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ORIZ,
I
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Volume
I
SUMM4RY
AND
SUPPORTING
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UNITED
STATES
A R M Y
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UNCLASSIFIED
R e q u i r e m e n t € o r a L u n a r O u t p o s t
1. G e n e r a l
T h e r e is
a
r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a manned m i l i t a r y o u t p o s t
on
t h e
moon.
The l u n a r o u t p os t
i s
r e q u i r e d
t o
d e ve lo p and p r o t e c t p o t e n t i a l U n it ed
S t a t e s i n t e r e s t s
on
the moon;
to
d e v c l o p t e c h n i q u e s i n moon-based s u r v c i l -
l a n c e
of
t h e e a r t h and s p a c e , i n c o n m u n i c a t i o n s r e l a y , and i n o p e r a t i o n s
on t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e moon; t o serve as
a base
€or e x p l o r a t i o n
of
t h e nioon,
for f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n i n t o s p ac e and
f o r
m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s o n t h e moon
i f r e q u i r e d ; and t o s u p p o rt s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s
on
t h e moon.
2.
O p e r a t i o n a l C o n c e p t .
I n i t i a l l y t h e o u t p o s t
v i 1 1 be
o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e a n d c o n t a i n
s u f f i c i e n t e qu ip me nt t o p e r mi t t h e s u r v i v a l and m o de ra te c o n s t r u c t i v e
a c t i v i t y
of a
minimum number
o€
p e r s o n n e l ( a b ou t 1 0
-
2 0 ) on a s u s t a i n e d
b a s i s .
I t
must
bc
d e s i g n e d for e xp an si on o f f a c i l i t i e s , r e s u p pl y , a n d r o t a -
t i o n of
personne l
t o i n s u r e
maximum
e x t e n s i o n
of
s u s t a i n e d o c cu p ac y .
I t
s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o be s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t f o r as l o n g
as
p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t
o u t s i d e s u p po r t . I n
t h e
l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n
of
t h e base , c o n s i d e r a t i o n
w i l l
be
g i v e n t o o p c r a t i o n of
8
t r i a n g u l a t i o n s t a t i o n of
8
moon- to-ea r th base
line space s u r v e i l l a n c e
s y s t e m ,
f a c i l i t a t i n g c o m n un i cc ti o ns w i t h a n d
o b s e r v a t i o n
of
t he e a r t h , f a c i l i t a t i n g
t r a v e l
betwecn t h e moon and
thc
e a r t h ,
e x p l o ra t i o n o f t h e
moon a n d
f u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n s
of
s p a c e , a n d
t o
the d c f c ns c of t h e b a s e a g a i n s t a t t a c k
i f
r e q u i r e d . T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c -
t i v e i s
t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e f i r s t pcrmanent
nianned
i n s t a l l a t i o n on t h e moon.
I n c i d e n t e l t o t h i s m i ss io n w i l l
be
t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n
of
t h e s c i e n t i f i c ,
c o m n e r c i a l ,
a n d m i l i t a r y
p o t e n t i a l o f t h e moon.
3. Background
of
Rcquiremcnt .
a.
R e f e r e n c e s :
(1) NSC p o l i c y o n o u t e r , s p a c e .
( 2 ) OCB O p e r a t i o n s P l a n o n O u t e r Space.
b. Reason f o r Requirement.
' (1) The n a t i on a l p o l i c y on o u t e r s p ac e i n c l u d c s t h e o b j e c t i v e
of development and e x p l o i t i n g
U S
o u t e r s pn ce c a p a b i l i t i e s
as
necded t o
a ch ie ve s c i e n t i f i c , m i l J t w y ,
a n d
p o t e n t i a l p u r p o s e s . The OCB O p e r a t i o n s
Plan t o i m p l m e n t
t h i s
p o l i cy e s t z b l i s h e s a s p e c i f i c progrpm t o o b t a i n
s c i e n t i f i c d a ta on space e nv ir on me nt o u t t o t h e v i c i n i t y of the moon,
R e p -
1 3 March J-96
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UNCLASS IF1
D
. .
i n c l u d i n g
t h e moon's
g r a v i t a t i o n a l a nd m a g ne t ic
f i e l d s
a nd t o e x p l o r e
the
cha rac te r i s t i c s o f t h e m oo n' s s u r f a c e . T h e r e
8re
n o h i o m t e c h n ic a l b a r r i e r s
t o t h e c s t z b l i sh m e n t
of i?
manned i n s t a l l a t i o n on t h e
moon.
( 2 ) "lie
e s t a b l i s h m e n t of
a
manned base of o p e r a t i o n s
o n
t h e
moon has t re me nd ou s m i l i t a r y 2nd s c i e n t i f i c p o t e n t i a l . B ec au se i n v a l u a b l e
s c i e n t i f i c , m i l i t a r y , and p o l i t i c a l p r e s t i g e a i l 1 come
t o
t h e
n a t i o n
t h a t
f i r s t
e s t a b l i s h e s
a
l u n a r b a s e,
i t i s
i m p e r a t iv e t h a t t h e U ni te d S t a t e s b e
f i r s t .
, .
(3 ) The
f u l l e x t e n t of t h e m i l i t a r y p o t e n t i a l c an no t
b e
p r e d i c t e d , b u t i t i s p r ob a b le t h a t o b s e r va t i o n of t h e e a r t h and s p a c e v e h i c l e s
from t h e moon
w i l l
p r o v e t o b e h i g h l y a d v a n t a g e o u s .
e a r t h b a s e l i n e , s pa c e s u r v e i l l a n c e
bg
t r i a n g u l a t i o n p ro ni i sc s g r e a t range
a n d a c c u r a c y .
l'he
p r e s e n t l y c o n t e mp l a t e d c a r t h - b z s e d t r a c l ;i n g an d c o n t r o l
n e tw o r k
w i l l
bc
i n a c l e qu a t c € o r t h e
deep
s p a c e o p e r a t i o n s c on t er L ip l at e d.
M i l i t a r y c o xm u ni c a ti o ns
n a y
be
g r e a t l y
improved by t h e
use o€
a moon-based
r e l a y s t a t i o n .
The
cmplogment
of
moon-based
wcnpons s y s t e m s
z g a i n s t e z r t h
o r
s p a c e t a r g e t s may
prove
t o
be
f e a s i b l e a nd d e s i r a b l e . hloon-based m i l i t a r y
power w i l l b e
a
s t ro n g d e t e r r e n t t o v a r b e c a u s e of t h e e x t r e n e d i f f i c u l t y ,
f rom th e cncmy po in t o f v ie w ,
of
e l i n i r i z t in y ; o u r a b i l i t y t o
r e t a l i a t e .
Any
m i l i t a r y o p cr a t io n s
011
t h e moon v i i l l
bc
d i f f i c u l t t o c o u n t e r b y t h e enemy
because
of t h c d i f f i c u l t y
oi
h i s r e a c h i n g t h e riioon, i f o u r f o r c e s
a r e a l -
r e a d y p r e s e n t a nd have iilt'ans
o €
c o u n t e r i n g a l a n d i n g o r
of
n e u t r a l i z i n g m y
h o s t i l e f o r c e s t h a t h a s l a n d e d . The s i t u a t i o n i s r e v e r s e d i f h o s t i l e f o r c e s
are
p er mi t t ed t o a r r i v e f i r s t .
They
c an m i l i t a r i l y c o u nt e r
o u r
l a n d i n g s a n d
a t t e m p t
t o
deny
us
p o l i t i c a l l y t he u se o f
t l i e i r
p r o p e r t y .
By us in g a moon-to-
( 4 )
l iic
s c i c n t i f i c P - d v a n t z g c s
a r e
e q u a l l y
d i f f i c u l t t o p r e -
dict b u t
a r c
h i g h l y p r o m i s i n g . S t u d y
of
t h e u n i v e r s e , o l th e moon, and
o f t h e s p a c e e n v ir o nm e n t
w i l l
a l l
be
a i d e d
by
s c i e n t i f i c e f f o r t o n t h e moon.
P e rh a ps t h e n o s t p r om i s i ng s c i e n t i f i c c d v a nt a ge
i s
t h e
u s e f u l n e s s
of a
moon
base
f o r f u r t h c r e x p l o r a t i on s i n t o s pa ce . h ' a t e r i a l s o n t h e moon
i t s e l f
may prove
t o
be
v a l i i a b l e
arid
c o c u n c r c i a l l y
c x p l o i
a b l e .
4 . O r g m i z a t i o n a l C o nc ep t.
The
e s t a b l i s h n i e n t
of
t h e o u t f o s t s h o ul d
be
a
s p e c i a l p r o j e c t
h a vi n g a u t h o r i t y arid p r i o r i t y
s i m i l a r
t o t h e l h n h a t t a n P r o j e c t i n World War
11.
Once e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e l u n a r b a s e
w i l l
b e o p e r a t e d u n d er t h e c o n t r o l
of
a
u n ' i f i e d
s p ace
cornniand.
e n c o n p a s s i n g t h e e a r t h and t h e moon,
w i l l
b c c o n s i d e r e d
a
m i l i t a r y t h e a t e r .
The c o n t r o l o f 211 U n i t e d S t a t e s m i l i t a r y f o r c c s by u ; ~ i f i e d commands i s
a l -
r e z d y e s t c ? b l i s h e d
a n d
rnili
t a r y
o p e r a t i o n s
i n s p a c e s h o u l d b e n o e x c e p t i o n ,
A u n i f i e d s p a c e corma nd w ou ld c o n t r o l a nd u t i l i z e , b e s i d e s
t h e
l u n a r b a s e,
S p a c e ,
o r
c e r t a i n l y t h a t p o r t io n
of
o u t e r s p a c e
2
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UNCLASSIFIED
o p e r a t i o n a l m i l i t a r y s a t e l l i t e s and
space
v e h i c l e s , s p a ce s u r v e i l l a n c e s y s te m s ,
a n d t h e
l o g i s t i c a l
s u p p o r t t h e r e o f . O t h e r s p a c e co nmands n i g h t b e o r g a n i z e d
as
o u r o p e r a t i o n s e x te n de d t o t r a n s l u n a r s p ac e .
5 . Degree of Urgency.
