmillionsmorewhowoulddosoifitweresaferandmore
accessible.
Throughouttheprocess,publichealthdepartmentstaffandSafeRoutestoSchoolNational
PartnershippolicystaffmetwithSCAGleadershipforfeedbackontheirmethodology.This
feedbackwasinstrumentalinaddingtransportationsystemmaintenancecalculationstothedata
collectionandhelpedtobuildacollaborativeworkingrelationshipamongstaff.
Duringpublichearings,publichealthpractitionersandhealthcareprovidersdeliveredmessages
todecision-makersbasedonthenewLACDPHdata,educatingontheneedandbenefitsofactive
transportation.Inaddition,severalpublichealthdepartmentsjoinedassignersontheofficial
commentletterprovidedforreviewbytheregionalcommissioners.
Whilefundinginthe2012RTPforsouthernCaliforniawillnotreachtheneededlevelsthatactive
transportationsupportershadhopedfor,thisnewneed-drivendatahasprovidedaframework
forcontinuedconversations.Inthecurrentplan,fundingforactivetransportationtriplesabove
the2008numbersto$6.7billion.
Equallyimportanttothedatahavebeentherelationshipsbuiltbetweenpublichealth
practitionersandtheMPOstaff.Thishaslednotonlytocontinueddiscussionsaboutfunding
adequateactivetransportationinfrastructures,buthashelpedtoprioritizeplanningand
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evaluationdifferentlyintheimplementationprocess,suchasdevelopingandtrackinghealth
andequitymetricstobetterunderstandtransportation-relatedhealthoutcomes.Inaddition,theworkledtothecreationofthreeregionalactivetransportationplanstoincreaseSCAGs
technicalandpolicyleadershipby2014,includingCompleteStreets,strategicfinanceandSafe
RoutestoSchoolplans.
The Role of Public Health in Encouragementand Policy Suppor t for Active Transportationin Columbus, Ohio
Publichealthprofessionalscanhaveamajorimpactonlocalprojects,andgoodpolicies
andprocessesthatconsiderhealtheffectscanhaveadramaticinfluenceonacommunitys
walkabilityandbikeability.Take,forexample,Columbus,Ohio.
Researchrecognizingthelinkbetweenhealthandthedesignofthebuiltenvironmentprompted
ColumbusPublicHealth(CPH)tocreatetheHealthyPlacesProgramin2006.Themissionofthe
HealthyPlacesProgramistoenhancehealthyandactivelivingbyestablishingdevelopment
policiesandpracticesthatreducenegativehealthimpacts,aswellastocreateplacesthat
fosterphysicalactivityaspartofeverydaylife.Theprogram,whichisfundedbyCPHand
staffedbyafull-timeurbanplanner,workswithindividualneighborhoods,schoolsandschool
districtsonSafeRoutestoSchooltravelplansandacrosscitydepartmentsinmyriadways
resultinginuniquepublichealthpartnershipsthatchangetheenvironmentinsupportofactive
transportation.
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Development Policies & Practices
Rezoning Review
TheHealthyPlacescoordinatorprovideseducationalrecommendations
ondevelopmentapplicationstoincreaseactivelivingfeaturesinprivate
developmentthroughthecitysrezoning(orlandusechange)process.
From2006through2011,HealthyPlaceswasinvolvedinthereviewof
159rezoningapplications.Throughthisprocess,55percentofprivate
developersvoluntarilyadoptedandimplementedoneormoreoftheactive
transportationelementsthatwererecommendedbutnotrequiredbythezoningcode.
Parking Code Changes
AnewparkingcodewaspassedinMay2010requiringparkinglotstoincorporatewalkingandbicyclinginfrastructurerecommendedbyHealthyPlaces,suchasbicycleracks,sidewalk
connectionsfromthestreettofrontdoorsandtreestoprovideshade.TheBoardofHealth
adoptedaResolutionofSupportforthecodeduetotheincreasedopportunitiesforsafeand
activetransportation.Sincepassageofthisnewcode,privatedevelopersvoluntarilyadopted43
percentoftherezoningrecommendationsforsubstantialactivetransportationelements,suchas
widersidewalks,enhancedcrosswalksandmorewalkingpaths.
