Project Horizon, Volume I, Summary and Supporting Considerations

8/20/2019 Project Horizon, Volume I, Summary and Supporting Considerations

1/121

ORIZ,

I

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Volume

I

SUMM4RY

AND

SUPPORTING

C

0

NS

I

D

E RAT 1

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UNITED

STATES

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3/121

Draft

UNCLASSIFIED

R e q u i r e m e n t € o r a L u n a r O u t p o s t

1. G e n e r a l

T h e r e is

a

r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a manned m i l i t a r y o u t p o s t

on

t h e

moon.

The l u n a r o u t p os t

i s

r e q u i r e d

t o

d e ve lo p and p r o t e c t p o t e n t i a l U n it ed

S t a t e s i n t e r e s t s

on

the moon;

to

d e v c l o p t e c h n i q u e s i n moon-based s u r v c i l -

l a n c e

of

t h e e a r t h and s p a c e , i n c o n m u n i c a t i o n s r e l a y , and i n o p e r a t i o n s

on t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e moon; t o serve as

a base

€or e x p l o r a t i o n

of

t h e nioon,

for f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n i n t o s p ac e and

f o r

m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s o n t h e moon

i f r e q u i r e d ; and t o s u p p o rt s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

on

t h e moon.

2.

O p e r a t i o n a l C o n c e p t .

I n i t i a l l y t h e o u t p o s t

v i 1 1 be

o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e a n d c o n t a i n

s u f f i c i e n t e qu ip me nt t o p e r mi t t h e s u r v i v a l and m o de ra te c o n s t r u c t i v e

a c t i v i t y

of a

minimum number

o€

p e r s o n n e l ( a b ou t 1 0

-

2 0 ) on a s u s t a i n e d

b a s i s .

I t

must

bc

d e s i g n e d for e xp an si on o f f a c i l i t i e s , r e s u p pl y , a n d r o t a -

t i o n of

personne l

t o i n s u r e

maximum

e x t e n s i o n

of

s u s t a i n e d o c cu p ac y .

I t

s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o be s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t f o r as l o n g

as

p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t

o u t s i d e s u p po r t . I n

t h e

l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n

of

t h e base , c o n s i d e r a t i o n

w i l l

be

g i v e n t o o p c r a t i o n of

8

t r i a n g u l a t i o n s t a t i o n of

8

moon- to-ea r th base

line space s u r v e i l l a n c e

s y s t e m ,

f a c i l i t a t i n g c o m n un i cc ti o ns w i t h a n d

o b s e r v a t i o n

of

t he e a r t h , f a c i l i t a t i n g

t r a v e l

betwecn t h e moon and

thc

e a r t h ,

e x p l o ra t i o n o f t h e

moon a n d

f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n s

of

s p a c e , a n d

t o

the d c f c ns c of t h e b a s e a g a i n s t a t t a c k

i f

r e q u i r e d . T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c -

t i v e i s

t o

e s t a b l i s h t h e f i r s t pcrmanent

nianned

i n s t a l l a t i o n on t h e moon.

I n c i d e n t e l t o t h i s m i ss io n w i l l

be

t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n

of

t h e s c i e n t i f i c ,

c o m n e r c i a l ,

a n d m i l i t a r y

p o t e n t i a l o f t h e moon.

3. Background

of

Rcquiremcnt .

a.

R e f e r e n c e s :

(1) NSC p o l i c y o n o u t e r , s p a c e .

( 2 ) OCB O p e r a t i o n s P l a n o n O u t e r Space.

b. Reason f o r Requirement.

' (1) The n a t i on a l p o l i c y on o u t e r s p ac e i n c l u d c s t h e o b j e c t i v e

of development and e x p l o i t i n g

U S

o u t e r s pn ce c a p a b i l i t i e s

as

necded t o

a ch ie ve s c i e n t i f i c , m i l J t w y ,

a n d

p o t e n t i a l p u r p o s e s . The OCB O p e r a t i o n s

Plan t o i m p l m e n t

t h i s

p o l i cy e s t z b l i s h e s a s p e c i f i c progrpm t o o b t a i n

s c i e n t i f i c d a ta on space e nv ir on me nt o u t t o t h e v i c i n i t y of the moon,

R e p -

1 3 March J-96


4/121

UNCLASS IF1

D

. .

i n c l u d i n g

t h e moon's

g r a v i t a t i o n a l a nd m a g ne t ic

f i e l d s

a nd t o e x p l o r e

the

cha rac te r i s t i c s o f t h e m oo n' s s u r f a c e . T h e r e

8re

n o h i o m t e c h n ic a l b a r r i e r s

t o t h e c s t z b l i sh m e n t

of i?

manned i n s t a l l a t i o n on t h e

moon.

( 2 ) "lie

e s t a b l i s h m e n t of

a

manned base of o p e r a t i o n s

o n

t h e

moon has t re me nd ou s m i l i t a r y 2nd s c i e n t i f i c p o t e n t i a l . B ec au se i n v a l u a b l e

s c i e n t i f i c , m i l i t a r y , and p o l i t i c a l p r e s t i g e a i l 1 come

t o

t h e

n a t i o n

t h a t

f i r s t

e s t a b l i s h e s

a

l u n a r b a s e,

i t i s

i m p e r a t iv e t h a t t h e U ni te d S t a t e s b e

f i r s t .

, .

(3 ) The

f u l l e x t e n t of t h e m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l c an no t

b e

p r e d i c t e d , b u t i t i s p r ob a b le t h a t o b s e r va t i o n of t h e e a r t h and s p a c e v e h i c l e s

from t h e moon

w i l l

p r o v e t o b e h i g h l y a d v a n t a g e o u s .

e a r t h b a s e l i n e , s pa c e s u r v e i l l a n c e

bg

t r i a n g u l a t i o n p ro ni i sc s g r e a t range

a n d a c c u r a c y .

l'he

p r e s e n t l y c o n t e mp l a t e d c a r t h - b z s e d t r a c l ;i n g an d c o n t r o l

n e tw o r k

w i l l

bc

i n a c l e qu a t c € o r t h e

deep

s p a c e o p e r a t i o n s c on t er L ip l at e d.

M i l i t a r y c o xm u ni c a ti o ns

n a y

be

g r e a t l y

improved by t h e

use o€

a moon-based

r e l a y s t a t i o n .

The

cmplogment

of

moon-based

wcnpons s y s t e m s

z g a i n s t e z r t h

o r

s p a c e t a r g e t s may

prove

t o

be

f e a s i b l e a nd d e s i r a b l e . hloon-based m i l i t a r y

power w i l l b e

a

s t ro n g d e t e r r e n t t o v a r b e c a u s e of t h e e x t r e n e d i f f i c u l t y ,

f rom th e cncmy po in t o f v ie w ,

of

e l i n i r i z t in y ; o u r a b i l i t y t o

r e t a l i a t e .

Any

m i l i t a r y o p cr a t io n s

011

t h e moon v i i l l

bc

d i f f i c u l t t o c o u n t e r b y t h e enemy

because

of t h c d i f f i c u l t y

oi

h i s r e a c h i n g t h e riioon, i f o u r f o r c e s

a r e a l -

r e a d y p r e s e n t a nd have iilt'ans

o €

c o u n t e r i n g a l a n d i n g o r

of

n e u t r a l i z i n g m y

h o s t i l e f o r c e s t h a t h a s l a n d e d . The s i t u a t i o n i s r e v e r s e d i f h o s t i l e f o r c e s

are

p er mi t t ed t o a r r i v e f i r s t .

They

c an m i l i t a r i l y c o u nt e r

o u r

l a n d i n g s a n d

a t t e m p t

t o

deny

us

p o l i t i c a l l y t he u se o f

t l i e i r

p r o p e r t y .

By us in g a moon-to-

( 4 )

l iic

s c i c n t i f i c P - d v a n t z g c s

a r e

e q u a l l y

d i f f i c u l t t o p r e -

dict b u t

a r c

h i g h l y p r o m i s i n g . S t u d y

of

t h e u n i v e r s e , o l th e moon, and

o f t h e s p a c e e n v ir o nm e n t

w i l l

a l l

be

a i d e d

by

s c i e n t i f i c e f f o r t o n t h e moon.

P e rh a ps t h e n o s t p r om i s i ng s c i e n t i f i c c d v a nt a ge

i s

t h e

u s e f u l n e s s

of a

moon

base

f o r f u r t h c r e x p l o r a t i on s i n t o s pa ce . h ' a t e r i a l s o n t h e moon

i t s e l f

may prove

t o

be

v a l i i a b l e

arid

c o c u n c r c i a l l y

c x p l o i

a b l e .

4 . O r g m i z a t i o n a l C o nc ep t.

The

e s t a b l i s h n i e n t

of

t h e o u t f o s t s h o ul d

be

a

s p e c i a l p r o j e c t

h a vi n g a u t h o r i t y arid p r i o r i t y

s i m i l a r

t o t h e l h n h a t t a n P r o j e c t i n World War

11.

Once e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e l u n a r b a s e

w i l l

b e o p e r a t e d u n d er t h e c o n t r o l

of

a

u n ' i f i e d

s p ace

cornniand.

e n c o n p a s s i n g t h e e a r t h and t h e moon,

w i l l

b c c o n s i d e r e d

a

m i l i t a r y t h e a t e r .

The c o n t r o l o f 211 U n i t e d S t a t e s m i l i t a r y f o r c c s by u ; ~ i f i e d commands i s

a l -

r e z d y e s t c ? b l i s h e d

a n d

rnili

t a r y

o p e r a t i o n s

i n s p a c e s h o u l d b e n o e x c e p t i o n ,

A u n i f i e d s p a c e corma nd w ou ld c o n t r o l a nd u t i l i z e , b e s i d e s

t h e

l u n a r b a s e,

S p a c e ,

o r

c e r t a i n l y t h a t p o r t io n

of

o u t e r s p a c e

2


5/121

UNCLASSIFIED

o p e r a t i o n a l m i l i t a r y s a t e l l i t e s and

space

v e h i c l e s , s p a ce s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s te m s ,

a n d t h e

l o g i s t i c a l

s u p p o r t t h e r e o f . O t h e r s p a c e co nmands n i g h t b e o r g a n i z e d

as

o u r o p e r a t i o n s e x te n de d t o t r a n s l u n a r s p ac e .