To
be s ec on d t o
t h e
S o v i e t U n i o n i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a n o u t p o s t on
t h e r no on ,w ou ld b e d i s a s t r o u s t o o u r n a t i o n ‘ s p r e s t i g e and i n t u r n t o
our
demo-
c r a t i c p h i l o s o p h y . A 1 hough i t i s . o n t r a r y
t o
U n it e d S t a t e s p o l i c y , t h e
S o v i e t Union i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t b a s e , may c la im t h e 010011 o r
c r i t i c a l 2reas t h c r e of f o r
i t s own.
Then
a
s u b s e q u e n t
a t tempt
t o e s t a b l i s h
an o u t p o s t by t h e U n i tc d S t a t e s m i g h t be c o n s i d e r e d and p r o p a g m d i z c d ns
a
h o s t i l e
a c t .
The S o v i c t Un io n i n p r o p a g an d a b r o a d c a s t s
h a s
announced the
5 0 t h z n n i v e r s a r y of t h e p r e s e n t go v er n me n t ( 1 9 6 7 ) w i l l
be
c e l e b r z t c d by S o v i e t
c i t i z e n s o n
t h e
moon.
?’he
K n ti o na l S pa ce p o l i c y i n t e l l i g c n c e
es t ima te
i s
t h a t t h e S o v i e t s c ou l d l an d o n t h e moon by 1 D G I
6. b aintenance m d S u n D l v I m n l i c n t i o n s .
The n ia in tc nn ii ce an d s u p p l y c f f o r t t o s u p p o r t I l u n a r base
w i l l
be h i g h b y p r e s e n t s t a n d a r d s . C o n t i nu e d d e l i v c r y o f e y u ip m cn t a nd means
of
s u r v i v a l w i l l
be
r e q u i r e d
arid
c n c h d e l i v e r y
w i l l
b e c o s t l y . E ve ry c o n c c i v c b l e
6 O l l l t i O l l f o r mi ni mi zi ng t h e l o g i s t i c e f f o r t
n u s t
bc c x p l o r c d . hlaxinum u s e
of
nny oxygen o r power so ur ce on t he n?oon t h r o u g h r c g e n c r n t i v e o r o t h e r t c c h -
n i q u c s m u s t b e e x p l o i t e d .
hk‘xns of
r e tu r n i n g s a f e l y t o
e n r t h
n u s t b e a v a i l -
a b l e t o
t h e
o c c u p a n t s o f t h e o u t p o s t .
7 . T r a i n i n g an d P e r s o n n e l I n D l i c a t i o n s .
Tile
nuirlber
o f p e r s o n n e l on t h e b as e i t s e l f will be q u i t e
s m a l l ,
a t l e a s t
i n i t i a l l y , b u t
t l ic
t o t 2 1 num ber of p e r s o n n e l s u p p o r t i n g the c f f o r t
may be q u i t e l a r g e . U n t i l f u r t h e r s t ud y i s made a r e a l i s t i c q u z i l i t a t i v e
a nd q u a n t i t a t i v e p c r so n n e l e s t i m a t e c a n n o t b e p r o v i d e d .
m c n t s of e a r t h b x c d s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l would
resemble
t h o s e of p c r so n n el i n
l o n g r an ge b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e u n i t s
and
r a d a r t r a c k i n g s y s t e n s . F or t h e r e -
l a t i v e l y s m a l l n u n b z r
of
p e r s o n n e l a c t u a l l y t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e moon b a s e ,
t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s y;ould b e e x a c t i n g i n many
f i e l d s .
The t r a i n i n g r e q u i r c -
8 . A d d i t i o n a l I t e m s a n d R e q u i r e m e n t s .
A c o m p l e t e f a m i l y o f r e q u i r e m c r l t s and s u p p o r t i n g r e s e a r c h and
d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s
w i l l
b e n ec e s s a r y t o d e v el o p a l l of t h e s u p p o r t i n g
equipment t o c s t ? . b l i s h
a
l u n z r
base.
v e h i c l e s , i n t c r m d i n t e space s t a t i o n s , s p a c e d \ i e l l i n E s , c l o t h i n g 2nd
Very h i g h t h r u s t b o o s t e r s , s p z c e
3
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s u r v i v a l gear t o b e u se d o n
t h e
noon , means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o t he moon,
and
e q u a t o r i a l l a u nc h i ng s i t e , t r a c k i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d
nzny
o t h e r c l e v e l o p -
ments
w i l l
be n e c e s s a r y . E v e n t u a l l y c o n c e p t s of n i i l i a r y o p e r a t i o n s o n
o r
i n
t h e v i c i n i t y
of
t h e moon
w i l l
have
t o
be
d e v e l o p e d a nc l, f r o m t h e s e ,
s u p po r t in g r e q u i re n cn t s f o r s p e c i a l weapons and equipi ; lent w i l l be d e v e l o p e d .
R e s e a r c h i n weapons e f f e c t s , m ap pi ng , arid e x t r a c t i o n of
oxygen,
water , and
o t h e r
u s e f u l
mate r ia l s
f rom
t h e
n a t u r a l e nv ir on m en t w i l l
be
r e q u i r e d .
9. Addi t ional Comments.
, .
a.
Two
b r o a d p r o b l e m areas m u s t be c o ri s id c rc d i n m e c ti n g t h e
r e q u i r e n e n t .
O n e
i s t h e d c s i ~ p , rid c o n s t r u c t i o n
of
t h e o u t p o s t .
The
o t h e r
is the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u ir e d t o e s t a b l i s h and s u p p o r t t h e o u t p o s t ,
b. Tlie o u t po s t i t s e l f c ou ld
have
one of s e v e r a l f or ms ox be a
c o m b i n a t i o n
of
t h e m .
I Io les
o r
caves
c o u l d b e c o v e r c c l a n d sc a l e d v i i t l i
p rcs -
s u r e b a g s. By t h i s means t e m p e r a t u r e e x t r e m e s a r e n l l e v i a t c d an d v ul n c r-
a b i l i t y t o m e t e o r i t e s i s l e s s e n e d . E l ; p ~ . i ~ ~ i v ea gs o r f o l d i n g s c c t i o n s
c o u l d b e s e t on t h e s u r f a c e . Th e r o c k e t t r a n s p o r t v e h i c l e i t s e l f o r
u s e d
f u e l t a n k s s a v c d € o r t h e p u r p o s e c o u l d be used. Tanks now plrtnxicd
\*/ill
b e from 1GO t o
256
i n d i n rm t e r .
a n d s u s t a i n i n g l i f e
a r c
p o s s i b l e . By u s i n g
s o l a r
o r n u c l e a r p owe r o x yg en
a n d w a t e r m a y be e x t r a c t e d f roni t h e n a t u r a l C ri vi ro rm cn t s h o u l d b e a t t a i n a b l e .
A n um be r o f s o l u t i o n s
t o
providing po:: ler
c . The t r a n s p o r t c o u l d b e a cc o mp li sh e d c i t h e r b y d i r e c t move-
ment
b y
n i u l t i s t a g e r o c k e t
t o
the moon, o r
by t h e u s c
of
i n t c r n l c d i n t c o r b i t -
i n g s p a c c s t a t i o n s . T h e f i r s t s o l u t i o n i n p o s cs enormous po::.er rejluircrncnts
t o
l i f t a lozcl o € a n y s i [ ; n i € i c n n c e b u t s h o u l d n o t
b e
overloo1:ed. . The s c
c on d s o l u t i o n h a s p r o n j s c o f e a r l y s u c c c s s bc cau sc:
i t
c a n
be
accompl isl ied
w i t h r o c k e t e n g i n e s
now
u n d e r d e v e l o p x e n t .
Uy
the u s c of v e h i c l e s w i t h
1. 5 n i i l l i o n pound t h r u s t f i r s t s t a g c m d h i g h e n e r g y u p p e r s t a g e s
sigxii-
f i c a n t
l o a d s
can
b e
p l a c e d i n o r b i t and
a s s e n b l e d f o r
f u r t h c r t r a v e l t o
t h e moon a nc l r e t u r n . F i f t e e n s uc li v e h i c l e s c an
p l a c e
enough equ ipment
i n
o r b i t
t o a s s c m b l c a
v c h i c l e a p p r o a c h i n l : 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 p o u n d s i n
~ v c i c ; h t .
A series
o f
5 0 0 , 0 0 0
pound space
v e h i c l e s is
z d e q u n t c t o e s t ~ b l i ~ hnd
support
t h e
o u t p o s t .
4
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&i+;. k.:-
H EADQUARTBRS
DEPARTJJENT OF THE ARMY
Office of t h e C h i e f
of
Research
a n d
Development
-Washington
2 5 ,
D. C .
2
hlar 1959
SUBJECT:
P r o p o s a l
t o
E s t e b l i s h
a
L u n a r O u tp o s t
(C)
TO
: ' Ch ie f of Ordnance
Departmen t of t h e Army
Washington 2 5 , D. C.
1. The A r n y i s e ng ag ed i n d e t e r mi n i ng o b j e c t i v e s
and
r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r o u t e r s p a c e operations. T he nios t c h a l l e n g in g a n d perhaps t h e m o st u r g e n t
o b j e c t i v e i s t h a t o f e s t a b l i s h i n g
a
manned l u n a r o u t p o s t o n
t h e
moon.
2.
T h i s l u n a r
b as e i s
necded
t o
p r o t e c t U n i t e d S t a t e s i n t e r e s t s
on
t h e moon,
d c v e l
o p t c c h n j q u e s
i n
m o o n - b a s e d s u r v e i l l a n c e
of
the
c a r t h
and
s p a c e , i n coi,~riiuriicntions e l z y , and i n o p c r n t i o n s 011 t h e s u r f a c e of t h e moon.
When c s t a b l i s h c d ,
t h c
l u na r s t a t i o n would
be
u t i l i z e d
as a
basc f o r e x p l o r a -
t i o n of t ic moon, f o r f u r t h e r e x p lo r a t i on s i n t o spi :cc a n d f o r m i l i t a r y
o p e ra t i o ns i f required. The
bcFse
i s a l s o
ncedccl
t o support s c j l c n t i f i c i n -
v e s t i g a t i o n s
011
t h e
moon.