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
InanefforttoincorporateHIAsthroughoutthecitydecision-makingprocess,theprogram
establishedrelationshipswitheachCityofColumbusdivisionresponsibleforlanduse
developmentandtransportationdecisions.Checklistsweredevelopedfordecision-makersto
guidetheminincludinghealthconsiderations.Decisionpointsthatusedthechecklistsinclude
preliminarydesignreviewfornewdevelopmentsandsitesundergoingredevelopment,aswellas
initialreviewandprojectscopingfortransportationplanningprojects,suchassidewalks,bike
lanesandroads.Inthe2011pilotphase,65percentoftherecommendationsfromtheHIAprocess
werevoluntarilyacceptedbyprojectmanagers.
HealthyPlacesspecificallynotesneighborhoodswithsocioeconomicvulnerabilityintherezoning
andHIAprocessestofocusattentiononbuildinganequitablebuiltenvironment.HealthyPlaces
creditsitssuccesstobeingabletoparticipateinexistingcommunitydevelopmentprocesses,
establishinggoodrelationshipswithneighborhoodandcityagencyleadership,aswellasstaying
inregularcontactwithpeopleateachagencytoproactivelyaddressconcerns.Finally,theroleofanurbanplannerasthekeyliaisonbetweenpublichealthandplanningandassomeone
fluentinbothcultureswasoneofthemostcriticalelementstoColumbussuccess.
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How the Safe Routes to SchoolProgram Engaged Public Healthin Active Transportation in
Houghton, MichiganTheschoolhasbeenthecenterofsmalltownsandcitiesfordecades,
andSafeRoutestoSchoolprogrammingandtravelplanningareoften
catalystsforinvolvingpublichealthprofessionalsinschoolsitingand
activetransportationissues.
BuildingonitsinvolvementinprogramssuchasHealthyKids,
HealthyCommunities,theWesternUpperPeninsulaHealthDepartment,whichservesHoughton,
Michigan,becameachampionofactivetransportationpoliciesandprogramsin2010andhas
madequickprogressinseveralareas.Houghton,acityof8,000residentslocatednearLake
Superior,facesmanychallengesandbarrierstoprioritizingactivecommunitydesign,includinga
long-stagnanteconomy,extremelyhillyterrainandlongwinters.Butwiththerightresources,committedsupportersandpublicengagement,Houghtonis
nowhometosupportiveactivetransportationpoliciesandprograms.RaySharp,managerof
communityhealthandpreparednesswiththeWesternUpperPeninsulaHealthDepartment,
beganworkingwithanexisting,volunteer-basedBikeTaskForceandthelocalplanning
commissiontoadoptabicycleparkingordinance.Theresultwasanewprovisioninthezoning
codetorequireadequateparkingfacilitiesforbicycles,withspecificationsbasedonthesizeof
thebusinessorapartmentbuilding.
Next,thehealthdepartmentworkedwiththeBikeTaskForceandothercitydepartmentsto
completetheLeagueofAmericanBicyclistsBicycleFriendlyCommunitySurvey,whichledto
encouragingthecitytopassaBicycleFriendlyCityresolution.Afewmonthslater,Houghtonwasawardedabronze-levelBicycleFriendlyCommunitydesignation.Asthesecollaborationsgained
momentum,Sharpsecuredtrainingresourcesandamatchinggrantfromthestatedepartmentof
healthtoworkwithHoughtonofficialstopromoteaCompleteStreetspolicy.
CompleteStreetstrainingstookplaceinSeptember2010andbyDecemberofthatyear,public
hearingshadtakenplace,thepolicyhadbeenbroughtbeforecitycouncilofficials,anda
comprehensiveCompleteStreetsordinancewasapproved.ThemovemadeHoughtonthesixth
MichigancityandthefirstintheUpperPeninsularegiontoadoptsuchapolicy.Inaddition
toitsCompleteStreetswork,thepublichealthdepartmentisactivelyinvolvedinSafeRoutes
toSchooltravelplanning.Atarecentmeetingoflocalhealth,safetyandeducationofficials,
includingteachers,studentsandparents,participantsbeganprioritizingsaferoutestoschool.