5 . Degree of Urgency.

To

be s ec on d t o

t h e

S o v i e t U n i o n i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a n o u t p o s t on

t h e r no on ,w ou ld b e d i s a s t r o u s t o o u r n a t i o n ‘ s p r e s t i g e and i n t u r n t o

our

demo-

c r a t i c p h i l o s o p h y . A 1 hough i t i s . o n t r a r y

t o

U n it e d S t a t e s p o l i c y , t h e

S o v i e t Union i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t b a s e , may c la im t h e 010011 o r

c r i t i c a l 2reas t h c r e of f o r

i t s own.

Then

a

s u b s e q u e n t

a t tempt

t o e s t a b l i s h

an o u t p o s t by t h e U n i tc d S t a t e s m i g h t be c o n s i d e r e d and p r o p a g m d i z c d ns

a

h o s t i l e

a c t .

The S o v i c t Un io n i n p r o p a g an d a b r o a d c a s t s

h a s

announced the

5 0 t h z n n i v e r s a r y of t h e p r e s e n t go v er n me n t ( 1 9 6 7 ) w i l l

be

c e l e b r z t c d by S o v i e t

c i t i z e n s o n

t h e

moon.

?’he

K n ti o na l S pa ce p o l i c y i n t e l l i g c n c e

es t ima te

i s

t h a t t h e S o v i e t s c ou l d l an d o n t h e moon by 1 D G I

6. b aintenance m d S u n D l v I m n l i c n t i o n s .

The n ia in tc nn ii ce an d s u p p l y c f f o r t t o s u p p o r t I l u n a r base

w i l l

be h i g h b y p r e s e n t s t a n d a r d s . C o n t i nu e d d e l i v c r y o f e y u ip m cn t a nd means

of

s u r v i v a l w i l l

be

r e q u i r e d

arid

c n c h d e l i v e r y

w i l l

b e c o s t l y . E ve ry c o n c c i v c b l e

6 O l l l t i O l l f o r mi ni mi zi ng t h e l o g i s t i c e f f o r t

n u s t

bc c x p l o r c d . hlaxinum u s e

of

nny oxygen o r power so ur ce on t he n?oon t h r o u g h r c g e n c r n t i v e o r o t h e r t c c h -

n i q u c s m u s t b e e x p l o i t e d .

hk‘xns of

r e tu r n i n g s a f e l y t o

e n r t h

n u s t b e a v a i l -

a b l e t o

t h e

o c c u p a n t s o f t h e o u t p o s t .

7 . T r a i n i n g an d P e r s o n n e l I n D l i c a t i o n s .

Tile

nuirlber

o f p e r s o n n e l on t h e b as e i t s e l f will be q u i t e

s m a l l ,

a t l e a s t

i n i t i a l l y , b u t

t l ic

t o t 2 1 num ber of p e r s o n n e l s u p p o r t i n g the c f f o r t

may be q u i t e l a r g e . U n t i l f u r t h e r s t ud y i s made a r e a l i s t i c q u z i l i t a t i v e

a nd q u a n t i t a t i v e p c r so n n e l e s t i m a t e c a n n o t b e p r o v i d e d .

m c n t s of e a r t h b x c d s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l would

resemble

t h o s e of p c r so n n el i n

l o n g r an ge b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e u n i t s

and

r a d a r t r a c k i n g s y s t e n s . F or t h e r e -

l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u n b z r

of

p e r s o n n e l a c t u a l l y t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e moon b a s e ,

t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s y;ould b e e x a c t i n g i n many

f i e l d s .

The t r a i n i n g r e q u i r c -

8 . A d d i t i o n a l I t e m s a n d R e q u i r e m e n t s .

A c o m p l e t e f a m i l y o f r e q u i r e m c r l t s and s u p p o r t i n g r e s e a r c h and

d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s

w i l l

b e n ec e s s a r y t o d e v el o p a l l of t h e s u p p o r t i n g

equipment t o c s t ? . b l i s h

a

l u n z r

base.

v e h i c l e s , i n t c r m d i n t e space s t a t i o n s , s p a c e d \ i e l l i n E s , c l o t h i n g 2nd

Very h i g h t h r u s t b o o s t e r s , s p z c e

3


6/121

s u r v i v a l gear t o b e u se d o n

t h e

noon , means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o t he moon,

and

e q u a t o r i a l l a u nc h i ng s i t e , t r a c k i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d

nzny

o t h e r c l e v e l o p -

ments

w i l l

be n e c e s s a r y . E v e n t u a l l y c o n c e p t s of n i i l i a r y o p e r a t i o n s o n

o r

i n

t h e v i c i n i t y

of

t h e moon

w i l l

have

t o

be

d e v e l o p e d a nc l, f r o m t h e s e ,

s u p po r t in g r e q u i re n cn t s f o r s p e c i a l weapons and equipi ; lent w i l l be d e v e l o p e d .

R e s e a r c h i n weapons e f f e c t s , m ap pi ng , arid e x t r a c t i o n of

oxygen,

water , and

o t h e r

u s e f u l

mate r ia l s

f rom

t h e

n a t u r a l e nv ir on m en t w i l l

be

r e q u i r e d .

9. Addi t ional Comments.

, .

a.

Two

b r o a d p r o b l e m areas m u s t be c o ri s id c rc d i n m e c ti n g t h e

r e q u i r e n e n t .

O n e

i s t h e d c s i ~ p , rid c o n s t r u c t i o n

of

t h e o u t p o s t .

The

o t h e r

is the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u ir e d t o e s t a b l i s h and s u p p o r t t h e o u t p o s t ,

b. Tlie o u t po s t i t s e l f c ou ld

have

one of s e v e r a l f or ms ox be a

c o m b i n a t i o n

of

t h e m .

I Io les

o r

caves

c o u l d b e c o v e r c c l a n d sc a l e d v i i t l i

p rcs -

s u r e b a g s. By t h i s means t e m p e r a t u r e e x t r e m e s a r e n l l e v i a t c d an d v ul n c r-

a b i l i t y t o m e t e o r i t e s i s l e s s e n e d . E l ; p ~ . i ~ ~ i v ea gs o r f o l d i n g s c c t i o n s

c o u l d b e s e t on t h e s u r f a c e . Th e r o c k e t t r a n s p o r t v e h i c l e i t s e l f o r

u s e d

f u e l t a n k s s a v c d € o r t h e p u r p o s e c o u l d be used. Tanks now plrtnxicd

\*/ill

b e from 1GO t o

256

i n d i n rm t e r .

a n d s u s t a i n i n g l i f e

a r c

p o s s i b l e . By u s i n g

s o l a r

o r n u c l e a r p owe r o x yg en

a n d w a t e r m a y be e x t r a c t e d f roni t h e n a t u r a l C ri vi ro rm cn t s h o u l d b e a t t a i n a b l e .

A n um be r o f s o l u t i o n s

t o

providing po:: ler

c . The t r a n s p o r t c o u l d b e a cc o mp li sh e d c i t h e r b y d i r e c t move-

ment

b y

n i u l t i s t a g e r o c k e t

t o

the moon, o r

by t h e u s c

of

i n t c r n l c d i n t c o r b i t -

i n g s p a c c s t a t i o n s . T h e f i r s t s o l u t i o n i n p o s cs enormous po::.er rejluircrncnts

t o

l i f t a lozcl o € a n y s i [ ; n i € i c n n c e b u t s h o u l d n o t

b e

overloo1:ed. . The s c

c on d s o l u t i o n h a s p r o n j s c o f e a r l y s u c c c s s bc cau sc:

i t

c a n

be

accompl isl ied

w i t h r o c k e t e n g i n e s

now

u n d e r d e v e l o p x e n t .

Uy

the u s c of v e h i c l e s w i t h

1. 5 n i i l l i o n pound t h r u s t f i r s t s t a g c m d h i g h e n e r g y u p p e r s t a g e s

sigxii-

f i c a n t

l o a d s

can

b e

p l a c e d i n o r b i t and

a s s e n b l e d f o r

f u r t h c r t r a v e l t o

t h e moon a nc l r e t u r n . F i f t e e n s uc li v e h i c l e s c an

p l a c e

enough equ ipment

i n

o r b i t

t o a s s c m b l c a

v c h i c l e a p p r o a c h i n l : 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s i n

~ v c i c ; h t .

A series

o f

5 0 0 , 0 0 0

pound space

v e h i c l e s is

z d e q u n t c t o e s t ~ b l i ~ hnd

support

t h e

o u t p o s t .

4


7/121

&i+;. k.:-

H EADQUARTBRS

DEPARTJJENT OF THE ARMY

Office of t h e C h i e f

of

Research

a n d

Development

-Washington

2 5 ,

D. C .

2

hlar 1959

SUBJECT:

P r o p o s a l

t o

E s t e b l i s h

a

L u n a r O u tp o s t

(C)

TO

: ' Ch ie f of Ordnance

Departmen t of t h e Army

Washington 2 5 , D. C.

1. The A r n y i s e ng ag ed i n d e t e r mi n i ng o b j e c t i v e s

and

r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r o u t e r s p a c e operations. T he nios t c h a l l e n g in g a n d perhaps t h e m o st u r g e n t

o b j e c t i v e i s t h a t o f e s t a b l i s h i n g

a

manned l u n a r o u t p o s t o n

t h e

moon.

2.

T h i s l u n a r

b as e i s

necded

t o

p r o t e c t U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t e r e s t s

on

t h e moon,

d c v e l

o p t c c h n j q u e s

i n

m o o n - b a s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e

of

the

c a r t h

and

s p a c e , i n coi,~riiuriicntions e l z y , and i n o p c r n t i o n s 011 t h e s u r f a c e of t h e moon.

When c s t a b l i s h c d ,

t h c

l u na r s t a t i o n would

be

u t i l i z e d

as a

basc f o r e x p l o r a -

t i o n of t ic moon, f o r f u r t h e r e x p lo r a t i on s i n t o spi :cc a n d f o r m i l i t a r y

o p e ra t i o ns i f required. The

bcFse

i s a l s o

ncedccl

t o support s c j l c n t i f i c i n -

v e s t i g a t i o n s

011

t h e

moon.

