Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Green and intelligent buildings an energy focus

Green Intelligent Green Intelligent Buildings: Buildings:

An Energy FocusAn Energy Focus

Professor Derek Clements-Professor Derek Clements-CroomeCroome

School of Construction Management & School of Construction Management & EngineeringEngineering

The University of ReadingThe University of Readingwww.ibrg.rdg.ac.ukwww.ibrg.rdg.ac.uk

ContradictionsContradictions Changes in Living, Innovation and Changes in Living, Innovation and

GlobalisationGlobalisation Global WarmingGlobal Warming Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy Airconditioning: For Betterment of Airconditioning: For Betterment of

Mankind?Mankind? Environmental Design Affects Well-Being Environmental Design Affects Well-Being

of Peopleof People

Preview

Ideas for ProgressIdeas for Progress

Fact Consequence Question

Warmer weather More airconditioning Is this sustainable?

Tighter construction Less infiltration Is this healthy?

More technology Increasing complexity Less reliability?

Rising user expectations More demands Client participative design?

Capital cost outlook Cheap ineffective solutions Mindset cultural change?

Contradictions

Changes in Living, Changes in Living, Innovation and GlobalisationInnovation and Globalisation

Source: Economic Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, Outlook 2004, IBM

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Source: Gartner Dataquest, June 2003Outlook 2004, IBM

Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to Wider cross sector collaboration is essential to

innovation in many fields.innovation in many fields. Source: Dr. H. Fuchs, Wilhelm University of Munster in Westphalia. Courtesy: Lux Research Outlook 2004, IBM

The limit of current manufacturing techniques is about 5 nm

The smallest transistor that may be manufactured cost effectively is 9nm

New Technologies such as spintronics, will be needed to go below these limits

The limit of current manufacturing techniques is about 5nm

Moore’s law 1: Device Downsizing

Wong, Hiroshi, Physics World, Vol 18 No 9 Sep 05

Moore’s law 2: Chip Density

Wong, Hiroshi, Physics World, Vol 18 No 9 Sep 05

In the last 40 years the number of transistors that can be integrated onto a single silicon chip contributes to Moore's law. The level of integration will depend on our ability to interconnect transistors on the giga scale.

The Knowledge The Knowledge Economy Index, Economy Index, calculated by the calculated by the World Bank Institute, World Bank Institute, is based on the is based on the average performance average performance scores of:scores of:

– Economic incentive Economic incentive regimeregime

– EducationEducation– InnovationInnovation– Information and Information and

communications communications technologytechnology

Source: Knowledge for Development, World Bank Institute, Outlook 2004, IBM

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Climate Change

www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php#sustain

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001

Source: CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation. TM36:2005(UKCIP02 Scientific Report)

Global Carbon Dioxide Increases

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2001-2025

Region Carbon Dioxide emissions(million tonnes)

2001 2010 2025

Industrialised CountriesEast Europe/Russian FederationDeveloping Countries

3179856

2487

357210383075

434612674749

Total 6522 7685 10361

Energy Information Administration, US www.eia.doe.gov/iea

Air pollution spreads out over eastern China, across theEast China Sea towards Japan in October 2004.

The haze accumulates in the atmosphere from the burning of carbon-based fuels.

Pollution (dark grey) is easy to distinguish from clouds(bright white).

The World Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

Image courtesy of the SeaWiFS Project, Nasa/Goddard Space Flight Centre and Orbimage

Two photos of the same Beijing skyline taken less than 24 hours

apart

Air pollution in Beijing

Relative Carbon Emissions Life Cycle Energy

System BasisSystem Basis Annual CarbonAnnual CarbonEmission (kg/mEmission (kg/m22))

CIBSE (2002)CIBSE (2002)

Natural Ventilation - goodNatural Ventilation - good - typical- typical

Airconditioning - goodAirconditioning - good - typical - typical

1313

12122020

20203737

CIBSE (2002)

Pollution in ChinaPollution in China

Pollution in BeijingPollution in Beijing

Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources

EIA: Wold Energy Outlook 2005

Africa and Asia –national usage per capita of electricity (megawatt hours per person, per year). Against GDP growth (%) and population size, 2003

The Wold Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

China China generating-capacity additionsgenerating-capacity additions

The Wold Energy Book Issue 1 Autumn 05

World electricity generation by World electricity generation by sourcesource

Share (%)Share (%) Share (%)Share (%)

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels 64.564.5 OthersOthers 36.536.5