Attendeesidentifiedthreeintersectionsinneedofbettercrosswalks,establishedaplanforadoptingtheupgradesintothecitysBicycleandPedestrianMasterPlan,andthecitymanager
pledgedtofindfunding.
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InHoughton,havingpublichealthatthetablewaskey.Ithelpedcommunitymembersandcity
officialsunderstandthatcommunitydesignsthatsupportsafeandactivetransportationarenot
onlygoodforresidentshealth,theycanhelpcurblong-termhealthspendingaswell.According
toSharp,theexperiencetaughthimhowtopivotfromhealthandsafetytodiscussionsoftourism,economicdevelopment,jobcreationandincreasedpropertyvalues.Inotherwords,
Sharpisaperfectexampleofapublichealthpractitionerwhosuccessfullyemployedthe
languageoftransportationtoengagedecision-makersandmakeadifference.Allpolicywork
islocal,Sharpsaid.Andbecauseourpondissmall,wecanaccomplishalotinaone-hour
meeting.
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Activetransportationsuccessstoriesareoftenbuiltonrelationships
thattookaconsiderableamountoftimeandefforttocultivate.Like
anynewrelationship,publichealthpractitionersandtransportation
plannersshouldfirsttakethetimetolearneachotherslanguages,values
andgoalsitsaneffortthatundoubtedlycreatesmoremeaningfulcollaborationsandsustainedpositiveoutcomes.Forexample,when
theurbanplannerleadingtheColumbus(Ohio)HealthyPlacesProgram
shiftedfromfocusingonthebenefitsoftheprogramforwalkingand
bicyclingtothebenefitsofreducingvehiclemilestraveled,newlinesof
communicationopenedupwithtransportationofficials.
Key Communications Strategies forOpening New Avenues of Dialogue
Belowareafewhighlightsfromthecomprehensivecommunications
toolkit,PublicHealthTalksTransportation,whichwasdevelopedbytheAmericanPublicHealthAssociation;alinktotalkingpointsandkey
messagescanbefoundinthe Resources section.
CommunicationStrategies to BuildRelationships
Meet Them Where They Are.Transportationdecision-makersneedtounderstandthatthepublichealth
communityrecognizestheday-to-daychallengestheyface.Rightorwrong,thefocusofmosttransportation
agenciesisoverwhelminglyonkeepingcarsmoving.Acknowledgingthisrealityisimportantandthefactisthat
manyofthesameoptionsthatimprovepublichealthcuttrafficcongestionandkeeproadssafeandingoodshape.
Talk in Terms They Understand. Thetransportationdecision-makingprocessisdrivenbymoney,doingalotwith
alittleonever-shrinkingbudgets.Wherepossible,theeconomiccomponentofpublichealthbenefitsshouldbe
partofourcommunication.
Become An Expert Transportation Planners Can Rely Upon. Byprovidingdata,expertiseandthebest
informationabouthowdecisionscanincreaseopportunitiesforphysicalactivity,improveroadsafety, reduce
airpollutionandmore,youcanoftensupporttransportationplannersanddecision-makers.Bypresentingthese
argumentsinacontextthatvalidatesthecoreconcernsoftransportationdecision-makers,youarefarmorelikelyto
beheard.
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Creatinghealthycommunitiesandagoodqualityoflifefor
peopleisacentraltenetofpublichealthwork.Promoting
healthintransportationisanupstreampublichealth
interventionandcanbenefithealth,theenvironmentand
theeconomyinmanyways.Whobettertopromotehealth
intransportationplanninganddecision-makingthanpublic
healthpractitioners?
Publichealthpractitionersacrossthecountryareleading
thewayinpromotinghealthintransportationandplanning.
Althoughprogresshasbeenmadeandsuccesshasbeenachievedinseveralcommunities,suchworkisjustbeginningorisnothappeningatallinmany
othercommunities.Andwiththerecentpassageofafederaltransportationbillthatde-invests
inhealth-promotingtransportationprograms,therolethatpublichealthpractitionerscanplay
ismoreimportantthanever.