I t i s

c o i i s j d c r c d

of t h e

utr8 :os t i r . ipor tance

t h a t

the moon b c f i r s t

occupied

b y t h e

U . S.

s o thc?t t he

U . S. can

d e n y S o v i e t

t e r r i t o r j

e l ,

c o r x i c r c i a l

,

o r

t c c l i r i o lo g i c n l c l z i n s . I f a pzrr innent

basc

c a n

be

e s t a b l i s h e d

i i r s t b y

t h e U n i t ed

S t a t e s , t h c

p r e s t i g e and p s y c h o l o ~ i c a l

advnntngc

t o t il e n a t i o n u i l l bc i r i v a l u n b l c .

3.

You

n r e

t h c r e f o r e r e q u c s t cd

a s

a

m z t t c r of

urgency t o make

a

preliroin?.ry ji ives

t i

Z a t i on

to

d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o b a b l e

neans

a n d t e c h n iq u e s o f

accomplishr icn t

and

t o d e v e l o p

a

p l a n , i n c l u d ~ . ~ i gs t i r o n t e d t i n c s c h e d u l i n g

and c o s t s , f o r

e s t ; : b l i s h i i i g

a l u n a r br?.c,c

by

t h e q u j c k c s t

n c m s

p o s s ib l r . .

The i n v e s t i g n t i o n

s h o u l d

i n c l u d e n d c t e r n ~ i n a t i o n f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of

l a n d i n g a ~ a n t i c t lv c h i c l e by

l Y G G

and of e s t a b l i s l l ~ n g permrine nt b a s e

as

soon thcreafler E S p o s s i b l e .

T h i s pre l in i i i in ry i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l be

t h e

f i r s t o f a

s e r i e s

of s t e p s t o e s t a b l i s h

a l u n a r

b a s e p r o g r n n a n d

w i l l

be

u s e d

by t h c

G ? n c r a l S t a f f

as back:round

i n f o r n a t i o n f o r ma ki ng

a

f i r m

p r o p o s a l t o

h i g h e r

a i i t h o r i y . I f a p p ro v e d, t h e l u n a r base program would

bcconc a major p a r t of t h e X a t i o n a l Space- program.

4 . Y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n

w i l l be

c l a s s i f i e d S E C i l E T and

w i l l be

made

knonn

q n l y t o t h o s e p e r s o n s r e q u i r e d t o hRve k n oK le dg c

of

t h c p r o j e c t .

R egrad

c

2 - - - T 2 D A E 2 3 3'L4_TJ_--

(App rop

I

i 2.

t e

C

1

a s

i

s i

c

a

t i

o n

)

13

alar

1962

( D n

t e

)

Regraded

by o u t h o r i t y o€ Form

D.1

1 5 7 5 ,

Un

c l

as s i i ed

d t d

2 1

S e p t .

1 9 6 1

_ __L_


8/121

No

c o n t a c t s w it h a g e n c i c s o u t s i d e t h e

A r m y w i l l

be made u n t i l a f t e r t h e r e s u l t s

of t h e p r e l im i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n

h a v c

b e e n p r e sc i i t e d

to

the Departnicnt of

Defensc .

Tiie

f i n d i n g s of t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l be m a c l e through niy

o f f i c e t o

t h e

C hi ef o f S t a f f . No a d d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

w i l l

be made and

no

p u b l i c

re leasc w i l l be

made conce rn ing

t h i s

p r o j e c t . B e c a u s e of t he s e n s i -

t i v e

a s p e c t s o f t h i s p r o po s al

i t

i s

e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t

n o t

be

d i s -

c l o s e d p rem a t u r e l

y

.

5 . Your p lan of a cc om pl i sh me nt s h ou ld i n c l u d e f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n

of

t h e

o t h e r t c c h n i c a l s c r v i c c s an d co nb at 8rms t o t h e e x t e n t f e a s i b l e

arid

n e c e s s a r y .

I n

t h e

a c co n pl js h mc n t o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e

Chief

of E n g i n e e r s

w i l l

bc

r e s p o n s i b l e €or

t h e

d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a nd m a in t en a nc e of t h e base and

t h e C h i c € Sign2.l O f f i c e r v i 1 1

be

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o r mu n i ca t io n s a nd

o t h e r

s u p p o r t f o r wh ich h e

i s

p e c u l j a r l y q u a l i f i e d . S p c c i f i c e mp ha si s

should bc

g i v e n

t o t h e Arniy-wide c a p z b i l i t y t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h l s p r o j e c t . The r e s u l t s

of

t h i s

p r e l i m i i i n r y i n v e s t i g e t i

on

erc r c q u c s t e d b y

15 blay

1059 .

6 .

R e pr o du c ti o n o f t h i s

l e t t e r

t o

t h c

e x t e n t

you

dccn

e s s e n t i a l

i s

E L I -

t h o r i z c d . A l l c o p i e s w i l l be rccorc cd.

1 I n c l

Draft Rc q u i re ln e i i t

ARTIIUK G. TR UDFAU

L i e u t e n a n t G c ii cr al , G S

Chie

f o

f He

s

c a

r

ch and Dzvcl opn cn t


9/121

VOLUME

I

SUMMARY AND SUPPORTING CONSIDERATIONS ( U )

REGQADE3

1lNCLhSSli ' iED

0R3ER S E C ARV.?

3Y TAG

PER

13 s 4

9 JUNE 1959

P R O J E C T

HORIZON

R E P O R T

A

U.

S ARMY S TU DY F O R

THE ESTABLISHMENT

O F

A

LUNAR OUTPOST


10/121

VOLUME I

TAE3LE

O F

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

H A PT E R I:

1

1

4

A.

G e n e r a l

B. Justif ication

C. Conclusions

D. Organ iza t ion and Content of Rep or t 5

CHAPTER 11: TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

AND

PLANS

7

A

B.

C.

D.

E.

6:

H.

I.

Objectiv es and Scope of th e Study

Resume of the Technica l Pr og ra m

Space Transpor ta t ion Sys tem

Transpo r ta t ion Sys tem In tegra t ion

Communica t ions E lec t ro nic s

Launch Site

P r o g r a m L o g i s ti c s

Rese arch an d Development

Outpo s t

7

7

8

15

35

35

ig

A

4 3

43

CH AP TE R 111: MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

49

ONSIDERATIONS

49

.

Scope of Opera t ions

B. Organiza t ion and Opera t io nal Concepts 54

CH AP TE R IV: NON-TECHNICAL SUPPORTING

59

ONSIDE RATIONS

59

59

60

A.

G e ne r a l

B. Policy

C. Pol i t ica l , Psy cho log ica l , and Secur i ty

Implica t ions


11/121

A P P E N D IX A: POLICY

O F

THE UNITED STATES

WITH

'

R E S P E C T TO ACTIVITIES

IN

SPACE

1.

2.

S t a t e m e n t s by t h e P r e s i d e n t

of

the

United S ta tes

P o l i c y D e c l a r a t io n s

by

t h e C o n g r e s s

APPENDIX

B:

LEGAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS

1. G e n e r a l

2.

P o s s i b l e P r e c e d e n t s

3. The Law of Space

4.

P o l i t i c a l Imp l i ca t ions

5.

S p ec if ic P r o b l e m s

APPEN DIX C: TECHNICAL SERVICES SUP POR T

CAPABILITIES

R e sou rce s and C apab il i t i es

A. Ordnance

B.

E n g i n e e r

C

Signa l

D. Ar m y Medica l Ser v ic e

E. Q u a r t e r m a s t e r

F. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

G. C h e m i c a l

H. Conclus ions

6 3

6 3

6 5

7 3

7 3

7 4

76

79

8 1

89

90

90

92

98

105

108

112

115

118

iv


12/121

LIST

OF

FIGURES, TABLES, AND

CHARTS

FIGURE

PAGE

I- 1

HORIZON Outpost in L ate 1965

11

I-

2

C r o s s S e c ti o n

of

T yp ica l O u tpost C om par tm en t s 13

I-

3 Ove ra l l V iew of In i t ia l Cons t ruc t ion Ca m p 1 3 .

I-

4

Layout of Ba si c 12-Man Outpost 14

I- 5 Typica l Lunar Su i t 1 6

I- 6

Ear th-Mo on Transpor ta t ion Scheme s 18

I- 7

Two-Man Round T ri p to Lun ar Surf ace 19

I-

8 SATURN

I

21

I- 9

SATURN I , Stages 1 through

3

23

1-10 SATURN

I1

25

1-11 SATURN 11, St ag es 1 thr ou gh

4

27

I - 12 E qua to r i a l E a r th O rb i t

31

I-

13 Luna r Landing Vehicle

34

I-

14

Orbita l Return Veh ic le 34

I- 15

Pr o j ec t HORIZON Perso nne l Space Transp or ta t i on

R e

qui

r

e

m

e nt

s

36

I- 1 6

Project HORIZON Vehicle Requirements and Launching

Schedule

37

I- 17

E a r th C omplex and L una rcom L inks

38

1-18

Typical Trac king and Lun arcom Site 38


13/121

1-19

,

Lunar

Communicat ion Net

1-20 T e r r e s t r i a l Launch Site

1-21

O r g an i za t io n f o r R e s e a r c h

and

Development

1-22

1-23 View of Fl igh t S imula tor

1-24

P r o je c t O rgan iza t ion

1-25 Q u a r t e r m a s t e r C o r ps

1-26

Cr'oss

Sec t ion Through Main Fac i l i t y

LERUT

FY 1958 R and E QM Contrac ts

1-27 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o r p s R e s o u r ce s

1-28 R es ea r ch and D eve lopmen t F und ing P r og ram

T A B L E

I- 1

A r m y O r dn a n ce R e s e r v e s

I-2

I- 3

Per son ne l and Phys ica l Data (USAERDL)

Personne l and Phys ica l Data ( W E S )

I

4

Personne l and Phys ica l Data (ANPP)

I- 5

P e r s o n n e l and Physical Data

( S I P R E )

I- 6 Co rp s of Engineer s Out of H o u s e Support

CHART

1 Analys is

of

USASRDL Civilian Personnel

2 USASRDL In House Skills and Resources

3 USASRDL Contractual Program ( R & D and PEMA)

4

USASRDL Out of House Skills and R esou rce s

40

41

45

46

47

57

110

1 1 1

113

114

9 1

195

9 5

9 6

96

9 7

9 9

100

102

103


14/121

(S)

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. GENERAL '.