I t i s
c o i i s j d c r c d
of t h e
utr8 :os t i r . ipor tance
t h a t
the moon b c f i r s t
occupied
b y t h e
U . S.
s o thc?t t he
U . S. can
d e n y S o v i e t
t e r r i t o r j
e l ,
c o r x i c r c i a l
,
o r
t c c l i r i o lo g i c n l c l z i n s . I f a pzrr innent
basc
c a n
be
e s t a b l i s h e d
i i r s t b y
t h e U n i t ed
S t a t e s , t h c
p r e s t i g e and p s y c h o l o ~ i c a l
advnntngc
t o t il e n a t i o n u i l l bc i r i v a l u n b l c .
3.
You
n r e
t h c r e f o r e r e q u c s t cd
a s
a
m z t t c r of
urgency t o make
a
preliroin?.ry ji ives
t i
Z a t i on
to
d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o b a b l e
neans
a n d t e c h n iq u e s o f
accomplishr icn t
and
t o d e v e l o p
a
p l a n , i n c l u d ~ . ~ i gs t i r o n t e d t i n c s c h e d u l i n g
and c o s t s , f o r
e s t ; : b l i s h i i i g
a l u n a r br?.c,c
by
t h e q u j c k c s t
n c m s
p o s s ib l r . .
The i n v e s t i g n t i o n
s h o u l d
i n c l u d e n d c t e r n ~ i n a t i o n f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of
l a n d i n g a ~ a n t i c t lv c h i c l e by
l Y G G
and of e s t a b l i s l l ~ n g permrine nt b a s e
as
soon thcreafler E S p o s s i b l e .
T h i s pre l in i i i in ry i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l be
t h e
f i r s t o f a
s e r i e s
of s t e p s t o e s t a b l i s h
a l u n a r
b a s e p r o g r n n a n d
w i l l
be
u s e d
by t h c
G ? n c r a l S t a f f
as back:round
i n f o r n a t i o n f o r ma ki ng
a
f i r m
p r o p o s a l t o
h i g h e r
a i i t h o r i y . I f a p p ro v e d, t h e l u n a r base program would
bcconc a major p a r t of t h e X a t i o n a l Space- program.
4 . Y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n
w i l l be
c l a s s i f i e d S E C i l E T and
w i l l be
made
knonn
q n l y t o t h o s e p e r s o n s r e q u i r e d t o hRve k n oK le dg c
of
t h c p r o j e c t .
R egrad
c
2 - - - T 2 D A E 2 3 3'L4_TJ_--
(App rop
I
i 2.
t e
C
1
a s
i
s i
c
a
t i
o n
)
13
alar
1962
( D n
t e
)
Regraded
by o u t h o r i t y o€ Form
D.1
1 5 7 5 ,
Un
c l
as s i i ed
d t d
2 1
S e p t .
1 9 6 1
_ __L_
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No
c o n t a c t s w it h a g e n c i c s o u t s i d e t h e
A r m y w i l l
be made u n t i l a f t e r t h e r e s u l t s
of t h e p r e l im i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n
h a v c
b e e n p r e sc i i t e d
to
the Departnicnt of
Defensc .
Tiie
f i n d i n g s of t h e i n i t i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l be m a c l e through niy
o f f i c e t o
t h e
C hi ef o f S t a f f . No a d d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
w i l l
be made and
no
p u b l i c
re leasc w i l l be
made conce rn ing
t h i s
p r o j e c t . B e c a u s e of t he s e n s i -
t i v e
a s p e c t s o f t h i s p r o po s al
i t
i s
e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t
n o t
be
d i s -
c l o s e d p rem a t u r e l
y
.
5 . Your p lan of a cc om pl i sh me nt s h ou ld i n c l u d e f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n
of
t h e
o t h e r t c c h n i c a l s c r v i c c s an d co nb at 8rms t o t h e e x t e n t f e a s i b l e
arid
n e c e s s a r y .
I n
t h e
a c co n pl js h mc n t o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e
Chief
of E n g i n e e r s
w i l l
bc
r e s p o n s i b l e €or
t h e
d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a nd m a in t en a nc e of t h e base and
t h e C h i c € Sign2.l O f f i c e r v i 1 1
be
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o r mu n i ca t io n s a nd
o t h e r
s u p p o r t f o r wh ich h e
i s
p e c u l j a r l y q u a l i f i e d . S p c c i f i c e mp ha si s
should bc
g i v e n
t o t h e Arniy-wide c a p z b i l i t y t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h l s p r o j e c t . The r e s u l t s
of
t h i s
p r e l i m i i i n r y i n v e s t i g e t i
on
erc r c q u c s t e d b y
15 blay
1059 .
6 .
R e pr o du c ti o n o f t h i s
l e t t e r
t o
t h c
e x t e n t
you
dccn
e s s e n t i a l
i s
E L I -
t h o r i z c d . A l l c o p i e s w i l l be rccorc cd.
1 I n c l
Draft Rc q u i re ln e i i t
ARTIIUK G. TR UDFAU
L i e u t e n a n t G c ii cr al , G S
Chie
f o
f He
s
c a
r
ch and Dzvcl opn cn t
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VOLUME
I
SUMMARY AND SUPPORTING CONSIDERATIONS ( U )
REGQADE3
1lNCLhSSli ' iED
0R3ER S E C ARV.?
3Y TAG
PER
13 s 4
9 JUNE 1959
P R O J E C T
HORIZON
R E P O R T
A
U.
S ARMY S TU DY F O R
THE ESTABLISHMENT
O F
A
LUNAR OUTPOST
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VOLUME I
TAE3LE
O F
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
H A PT E R I:
1
1
4
A.
G e n e r a l
B. Justif ication
C. Conclusions
D. Organ iza t ion and Content of Rep or t 5
CHAPTER 11: TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
AND
PLANS
7
A
B.
C.
D.
E.
6:
H.
I.
Objectiv es and Scope of th e Study
Resume of the Technica l Pr og ra m
Space Transpor ta t ion Sys tem
Transpo r ta t ion Sys tem In tegra t ion
Communica t ions E lec t ro nic s
Launch Site
P r o g r a m L o g i s ti c s
Rese arch an d Development
Outpo s t
7
7
8
15
35
35
ig
A
4 3
43
CH AP TE R 111: MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
49
ONSIDERATIONS
49
.
Scope of Opera t ions
B. Organiza t ion and Opera t io nal Concepts 54
CH AP TE R IV: NON-TECHNICAL SUPPORTING
59
ONSIDE RATIONS
59
59
60
A.
G e ne r a l
B. Policy
C. Pol i t ica l , Psy cho log ica l , and Secur i ty
Implica t ions
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A P P E N D IX A: POLICY
O F
THE UNITED STATES
WITH
'
R E S P E C T TO ACTIVITIES
IN
SPACE
1.
2.
S t a t e m e n t s by t h e P r e s i d e n t
of
the
United S ta tes
P o l i c y D e c l a r a t io n s
by
t h e C o n g r e s s
APPENDIX
B:
LEGAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS
1. G e n e r a l
2.
P o s s i b l e P r e c e d e n t s
3. The Law of Space
4.
P o l i t i c a l Imp l i ca t ions
5.
S p ec if ic P r o b l e m s
APPEN DIX C: TECHNICAL SERVICES SUP POR T
CAPABILITIES
R e sou rce s and C apab il i t i es
A. Ordnance
B.
E n g i n e e r
C
Signa l
D. Ar m y Medica l Ser v ic e
E. Q u a r t e r m a s t e r
F. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
G. C h e m i c a l
H. Conclus ions
6 3
6 3
6 5
7 3
7 3
7 4
76
79
8 1
89
90
90
92
98
105
108
112
115
118
iv
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LIST
OF
FIGURES, TABLES, AND
CHARTS
FIGURE
PAGE
I- 1
HORIZON Outpost in L ate 1965
11
I-
2
C r o s s S e c ti o n
of
T yp ica l O u tpost C om par tm en t s 13
I-
3 Ove ra l l V iew of In i t ia l Cons t ruc t ion Ca m p 1 3 .
I-
4
Layout of Ba si c 12-Man Outpost 14
I- 5 Typica l Lunar Su i t 1 6
I- 6
Ear th-Mo on Transpor ta t ion Scheme s 18
I- 7
Two-Man Round T ri p to Lun ar Surf ace 19
I-
8 SATURN
I
21
I- 9
SATURN I , Stages 1 through
3
23
1-10 SATURN
I1
25
1-11 SATURN 11, St ag es 1 thr ou gh
4
27
I - 12 E qua to r i a l E a r th O rb i t
31
I-
13 Luna r Landing Vehicle
34
I-
14
Orbita l Return Veh ic le 34
I- 15
Pr o j ec t HORIZON Perso nne l Space Transp or ta t i on
R e
qui
r
e
m
e nt
s
36
I- 1 6
Project HORIZON Vehicle Requirements and Launching
Schedule
37
I- 17
E a r th C omplex and L una rcom L inks
38
1-18
Typical Trac king and Lun arcom Site 38
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1-19
,
Lunar
Communicat ion Net
1-20 T e r r e s t r i a l Launch Site
1-21
O r g an i za t io n f o r R e s e a r c h
and
Development
1-22
1-23 View of Fl igh t S imula tor
1-24
P r o je c t O rgan iza t ion
1-25 Q u a r t e r m a s t e r C o r ps
1-26
Cr'oss
Sec t ion Through Main Fac i l i t y
LERUT
FY 1958 R and E QM Contrac ts
1-27 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o r p s R e s o u r ce s
1-28 R es ea r ch and D eve lopmen t F und ing P r og ram
T A B L E
I- 1
A r m y O r dn a n ce R e s e r v e s
I-2
I- 3
Per son ne l and Phys ica l Data (USAERDL)
Personne l and Phys ica l Data ( W E S )
I
4
Personne l and Phys ica l Data (ANPP)
I- 5
P e r s o n n e l and Physical Data
( S I P R E )
I- 6 Co rp s of Engineer s Out of H o u s e Support
CHART
1 Analys is
of
USASRDL Civilian Personnel
2 USASRDL In House Skills and Resources
3 USASRDL Contractual Program ( R & D and PEMA)
4
USASRDL Out of House Skills and R esou rce s
40
41
45
46
47
57
110
1 1 1
113
114
9 1
195
9 5
9 6
96
9 7
9 9
100
102
103
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(S)
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL '.