Herearesuggestedwaysthatpublichealthpractitionerscanandhavemadeanimpact.Someof
theseideaswereprovidedinthesectionaboutthefederal,state,regionalandlocallevels,but
thebeststrategyistouseacombinationofthesemethodstopromotehealthintransportation.
Get Educated
Learnabouttheconnectionsbetweentransportationandhealthandtheevidencethat
exists.
Understandhowtransportationandplanningdecisionsaremade,particularlyinyourstate
andcommunity.
Learndetailsaboutupcominglarge-scaleplanningprocessesandspecificstreetdesign
improvementplansthatcouldandoftenshouldincludeactivetransportation
components.
Stay Informed
Keepabreastofwhatshappeninginyourcommunitywhenitcomestotransportationplanningandbeonthealertforopportunitiestoimprovehealth.
Beawareofanyspecificactivities,suchasthoseconnectedtofederalCommunity
TransformationGrants,thatmaybeopportunitiestopromoteactivetransportation.
Routinely identifyotherstakeholdersandengagewiththem.
Conclusion
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Build Relationships
Gettoknowandworkwithtransportationandlanduseplannersand
decision-makers.Filltheminonhowtheirworkcanhaveadirectimpactonthehealthandhealthequityofentirecommunities.
MeetwithyourMPOorRPOandbuildthoserelationships.
Invitetransportationprofessionalstospeakonpanelsoratmeetings
andworktogetinvitedtospeakattheirmeetings.
Jo in or Cr ea te th e Mo ve me nt
Joinoneofthemanytaskforcesandcoalitionsthatarefocusedonactivetransportation
acrossthecountry.
Start alocaltaskforceorcoalit ionifonedoesnotexist.
Supply the Data
Gatherandprovidedataontheimpactoftransportationonvulnerablepopulationsor
healthingeneral.
Createpowerful,evidence-basedargumentsforactivetransportation.
Encouragetheuseofhealthimpactassessments(HIAsareapowerfultooltoprovidedata
anddriveactivetransportationplanning;seetheResourcesection).
Provide Leadership
Recruitdoctors,nurses,publichealthprofessionalsandotherstakeholderstoparticipate
inthepublicreviewprocessesoflong-rangetransportationplansandothertransportation
projects.
Educatestakeholders,electedofficialsandregionalplanningcommissionmembersabout
theconnectionsbetweentransportationandhealthbeforetransportationprojectplansare
presentedtothepublic.
Hosttransportationandhealthworkshopsandinvitediverseaudiences,including
practitioners,media,electedofficialsandotherstakeholders.
Createstaffingpositionswithtransportationexpertiseforyourpublichealthprogram;and
viceversa,promoteadirectorofhealthycommunitiesinyourMPO.
Holdagenciesaccountableastheyimplementtransportationprojectsandplanstoensure
thathealthissuesareaddressedandthatrelevantdataarecollectedaftertheprojectis
implemented.
Nomatterwhereonthespectrumapublichealthpractitionersitswhethersteepedinthe
scienceandthesubjectmatteroftheseconnections,holdinganofficewiththeauthorityto
makefundingorplanningdecisions,orraisingawarenessofhowtransportationimpactshealth
thereisaroletoplay.Anyeffort,bigorsmall,willcontributeandmakeadifference.
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Complete Streets Streetsthatprovidesafe,
convenient,efficientandaccessibleusebypeopleofall
agesandabilities.
Environmental JusticeConceptfocusedon
identifyingandaddressing,asappropriate,
disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealth
orenvironmentaleffectsof...programs,policiesand
activitiesonminoritypopulationsandlow-income
population.6
Long-Range Transportation Plans (LRTP)
Amulti-yeartransportationplandevelopedbyatransportationagency
(normallythestateDOToranMPO)thatprovidesavision,improvementsand
goalsfortransportationnetworks.
Multimodal -Characterizedbymanydifferentmodesoftransportation,such
asautomobile,publictransit,walkingandbicycling.Referstotheuseofmore
thanonemodeoftransportationtoreachadestination.
Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) Aplanningbodyforall
urbanizedareaswithapopulationmorethan50,000.Requiredbyfederal
legislationtoconductinclusivetransportationplanningprocesses.
Public Involvement Thefederallymandatedactivitybyatransportation
agencythatencouragesparticipationofthepublicintransportationplanning
andprogramming.
Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (STIP)Afederally
legislatedprogramdevelopedatthestatelevelthatcoversaperiodoffour
yearsandwillprovidecitizens,affectedpublicagencies,representatives
ofusersofpublictransportation,representativesofusersofpedestrian
walkwaysandbicycletransportationfacilities,representativesofthe
disabled,andotherinterestedpartieswithareasonableopportunityto
commentontheproposedprogram. 7IncludesalloftheTIPsfromdifferent
regionsinastate.
State Highway Safety Improvement Pro gram (HSIP)-Aprogram
showingastateshighwaysafetyimprovementprojects,activities,plansand
reportscarriedoutaspartoftheSTIP.Theaimoftheprogramistoreduce
fatalitiesandseriousinjuriesonpublicroadsthroughthedevelopmentand
implementationofStrategicHighwaySafetyPlans(SHSP).
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) Aprogramthat
includesthelistofprojectsthatareslatedtoreceivefederallysupported
transportationfunds.
Glossary of Terms
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Reso u rces
Otherresourcesprovidemoredetailontransportation
planningandhealth:
APHAresources:
At The Intersection Of Public Health And
Transportation
The Hidden Health Costs Of Transportation
HIA Fact Sheet
Webinar Series
Communications Toolkit
CDC Transportation Recommendations
Dangerous By Design,areportfromTransportationfor
Americaonsolvingtheepidemicofpedestriandeaths
Great Corridors, Great Communities,aProject
forPublicSpacesreportonplanningforcorridorsin
communities
Integrating public health and transportation
planning: Perspectives for MPOs and COGs,
apublicationoftheNationalAssociationofRegional
Councils
Introduction to Complete Streets,awebsiteandpresentationfromtheNationalCompleteStreetsCoalition
PLACE Program (Policies for Livable, Active
Communities and Environments),awebsitefromthe
LosAngelesCountyDepartmentofPublicHealth
The Transportation Planning Process: Key Issues,
abriefingbookfromtheFederalHighwayAdministration
http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B1BEE3ED-9B7A-4CC3-9461-B1D7895A4E25/0/AttheIntersectionNewCover.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B1BEE3ED-9B7A-4CC3-9461-B1D7895A4E25/0/AttheIntersectionNewCover.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B96B32A2-FA00-4D79-99AB-F0446C63B254/0/TheHiddenHealthCostsofTransportationBackgrounder.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/1CD24FFB-37FB-4576-86A1-6D68A1C5DBAF/0/APHAHIAFactsheetJan2011.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/advocacy/priorities/issues/transportation/Webinars.htmhttp://www.apha.org/advocacy/priorities/issues/transportation/Toolkit.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/transportation/http://t4america.org/docs/dbd2011/Dangerous-by-Design-2011.pdfhttp://www.pps.org/pdf/bookstore/Great_Corridors_Great_Communities.pdfhttp://narc.org/wp-content/uploads/Public-Health-and-Transportation-Info-0606121.pdfhttp://narc.org/wp-content/uploads/Public-Health-and-Transportation-Info-0606121.pdfhttp://www.completestreets.org/complete-streets-fundamentals/http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/place/http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/place/http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/briefingbook/bbook.htmhttp://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/briefingbook/bbook.htmhttp://publichealth.lacounty.gov/place/http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/place/http://www.completestreets.org/complete-streets-fundamentals/http://narc.org/wp-content/uploads/Public-Health-and-Transportation-Info-0606121.pdfhttp://narc.org/wp-content/uploads/Public-Health-and-Transportation-Info-0606121.pdfhttp://www.pps.org/pdf/bookstore/Great_Corridors_Great_Communities.pdfhttp://t4america.org/docs/dbd2011/Dangerous-by-Design-2011.pdfhttp://www.cdc.gov/transportation/http://www.apha.org/advocacy/priorities/issues/transportation/Toolkit.htmhttp://www.apha.org/advocacy/priorities/issues/transportation/Webinars.htmhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/1CD24FFB-37FB-4576-86A1-6D68A1C5DBAF/0/APHAHIAFactsheetJan2011.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B96B32A2-FA00-4D79-99AB-F0446C63B254/0/TheHiddenHealthCostsofTransportationBackgrounder.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B1BEE3ED-9B7A-4CC3-9461-B1D7895A4E25/0/AttheIntersectionNewCover.pdfhttp://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/B1BEE3ED-9B7A-4CC3-9461-B1D7895A4E25/0/AttheIntersectionNewCover.pdf -