HOFUZON i s the pr oj ec t whose objectiv e

i s

t he e s t a b l i s hm e n t

of

a

lu na r outpos t by the United Sta t es .

d a t e d 20 Ma r c h 1 9 5 9 , f r o m the Chief of R & D , Depar tm ent of the Army ,

to th e Chief of Ordnance.

s tudy w a s subsequent ly a s s ig ned to the Commanding Genera l , Ar m y

Ordn ance Miss i l e Command.

Elements of

all

T e c hn ic a l Se r v i c e s of the

A rm y pa r t i c ipa ted in the inves t iga t ion.

bi l i ty s tudy which inves t ig a tes the methods and m ea ns of acco mp lis hin g.

th i s ob jec tive and the purposes

i t

wi l l s e r v e . It a l s o c ons i de r s t he sub-

s

tan t ia l p o l i t i ca l ,

sc ient i f ic and secu r i ty impl ica t ion s which the prompt

est ab lis hm en t of a luna r ou tpos t w i l l have for the United Sta tes .

This s tudy was d i rec ted by le t t e r

Respons ib i l ity fo r the prepa ra t ion

of

the

T h i s r e p o r t

is

a l i m i t e d feas i -

B.

JUSTIFICATION

1. The Broad Requi rement

T he US nat ional pol icy on sp ac e inc ludes the objec t ive

of

develop-

ing and exploit ing this Nat ion 's spa ce capabi li ty as ne ce ss ar y to achieve

na t ional po l i t i ca l , s c ien t i f i c , and secur i ty ob jec t ives . The e s tab l i sh-

m e n t of a manned outpost in the lunar environment w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e

United S ta te s l eade rsh ip in spa ce ,

fur t he r explora t ions and ope ra t ions on the luna r su r fa ce a s w e ll a s a

suppor t ing capabi l i ty for other US opera t ions in space ,

I t

wi l l

a l so provide a b a s i s f o r

2.

Pu rp os e of the Luna r Outpost

The es tabl ishmen t of a manned U S outpost on the moon wi l l :

Demons t ra te the Uni ted S ta te s sc ien t i f i c l eade rsh ip in ou te r

s pa c e .

Suppor t sc ient i f ic explora t ions and inves t iga t ions .

Extend and improve space reconna is sance and surve i l l an ce

capabi l i t i e s and cont ro l

of

s pa c e .

Extend and impro ve communica t ions and serv e

as

a communica-

t ions re lay s ta t ion .


15/121

P r o v i d e a b a s i c a n d s up p or ti ng r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y for s p a c e

r e s e a r c h a nd de ve l opm en t a c ti v it y .

Develop a s t a b l e , l ow - g r av i t y out post f o r u s e as a

launch

s i t e

for deep sp ace explorat ion .

P r o v i d r an oppor tunity

for

sc ient i f ic explora t ion an d develop-

m e n t

of

a s pac e mapping and survey sys tem .

P r ov i d e e m e r ge nc y st ag ing a r e a s , r e s c ue c a pab i l i ty or

naviga t ional a i d fo r o ther spa ce act ivity' .

3 . A

Real is t ic Objec t ive

Advances in propuls ion , e lec t ronic s , spa ce medic ine and o the r

7 y 7

as tro .qautica1 sc iences a r e t ak ing p lace a t

an

explos ive ra te .

r e ce n tl y a s

9,

he

f i r s t

penetra t ion of space

w a s

a c c o m p l i s h e d b y

the U S when a tw o-s tag e V - 2 rocke t r eached the then unbe l ievable

a l t i t ude of 250 m i l e s .

In

1957,

the Soviet Union pla ced the f irst m a n

m ad e sa te l l i t e in orb i t . S ince ea r ly 1958, when the f i r s t

US

e a r t h

sa te l l i t e was l aunched , bo th the

U S

and USSR have l aun ched addi t iona l

s a t e l l i t e s , m oon p r obe s , a nd s uc c es s f u ll y r e c o ve r e d a n i m a l s s e n t in t o

s p a c e i n m i s s i l e s .

s p a c e p r o b e s by the U S and the USSR, with the U S planning to place the

f i r s t man

into spa ce with a

REDSTONE

m i s s i l e , f o ll ow ed i n

1961

with the

first m a n i n o r b i t .

in space be fore we

do.

ba b l y

w i l l

be acco mp lish ed by 1964 by both the Un i ted Sta tes and

the

USSR.

t he f i r s t U S manned luna r l anding could be accom pl i shed by 1965.

i t a ppe a r s t ha t t he e s t a b l is hm e n t of a n

outpost

on the moon s

a

c a p -

abi l i ty which can be accomplished.

A s

In 1960, and the reaf t e r , th ere

wi l l

b e

other

de e p

However , the Sovie ts could very wel l plac e a man

In addi tion , ins t rum ented luna r l andings pro-

As will be indica ted in the technical d iscu ss io ns of t h i s r e po r t ,

Thus ,

4 .

Scient if ic Impl ica t ions

A weal th of .scientif ic data can be obtained from e xpe r i m e n t s c on -

ducted a t a lu nar outpos t ,

g e n e r a t e many new an d unique appl ica t ions as m a n ' s a c t ual a r r i va l on

t he m oon d r a w s ne a r e r r e a li t y . The

v e r y

a bs e nc e

of

knowledge

about

.

t he m oon a nd ou t er s pa c e is sc ienti f ic jue t if ica tione to a t te mp t to br eac h

this void

of

human unders tanding,

Without doubt, the sc ien t i f i c communi ty wi l l

2


16/121

I t i s to b e expec ted tha t c iv i lian e f for t s to advance science. for

t he s ake

of

sc i ence w i ll pa ra l le l t he mi l i t a ry e f fo r t s ,

expected that the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tra t ion w i l l

t r ea t those sub jec ts in g rea te r de ta i l than is e i the r pos s ib l e o r

des i rab l e in th is s tudy , and that such ac t ion wi l l fu r ther s t reng then

the r equ i r rmen t fo r e a r l i e s t pos s ib l e e s t ab l i shmen t

of

an ex t r a-

t e r r e s t r i a l ou tpos t .

It i s a l s o

5,

Political

Implicat ions

Th e po li t ica l impl ica t ions of our fa i lu r e to be

f i r s t

in space

a r e a ma t t e r of publ ic r eco rd .

on United States scient if ic and poli t ical lead ersh ip.

To

som e ex ten t

we have reco vere d the loss . However, once having been second best

in the eye s of the worl d ' s populat ion, we a r e not

now

n a position to

af ford be ing second on any o ther majo r s tep in sp ace . However, the

poli t ical implicat ions of being second in space act ivi t ies accomplished

to da te have no t been near ly as se r i ous a s those which cou ld resu l t f r o m

fa i lu re to be the f i r s t in establ ishing a manned lunar outpost.

Th is fa i lu re has re f lec ted adverse ly

T he r e su l t s of f a i lu re to f i r s t pl ace man on an ex t r a - t e r r e s t r i a l

b a s e w i l l ra is e g rave po l it ical ques tions and a t the s ame t ime lower U S

prest ige and inf luence.

intent ion that some of i t s c i t izens

w i l l

ce le bra t e the 50 th ann iver sa ry

of the October Revolution (1967) on the moon.

community ag re es that the Soviet Union may accom plish a manned lunar

landing a t any t im e af ter 1965.

not diff icul t to visua l ize a l l mann er of pol i t ical and legal implicat ions

which the Soviet Union might postulate

a s

a re su lt of such

a

succes s fu l

accompl ishment nor the mi l i t a ry advantages i t migh t achieve thereby .

The Soviet Union has announced openly its

The U S intelligence

Judging f r om pas t expe r i enc e l i t i s

.

6 . Securi ty Implicat ions

The extent to which fut ure operat ions might be conducted in

spa ce, to include the land ma ss of the moon

or

perhaps other planets ,

is of such a magnitude a s to a lm os t defy the imaginat ion.

Congre ssional and mil i tary examinat ion of the problem, i t

is

genera l ly

ag re ed tha t t he in t e r ac t ions of spac e and t e r r e s t r i a l w a r a r e so g r e a t

a s

to genera te radigal l y new concepts .

Ln

both

Admittedly, the sec uri ty significan ce of the moon, per s e , i n

the context of o ffensive and defensive operat io ns, is

a

m a t t e r for con-

j ec tu re a t th is t ime .

From the viewpoint

of

na t iona l secur i ty , the


17/121

p r i m a r y i m p l i ca t i on s

of

the feasibi l i ty of es tab l ishing

a lunar

outpost

is the imp or t an ce of be ing

f i r s t .

posi t ion

to

ex er ci se an option between peaceful and mil i ta ry app l ica t ions

u n l e ss w e a r e f ir s t .

In s h o r t ,

the es tab l i shment of the initial lunar

outpos t i s the f i rs t def in it ive s tep in exerc is ing o ur op t ions .

C lea r ly the U S would not be in

a

7.

S u m m a r y

Unques tionab ly , ther e a r e o ther app l ica t ions of spa ce ( i . e.

r econna isance , meteoro logy , communica t ions) which wi l l pe rm i t an

ea r l ie r a t ta inm ent of meaningfu l accom pl ishm ents and demon s t ra te US

in te re s t in space . Ind iv idua lly , however , th ese accom pl ishm ents wi l l

no t have

the

s am e pol i ti c al impac t that a manned lunar outpos t cou ld

have on the world .

subjec t , wo rld opinion may view the other applicat ions

s imi lar

to act ion

on the high se as , but wil l view the establ ishm ent of a f i r s t lun ar outpost

a s s imi lar t o p rop r i e t a ry r igh t s de rived f r om f i r s t occupancy.

C o n g r e s s has noted , we a r e caught in a s t r e a m in which we have no

choice bu t to p roceed .

w h ich w e exe rc i s e ou r cu r r en t op t ions ,

i m m e d i a t e c a s e .

such

as

fu r t her in te rp lane ta ry exp lorat ion .