CoalCoal 38.738.7 NuclearNuclear 17.117.1

GasGas 18.718.7 Hydro-Hydro-electricelectric

16.616.6

OilOil 7.17.1 RenewablesRenewables 1.81.8

Source IEA in World Energy Book Issue 1, 2005

Worldwide distribution of geothermal Worldwide distribution of geothermal power plants –these currently produce power plants –these currently produce

0-4% of the world’s electricity0-4% of the world’s electricity

Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

Installed capacity of geothermal Installed capacity of geothermal power plants has been steadily power plants has been steadily growing at over 200MWe per growing at over 200MWe per annum over the past 25 yearsannum over the past 25 years


Operational and proposed Operational and proposed marine energy project marine energy project

worldwideworldwide

Annual mean wave power in deep Annual mean wave power in deep water around the world’s water around the world’s

coastlines is up to 100 MW/kmcoastlines is up to 100 MW/km


Global Consumption of Energy in 1998

Energy Source Consumption (Mtoe*) Consumption (%)

Oil 3500 41.1

Natural gas 1900 22.4

Coal 2100 24.7

Nuclear 800 9.4

Hydro-electric 200 2.4

Total 8500 100

*Mtoe = Million tonnes oil equivalent = 42 GJ. Colls (2002)

World ElectricityWorld Electricity

World Primary Energy DemandWorld Primary Energy Demand Africa & AsiaAfrica & Asia China generating growthChina generating growth

Global Renewable Energy Potentials

EJ thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 1018 J)

Energy Source 1990 2025 Long term

Hydro-electricity* 21 35-55 >130

Geothermal <1 4 >20

Wind - 7-10 >130

Ocean - 2 >20

Solar - 16-22 >2,600

Biomass 55 72-137 >1.300

Total 76 130-230 >4,200

* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest producers are Canada, US and Brazil.

Kirkwood (1998)

A Predicted Expansion in Renewable Energy Use in EU

Type of Energy 1995 2010

Biomass

Photovoltaics

Solar Collectors

Wind

Geothermal (Heatpumps)

45Mtoe*

0.03 GW

6.5 Mm2

2.5 GW

1.3 GW

135Mtoe

3GW

100 Mm2

40 GW

5 GW

* 1Mtoe = 42GJ Edwards (2002)

India Cambodia ThailandIndia Cambodia Thailand

Forecast growth rates in world solar-thermal markets. 2005-2010.

Three different scenarios for the near-term growth of micro-chp in the UK.

The average price of a photovoltaic module divided by its peak power versus the total power generated by all the modules ever sold. The trend shows the cost of modules falling by about 20% each time that sales double. (Data from Strategies Unlimited.)

Terry Peterson, Brien Fies, Sloar Power to the people, Physics World, Energy Challenges for the 21st Century, Volume 15, No: 7, 2002

Rules of Thumb for Solar Design

Form create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southreduce north glazingminimise tree over-shadowingon housing estates build to a density of < 40 properties/hadesign atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the sun in both summer and winter

Fabric:fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Rawlings (1999)

Airconditioning for the Airconditioning for the Betterment of Mankind?Betterment of Mankind?

Reverse Cycle Systems Annual Energy Consumption Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use

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Note: Heating & cooling energy consumption

kWh/

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kWh/m2

Typical Practice

Good Practice

Dunn and Knight 2005

Cooling Only Systems Annual Energy Consumption Vs National Benchmarks for Office Energy Use

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tary

HP

Note: Cooling energy consumption

kWh/

m2

kWh/m2

Good Practice

Typical Practice

Dunn and Knight 2005

China supplied 75% of the world air-conditioning market by 2004.

Comparison of exports from China to all regions in 2003 and 2004.

BSRIA, Delta, Sept 04

Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 air-Relation between MV and PD in summer for 29 air-conditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with conditioned buildings and for 32 buildings with individual temperature control and natural or individual temperature control and natural or mechanical ventilation.mechanical ventilation.

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-2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2

Mean Vote

Per

cen

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f d

issa

tisf

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Natural ventilation

Mechanical ventilation

Airconditioning

Mechanical ventilation (11 buildings)

Natural ventilation(21 buildings)

PMV

Airconditioning(29 buildings)

International Journal of Construction Innovation Magazine. 2005/2006

Environmental Design Environmental Design Affects Affects

Well-Being of PeopleWell-Being of People

Stata Building at MIT Stata Building at MIT by Frank Gehry.