HOFUZON i s the pr oj ec t whose objectiv e
i s
t he e s t a b l i s hm e n t
of
a
lu na r outpos t by the United Sta t es .
d a t e d 20 Ma r c h 1 9 5 9 , f r o m the Chief of R & D , Depar tm ent of the Army ,
to th e Chief of Ordnance.
s tudy w a s subsequent ly a s s ig ned to the Commanding Genera l , Ar m y
Ordn ance Miss i l e Command.
Elements of
all
T e c hn ic a l Se r v i c e s of the
A rm y pa r t i c ipa ted in the inves t iga t ion.
bi l i ty s tudy which inves t ig a tes the methods and m ea ns of acco mp lis hin g.
th i s ob jec tive and the purposes
i t
wi l l s e r v e . It a l s o c ons i de r s t he sub-
s
tan t ia l p o l i t i ca l ,
sc ient i f ic and secu r i ty impl ica t ion s which the prompt
est ab lis hm en t of a luna r ou tpos t w i l l have for the United Sta tes .
This s tudy was d i rec ted by le t t e r
Respons ib i l ity fo r the prepa ra t ion
of
the
T h i s r e p o r t
is
a l i m i t e d feas i -
B.
JUSTIFICATION
1. The Broad Requi rement
T he US nat ional pol icy on sp ac e inc ludes the objec t ive
of
develop-
ing and exploit ing this Nat ion 's spa ce capabi li ty as ne ce ss ar y to achieve
na t ional po l i t i ca l , s c ien t i f i c , and secur i ty ob jec t ives . The e s tab l i sh-
m e n t of a manned outpost in the lunar environment w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e
United S ta te s l eade rsh ip in spa ce ,
fur t he r explora t ions and ope ra t ions on the luna r su r fa ce a s w e ll a s a
suppor t ing capabi l i ty for other US opera t ions in space ,
I t
wi l l
a l so provide a b a s i s f o r
2.
Pu rp os e of the Luna r Outpost
The es tabl ishmen t of a manned U S outpost on the moon wi l l :
Demons t ra te the Uni ted S ta te s sc ien t i f i c l eade rsh ip in ou te r
s pa c e .
Suppor t sc ient i f ic explora t ions and inves t iga t ions .
Extend and improve space reconna is sance and surve i l l an ce
capabi l i t i e s and cont ro l
of
s pa c e .
Extend and impro ve communica t ions and serv e
as
a communica-
t ions re lay s ta t ion .
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P r o v i d e a b a s i c a n d s up p or ti ng r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y for s p a c e
r e s e a r c h a nd de ve l opm en t a c ti v it y .
Develop a s t a b l e , l ow - g r av i t y out post f o r u s e as a
launch
s i t e
for deep sp ace explorat ion .
P r o v i d r an oppor tunity
for
sc ient i f ic explora t ion an d develop-
m e n t
of
a s pac e mapping and survey sys tem .
P r ov i d e e m e r ge nc y st ag ing a r e a s , r e s c ue c a pab i l i ty or
naviga t ional a i d fo r o ther spa ce act ivity' .
3 . A
Real is t ic Objec t ive
Advances in propuls ion , e lec t ronic s , spa ce medic ine and o the r
7 y 7
as tro .qautica1 sc iences a r e t ak ing p lace a t
an
explos ive ra te .
r e ce n tl y a s
9,
he
f i r s t
penetra t ion of space
w a s
a c c o m p l i s h e d b y
the U S when a tw o-s tag e V - 2 rocke t r eached the then unbe l ievable
a l t i t ude of 250 m i l e s .
In
1957,
the Soviet Union pla ced the f irst m a n
m ad e sa te l l i t e in orb i t . S ince ea r ly 1958, when the f i r s t
US
e a r t h
sa te l l i t e was l aunched , bo th the
U S
and USSR have l aun ched addi t iona l
s a t e l l i t e s , m oon p r obe s , a nd s uc c es s f u ll y r e c o ve r e d a n i m a l s s e n t in t o
s p a c e i n m i s s i l e s .
s p a c e p r o b e s by the U S and the USSR, with the U S planning to place the
f i r s t man
into spa ce with a
REDSTONE
m i s s i l e , f o ll ow ed i n
1961
with the
first m a n i n o r b i t .
in space be fore we
do.
ba b l y
w i l l
be acco mp lish ed by 1964 by both the Un i ted Sta tes and
the
USSR.
t he f i r s t U S manned luna r l anding could be accom pl i shed by 1965.
i t a ppe a r s t ha t t he e s t a b l is hm e n t of a n
outpost
on the moon s
a
c a p -
abi l i ty which can be accomplished.
A s
In 1960, and the reaf t e r , th ere
wi l l
b e
other
de e p
However , the Sovie ts could very wel l plac e a man
In addi tion , ins t rum ented luna r l andings pro-
As will be indica ted in the technical d iscu ss io ns of t h i s r e po r t ,
Thus ,
4 .
Scient if ic Impl ica t ions
A weal th of .scientif ic data can be obtained from e xpe r i m e n t s c on -
ducted a t a lu nar outpos t ,
g e n e r a t e many new an d unique appl ica t ions as m a n ' s a c t ual a r r i va l on
t he m oon d r a w s ne a r e r r e a li t y . The
v e r y
a bs e nc e
of
knowledge
about
.
t he m oon a nd ou t er s pa c e is sc ienti f ic jue t if ica tione to a t te mp t to br eac h
this void
of
human unders tanding,
Without doubt, the sc ien t i f i c communi ty wi l l
2
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I t i s to b e expec ted tha t c iv i lian e f for t s to advance science. for
t he s ake
of
sc i ence w i ll pa ra l le l t he mi l i t a ry e f fo r t s ,
expected that the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tra t ion w i l l
t r ea t those sub jec ts in g rea te r de ta i l than is e i the r pos s ib l e o r
des i rab l e in th is s tudy , and that such ac t ion wi l l fu r ther s t reng then
the r equ i r rmen t fo r e a r l i e s t pos s ib l e e s t ab l i shmen t
of
an ex t r a-
t e r r e s t r i a l ou tpos t .
It i s a l s o
5,
Political
Implicat ions
Th e po li t ica l impl ica t ions of our fa i lu r e to be
f i r s t
in space
a r e a ma t t e r of publ ic r eco rd .
on United States scient if ic and poli t ical lead ersh ip.
To
som e ex ten t
we have reco vere d the loss . However, once having been second best
in the eye s of the worl d ' s populat ion, we a r e not
now
n a position to
af ford be ing second on any o ther majo r s tep in sp ace . However, the
poli t ical implicat ions of being second in space act ivi t ies accomplished
to da te have no t been near ly as se r i ous a s those which cou ld resu l t f r o m
fa i lu re to be the f i r s t in establ ishing a manned lunar outpost.
Th is fa i lu re has re f lec ted adverse ly
T he r e su l t s of f a i lu re to f i r s t pl ace man on an ex t r a - t e r r e s t r i a l
b a s e w i l l ra is e g rave po l it ical ques tions and a t the s ame t ime lower U S
prest ige and inf luence.
intent ion that some of i t s c i t izens
w i l l
ce le bra t e the 50 th ann iver sa ry
of the October Revolution (1967) on the moon.
community ag re es that the Soviet Union may accom plish a manned lunar
landing a t any t im e af ter 1965.
not diff icul t to visua l ize a l l mann er of pol i t ical and legal implicat ions
which the Soviet Union might postulate
a s
a re su lt of such
a
succes s fu l
accompl ishment nor the mi l i t a ry advantages i t migh t achieve thereby .
The Soviet Union has announced openly its
The U S intelligence
Judging f r om pas t expe r i enc e l i t i s
.
6 . Securi ty Implicat ions
The extent to which fut ure operat ions might be conducted in
spa ce, to include the land ma ss of the moon
or
perhaps other planets ,
is of such a magnitude a s to a lm os t defy the imaginat ion.
Congre ssional and mil i tary examinat ion of the problem, i t
is
genera l ly
ag re ed tha t t he in t e r ac t ions of spac e and t e r r e s t r i a l w a r a r e so g r e a t
a s
to genera te radigal l y new concepts .
Ln
both
Admittedly, the sec uri ty significan ce of the moon, per s e , i n
the context of o ffensive and defensive operat io ns, is
a
m a t t e r for con-
j ec tu re a t th is t ime .
From the viewpoint
of
na t iona l secur i ty , the
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p r i m a r y i m p l i ca t i on s
of
the feasibi l i ty of es tab l ishing
a lunar
outpost
is the imp or t an ce of be ing
f i r s t .
posi t ion
to
ex er ci se an option between peaceful and mil i ta ry app l ica t ions
u n l e ss w e a r e f ir s t .
In s h o r t ,
the es tab l i shment of the initial lunar
outpos t i s the f i rs t def in it ive s tep in exerc is ing o ur op t ions .
C lea r ly the U S would not be in
a
7.
S u m m a r y
Unques tionab ly , ther e a r e o ther app l ica t ions of spa ce ( i . e.
r econna isance , meteoro logy , communica t ions) which wi l l pe rm i t an
ea r l ie r a t ta inm ent of meaningfu l accom pl ishm ents and demon s t ra te US
in te re s t in space . Ind iv idua lly , however , th ese accom pl ishm ents wi l l
no t have
the
s am e pol i ti c al impac t that a manned lunar outpos t cou ld
have on the world .
subjec t , wo rld opinion may view the other applicat ions
s imi lar
to act ion
on the high se as , but wil l view the establ ishm ent of a f i r s t lun ar outpost
a s s imi lar t o p rop r i e t a ry r igh t s de rived f r om f i r s t occupancy.
C o n g r e s s has noted , we a r e caught in a s t r e a m in which we have no
choice bu t to p roceed .
w h ich w e exe rc i s e ou r cu r r en t op t ions ,
i m m e d i a t e c a s e .
such
as
fu r t her in te rp lane ta ry exp lorat ion .