In the still vague body of fact and thought bn the

As the

O u r success depends on the dec is i veness with

I t is t he b a s i s f o r o t he r m o r e f a r - r e a c h i n g a c ti o ns ,

The luna r ou tpos t is

the

m o s t

C CONCLUSIONS

Fo ur ma jor conc lus ions sum ma r ize the mo r e de tai led deduc t ions

w h ich may be d raw n f rom the en t i r e r epo r t :

1. Pol i t ic a l , sc ien t i f ic , and secur i ty cons ide ra t ions ind ica te tha t

i t

is

im pera t ive fo r the Uni ted S ta tes to es tab l i sh a lunar ou tpos t a t

the e a r l i e s t p r ac t i c ab le da te .

2.

P r o j e c t HORIZON r ep re sen t s t he e a r l i e s t f e a s ib l e capab il i ty

for t he U. S. to establ ish a lunar outpost . By i t s implementat ion, the

United

States

can es tab l i sh an opera t ions lunar ou tpos t by la te 1 9 6 6 , with

the in i t ia l man ned landings to have taken place i n the Spr ing of 1965.

3 .

The impo r tance of an ear ly dec is ion to p roceed wi th the p rog ram ,

coupled with adequate funding, m us t be c l ear ly understood.

de lay

w i l l

have two inescapable resul ts :

Inord ina te

a.

The prog ram 's u l t imate accom pl ishment wi ll be de layed ,

thus f orfeitin g t he change of defeating the USSR in a ra ce which i s

a l re ady openly recognized a s such throughout the world.

4


18/121

b.

Delayed ini t ia t ion , fol lowed la te r by

a

c r a s h p r o g r am ,

which would l ikely be pre cipi ta t ed by evidence of substant ia l Soviet

p r o g r e s s i n

a

lunar ou tpos t p ro gram , wi l l no t on ly lose the advantage

.of t imel i r .'ss, but a ls o wil l inevitably involve s ignif icant ly high er c o s t s

an d low er r e l i ab i l i ty .

re qu i r e ver y subs tan t ia l funding whether i t i s under taken now or ten

y e a r s h en ce .

fu ture which wil l provide order

of

magnitude type p r ice reduc t ions ,

The establ i shm ent of a

U.

S. lunar outpost will

T he re a r e no deve lopment s p ro jec t ed fo r t he p red ic t ab lp

4 . The U.

S .

Ar my po ss es se s the capabil i ty of making s ignif icant

contr ibut ions in all asp ec ts of such

a

p r o g r a m .

D.

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT

OF THE REPORT

The P ro je ct HORIZON re po rt ha s been divided into two volumes

which

a r e

en t i t led a s fo llows:

Volume

I

Volume I1

-

Technical Considerat ions and Plans

- Sum ma ry and Support ing Considerat ions

Volume

I

i s , a s ind ica ted , a document which gives a sho r t sum ma ry

of the other volume,

a

discu ssion of non-technical con siderat ions, and

a r e sum e of the r e so u rce s and f ac i l i t i e s

of

the Army Technical

Serv ices which can lend suppor t to

this

p r o g r a m .

Volume I1 i s a technical investigation

of

the problem.

I t includes

prac t ica l p re l im inar y concep ts fo r a l l e lements of the p ro gram and , in

m a n y c a s e s , r e l a t e s a c t u a l h a r d w a re a v ai la bl e f r o m c u r r e n t p r o g r a m s

to the solution

of

spec i f ic p rob lems.

It

includes a broa d development

approach and a funding breakout by f iscal year .

personne l and t ra in ing requ i rements

for

a l l s egmen t s

of

the opera t ion

toge ther w i t h the policy of the

U S

with res pe ct to space and the leg al

impli cat ion of a lun ar outpost . This volume was prepa red by a unique

working group, comprized of

a

spec ia l segment

of

t he F u t u r e P r o j e c t s

Desig n Branch of the Ar m y Ball is t ic Mis si le Agency (ABMA), which was

augm ented by highly qual if ied rep rese nta t ive s of each of the se ve n

Technica l Serv ices of the Army.

sele cted for the specif ic task and, during the co ur se of the s tudy, be -

c a m e r e si d en t m e m b e r s of the aforementioned

ABMA

group,

r e s iden t r ep re sen ta t ive s of he Technical Serv ice s were sup ported by

the i r r e spec t ive s e rv ice s wi th a group of the highest cal ibe r spe cia l is t s

A l s o i nc luded a r e

T hese r ep re sen ta t ive s w e re ca re fu l ly

The

5


19/121

who w er e ma de ava i lab le exc lus ive ly to suppor t the pro jec t . Thus ,

i t

is

be l ieved tha t the depth of expe r ience , knowledge, and judgement

b r ou gh t to be a r on t he p r ob l e m by

this

gr oup

is

c o m m e n s u r a t e

with

the t a s k of accompl i sh ing the rep or t ob jec tives .

Throughout the prep a ra t ion of t he e n t i r e r e p o r t , a nd e s pe c i a l l y

wi th in th i s t echnica l vo lume , the guid ing phi losophy has b een one of

e n li gh te ned c on s e r v a t i s m of t echnica l appro ach . Br ie f ly s ta te d , th i s

ph i lo s ophy d i c ta t e s t ha t one m us t v i go r ousl y pu r s ue r e s e a r c h t o

"advance the s ta te -of - the -a rt " , bu t tha t pa ramo unt to suc cess fu l major

s y s t e m s d e s i g n

i s

a conse rva t ive approa ch which requ i re s tha t no i t em

b e mo r e "advanced" than requ i red to do the job .

uns oph i s ti c a te d s uc c e s s is of va s t l y g r e a t e r i m por t a nc e than

a

s e r i e s .

of advanced an d h ighly sophis ti ca ted fa i l u r e s tha t " a lm os t worked . ( 1

Es tab l i s hed enginee r ing pr inc ip le s , us ed in conjunct ion wi th the be s t

a va i l a b l e des i gn pa r a m e t e r s , ha ve be e n a pp li e d th r oughou t i n o r de r t o

r e m o v e

the

e l e m e n t s of sc ience f ic t ion and un rea l i s t i c p lanning.

I t r ecognizes

that

an

6


20/121

(S) CHAPTER 11: TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PLANS

A.

OBJEC TIVE S AND SCOP E O F

THE

STUDY

Th is p: -t of the study pre sen ts applica ble technic al inform ation

which sub stan t ia t es the feasibi l i ty of the expedited estab l ishme nt of a

lunar ou tpos t, and i t r e l a t e s U. S. capabil i t ies and developments to

the accom pl ishm ent of the t a s k

cove r ing the de s ign c r i t e r i a and r equ i r emen t s fo r all m a j o r e l e m e n ts

of

the p rog ram inc lud ing the lunar ou tpost , the ea r th - lunar t ran spor -

ta t ion sys tem

,

the nec ess ary communica t ions sys tem s and the cons id-

e ra b le e a r t h suppo r t fac i l i t ies and the i r opera tion .

a s sumpt ions conce rn ing de s ign pa ra me t e r s fo r t h i s p rog ram a re

rea l i s t ic ye t conserva t ive .

the scope and magnitude of other U. S . programs which wi l l suppor t

HORIZON a r e reasonable and in l ine wi th cu r r en t and pro jec ted

p r o g r a m s .

It is comprehens ive in i t s s cope ,

The technical

L ikewise , the assum pt ions which concern

B. RESUME O F

THE

TECHNICAL PROGRAM

T he bas i c c a r r i e r veh ic l es fo r P ro jec t HORIZON will be the

The

SATURN I and 11.

a n ARPA or d er , wil l be ful ly operat ional by October 1963.

SATURN

11,

which i s a n outgrowth of the SATURN

I

program, cou ld

'

be developed during the period 1962-1964.

The SATURN

I1

will u t i l ize

impro ved engines in the booster and oxygen/hydrogen engines in

all

of i ts upper s tages.

The SATURN

I ,

curr ent l y being developed under

By the end of 1964, a tot al of 72 SATURN veh icle s should hav e

been launched in U. S. pr og ra m s, of which 40 ar e expected to con-

tr ibute to the accomplishment of HORIZON. Car go del ivery to the

moon begins in Jan ua ry 1965. The f i rs t manned lsnding

by

two men

will be ma de in Ap ril 1965. The buildup and constru ction p hase will

be continued without in ter ruption unti l the outpost is ready fo r bene-

ficial occupancy and is manned by

a

ta sk fo rc e of

12

men i n November

1966.

This bu ildup progra m requ i res

6 1

SATURN

I

and

88

SATURN I1

launchings through November 1966, the av era ge launching ra te being

5. 3 per month.

carg o wi l l be t rans por t ed to the moon,

Dur ing th is per iod so me

490,000

pounds of useful

7


21/121

D ur ing

the

f i r s t ope ra t iona l yea r of the

lunar

o u t po s t, D e c e m b e r

1966 hrough

1967 ,

a t o t a l of

64

launch ings have been scheduled ,

T h e s e w i l l

result

i n

an

addit ional

266,000

pounds of use ful c a r g o on

the

$noon.

'

T he to t a l dos t of t he e igh t and one-hal f yea r p rog ra m p r e se n te d

in

t h i s s tudy

i s

e s t i m a t e d t o be

six

b i l l i on do l l a r s .

o f approx imate ly

$700

mil l ion pe r yea r .

a p p r a i s a l a n d , w h i le p r e li m i n a r y , t he y r e p r e s e n t th e b e s t e s t i m a t e s

of

expe r i ence d , non -commerc ia l , agen c ie s of t he gove rnmen t . S ub -

stantial funding

is

unden iab ly r equ i r ed fo r t he e s t ab l i shm en t of a

U.

S.

lunar

ou tpos t ; how eve r , t he imp l ica t ions of t he fu t u re im po r -

t a n c e

of

su ch an ope ra t ion should be com pared to the f ac t that t h e

a v e r a g e a n n u a l fu nd in g r e q u i r e d f o r P r o j e c t

HORIZON

w ould be l e s s

than tw o pe r cen t

of

the c ur re n t annua l defense budget .

T h i s

is

a n a v e ra g e

T h e s e f i g u r e s

a r e a

va l id

G. OUTPOST

T he lun a r ou tpos t p roposed fo r P ro je c t

HORIZON s a

p e r m a n e n t

fac i l i ty capa b le of suppor t ing

a

complem ent of 12 me n engaged in a

continu ing opera t ion . The des ig n of the ou tpos t ins ta l la t ion he re in

i s

based on r ea l i s t i c r e qu i r emen t s and capab i l i t i e s , and

is

n o t a n

a t t e m p t t o p r o j e c t

s o f a r

into the fu ture as to lo s e r ea l i t y .

h a s b e e n

a

funct iona l and r e l i ab le app roac h upon w h ich m en c an s t ake

th ei r l iv es with confidence of surv ival .