University officials sought an unconventional building to inspire creativity exteriorexterior

Joyce N, 2004 Joyce N, 2004

Stata Building at Stata Building at MIT MIT InteriorInterior

Joyce N, 2004 Joyce N, 2004

VeriFone a Californian Manufacturer, renovated VeriFone a Californian Manufacturer, renovated and daylit one of its buildings. The and daylit one of its buildings. The improvements that saved 60 percent of the improvements that saved 60 percent of the energy would have paid for themselves in 7.5 energy would have paid for themselves in 7.5 years. The increase in productivity of more than years. The increase in productivity of more than 5 percent and drop in absenteeism of 45 percent 5 percent and drop in absenteeism of 45 percent brought the payback to under a year - brought the payback to under a year - a return on a return on investment of more than 100 percent.investment of more than 100 percent.

Lockheed built a daylit, energy-efficient Lockheed built a daylit, energy-efficient engineering development-and- design facility in engineering development-and- design facility in Sunnyvale, California, that saves $300,000 to Sunnyvale, California, that saves $300,000 to $400,000 a year on energy bills-and $400,000 a year on energy bills-and productivity productivity rose rose 15 15 percent.percent.

Joseph J Romm Cool Companies. Earthscan, London 1999.

Gensler, These Four Walls, Real British Office Report, 2005

Life Costs and Value RatiosLife Costs and Value Ratios

Design & Construction Design & Construction (X)(X)

Facilities Management Facilities Management (Y)(Y)

Utilisation Utilisation (Z)(Z)

Z Z >>>> Y Y > X> X e.g. 80 : 8 : 1e.g. 80 : 8 : 1

Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

Ideas for ProgressIdeas for Progress

Return Grille(Lighting Fixture)

Upper Space

Habitable Space

Creation of Comfortable Space by New HVAC Theory Floor Flow

Shimizu Corporation, Japan

(Ceiling Space)

Slit on Ceiling

Ventilating (Porous)Carpet Tile

Perforated Floor Panel

(Raised Floor)

Air-Conditioner

Ventilating (Porous) Carpet Tile Perforated Floor Panel

Floor Ventilation by Shimizu Corporation, Japan

Bedzed Energy Development

How the Zed system Works

Gasified wood technology provides heat and electricity to the entire site with zero net CO2 emissions

Lewis, The Times, 26 Jan 06

Fuel Cell TypesFuel Cell Types

PEMFC PEMFC -- Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellsProton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellsPAFC PAFC -- Phosphoric Acid Fuel CellsPhosphoric Acid Fuel CellsSOFC SOFC -- Solid Oxide Fuel CellsSolid Oxide Fuel CellsMCFC MCFC -- Molten Carbonate Fuel CellsMolten Carbonate Fuel CellsAlkaline Alkaline -- Alkaline Fuel CellsAlkaline Fuel CellsRegenerative -Regenerative - Regenerative Fuel CellsRegenerative Fuel CellsDMFC DMFC -- Direct Methanol Fuel CellsDirect Methanol Fuel CellsZAFC ZAFC -- Zinc-Air Fuel CellsZinc-Air Fuel CellsPCFC PCFC -- Protonic Ceramic Fuel CellsProtonic Ceramic Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

Fuel Cell Types -Fuel Cell Types -CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

Projected Commercialization of Fuel Projected Commercialization of Fuel CellsCells

Image: Courtesy of Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Fuel Cells for Offices, BCO Guide April 2004

How to adapt a 1960s office block to the How to adapt a 1960s office block to the

UK's changing climate?UK's changing climate?

upgrade the windows to double glazing Increase fabric insulation and air tightnessUse solar shadingExpose the thermal mass in concrete floor slabs by removing suspended ceilings Use automatically controllable mechanical ventilation via an underfloor airsupply systemUse nighttime cooling in summerReclaim heat from the exhaust air in winterUse water-chilled beams to provide additional cooling when temperatures go above 25°C

Bennett, Building Design, Oct 05, Issue 1693

Façade Swiss Journal, 3/05

Genzyme Headquarters, Cambridge, MA

6-Climate Systems

7-Atrium

8-Lighting in Atrium

Façade Swiss Journal, 3/05

Genzyme Headquarters, Cambridge, MA

Double Façade Design

Integrated Integrated Renewable Renewable Energy at Energy at Beaufort Beaufort CourtCourt

225 kW Wind TurbinePhotovoltaic/ThermalSolar Array

Crop Store

PV Invertors

1500 m3 Water Heat Sink

Biomass Crop (Miscanthus)