In the still vague body of fact and thought bn the
As the
O u r success depends on the dec is i veness with
I t is t he b a s i s f o r o t he r m o r e f a r - r e a c h i n g a c ti o ns ,
The luna r ou tpos t is
the
m o s t
C CONCLUSIONS
Fo ur ma jor conc lus ions sum ma r ize the mo r e de tai led deduc t ions
w h ich may be d raw n f rom the en t i r e r epo r t :
1. Pol i t ic a l , sc ien t i f ic , and secur i ty cons ide ra t ions ind ica te tha t
i t
is
im pera t ive fo r the Uni ted S ta tes to es tab l i sh a lunar ou tpos t a t
the e a r l i e s t p r ac t i c ab le da te .
2.
P r o j e c t HORIZON r ep re sen t s t he e a r l i e s t f e a s ib l e capab il i ty
for t he U. S. to establ ish a lunar outpost . By i t s implementat ion, the
United
States
can es tab l i sh an opera t ions lunar ou tpos t by la te 1 9 6 6 , with
the in i t ia l man ned landings to have taken place i n the Spr ing of 1965.
3 .
The impo r tance of an ear ly dec is ion to p roceed wi th the p rog ram ,
coupled with adequate funding, m us t be c l ear ly understood.
de lay
w i l l
have two inescapable resul ts :
Inord ina te
a.
The prog ram 's u l t imate accom pl ishment wi ll be de layed ,
thus f orfeitin g t he change of defeating the USSR in a ra ce which i s
a l re ady openly recognized a s such throughout the world.
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b.
Delayed ini t ia t ion , fol lowed la te r by
a
c r a s h p r o g r am ,
which would l ikely be pre cipi ta t ed by evidence of substant ia l Soviet
p r o g r e s s i n
a
lunar ou tpos t p ro gram , wi l l no t on ly lose the advantage
.of t imel i r .'ss, but a ls o wil l inevitably involve s ignif icant ly high er c o s t s
an d low er r e l i ab i l i ty .
re qu i r e ver y subs tan t ia l funding whether i t i s under taken now or ten
y e a r s h en ce .
fu ture which wil l provide order
of
magnitude type p r ice reduc t ions ,
The establ i shm ent of a
U.
S. lunar outpost will
T he re a r e no deve lopment s p ro jec t ed fo r t he p red ic t ab lp
4 . The U.
S .
Ar my po ss es se s the capabil i ty of making s ignif icant
contr ibut ions in all asp ec ts of such
a
p r o g r a m .
D.
ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT
OF THE REPORT
The P ro je ct HORIZON re po rt ha s been divided into two volumes
which
a r e
en t i t led a s fo llows:
Volume
I
Volume I1
-
Technical Considerat ions and Plans
- Sum ma ry and Support ing Considerat ions
Volume
I
i s , a s ind ica ted , a document which gives a sho r t sum ma ry
of the other volume,
a
discu ssion of non-technical con siderat ions, and
a r e sum e of the r e so u rce s and f ac i l i t i e s
of
the Army Technical
Serv ices which can lend suppor t to
this
p r o g r a m .
Volume I1 i s a technical investigation
of
the problem.
I t includes
prac t ica l p re l im inar y concep ts fo r a l l e lements of the p ro gram and , in
m a n y c a s e s , r e l a t e s a c t u a l h a r d w a re a v ai la bl e f r o m c u r r e n t p r o g r a m s
to the solution
of
spec i f ic p rob lems.
It
includes a broa d development
approach and a funding breakout by f iscal year .
personne l and t ra in ing requ i rements
for
a l l s egmen t s
of
the opera t ion
toge ther w i t h the policy of the
U S
with res pe ct to space and the leg al
impli cat ion of a lun ar outpost . This volume was prepa red by a unique
working group, comprized of
a
spec ia l segment
of
t he F u t u r e P r o j e c t s
Desig n Branch of the Ar m y Ball is t ic Mis si le Agency (ABMA), which was
augm ented by highly qual if ied rep rese nta t ive s of each of the se ve n
Technica l Serv ices of the Army.
sele cted for the specif ic task and, during the co ur se of the s tudy, be -
c a m e r e si d en t m e m b e r s of the aforementioned
ABMA
group,
r e s iden t r ep re sen ta t ive s of he Technical Serv ice s were sup ported by
the i r r e spec t ive s e rv ice s wi th a group of the highest cal ibe r spe cia l is t s
A l s o i nc luded a r e
T hese r ep re sen ta t ive s w e re ca re fu l ly
The
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who w er e ma de ava i lab le exc lus ive ly to suppor t the pro jec t . Thus ,
i t
is
be l ieved tha t the depth of expe r ience , knowledge, and judgement
b r ou gh t to be a r on t he p r ob l e m by
this
gr oup
is
c o m m e n s u r a t e
with
the t a s k of accompl i sh ing the rep or t ob jec tives .
Throughout the prep a ra t ion of t he e n t i r e r e p o r t , a nd e s pe c i a l l y
wi th in th i s t echnica l vo lume , the guid ing phi losophy has b een one of
e n li gh te ned c on s e r v a t i s m of t echnica l appro ach . Br ie f ly s ta te d , th i s
ph i lo s ophy d i c ta t e s t ha t one m us t v i go r ousl y pu r s ue r e s e a r c h t o
"advance the s ta te -of - the -a rt " , bu t tha t pa ramo unt to suc cess fu l major
s y s t e m s d e s i g n
i s
a conse rva t ive approa ch which requ i re s tha t no i t em
b e mo r e "advanced" than requ i red to do the job .
uns oph i s ti c a te d s uc c e s s is of va s t l y g r e a t e r i m por t a nc e than
a
s e r i e s .
of advanced an d h ighly sophis ti ca ted fa i l u r e s tha t " a lm os t worked . ( 1
Es tab l i s hed enginee r ing pr inc ip le s , us ed in conjunct ion wi th the be s t
a va i l a b l e des i gn pa r a m e t e r s , ha ve be e n a pp li e d th r oughou t i n o r de r t o
r e m o v e
the
e l e m e n t s of sc ience f ic t ion and un rea l i s t i c p lanning.
I t r ecognizes
that
an
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(S) CHAPTER 11: TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PLANS
A.
OBJEC TIVE S AND SCOP E O F
THE
STUDY
Th is p: -t of the study pre sen ts applica ble technic al inform ation
which sub stan t ia t es the feasibi l i ty of the expedited estab l ishme nt of a
lunar ou tpos t, and i t r e l a t e s U. S. capabil i t ies and developments to
the accom pl ishm ent of the t a s k
cove r ing the de s ign c r i t e r i a and r equ i r emen t s fo r all m a j o r e l e m e n ts
of
the p rog ram inc lud ing the lunar ou tpost , the ea r th - lunar t ran spor -
ta t ion sys tem
,
the nec ess ary communica t ions sys tem s and the cons id-
e ra b le e a r t h suppo r t fac i l i t ies and the i r opera tion .
a s sumpt ions conce rn ing de s ign pa ra me t e r s fo r t h i s p rog ram a re
rea l i s t ic ye t conserva t ive .
the scope and magnitude of other U. S . programs which wi l l suppor t
HORIZON a r e reasonable and in l ine wi th cu r r en t and pro jec ted
p r o g r a m s .
It is comprehens ive in i t s s cope ,
The technical
L ikewise , the assum pt ions which concern
B. RESUME O F
THE
TECHNICAL PROGRAM
T he bas i c c a r r i e r veh ic l es fo r P ro jec t HORIZON will be the
The
SATURN I and 11.
a n ARPA or d er , wil l be ful ly operat ional by October 1963.
SATURN
11,
which i s a n outgrowth of the SATURN
I
program, cou ld
'
be developed during the period 1962-1964.
The SATURN
I1
will u t i l ize
impro ved engines in the booster and oxygen/hydrogen engines in
all
of i ts upper s tages.
The SATURN
I ,
curr ent l y being developed under
By the end of 1964, a tot al of 72 SATURN veh icle s should hav e
been launched in U. S. pr og ra m s, of which 40 ar e expected to con-
tr ibute to the accomplishment of HORIZON. Car go del ivery to the
moon begins in Jan ua ry 1965. The f i rs t manned lsnding
by
two men
will be ma de in Ap ril 1965. The buildup and constru ction p hase will
be continued without in ter ruption unti l the outpost is ready fo r bene-
ficial occupancy and is manned by
a
ta sk fo rc e of
12
men i n November
1966.
This bu ildup progra m requ i res
6 1
SATURN
I
and
88
SATURN I1
launchings through November 1966, the av era ge launching ra te being
5. 3 per month.
carg o wi l l be t rans por t ed to the moon,
Dur ing th is per iod so me
490,000
pounds of useful
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D ur ing
the
f i r s t ope ra t iona l yea r of the
lunar
o u t po s t, D e c e m b e r
1966 hrough
1967 ,
a t o t a l of
64
launch ings have been scheduled ,
T h e s e w i l l
result
i n
an
addit ional
266,000
pounds of use ful c a r g o on
the
$noon.
'
T he to t a l dos t of t he e igh t and one-hal f yea r p rog ra m p r e se n te d
in
t h i s s tudy
i s
e s t i m a t e d t o be
six
b i l l i on do l l a r s .
o f approx imate ly
$700
mil l ion pe r yea r .
a p p r a i s a l a n d , w h i le p r e li m i n a r y , t he y r e p r e s e n t th e b e s t e s t i m a t e s
of
expe r i ence d , non -commerc ia l , agen c ie s of t he gove rnmen t . S ub -
stantial funding
is
unden iab ly r equ i r ed fo r t he e s t ab l i shm en t of a
U.
S.
lunar
ou tpos t ; how eve r , t he imp l ica t ions of t he fu t u re im po r -
t a n c e
of
su ch an ope ra t ion should be com pared to the f ac t that t h e
a v e r a g e a n n u a l fu nd in g r e q u i r e d f o r P r o j e c t
HORIZON
w ould be l e s s
than tw o pe r cen t
of
the c ur re n t annua l defense budget .
T h i s
is
a n a v e ra g e
T h e s e f i g u r e s
a r e a
va l id
G. OUTPOST
T he lun a r ou tpos t p roposed fo r P ro je c t
HORIZON s a
p e r m a n e n t
fac i l i ty capa b le of suppor t ing
a
complem ent of 12 me n engaged in a
continu ing opera t ion . The des ig n of the ou tpos t ins ta l la t ion he re in
i s
based on r ea l i s t i c r e qu i r emen t s and capab i l i t i e s , and
is
n o t a n
a t t e m p t t o p r o j e c t
s o f a r
into the fu ture as to lo s e r ea l i t y .
h a s b e e n
a
funct iona l and r e l i ab le app roac h upon w h ich m en c an s t ake
th ei r l iv es with confidence of surv ival .