T h e r e s u l t

1 . Locat ion

The exac t loca t ion

of

the outpost s i te cannot be de te r mi ned

until an exp lo ra to ry p robe and mapp ing p ro g ram has be en comple ted .

H o w e v e r ,

for

a number

of

t e chn ical r e a son s , such

a s

t e m p e r a t u r e

and rocke t veh ic l e ene rgy r equ i r em en t s , t he a r e a bounded

by

i-0°.

l a t i t ude / long i tude of the opt ica l cen te r of the moon se em s favorab le .

Wi thin th i s a r e a , t h r ee pa r t i cu la r s i t e s have been chosen w h ich appea r

to m ee t the m or e de ta i l ed r equ i r emen t s of l and ing space , su r f ac e

cond i t ions , co mmu n ica t ions , and p rox imi ty to va r i ed lun a r " t e r r a in . ''

A

r a t h e r e x t en s i ve l u n a r m ap pi ng p r o g r a m i s a l r e a d y u n d er w ay

i n o r d e r t o

sa t i s fy

ex i s t ing r equ i r em en t s in A s t ro -G eodesy .

a

sc a l e of 1 :5 ,0 00 ,00 0 and 1 : 1 ,000 ,000 a r e p lanned' fo r comple t ion

by Dec em ber 1960 and August 1962, res pec t iv ely .

mapping wi l l th en be under taken

f o r

s e v e r a l s p e ci f ic s i t e s e l e c t io n s ,

Maps to

L a r g e r s c a l e

8


22/121

2.. Des ign Cr i t e r ia

The de si gn of the

lunar

outpos t fac i l i t ies wi l l , of co ur se , be

dom inat eh 'b y the inf luence of two fac to rs - the luna r envi ronment and

the sp ace t r anspor ta t ion sys t em capabi li t i es .

A

few of

the

m o r e

pro-

n o un ce d p r ; m a r y l u n a r e n v i r on m e nt a l p a r a m e t e r s a r e l i s t e d

below:

a. E s s e n t i a l l y no a tmosphe re .

b.

Sur face grav i ty approxima te ly 1 6 e a r t h gravity.

c.

Radius of approximate ly 1000 m i l e s is about 1 / 4 tha t of

ea r th .

' (This

r e s u l t s i n

a

s ignif icant shor tening

of

the hor izon

as

c o m p a r e d

to

ear th. )

d. Sur face t em pera ture va r ia t ions between

a

lun a r day and

night of

t

248'

F

o -202' F.

e.

Ma xim um s ubs u r f a c e t e m pe r a t u r e a t e qua t o r is -40°F.

These and many o the r unfami l iar envi ronmenta l condit ions requ i re

tha t ev e ry s ing le i t em which i s to be p laced on the lun a r sur face have

a des i gn which i s compat ible wi th thes e phenomena. How ever , a

ca re fu l de te rmina t ion has been made of man ' s r eq ui remen ts to l ive

in th i s envi ronm ent , and i t appea rs tha t the re i s

no

a r e a which cannot

be adequate ly solved within the read i ly ava i lable s ta te -of- the-ar t .

3.

Outpost Fac i l i t ies and Their Ins ta l la t ion

The f i r s t two me n wil l a r r i v e on the luna r s ur face in Apr i l

They wil l be guided to an a r e a in which the ca rg o bui ldup for

965.

fu ture cons t ruc t ion has a l rea dy begun.

have an immedia te r e tu rn- to-ea r th capabil i ty ; however , i t i s in tended

t ha t t hey r e m a i n in the a r ea unti l a f t e r the a r r iv a l of the advance

p a r t y

of

the cons truc t ion crew.

the cabin of the i r lunar vehic le which w i l l be provided wi th nec ess a ry

l i f e e s sen t ia l s and power suppl ie s .

be augm ented by suppor t f rom ca rg o prev ious ly and subsequent ly

de l ive red to the s i t e by o the r vehic les .

Their landing vehic le wi l l

During the i r s t a y , they wi l l l ive in

F o r

a n

extended stay, these will

The mia sio n of the or igin al two me n will be pr im ar i ly one of

ve r i f i ca t ion of previous unmanned environmenta l inves t iga t ions and

conf i rm at ion of the s i te se lec t ion and cargo de l ivery,

9


23/121

F i g u r e I- 1 s h ow s t h e

HORIZON

outpost a6 it would appea r in

la t e 1965, a f te r about s ix months of co ns t ruc t ion e ffor t .

bu i ld ing b lock fo r the ou tpos t wi ll be cy l indr ica l m e ta l t anks

ten

f e e t

in d i am e te r and 20 fee t in l ength.

in

Fig. 1-2.

)

The bu r ied cy l indr ica l tanks a t the l e f t - ce n te r of Fig.

1-1

c ons t it u t e t he l iv i ng qu a r t e r s

of

the

initial

c o n s t ru c t i o n c r e w

of

nine m en who wil l a r r iv e in Ju ly 1965. (De ta il s in Fig.

1-3.

) During

the cons t ruc t ion pe r iod , th i s force wi ll be gradua lly augmented unt il

a f ina l complement of 12 me n i s r eached . The cons t ruc t ion camp

is a

minim um fac i l i ty and wi l l be mad e ope ra t iona l w i th in 15 days

a f t e r the beginning

of

ac t ive work a t the outpos t s i te . Two nu clea r

r e a c t o r s a r e l oc a t e d i n ho l es a s s how n i n the le f t po rt i on

of

Fig.

1-1.

T he s e p r ov i de powe r f o r t he ope r a ti on of t he p r e l i m i na r y qu a r t e r s

and for the eq uipm ent use d in the cons truc t ion of the pe rm an en t fac i l ity .

T he m a i n qua r t e r s a nd s uppor t ing f a c il i t ie s a r e s how n being a s s e m b l e d

in the open excava t ion to the r ight-center of the f igure .

wi ll a l so u l t ima te ly be cove r ed wi th luna r m a te r ia l .

a nd p r opel l a n t c on t a i ne r s ha ve be e n a s s e m bl e d a nd a r e bei ng us e d f o r

s t o r a g e

of

bulk suppl ie s , weapons ,

a nd l i f e e s s e n t i a l s s u c h

a s

insula ted

oxygenln i t rogen tanks .

i s a construc t io n vehic le fo r l i f t ing, digging,scraping, e tc . , the other

is

a

t r a ns po r t ve h ic l e f o r m o r e e x te nde d d i st a nce t r i p s ne e de d f o r

haul ing , r econn a is sance , r e s cu e , and the l ike . In the l e f t background,

a

lunar Landing vehicle is sett l ing on the surface.

bo l ic a n te nna ha s be e n e r e c t e d ne a r t he m a i n q ua r t e r s t o p r ov i de

commun ica t ions wi th ea r th .

T he ba s i c

(De ta i l s

of

typica l tanks are shown

-These cy l inde rs

E m p t y c a r g o

Two typical sur f ace vehic le s a r e shown: one

A

l ightweight para-

The bas ic comp le ted outpos t i s shown in Fig.

1-4.

Significant

addi t ions beyond the i t em s i l lus t ra ted in F ig ,

1-1

a r e

two

additional

nuc lea r power suppl ie s , co ld s torage facility, and the c onve r s i on of

the or ig ina l cons t ruc t ion c am p qu a r te r s to a b io- sc ience and phys ica l -

s c i e nc e l a bo r at o r y .

A num be r of f a c t o l s

influenced the dec is ion to loca te the ma in

s t r uc tu re s benea th the sur face .

a t u r e a va i la b le ( a pp r ox i m a t e l y -400F), r o te c ti on f r o m m e t e o r o i ds ,

sec ur i ty , good insu lat ing prop e r t i e s

of

t he l unar m a t e r i a l

,

a nd r a d i a -

t ion protec t ion.

double -wa lled " th e rm os bot t l e type" vacuum tank with

a

spec ia l insu-

la t ing m at er ia l in the s pac e between the wal ls.

main ta ined s im ply by vent ing the tank to the lunar

void.

) Desp i te the

ambient subsur face t empera ture of -40°F, he he a t l o s s e s f r om t he s e

spec ia l t anks wil l be r ema rkab ly low.

Among these were the uni form tem pe r -

Each of the quar te rs and cyl inders wi l l be a spec ia l

(Vacuum i s e a s i l y

Investigations show that the

10


24/121

Fig. 1-1.

HORIZON

Outpost in Late 1965


25/121

Fig.

1-2. C r o s s

Section

of

Typica l Outpost C ompar tm ents

AIR

LOCK

8

LIVING

QUARTERS

G R A M I C S U L E IN

F L E T

3

SECTION

A.A

SECTION B 4

Fig. 1-3. Ov er al l View of In i t ial Cons t ruc tion Cam p

13


26/121

BASIC OUTPOST

1

* C Y

I

AIR

LOCK n

u

ITY

ROOM

2 L lV lWO OUART ERI

k YEN

3 L lV lNO OUARTERS

k

YEW

4

DININO B

R E C R E A T I O N ROOM

S8 PROJECT

O F F I C F

k

Y E O l C U . W S P I T A L

SA

SIQUAL

n

COYYVUCATION

I

AIR

L O C X

n A a L v T t o N noon

a AIR

LOCU a UTILITY

ROOM

010. SCIENCE LAB.

I O PHYSICAL SCICWCC LAO.

I I

SPECIAL

lTORAQC,EX?LOSIVEk,

I I CHEMICAL STORAOE

I S C IE Y IC A L

STORAOE

I 4

R E E f E R

16

FU?URE CLOSE0 CYCLE 1 Y S f C Y

I O WASTE STORAOE

ITA

@ O K W \

0 I O N W ) I

__-

Fig. 1-4. Layout of Ba sic 12-Man Outpost

inc identa l hea t g iven off by an adequa te in te rna l l igh t ing sys tem wi l l

nomina l ly supply e s sen t ia l ly a l l o f the hea t r equ i red to ma in ta in com-

f o r t a b l e l l r o o m l ' t e m p e r a t u r e i n t he ou t pos t qua r t e r s .

