Prof. Rangan Banerjee - CleanTech SIG Mumbai
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Transcript of Prof. Rangan Banerjee - CleanTech SIG Mumbai
Clean Technology Landscape in India
Rangan BanerjeeDepartment of Energy Science and
Engineering
IIT Bombay
Why Clean Technology? Present consumption pattern
predominantly -fossil fuel Limited fossil reserves Adverse environmental impacts Unsustainable Need for transition to clean
technology (renewable energy systems,efficiency) , nuclear,
India- Primary Commercial Energy
2003-4
Total comm
14000 PJ
Biomass 6500 PJ (33%)
Total
20500 PJ
19700 PJ (-non energy)
Hydro2.4%
Coal51.7%
Oil (D)9.8%
Oil Import24.9%
Nat gas9.1%
Wind0.2%
Nuclear1.8%
India - Fossil Fuel reserves
Fuel Reserves Prodn 2003-4
R/P ratio
Coal +Lignite
(Million Tonnes) 34000 414 ~83 (P)
140 P+I Oil (Million Tonnes)
760 33 (117)
23 (7)
N.Gas Billion m3
920 32 29
Uranium Tonnes
61000 PHWR ~50 10GW
Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006
Characteristics of Renewables Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy
intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW Clean Source of Energy Dilute Source - Even in best regions
1kW/m2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2
Large Collection Areas, high costs Availability varies with time Need for Storage, Additional Cost
Energy flow/ Solar Radiation for a typical day of April
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Hour of day(15th April)
Inci
den
t R
adia
tio
n (
kJ/h
-sq
.m)
Solar Radiation
Renewable Energy Options
Wind
Solar Small Hydro
Biomass
Tidal Energy
Wave Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy
Solar Thermal
Solar Photovoltaic
Geothermal*
Applications Power Generation Cooking Water Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Distillation Drying Space Heating
Power Generation Options
Power Generation
Centralised Grid Connected
Cogeneration/Trigeneration
Decentralised Distributed Generation
Isolated
Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater,
Passive Solar)
Renewable installed capacity and generation
Installed Capacity*(MW)
Estimated Capacity factor
Estimated Generation
(GWh)
Wind 7845 14% 9621
Biomass Power 606 70% 3185
Biomass Gasifier 86 60% 527
BagasseCogeneration
720 60% 3784
Small Hydro 2046 40% 7169
Waste to Energy 55 50% 241
Solar PV 2.74 20% 5
Total 11360 25% 24380
*as on Jan 1, 2008
Renewable Installed Capacity trend
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity
Perspective Plan (MNRE)
Source: 11th Plan proposal MNRE Govt of India
Renewable Share in Power
Renewable installed capacity
Renewable generationNuclear generation
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Sha
re o
f Ren
ewab
ales
(%) Renewable
Installed Capacity
Renewable Generation
Nuclear Generation
Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave
World Cost Estimates
Geothermal
COMMERCIAL
8240 MW 4c/kWh$2000/kW No Indian experience50 MW plant J & K planned
Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MWFRANCE
LF 20%No Indian experience (3.6MW planned Sunderbans)
OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kW210 kWNELHA
India 1MW gross plant attempted
Wave Energy
PROTOTYPE < 1MWGrid Connected
India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram
PV Thermal
Low Temp. <100 o C
High Temp. >400 o C
Medium Temp. Up to 400 o C Line Focusing Parabolic Collectors
Solar Pond Solar Chimney Solar Flat Plate Collectors
Parabolic Dish
Material
Single Crystal Silicon
Production Process
Central Tower
Amorphous Silicon
Wafer
CdTe/ GAAs
Polycrystalline Silicon
Thin Film
Solar Power
Technology Options for Solar power
End Uses and Technologies for Use of Solar Energy
Solar Thermal
Low Temperature (<100 C)
Medium Temperature (<400 C)
High Temperature (>400 C)
Box type
cookers
Flat Plate /Evacuated
Tube Collectors
Solar Chimney
Solar Pond
Line Focussing Parabolic
Parabolic Dish
Central Tower
Solar Water Heater
Air Dryer
Power Hot water for
Industrial Use
Industrial Heating
Cooking CookingPower Power Power PowerPower
BIOMASS
THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL
COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS
RANKINE CYCLE
PRODUCER GAS
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED
FERMENTATIONDIGESTION
BIOGAS ETHANOL
Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines
BIOMASS CONVERSION ROUTES
Map of India showing the geothermal provinces
OTEC plant schematic
Mooring Arrangement
Wave Energy
Source: Sukhatme
Wind Power ~8000 MW installed Single machine upto 2.1
MW Average capacity factor
14% Capital cost Rs 4-
5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%)
India 45000 /13000 MW potential estimated
32%/ year (5 year growth rate) 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Annu
al Lo
ad Fa
ctor (%
)
Satara, Maharashtra
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1200
1400
Month of year
Act
ual M
onth
ly G
ener
atio
n (*
1000
kWh)
0
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8
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12
14
Ave
rage
Win
d Sp
eed
(m/s)
Monthly GenerationWind Speed
Small Hydro Power
Classification - Capacity -Micro less than 100 kW Mini 100 kW - 3 MW
Small 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually
isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW , Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh 2046 MW (7%/year)
200 kW Chizami village, Nagaland
Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh
Biomass Power Higher Capacity factors
than other renewables Fuelwood, agricultural
residues, animal waste Atmospheric gasification
with dual fuel engine - 500 kW gasifier - largest
installation Combustion – 5-18 MW Rs 2.50-4/kWh
Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW
100 kWe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland
Biogas 45-70% CH4 rest CO2
Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3
Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry
Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder
Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser
Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action
Family size plants 2m3/day
Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day
Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit
Cooking, Electricity, running engine
Pura, Karnataka
Bagasse CogenerationIncremental Capital Cost
(Rs/kW)30000
Life 20 years
Boiler Efficiency 70%
Bagasse NCV = 3400 kcal/kg (dry basis), Price Rs 1.50/kgDiscount rate = 10%, O&M cost = Rs 0.5/kWh2500 tcd plant 9.5 MW export, 0.93 kg extra/ kWh
Load factor 0.4 0.5 0.6
Rs/kWh 2.60 2.40 2.27
0.5T/hr
Feed water
Process
Process
2 ata
~
STEAM TURBINE
2.5 MW
6 ata
BAGASSE
58 T/hr 22 ata 330o C
4.5T/hr 27T/hr
26T/hr
Schematic of typical 2500 tcd Sugar factory
Flashed Condensate
PRDS
PRDS
MILLING
0.5T/hr
FEED WATER
BOILER
Feed water
Con
den
ser
2 ata
PROCESS
75 TPH, 65 ata, 480OC
Process
Process
4.5 TPH
~
6 ata
BAGASSE (Alternate fuel)
2 ata
BFP
13 MW
BOILER
1.0 MW Mill drives
9.5 MW Power export
2.5 MW Captive load
PROCESS
PROPOSED PLANT CONFIGURATION: OPTION 2
STEAM TURBINE
CONDENSER
ESS
Solar Thermal Heating
ARUN160 Mahananda Dairy, Latur
Thermal ApplicationsSteel Reheating Furnace Raipur Investment 37.5 lakhs, Annual savings 30 lakhs , Simple Payback period 1.25 years, IRR 80% (IITB, Cosmos) (Rice Husk, wood) 1.25 Mkcals/hrNARI, Sugarcane Leaves, Bagasse, Ceramic Tile furnace 0.25 Mkcals/hrSilk Drying – TERI, payback period 2.5 yearsCarbon Dioxide Manufacture
Silk Drying – TERI
Steel Rolling Mill Reheating Furnace Raipur1.25 Mkcal/hr
Solar Cooking•Tirumala(Tirupati) – 4 T/day of steam – food for 15000 people
Solar parabolic Concentrators
•Solar cooking – Suitable for Institutions/ Community kitchen
Army mess,
Ladakh
•Households- difficult – change in cooking habits
b- bar
75.5 MW 103 b,371oC
Steam turbine
~
WHRB
Heat exchanger
Solar Heat Exchanger
Solar Radiation
Condenser
~
Air
Fuel
GTG-2 sets of35.2 MW
Aux. Firing Feed water
Steam, 103 b,500 oC
Steam, 103 b,500 oC
Flue gas from GT
BFP
To WHRB
Heat Transfer oil, 291oC
391oC
Gas Turbine sets
Heat exchanger
GTG 2sets of 35 MW each Proposed
ISCC
Solar PV India -2740 kW
Grid connected systems
(25-239 kW) Array efficiency in
field 12-15% Cost Rs 26cr/MW Rs 15-20 /kWh
Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO (2001) BHEL
Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West Bengal Renewable Energy Agency (2003 )
Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant
www.mnes.nic.in
Diffusion Curves for wind energy
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Year
Inst
all
ed C
ap
aci
ty (
MW
)
Actual InstallationDiffusion curve Upper limit of uncertainityLow er limit of uncertainityForecast Values by MNRE
Potential = 45000MW
a1
a2
a
am
Year Projection by MNRE
Projection by diffusion curve
Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%
Lower limit Higher limit
2007 7000 8700 2000 24800
2012 17500 23000 5800 39600
2022 40000 42900 27400 44800
5000
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9500
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Jan-07
june
july
august
sept
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
hours
Po
we
r g
en
era
ted
in M
W
january
June
July
August
September
Wind Generation
Total Generation
Tamil Nadu 2006-7
Solar Water Heating System
COLLECTOR
STORAGE TANK
FROM OVERHEAD
TANK
TO USAGE POINT
AUXILIARY HEATER
STORAGE TANK
COLLECTOR
PUMP
FROM OVERHEAD
TANK
TO USAGE POINT
Schematic of solar water heating system
AUXILIARY HEATER
Solar Water Heating Systems in India
– Installed Capacity = 1.5 million sq. m. (0.8% of estimated potential)
Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating for Pune
0
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1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n (M
W)
Typical day of January
Typical day of May
Total Consumption =760 MWh/day
Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day
53%
Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune
Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day
Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day
Total Electricity Consumption of Pune
5 kWp Solar PV system at Rajmachi village, Maharashtra
Isolated system - Example 0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
0:00:00 4:48:00 9:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 0:00:00
time
load Average Load
Single phase, 220 V
100 PV modules of 50 W each
Lead acid battery - tubular type
120 V; 800 Ah
Inverter: 7.5 kVA
Bio-diesel based power plant of 10 kW rating (Raipur, Chattisgarh)Solar Water
pumping system for village
Summing Up Clean Technology- from market seeding to
mainstreaming Different strategies Different mindsets Not constrained by supply Climate Change as a driver- National solar
mission Innovative financing Technology development , R &D Consortia India as a global leader?
End-Note
The use of solar energy has not been opened up because the oil industry does not own the sun
Ralph Nader US Consumer activist
Thank you
References AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After Rio-
Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York. MNES Annual Reports, 2001-2008 Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission,
2006 11th Five year plan proposal, MNRE, Govt of India www.mnes.nic.in S.P.Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi,1997 Banerjee, Comparison of DG options, Energy Policy, 2006 Pillai, Banerjee, Solar Energy, 2007 Manish, Pillai, Banerjee, ‘Sustainability analysis of
renewables’, Energy for Sustainable Development , December 2006