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1 www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/environmental-policy/streetscale.html
2 www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ntpp/2012_report/page01.cfm
3 www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/public_involvement/
4 TheU.S.DepartmentofTransportationsFederalHighwayAdministrationhostsasearchable
databaseofMPOsthroughoutthecountry: http://www.planning.dot.gov/mpo.asp
5 Zheng,Y.2008.Thebenefitofpublictransportation:physicalactivitytoreduceobesityand
ecologicalfootprint.PreventiveMedicine;46(1):4-5.
6 www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/environmental_justice
7 thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:h.r.4348.enr:
References
http://www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/environmental-policy/streetscale.htmlhttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ntpp/2012_report/page01.cfmhttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/public_involvement/http://www.planning.dot.gov/mpo.asphttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/environmental_justicehttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/environmental_justicehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:h.r.4348.enr:http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:h.r.4348.enr:http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/environmental_justicehttp://www.planning.dot.gov/mpo.asphttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/public_involvement/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/ntpp/2012_report/page01.cfmhttp://www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/environmental-policy/streetscale.html -
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TheAmericanPublicHealthAssociationistheoldestandmostdiverse
organizationofpublichealthprofessionalsintheworldandhasbeen
workingtoimprovepublichealthsince1872.TheSafeRoutesto
SchoolNationalPartnershipisafastgrowingnetworkofmorethan
600organizationsandprofessionalgroupsworkingtosetgoals,share
bestpractices,leverageinfrastructureandprogramfunding,and
advancepolicychangetohelpagenciesthatimplementSafeRoutes
toSchoolprogramsacrossthenation.
Thesetwoorganizationshavepartneredtoproducethispublication
asacompilationofinformation,resourcesanddetailedexamplestoassistpublichealthprofessionalsinbecomingchampionsof
transportationplanningandfundingprocessesthatsupporthealthy
communities.
Thispublicationwasmadepossiblebygrantnumber5U38HM000459-04
fromtheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionthroughfunding
fromtheHealthyCommunityDesignInitiativewithintheNational
CenterforEnvironmentalHealth.Formoreinformation,goto:www.
cdc.gov/healthyplaces. Fundingwasadministeredthroughacontract
withtheAmericanPublicHealthAssociation.Itscontentsaresolelythe
responsibilityoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheofficial
viewsoftheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.
TheAmericanPublicHealthAssociationhasbeenworkingtomake
theconnectionbetweentransportationandhealthinthenational
policyarenaaswellastoprovideresourcesandinformationtopublic
healthpractitioners.Formoreinformation,goto: www.apha.org/
transportation . TheSafeRoutestoSchoolNationalPartnership
promotesactivetransportationoptionsforchildrenandfamiliesgoingto
andfromschoolandindailylife.Theyhavemadegreatstridesingetting
SafeRoutestoSchoolinmorethan12,000schoolsandcommunities
inall50statesacrossthecountry.Formoreinformation,goto:www.
saferoutespartnership.org .
Acknowledgements
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaceshttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaceshttp://www.apha.org/transportationhttp://www.apha.org/transportationhttp://www.saferoutespartnership.org/http://www.saferoutespartnership.org/http://www.saferoutespartnership.org/http://www.saferoutespartnership.org/http://www.apha.org/transportationhttp://www.apha.org/transportationhttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaceshttp://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces -
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