T h e r e s u l t
1 . Locat ion
The exac t loca t ion
of
the outpost s i te cannot be de te r mi ned
until an exp lo ra to ry p robe and mapp ing p ro g ram has be en comple ted .
H o w e v e r ,
for
a number
of
t e chn ical r e a son s , such
a s
t e m p e r a t u r e
and rocke t veh ic l e ene rgy r equ i r em en t s , t he a r e a bounded
by
i-0°.
l a t i t ude / long i tude of the opt ica l cen te r of the moon se em s favorab le .
Wi thin th i s a r e a , t h r ee pa r t i cu la r s i t e s have been chosen w h ich appea r
to m ee t the m or e de ta i l ed r equ i r emen t s of l and ing space , su r f ac e
cond i t ions , co mmu n ica t ions , and p rox imi ty to va r i ed lun a r " t e r r a in . ''
A
r a t h e r e x t en s i ve l u n a r m ap pi ng p r o g r a m i s a l r e a d y u n d er w ay
i n o r d e r t o
sa t i s fy
ex i s t ing r equ i r em en t s in A s t ro -G eodesy .
a
sc a l e of 1 :5 ,0 00 ,00 0 and 1 : 1 ,000 ,000 a r e p lanned' fo r comple t ion
by Dec em ber 1960 and August 1962, res pec t iv ely .
mapping wi l l th en be under taken
f o r
s e v e r a l s p e ci f ic s i t e s e l e c t io n s ,
Maps to
L a r g e r s c a l e
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2.. Des ign Cr i t e r ia
The de si gn of the
lunar
outpos t fac i l i t ies wi l l , of co ur se , be
dom inat eh 'b y the inf luence of two fac to rs - the luna r envi ronment and
the sp ace t r anspor ta t ion sys t em capabi li t i es .
A
few of
the
m o r e
pro-
n o un ce d p r ; m a r y l u n a r e n v i r on m e nt a l p a r a m e t e r s a r e l i s t e d
below:
a. E s s e n t i a l l y no a tmosphe re .
b.
Sur face grav i ty approxima te ly 1 6 e a r t h gravity.
c.
Radius of approximate ly 1000 m i l e s is about 1 / 4 tha t of
ea r th .
' (This
r e s u l t s i n
a
s ignif icant shor tening
of
the hor izon
as
c o m p a r e d
to
ear th. )
d. Sur face t em pera ture va r ia t ions between
a
lun a r day and
night of
t
248'
F
o -202' F.
e.
Ma xim um s ubs u r f a c e t e m pe r a t u r e a t e qua t o r is -40°F.
These and many o the r unfami l iar envi ronmenta l condit ions requ i re
tha t ev e ry s ing le i t em which i s to be p laced on the lun a r sur face have
a des i gn which i s compat ible wi th thes e phenomena. How ever , a
ca re fu l de te rmina t ion has been made of man ' s r eq ui remen ts to l ive
in th i s envi ronm ent , and i t appea rs tha t the re i s
no
a r e a which cannot
be adequate ly solved within the read i ly ava i lable s ta te -of- the-ar t .
3.
Outpost Fac i l i t ies and Their Ins ta l la t ion
The f i r s t two me n wil l a r r i v e on the luna r s ur face in Apr i l
They wil l be guided to an a r e a in which the ca rg o bui ldup for
965.
fu ture cons t ruc t ion has a l rea dy begun.
have an immedia te r e tu rn- to-ea r th capabil i ty ; however , i t i s in tended
t ha t t hey r e m a i n in the a r ea unti l a f t e r the a r r iv a l of the advance
p a r t y
of
the cons truc t ion crew.
the cabin of the i r lunar vehic le which w i l l be provided wi th nec ess a ry
l i f e e s sen t ia l s and power suppl ie s .
be augm ented by suppor t f rom ca rg o prev ious ly and subsequent ly
de l ive red to the s i t e by o the r vehic les .
Their landing vehic le wi l l
During the i r s t a y , they wi l l l ive in
F o r
a n
extended stay, these will
The mia sio n of the or igin al two me n will be pr im ar i ly one of
ve r i f i ca t ion of previous unmanned environmenta l inves t iga t ions and
conf i rm at ion of the s i te se lec t ion and cargo de l ivery,
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F i g u r e I- 1 s h ow s t h e
HORIZON
outpost a6 it would appea r in
la t e 1965, a f te r about s ix months of co ns t ruc t ion e ffor t .
bu i ld ing b lock fo r the ou tpos t wi ll be cy l indr ica l m e ta l t anks
ten
f e e t
in d i am e te r and 20 fee t in l ength.
in
Fig. 1-2.
)
The bu r ied cy l indr ica l tanks a t the l e f t - ce n te r of Fig.
1-1
c ons t it u t e t he l iv i ng qu a r t e r s
of
the
initial
c o n s t ru c t i o n c r e w
of
nine m en who wil l a r r iv e in Ju ly 1965. (De ta il s in Fig.
1-3.
) During
the cons t ruc t ion pe r iod , th i s force wi ll be gradua lly augmented unt il
a f ina l complement of 12 me n i s r eached . The cons t ruc t ion camp
is a
minim um fac i l i ty and wi l l be mad e ope ra t iona l w i th in 15 days
a f t e r the beginning
of
ac t ive work a t the outpos t s i te . Two nu clea r
r e a c t o r s a r e l oc a t e d i n ho l es a s s how n i n the le f t po rt i on
of
Fig.
1-1.
T he s e p r ov i de powe r f o r t he ope r a ti on of t he p r e l i m i na r y qu a r t e r s
and for the eq uipm ent use d in the cons truc t ion of the pe rm an en t fac i l ity .
T he m a i n qua r t e r s a nd s uppor t ing f a c il i t ie s a r e s how n being a s s e m b l e d
in the open excava t ion to the r ight-center of the f igure .
wi ll a l so u l t ima te ly be cove r ed wi th luna r m a te r ia l .
a nd p r opel l a n t c on t a i ne r s ha ve be e n a s s e m bl e d a nd a r e bei ng us e d f o r
s t o r a g e
of
bulk suppl ie s , weapons ,
a nd l i f e e s s e n t i a l s s u c h
a s
insula ted
oxygenln i t rogen tanks .
i s a construc t io n vehic le fo r l i f t ing, digging,scraping, e tc . , the other
is
a
t r a ns po r t ve h ic l e f o r m o r e e x te nde d d i st a nce t r i p s ne e de d f o r
haul ing , r econn a is sance , r e s cu e , and the l ike . In the l e f t background,
a
lunar Landing vehicle is sett l ing on the surface.
bo l ic a n te nna ha s be e n e r e c t e d ne a r t he m a i n q ua r t e r s t o p r ov i de
commun ica t ions wi th ea r th .
T he ba s i c
(De ta i l s
of
typica l tanks are shown
-These cy l inde rs
E m p t y c a r g o
Two typical sur f ace vehic le s a r e shown: one
A
l ightweight para-
The bas ic comp le ted outpos t i s shown in Fig.
1-4.
Significant
addi t ions beyond the i t em s i l lus t ra ted in F ig ,
1-1
a r e
two
additional
nuc lea r power suppl ie s , co ld s torage facility, and the c onve r s i on of
the or ig ina l cons t ruc t ion c am p qu a r te r s to a b io- sc ience and phys ica l -
s c i e nc e l a bo r at o r y .
A num be r of f a c t o l s
influenced the dec is ion to loca te the ma in
s t r uc tu re s benea th the sur face .
a t u r e a va i la b le ( a pp r ox i m a t e l y -400F), r o te c ti on f r o m m e t e o r o i ds ,
sec ur i ty , good insu lat ing prop e r t i e s
of
t he l unar m a t e r i a l
,
a nd r a d i a -
t ion protec t ion.
double -wa lled " th e rm os bot t l e type" vacuum tank with
a
spec ia l insu-
la t ing m at er ia l in the s pac e between the wal ls.
main ta ined s im ply by vent ing the tank to the lunar
void.
) Desp i te the
ambient subsur face t empera ture of -40°F, he he a t l o s s e s f r om t he s e
spec ia l t anks wil l be r ema rkab ly low.
Among these were the uni form tem pe r -
Each of the quar te rs and cyl inders wi l l be a spec ia l
(Vacuum i s e a s i l y
Investigations show that the
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Fig. 1-1.
HORIZON
Outpost in Late 1965
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Fig.
1-2. C r o s s
Section
of
Typica l Outpost C ompar tm ents
AIR
LOCK
8
LIVING
QUARTERS
G R A M I C S U L E IN
F L E T
3
SECTION
A.A
SECTION B 4
Fig. 1-3. Ov er al l View of In i t ial Cons t ruc tion Cam p
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BASIC OUTPOST
1
* C Y
I
AIR
LOCK n
u
ITY
ROOM
2 L lV lWO OUART ERI
k YEN
3 L lV lNO OUARTERS
k
YEW
4
DININO B
R E C R E A T I O N ROOM
S8 PROJECT
O F F I C F
k
Y E O l C U . W S P I T A L
SA
SIQUAL
n
COYYVUCATION
I
AIR
L O C X
n A a L v T t o N noon
a AIR
LOCU a UTILITY
ROOM
010. SCIENCE LAB.
I O PHYSICAL SCICWCC LAO.
I I
SPECIAL
lTORAQC,EX?LOSIVEk,
I I CHEMICAL STORAOE
I S C IE Y IC A L
STORAOE
I 4
R E E f E R
16
FU?URE CLOSE0 CYCLE 1 Y S f C Y
I O WASTE STORAOE
ITA
@ O K W \
0 I O N W ) I
__-
Fig. 1-4. Layout of Ba sic 12-Man Outpost
inc identa l hea t g iven off by an adequa te in te rna l l igh t ing sys tem wi l l
nomina l ly supply e s sen t ia l ly a l l o f the hea t r equ i red to ma in ta in com-
f o r t a b l e l l r o o m l ' t e m p e r a t u r e i n t he ou t pos t qua r t e r s .