A su i tab le a t mo sph e re wi l l be provided wi th in the qua r te r s .

The bas ic gas supply wi l l s t em f ro m spec ia l insu la ted tanks containing

l iquid oxygen o r ni t rogen.

f o r i n i t i a l p r e s s u r i z a t i on a nd r e p la c e m e n t of l ea ka ge l o s s e s ; w he r e a s ,

the oxygen i s , of c o u r s e ,

continuously us ed to supply bodi ly needs .

However , the weights and volumes of both gases

a r e

qui te r easonable

and pre se nt s no unusual problem of supply.

tu re wi l l be cont ro lled in i t i a l ly by a so l id chemica l absorb ent and

dehumidif ie r . Such a s c he m e r e qu i r e s c ons i de ra b l e a m oun t s of m a t -

e r i a l ;

t h e r e f o r e , a ca rbo n d ioxide f reez e -out sys t em wi l l be ins ta l l ed

l a t e r .

The ni t rogen supply needs only to provide

Carbon dioxide and mois-

4. Pe r s on ne l E qu i pm e n t

F o r s us t ai ne d ope ra t ion

on

the lun ar s urf ace a body confor-

mat ion sui t having a subs tan t ia l ou te r me ta l sur face is cons ide red a

ne c e s s i t y f o r s e ve r a l r e a s ons : ( 1 ) unc er t ai n ty t hat f a b r i c s a nd e l a st o -

m e r s can sus ta in suf f ic ien t p re ss ur e d i f fe ren t ia l w i thout unacceptab le

leakag e ; (2) me teo ro id pro tect ion ; ( 3 ) provides a highly re f lec t ive surface;

_______._----

. -

4


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(4)

durabi l i ty

aga in st ab ra s iv e lunar s u r f a c e ;

(5)

c leans ing and

ter i l izat ion.

i o r s u c h a suit.

d e x t er i t y a r e s e v e r e p r o b l e m s i n s u i t d e s i gn , the ea r th w e ight

of

t he suit ca n be a l lowed to be re la t i vely substant ia l .

if

a

ma n

..nd his lun ar su it weigh 300 pounds o n ea r th , they wi l l

only weigh 50 pounds on the moon.

F i g u r e 1-5 shows a cutaway an d "buttoned up" concept

It should be born e in mind tha t whi le movement

and

F o r example,

A comprehens ive p rogram wi l l be under taken to p rov ide sp e-

cial hand too ls , load-handling g ear , and din ing equ ipment to me e t

the unusua l requ i rements .

In i t ia l ly ,

all

food wil l

be

pre-cooked;

how-

e v e r , as water suppl ies inc reas e with

t h e

in t roduc t ion of a r ec l a iming

sys tem , dehydrated and f resh- f ro zen foods wi l l be used .

tent ion wil l

be

given to hydroponic c ultu re of sa la ds and the develop-

m e n t of other c losed-cycle food product sys erns .

E a r l y at-

5

E nv i ronmen ta l R esea rch

In o r de r to co r robo ra t e e s sen t i a l env i ronmenta l da t a , a s e r i e s

T h e r e a r e ea r l y da ta r equ i r e -

f unmanned e xperim ents a r e planned.

m e n t s

in

,'the a r e a s of r a di a ti o n, m e t e o r oi d i m p a c t s , t e m p e r a t u r e s ,

magn e t ic f ie ld , su r face condi t ions , ion iza t ion , rad io p ropaga t ion and

biological effects .

D.

SP AC E TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1. Fl ight Mechanics

In choos ing approp r ia te t ra j ec to r ies to use in th is p rog ram ,

one must s t r ike a balance between the low -en ergy paths and the high

ene rgy cu rves .

The low energy tra jec tor ies give the highest payload

ckpabil i ty , bu t a r e sens i t ive to small var ia t ions in the inject ion con-

di t ions and can also lead to unacceptably long t ran s i t t im es ,

h ighe r ene rgy t r a j ec to r i e s a r e f a s t e r and a r e no t a s s ens i ti ve to

deviati ons in the injection conditions, but they re su lt in payload

penalt ies and higher terminal veloci t ies which in t u r n r e q u i r e g r e a t e r

brak ing energy

at

the terminat ion

of

the t r ip .

app ea rs to be a t ra je c tor y which will yield a t r a n s i t t i m e from e a r t h

t o moon of approx imate ly 50 to 60 hours .

The

A good compromise

S eve ra l d i f f er ent t r a j ec to ry echemes will be u sed in P ro jec t

HORIZON. They include tra jec tor ies for t ran si t : ( 1 ) d i r e c t f r o m

the e ar t h to the moon,

(2)

f rom ear t h to a 96-minute (307 nautica1,mile


28/121

.ES

SHELL

./

SEALANT %mg

.

-CUSHIONINQ

Fig.

1-5. Typical

Lunar

Suit


29/121

altitud e) or bi t of the ea rt h,

( 3 ) f r o m this 96-minute e a r t h o r b i t to t he

moon ,

and

4) d i r ec t f ro m the moon to earth. In addi t ion , there are

spec ia l cons ide rat ions fo r t he t e rmi na l phase of e ac h

type

t r a j ec to ry .

F i g u r e 1-6 l l u s t r a t e s the two bas i c s ch em es of t r an spo r t ing

ma n and ca rgo f r om ea r th to the

moon.

T he f i r s t s cheme

(I

above) i s the d i rec t approach , tha t i s , a

vehic le would depar t the ea r th ' s surface and p roce ed

directly

t o the

l una r su r f ace u s ing a re t r o - ro cke t o r landing s tage fo r the f ina l landing

maneuve r . S ince the moon has no app reciab le a tmosphe re , a rocke t

type propuls ion sys tem

wi l l

be re qu ire d for the landing. The second

s c h e m e

( 2

and

3

above) shown i s that for proceeding

f i r s t

in to an e a r t h

orb i t and la t e r depar t ing the o rb i t fo r the f l igh t to the lu nar sur face ,

aga in u s ing

a

land ing s tage . In e i ther schem e, the f l igh t t ime f ro m

the ea r t h o r e a r th o rb i t to the moon wi ll be the sam e.

The d irec t sch eme, which i s the mos t s t ra igh t forwa rd ,

has

two

advantages:

sur f ace to the lunar sur fac e s ince an orb i ta l s topover i s not required.

f i r s t , i t o f fe r s t he sh o r t e s t f li ght t im e f rom the ea r th ' s

In the o rb i ta l sche me, much la r ge r pay loads can be t ranspor t ed

in to o rb i t , a ssuming the veh ic le s ize to be cons tan t , and by accumula t -

ing pay loads in o rb i t , i t i s poss ib le to t ran spo r t a payload to the moo n

on the o rd er of ten t im es (and m or e i f de si red ) the capabili ty of

a

single veh icle f ly ing dir ect l y to the moon.

To i l lus t ra te t h is po int , i t

has

been ass um ed in the s tudy tha t

F i g u r e 1-7 depic ts the veh icu la r requ i re men ts fo r

the. f i r s t men a r r iv ing on the moon w i l l be provided with an immediate

re tu rn capab i li ty.

the tw o schem es .

The direc t approach would r equ ire

a six

stage vehicle with

a

l i f t -

off t h r u s t of 12 million pounds,

a s

compared to

a

two-million-pound

th ru s t veh ic le fo r t hc o rb i t a l s chemes .

payload of two-million-pound thr us t veh icle into orb it , and with additional

veh ic les a s shown, per forming a fue l t ra nsf e r and checkout opera t ion ,

the sa me m issi on, that of t ranspor t ing two men to the moon and

re tu rn ing them to ea r th , could be accomplished.

By placing the upper s tage and

It sho uld be pointed out ,

however , tha t

i f

the United States is

to have a manned lunar outpost by 1 9 6 6 , and a t the sa me t ime prov ide

the f i r s t men a r r iv ing on the moon wi th the d es i r ed re tu rn capab i li ty ,


30/121

.. .. - ..... ... .

-

.- -... ...

_ _

---FLIGHT-

.

PATH.___

Fig. 1-6. E a r th - Moon Transpor ta t ion

Schemes


31/121

UfTOFF

THRUST

12 MILLION

POUNDS

2 M N ROUND

TRIP

TO LUNAR

SURFACE

PROPEL LA NT PAY LOAD

UFTOFF

THRUST

2 MILLION POUNDS,

EACH

Fig. 1-7.

Two

- Man Round

T r ip

to Lunar Sur face


32/121

t he o r b i t a l a pp r o a c h is manda tory , s ince a 12-mi l l ion pound thru s t

ve h i c l e will not be a va i la b l e t o m e e t t he r e qu i r e d s c he du le .

F o r t h e r e t u r n to e a r t h , f r om e i t he r the e a r t h

orb i t

o r t h e l u n a r

surface, a e r odv na m i c b r a k ing

will

be us e d , s i nc e it a l lows s ign i fican t

ove r a l l pa y loa d i nc r e a s e s w hen c om pa r e d t o r oc ke t b r a k i ng ,

ae rody namic bra k ing body used for th i s s tudy i s similar in shap e to a

JUPITER

missi le

nose cone modif ied

by

the addi t ion of movab le d ra g

va ne s at t h e b a s e of the cone.

s h a p e w a s c o n s id e r e d f or u s e f r o m th e l u n a r s u r f a c e t o e a r t h a s was

f o r u s e f r o m the 96-minute orb i t to the ea r t h ' s su r face .

tha t , w i thin acceptab le l im i t s of en t ry angle , t he vehic le can m ak e a

success fu l descent which

is

well w ithin the phys ica l to le ran ces imposed

by man ' s p re sen ce ,an d which can be guided wi th acceptab le accu rac y

f o r f i nal r e c ove r y .

r e c o v e r y of tw o p r i m a t e s a boa r d a nose cone fur t he r subs tan t ia te s the

va l id ity of th i s ap proach to ea r t h re tur n brak ing .

f i r e d to

IRBM

ran ge and , due

t o

t he s t e e p r e - e n t r y a ng l e , t he

de c e l e r a t i v e f o r c e s a s s oc i a t e d w ith t h is ope r a ti on w e r e m a ny t i m e s

gr ea te r than expec ted for pro jec t HORIZON t r a j e c t o r i e s .

T h e

Though the s iz e va r i e s , the same b a s i c

Studie s show

The rece nt su ccess fu l f ligh t and subsequent

T h i s t e s t ve h i c le w a s

2.