A su i tab le a t mo sph e re wi l l be provided wi th in the qua r te r s .
The bas ic gas supply wi l l s t em f ro m spec ia l insu la ted tanks containing
l iquid oxygen o r ni t rogen.
f o r i n i t i a l p r e s s u r i z a t i on a nd r e p la c e m e n t of l ea ka ge l o s s e s ; w he r e a s ,
the oxygen i s , of c o u r s e ,
continuously us ed to supply bodi ly needs .
However , the weights and volumes of both gases
a r e
qui te r easonable
and pre se nt s no unusual problem of supply.
tu re wi l l be cont ro lled in i t i a l ly by a so l id chemica l absorb ent and
dehumidif ie r . Such a s c he m e r e qu i r e s c ons i de ra b l e a m oun t s of m a t -
e r i a l ;
t h e r e f o r e , a ca rbo n d ioxide f reez e -out sys t em wi l l be ins ta l l ed
l a t e r .
The ni t rogen supply needs only to provide
Carbon dioxide and mois-
4. Pe r s on ne l E qu i pm e n t
F o r s us t ai ne d ope ra t ion
on
the lun ar s urf ace a body confor-
mat ion sui t having a subs tan t ia l ou te r me ta l sur face is cons ide red a
ne c e s s i t y f o r s e ve r a l r e a s ons : ( 1 ) unc er t ai n ty t hat f a b r i c s a nd e l a st o -
m e r s can sus ta in suf f ic ien t p re ss ur e d i f fe ren t ia l w i thout unacceptab le
leakag e ; (2) me teo ro id pro tect ion ; ( 3 ) provides a highly re f lec t ive surface;
_______._----
. -
4
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(4)
durabi l i ty
aga in st ab ra s iv e lunar s u r f a c e ;
(5)
c leans ing and
ter i l izat ion.
i o r s u c h a suit.
d e x t er i t y a r e s e v e r e p r o b l e m s i n s u i t d e s i gn , the ea r th w e ight
of
t he suit ca n be a l lowed to be re la t i vely substant ia l .
if
a
ma n
..nd his lun ar su it weigh 300 pounds o n ea r th , they wi l l
only weigh 50 pounds on the moon.
F i g u r e 1-5 shows a cutaway an d "buttoned up" concept
It should be born e in mind tha t whi le movement
and
F o r example,
A comprehens ive p rogram wi l l be under taken to p rov ide sp e-
cial hand too ls , load-handling g ear , and din ing equ ipment to me e t
the unusua l requ i rements .
In i t ia l ly ,
all
food wil l
be
pre-cooked;
how-
e v e r , as water suppl ies inc reas e with
t h e
in t roduc t ion of a r ec l a iming
sys tem , dehydrated and f resh- f ro zen foods wi l l be used .
tent ion wil l
be
given to hydroponic c ultu re of sa la ds and the develop-
m e n t of other c losed-cycle food product sys erns .
E a r l y at-
5
E nv i ronmen ta l R esea rch
In o r de r to co r robo ra t e e s sen t i a l env i ronmenta l da t a , a s e r i e s
T h e r e a r e ea r l y da ta r equ i r e -
f unmanned e xperim ents a r e planned.
m e n t s
in
,'the a r e a s of r a di a ti o n, m e t e o r oi d i m p a c t s , t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
magn e t ic f ie ld , su r face condi t ions , ion iza t ion , rad io p ropaga t ion and
biological effects .
D.
SP AC E TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
1. Fl ight Mechanics
In choos ing approp r ia te t ra j ec to r ies to use in th is p rog ram ,
one must s t r ike a balance between the low -en ergy paths and the high
ene rgy cu rves .
The low energy tra jec tor ies give the highest payload
ckpabil i ty , bu t a r e sens i t ive to small var ia t ions in the inject ion con-
di t ions and can also lead to unacceptably long t ran s i t t im es ,
h ighe r ene rgy t r a j ec to r i e s a r e f a s t e r and a r e no t a s s ens i ti ve to
deviati ons in the injection conditions, but they re su lt in payload
penalt ies and higher terminal veloci t ies which in t u r n r e q u i r e g r e a t e r
brak ing energy
at
the terminat ion
of
the t r ip .
app ea rs to be a t ra je c tor y which will yield a t r a n s i t t i m e from e a r t h
t o moon of approx imate ly 50 to 60 hours .
The
A good compromise
S eve ra l d i f f er ent t r a j ec to ry echemes will be u sed in P ro jec t
HORIZON. They include tra jec tor ies for t ran si t : ( 1 ) d i r e c t f r o m
the e ar t h to the moon,
(2)
f rom ear t h to a 96-minute (307 nautica1,mile
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.ES
SHELL
./
SEALANT %mg
.
-CUSHIONINQ
Fig.
1-5. Typical
Lunar
Suit
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altitud e) or bi t of the ea rt h,
( 3 ) f r o m this 96-minute e a r t h o r b i t to t he
moon ,
and
4) d i r ec t f ro m the moon to earth. In addi t ion , there are
spec ia l cons ide rat ions fo r t he t e rmi na l phase of e ac h
type
t r a j ec to ry .
F i g u r e 1-6 l l u s t r a t e s the two bas i c s ch em es of t r an spo r t ing
ma n and ca rgo f r om ea r th to the
moon.
T he f i r s t s cheme
(I
above) i s the d i rec t approach , tha t i s , a
vehic le would depar t the ea r th ' s surface and p roce ed
directly
t o the
l una r su r f ace u s ing a re t r o - ro cke t o r landing s tage fo r the f ina l landing
maneuve r . S ince the moon has no app reciab le a tmosphe re , a rocke t
type propuls ion sys tem
wi l l
be re qu ire d for the landing. The second
s c h e m e
( 2
and
3
above) shown i s that for proceeding
f i r s t
in to an e a r t h
orb i t and la t e r depar t ing the o rb i t fo r the f l igh t to the lu nar sur face ,
aga in u s ing
a
land ing s tage . In e i ther schem e, the f l igh t t ime f ro m
the ea r t h o r e a r th o rb i t to the moon wi ll be the sam e.
The d irec t sch eme, which i s the mos t s t ra igh t forwa rd ,
has
two
advantages:
sur f ace to the lunar sur fac e s ince an orb i ta l s topover i s not required.
f i r s t , i t o f fe r s t he sh o r t e s t f li ght t im e f rom the ea r th ' s
In the o rb i ta l sche me, much la r ge r pay loads can be t ranspor t ed
in to o rb i t , a ssuming the veh ic le s ize to be cons tan t , and by accumula t -
ing pay loads in o rb i t , i t i s poss ib le to t ran spo r t a payload to the moo n
on the o rd er of ten t im es (and m or e i f de si red ) the capabili ty of
a
single veh icle f ly ing dir ect l y to the moon.
To i l lus t ra te t h is po int , i t
has
been ass um ed in the s tudy tha t
F i g u r e 1-7 depic ts the veh icu la r requ i re men ts fo r
the. f i r s t men a r r iv ing on the moon w i l l be provided with an immediate
re tu rn capab i li ty.
the tw o schem es .
The direc t approach would r equ ire
a six
stage vehicle with
a
l i f t -
off t h r u s t of 12 million pounds,
a s
compared to
a
two-million-pound
th ru s t veh ic le fo r t hc o rb i t a l s chemes .
payload of two-million-pound thr us t veh icle into orb it , and with additional
veh ic les a s shown, per forming a fue l t ra nsf e r and checkout opera t ion ,
the sa me m issi on, that of t ranspor t ing two men to the moon and
re tu rn ing them to ea r th , could be accomplished.
By placing the upper s tage and
It sho uld be pointed out ,
however , tha t
i f
the United States is
to have a manned lunar outpost by 1 9 6 6 , and a t the sa me t ime prov ide
the f i r s t men a r r iv ing on the moon wi th the d es i r ed re tu rn capab i li ty ,
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.. .. - ..... ... .
-
.- -... ...
_ _
---FLIGHT-
.
PATH.___
Fig. 1-6. E a r th - Moon Transpor ta t ion
Schemes
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UfTOFF
THRUST
12 MILLION
POUNDS
2 M N ROUND
TRIP
TO LUNAR
SURFACE
PROPEL LA NT PAY LOAD
UFTOFF
THRUST
2 MILLION POUNDS,
EACH
Fig. 1-7.
Two
- Man Round
T r ip
to Lunar Sur face
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t he o r b i t a l a pp r o a c h is manda tory , s ince a 12-mi l l ion pound thru s t
ve h i c l e will not be a va i la b l e t o m e e t t he r e qu i r e d s c he du le .
F o r t h e r e t u r n to e a r t h , f r om e i t he r the e a r t h
orb i t
o r t h e l u n a r
surface, a e r odv na m i c b r a k ing
will
be us e d , s i nc e it a l lows s ign i fican t
ove r a l l pa y loa d i nc r e a s e s w hen c om pa r e d t o r oc ke t b r a k i ng ,
ae rody namic bra k ing body used for th i s s tudy i s similar in shap e to a
JUPITER
missi le
nose cone modif ied
by
the addi t ion of movab le d ra g
va ne s at t h e b a s e of the cone.
s h a p e w a s c o n s id e r e d f or u s e f r o m th e l u n a r s u r f a c e t o e a r t h a s was
f o r u s e f r o m the 96-minute orb i t to the ea r t h ' s su r face .
tha t , w i thin acceptab le l im i t s of en t ry angle , t he vehic le can m ak e a
success fu l descent which
is
well w ithin the phys ica l to le ran ces imposed
by man ' s p re sen ce ,an d which can be guided wi th acceptab le accu rac y
f o r f i nal r e c ove r y .
r e c o v e r y of tw o p r i m a t e s a boa r d a nose cone fur t he r subs tan t ia te s the
va l id ity of th i s ap proach to ea r t h re tur n brak ing .
f i r e d to
IRBM
ran ge and , due
t o
t he s t e e p r e - e n t r y a ng l e , t he
de c e l e r a t i v e f o r c e s a s s oc i a t e d w ith t h is ope r a ti on w e r e m a ny t i m e s
gr ea te r than expec ted for pro jec t HORIZON t r a j e c t o r i e s .
T h e
Though the s iz e va r i e s , the same b a s i c
Studie s show
The rece nt su ccess fu l f ligh t and subsequent
T h i s t e s t ve h i c le w a s
2.
Orbi ta l C a r r ie r and Space Vehicle s
Only t wo b a s i c c a r r i e r v eh i cl es a r e r e q u i r e d to c a r r y o ut P r o -
j e c t
HORIZON
- SATURN I and a fur the r development , SATURN 11.
The SATURN
I
vehic le , shown in Fig s . 1-8 and
1 - 9
c o n s i s t s
of
a
c l us t e r e d b oos t e r w it h a l if t-off thrust of 1, 504, 000 pounds, a twin
engine second stage of about
3 6 0 , 0 0 0
pounds of thrust , and a l o x /
hydrogen
( O Z / H 2 )
h i r d s t a ge
of
3 0 , 0 0 0 pounds
of
t h r us t . T he i n i t i a l pe r -
f o r m a n c e
of
t h i s ve h i c l e w i l l enable i t t o p lace 30, 000 pounds of ne t
payload
in
a
96-minute o rb i t and 7 ,
500
pounds of net payload to earth
esca pe ve loc i ty .
e ng i ne s w hi ch a r e a grea t ly s impl i f ied vers ion of the engine us ed in
JUPITER,
THOR, and ATLAS. The second s tage
i s a
modi f ied ve r s ion
of the
TITAN
b o o s t e r .
ve h i c le c u r r e n t l y un de r deve lopme n t by P r a t t & Whitney and Convair .
.
I t wil l be powered by e ight North Am eri can H -1
The th i rd s tage i s a modified CENTAUR
The SATURN
II
vehic le ( Fi gs . 1-10 and 1-11) i s ba s e d
on a
modi f ied
SATURN I
boos te r .
o r i g in a l v e r s i o n wil l be replaced by H-2 engines which wil l u p - r a t e t h e
to ta l th rus t by 1/3 to a s e a le ve l value of 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 00 pounds. The se c-
ond s tage will incorp ora te two 500,000-pound h r u s t
H z / O z
engines ,
a
The Nor th Amer i can
H-
1 en gi ne s of t he
20
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Fig.
1-8.
SATURN I
2 1
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SATURN
304'
I
Fig.
1-10.
SATURN LI
2 5
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First Stage (Boontcr)
Second
Stage Third Stag0
Fig.
1-9 .
SATURN 1, Stages 1
through
3
23
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T -
I
Firs t
Stdge
(Booster)
Second Stage
Third Stage
Four& S a g e
Fig.
1-11.
SATURN
II
Stages
1
through
4
i 27
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Fig. I- 12. E q u a t o r i a l E a r t h O r b i t
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t h i rd s t age wi l l u t i l i ze two 100 ,000-pound th ru s t
Hz/Oz
e n g i n e s , a
f o u r t h s t a g e wil l us e one such engine,
d u c a t e a S ATUR N I1 payload capa bil i ty of 7 0 , 0 0 0 pounds into
a
96-
m i n u t e o r b i t u s i ng t h r e e s t a g e s a n d 2 6 ,7 5 0 p ou nd s t o e a r t h e s c a p e
ve loc i ty us ing fou r s t age s .
p r o v i d e * ' > eat ion a new-opt im um vehic le for the u t i l iza t ion of the
SATURN booster .
a veh ic l e ' i s an expans ion of c u r r e n t h i g h - e ne r g y
0
/H
g r a m s t o i n cl u de d e v el op m e nt of 100
K
and 500 K eng ines .
P r e s e n t f e a si b il i ty s t u d i e s in-
The development of such
a
veh ic l e will
T h e p r i m e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e d e v e l op m e n t of such
engine pro-
2 2
As m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r ,
6 , 0 0 0
pounds of usefu l cargo
can be
so f t - l anded on the moon with the d i r ec t me thod . A s p rese n ted he re in ,
o n l y c a r g o w i ll b e t r a n s p o r t e d in t h i s m a n n e r , a l th o ug h t h e r e
i s a
d i scu ss io n o f how per sonne l could a l s o be t r a nsp or t e d to and f rom t he
moon u ti l iz ing the d i r ec t me thod . The second fo rm o f conveyance
re qu i r e s two s t eps . I n it i a lly the r equ i r ed pay loads , wh ich wi ll cons i s t
of one main lun ar rocke t veh ic l e and se ver a l add i tiona l p rope l l an t
t ankers , wil l b e placed in a 96-minute orb i t of the ear th . At th is t ime ,
t h e p r o p e l l a n ts in o r b i t w i ll b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e m a i n l u n a r r o c k e t
veh ic l e .
F i g u r e 1-12 i s a conceptual v iew of the oper a t ion s in the eq ua-
t o r i a l e a r t h o r b i t.
l a n t
t r a n s f e r a nd i s not a s a s s e m b l y
job.
t h e t h i r d
s t a g e
of a S ATUR N I1 with
a
l u n a r l and ing and r e tu rn ve h ic l e
a t t ached .
combinat ion in to orb i t and has thu s expended i t s pr opel lants .
s t a g e
i s
fueled
i n
orbi t by
a
c re w of approx imate ly t en men a f t e r wh ich
the vehic le then pro ceed s on the moon.
pe r s onne l and approx imate ly 1/3 of the c arg o to the m o o n by the o rb i t a l
me thod .
The opera t ion in orb i t i s princ ipal l y one of prope l-
The veh ic l e be ing fue led i s
T h e
t h i rd s t age of t h e
SATURN
I1 w a s used in b r ing ing the
T h i s
I t i s p lanned to send a l l
U s i n g
th is o rb i ta l sy st em , indiv idual payloads of 4 8 , 0 0 0 pounds
.
ma y be sof t - landed on the moon.
This value i s especia l ly s igni f icant ,
s i n c e i t r e p r e s e n t s t he a p p r o x i m a t e m i n i m u m w e ig h t r e q u i r e d f o r
a
c o m p l e t e e a r t h r e t u r n v e h i c le , w h ic h i s a lr e a d y a s s e m b l e d a nd l o a d e d
wi th propel lants and i s capab le of r e tu rn ing sev era l men . Thus , i n
o r d e r t o p r o v i de a p r e a s s e m b l e d r e t u r n v e h ic l e on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e
dur ing the t ime f r a m e u n de r c o n s i d e r a t io n , i t
i s
manda to ry to go
t h r ou g h a n i n it ia l e a r t h o r b i t .
i nd iv idual payload capab i l i ty , t he o rb i t a l t r ansp or t a t i on sys t e m o f f e r s
o the r impor t an t advan tages .
f i r ing s to de live r the same amoun t of payload to the moo n is l e s s and
In
addit ion to providing a l a r g e
Among these a r e tha t t he to t a l numbe r of
2 9
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Fig.
I-13.
Lunar Landing Vehicle
F i g
T
. I- 14.
Orbital R e t u r n V e h i c l e
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payloads m ay be f i red fo r o rb i ta l rendezvous a t any g iven p a s s e v e r y d a y
of
the month.
which a r e assoc ia ted with the res t r ic ted f i r ing t i m es of d i re c t f l igh ts .
This a l lev ia tes the launch s i t e schedul ing prob lems
T he re a r e two ve r s ions of t he luna r l anding veh ic le .
type
will
be u sed fo r d i r ec t t r i p s f ro m ea r th to the luna r su r f ac e .
veh ic l e ha s
a
gr os s weight of 2 6 ,7 5 0 pounds and will sof t land so me
6 , 0 0 0 pounds of payload. The second vehi cle w i l l be u sed fo r f l i gh t s
v ia o rb i t .
It will have a gr o s s weight of 140, 000 pounds which gives
i t
a
capability of soft landing approximately 48 , 000 pounds of payload
on the moon.
men t s to accompl i sh d if f e ren t mis s ion r equ i r emen t s .
T he luna r l and ing
vehic le shown in Fig.
1-13
h a s a n e a r t h r e t u r n v e h ic l e
a s a
payload.
F o r s u c h r e t u r n ve h ic l e pa y lo a ds , t h e s t r u c t u r e of the expended brak i ng
s tage
w i l l
s e r v e a s a launching pla tf or m when it i s time to beg in
the
r e t u r n j o u r n e y t o e a r t h ,
T h e
f i r s t
T h i s
Eac h type of vehicle wil l have su i tab le pay load compar t -
To
sus ta in the o rb i t a l s ta t ion c re w and to p rov ide fo r the i r
safe
Thi s veh ic le ma y be us ed in con junc tion with ano the r
r e t u r n t o e a r t h , a n o r bi t al r e t u r n v eh i cl e s u c h a s shown in Fig. 1-14
will be pro vided.
es tab l i shed Uni ted S ta tes o rb i ta l s ta t ion ,
o r i t m a y be u s e d
a s
a b a s i s
for a mi nim um orb i ta l s ta t ion needed to su ppor t P r o j ec t HORIZON.
i s capable o f ca r ry ing f ro m 10 to 16 men .
by a
SATURN
dur ing the f i r s t pa r t of t he p ro g r am and r ep laced by a
SATURN I1 in 1967.
It
It will be
c a r r i e d i n to o r b i t
3
Guidance and Co ntrol
An invest igat ion of the gu idance prob l ems conce rned
w i t h
Pro-
j e c t H O RIZO N ind ica t e s tha t t he neces sa r y ac cu r ac i e s and r e l i ab i l i t i e e
can be m et by adap ta t ions , combina t ion and s l igh t ex tens ions
of
known
and ava i lab le gu idance har dwa re and technique s ,
ve loc i ty , which m ar ks the beginning of the co as t phase of
he
t r a j e c t o r y
to the moon, wi l l be con t rol led by convent iona l mean s . Mid- cour se
gu idance w il l a s s u re tha t t he luna r l and ing veh ic l e w ou ld come within
app rox ima te ly 20
k m 1
1 nau t ica l mi l es )
of
the se lec ted po in t . The
t e rm ina l gu idance sy s t em , w hich would be t a rg e t o r i en ted , would
r e -
d u c e t h e t h r e e s t a n d a r d d e vi at io n e r r o r
at
landing to approximately
1 . 5 km
F ina l i n j ec t ion
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