Orbi ta l C a r r ie r and Space Vehicle s

Only t wo b a s i c c a r r i e r v eh i cl es a r e r e q u i r e d to c a r r y o ut P r o -

j e c t

HORIZON

- SATURN I and a fur the r development , SATURN 11.

The SATURN

I

vehic le , shown in Fig s . 1-8 and

1 - 9

c o n s i s t s

of

a

c l us t e r e d b oos t e r w it h a l if t-off thrust of 1, 504, 000 pounds, a twin

engine second stage of about

3 6 0 , 0 0 0

pounds of thrust , and a l o x /

hydrogen

( O Z / H 2 )

h i r d s t a ge

of

3 0 , 0 0 0 pounds

of

t h r us t . T he i n i t i a l pe r -

f o r m a n c e

of

t h i s ve h i c l e w i l l enable i t t o p lace 30, 000 pounds of ne t

payload

in

a

96-minute o rb i t and 7 ,

500

pounds of net payload to earth

esca pe ve loc i ty .

e ng i ne s w hi ch a r e a grea t ly s impl i f ied vers ion of the engine us ed in

JUPITER,

THOR, and ATLAS. The second s tage

i s a

modi f ied ve r s ion

of the

TITAN

b o o s t e r .

ve h i c le c u r r e n t l y un de r deve lopme n t by P r a t t & Whitney and Convair .

.

I t wil l be powered by e ight North Am eri can H -1

The th i rd s tage i s a modified CENTAUR

The SATURN

II

vehic le ( Fi gs . 1-10 and 1-11) i s ba s e d

on a

modi f ied

SATURN I

boos te r .

o r i g in a l v e r s i o n wil l be replaced by H-2 engines which wil l u p - r a t e t h e

to ta l th rus t by 1/3 to a s e a le ve l value of 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 00 pounds. The se c-

ond s tage will incorp ora te two 500,000-pound h r u s t

H z / O z

engines ,

a

The Nor th Amer i can

H-

1 en gi ne s of t he

20


33/121

Fig.

1-8.

SATURN I

2 1


34/121

SATURN

304'

I

Fig.

1-10.

SATURN LI

2 5


35/121

First Stage (Boontcr)

Second

Stage Third Stag0

Fig.

1-9 .

SATURN 1, Stages 1

through

3

23


36/121

T -

I

Firs t

Stdge

(Booster)

Second Stage

Third Stage

Four& S a g e

Fig.

1-11.

SATURN

II

Stages

1

through

4

i 27


37/121

Fig. I- 12. E q u a t o r i a l E a r t h O r b i t


38/121

t h i rd s t age wi l l u t i l i ze two 100 ,000-pound th ru s t

Hz/Oz

e n g i n e s , a

f o u r t h s t a g e wil l us e one such engine,

d u c a t e a S ATUR N I1 payload capa bil i ty of 7 0 , 0 0 0 pounds into

a

96-

m i n u t e o r b i t u s i ng t h r e e s t a g e s a n d 2 6 ,7 5 0 p ou nd s t o e a r t h e s c a p e

ve loc i ty us ing fou r s t age s .

p r o v i d e * ' > eat ion a new-opt im um vehic le for the u t i l iza t ion of the

SATURN booster .

a veh ic l e ' i s an expans ion of c u r r e n t h i g h - e ne r g y

0

/H

g r a m s t o i n cl u de d e v el op m e nt of 100

K

and 500 K eng ines .

P r e s e n t f e a si b il i ty s t u d i e s in-

The development of such

a

veh ic l e will

T h e p r i m e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e d e v e l op m e n t of such

engine pro-

2 2

As m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r ,

6 , 0 0 0

pounds of usefu l cargo

can be

so f t - l anded on the moon with the d i r ec t me thod . A s p rese n ted he re in ,

o n l y c a r g o w i ll b e t r a n s p o r t e d in t h i s m a n n e r , a l th o ug h t h e r e

i s a

d i scu ss io n o f how per sonne l could a l s o be t r a nsp or t e d to and f rom t he

moon u ti l iz ing the d i r ec t me thod . The second fo rm o f conveyance

re qu i r e s two s t eps . I n it i a lly the r equ i r ed pay loads , wh ich wi ll cons i s t

of one main lun ar rocke t veh ic l e and se ver a l add i tiona l p rope l l an t

t ankers , wil l b e placed in a 96-minute orb i t of the ear th . At th is t ime ,

t h e p r o p e l l a n ts in o r b i t w i ll b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e m a i n l u n a r r o c k e t

veh ic l e .

F i g u r e 1-12 i s a conceptual v iew of the oper a t ion s in the eq ua-

t o r i a l e a r t h o r b i t.

l a n t

t r a n s f e r a nd i s not a s a s s e m b l y

job.

t h e t h i r d

s t a g e

of a S ATUR N I1 with

a

l u n a r l and ing and r e tu rn ve h ic l e

a t t ached .

combinat ion in to orb i t and has thu s expended i t s pr opel lants .

s t a g e

i s

fueled

i n

orbi t by

a

c re w of approx imate ly t en men a f t e r wh ich

the vehic le then pro ceed s on the moon.

pe r s onne l and approx imate ly 1/3 of the c arg o to the m o o n by the o rb i t a l

me thod .

The opera t ion in orb i t i s princ ipal l y one of prope l-

The veh ic l e be ing fue led i s

T h e

t h i rd s t age of t h e

SATURN

I1 w a s used in b r ing ing the

T h i s

I t i s p lanned to send a l l

U s i n g

th is o rb i ta l sy st em , indiv idual payloads of 4 8 , 0 0 0 pounds

.

ma y be sof t - landed on the moon.

This value i s especia l ly s igni f icant ,

s i n c e i t r e p r e s e n t s t he a p p r o x i m a t e m i n i m u m w e ig h t r e q u i r e d f o r

a

c o m p l e t e e a r t h r e t u r n v e h i c le , w h ic h i s a lr e a d y a s s e m b l e d a nd l o a d e d

wi th propel lants and i s capab le of r e tu rn ing sev era l men . Thus , i n

o r d e r t o p r o v i de a p r e a s s e m b l e d r e t u r n v e h ic l e on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e

dur ing the t ime f r a m e u n de r c o n s i d e r a t io n , i t

i s

manda to ry to go

t h r ou g h a n i n it ia l e a r t h o r b i t .

i nd iv idual payload capab i l i ty , t he o rb i t a l t r ansp or t a t i on sys t e m o f f e r s

o the r impor t an t advan tages .

f i r ing s to de live r the same amoun t of payload to the moo n is l e s s and

In

addit ion to providing a l a r g e

Among these a r e tha t t he to t a l numbe r of

2 9


39/121

Fig.

I-13.

Lunar Landing Vehicle

F i g

T

. I- 14.

Orbital R e t u r n V e h i c l e


40/121

payloads m ay be f i red fo r o rb i ta l rendezvous a t any g iven p a s s e v e r y d a y

of

the month.

which a r e assoc ia ted with the res t r ic ted f i r ing t i m es of d i re c t f l igh ts .

This a l lev ia tes the launch s i t e schedul ing prob lems

T he re a r e two ve r s ions of t he luna r l anding veh ic le .

type

will

be u sed fo r d i r ec t t r i p s f ro m ea r th to the luna r su r f ac e .

veh ic l e ha s

a

gr os s weight of 2 6 ,7 5 0 pounds and will sof t land so me

6 , 0 0 0 pounds of payload. The second vehi cle w i l l be u sed fo r f l i gh t s

v ia o rb i t .

It will have a gr o s s weight of 140, 000 pounds which gives

i t

a

capability of soft landing approximately 48 , 000 pounds of payload

on the moon.

men t s to accompl i sh d if f e ren t mis s ion r equ i r emen t s .

T he luna r l and ing

vehic le shown in Fig.

1-13

h a s a n e a r t h r e t u r n v e h ic l e

a s a

payload.

F o r s u c h r e t u r n ve h ic l e pa y lo a ds , t h e s t r u c t u r e of the expended brak i ng

s tage

w i l l

s e r v e a s a launching pla tf or m when it i s time to beg in

the

r e t u r n j o u r n e y t o e a r t h ,

T h e

f i r s t

T h i s

Eac h type of vehicle wil l have su i tab le pay load compar t -

To

sus ta in the o rb i t a l s ta t ion c re w and to p rov ide fo r the i r

safe

Thi s veh ic le ma y be us ed in con junc tion with ano the r

r e t u r n t o e a r t h , a n o r bi t al r e t u r n v eh i cl e s u c h a s shown in Fig. 1-14

will be pro vided.

es tab l i shed Uni ted S ta tes o rb i ta l s ta t ion ,

o r i t m a y be u s e d

a s

a b a s i s

for a mi nim um orb i ta l s ta t ion needed to su ppor t P r o j ec t HORIZON.

i s capable o f ca r ry ing f ro m 10 to 16 men .

by a

SATURN

dur ing the f i r s t pa r t of t he p ro g r am and r ep laced by a

SATURN I1 in 1967.

It

It will be

c a r r i e d i n to o r b i t

3

Guidance and Co ntrol

An invest igat ion of the gu idance prob l ems conce rned

w i t h

Pro-

j e c t H O RIZO N ind ica t e s tha t t he neces sa r y ac cu r ac i e s and r e l i ab i l i t i e e

can be m et by adap ta t ions , combina t ion and s l igh t ex tens ions

of

known

and ava i lab le gu idance har dwa re and technique s ,

ve loc i ty , which m ar ks the beginning of the co as t phase of

he

t r a j e c t o r y

to the moon, wi l l be con t rol led by convent iona l mean s . Mid- cour se

gu idance w il l a s s u re tha t t he luna r l and ing veh ic l e w ou ld come within

app rox ima te ly 20

k m 1

1 nau t ica l mi l es )

of

the se lec ted po in t . The

t e rm ina l gu idance sy s t em , w hich would be t a rg e t o r i en ted , would

r e -

d u c e t h e t h r e e s t a n d a r d d e vi at io n e r r o r

at

landing to approximately

1 . 5 km

F ina l i n j ec t ion

Project Horizon, Volume I, Summary and Supporting Considerations

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Transcript of Project Horizon, Volume I, Summary and Supporting Considerations