Crop Shedder

Electrical Import/Export Meters

Exhaust Air

Fresh Air

Irrigation

80m Deep Borehole in Chalk Aquifer for Cooling

Wood Fuel (Miscanthus) Boilers and Gas Fired Backup Boilers

Renewable Energy Centre

Max Fordham and Partners

Lessons from Animals: Lessons from Animals: BiomimeticsBiomimetics

Sensory Filiform Hairs of Crickets: Detection of Predators

The filiform sensing hairs are located on the cerci (from a few tens in young, up to 500+ in adults)

cerci

Filiform hair length varies between 100 μm and 1500 μm

(Seidel, 2004)

(Dangles et al., 2004)

Array of filiform hairs in cricket’s cerci

Detail of hair insertion structure into exocuticle

Airflow SensorsAirflow Sensors

Variation between 200-2000µm in lengthVariation between 200-2000µm in length

Detection of frequencies between 20 and Detection of frequencies between 20 and 2000Hz2000Hz

Sensitivity: deflection of 0.05° corresponding Sensitivity: deflection of 0.05° corresponding to a displacement less than 1nm.to a displacement less than 1nm.

ConclusionsConclusions

Biomimetics tries to extract good ideas from Biomimetics tries to extract good ideas from NatureNature

Insect Flow Sensors consist of hairs, which detect Insect Flow Sensors consist of hairs, which detect the direction of small currents of airthe direction of small currents of air

Modern Imaging Techniques allow us to build Modern Imaging Techniques allow us to build exact virtual replicatesexact virtual replicates

MicroElectroMechanical Systems made out of MicroElectroMechanical Systems made out of Silicon may be able to mimic insect flow sensors Silicon may be able to mimic insect flow sensors in the futurein the future

Ventilation systems in buildingsVentilation systems in buildings Blood vessel flow monitoringBlood vessel flow monitoring Wing shape optimizationsWing shape optimizations Highly accurate sensing devices Highly accurate sensing devices

for scientific usefor scientific use

Where Does that Take Us?Where Does that Take Us?

New MaterialsNew Materials

Key Grand ChallengesKey Grand Challenges

Lawrence, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

EnergyDevelop materials to be used in energy storage, generation and transportation cleaner, lower cost, sustainable energy SecurityNew materials and measurement devices for protection against acts of terrorism and crime detecting dangerous substances and organisms

ShelterProduction of new materials and practices that are sustainable for large scale housing issues

Key Grand ChallengesKey Grand Challenges

Lawrence, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

Medical & HealthcareDevelop treatment therapies and procedures as radical improvements to current methods

Development of self-assembly to synthesis and manufacture of complex materials

CommunicationsManufacture of electronics components for personal communication systems and health monitoring

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses

Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

Scanning electron micrograph of nanospheres filling one of the tiny holes that cause sensitive teeth (Leeds University)

Reid, Institude of Physics, Interactions, Oct 2005

Embedded Sensors in Embedded Sensors in Buildings. Equipment and Buildings. Equipment and

ClothingClothing

Occupants lifestyle affect Occupants lifestyle affect energy consumptionenergy consumption

Embedded sensors help Embedded sensors help occupants to save money occupants to save money and society save energyand society save energy

Eleksen, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion , Dec 2004

Intelligent Homes

Sensory TranslationSensory Translation

Pearson 2004 New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

CLOTHING IN 2020?

Embedded computing within textiles Clothes that read-out body processes Clothes that ‘talk’ The end of washing and ironing?

Greenfield, 2004, New Technologies and Smart Textiles for Industry and Fashion

Bolger, The Times, Tue, 3 Jan 06

Using Electrical Energy of Human BodyUsing Electrical Energy of Human Body

Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005

Past & Future Patterns of Working Past Future

Wyatt., T., 2003, CIBSE

Meeting the ChallengesMeeting the Challenges Processes, Products (Systems), People Processes, Products (Systems), People

IntegrationIntegration Whole Life ValueWhole Life Value Cross-Sectoral LearningCross-Sectoral Learning Design for Sustainable Healthy EnvironmentsDesign for Sustainable Healthy Environments Consider Environmental, Economic and Social Consider Environmental, Economic and Social

ValuesValues Use Innovation as an EnablerUse Innovation as an Enabler Building Services Engineers become Architect-Building Services Engineers become Architect-

EngineersEngineers

Control and Maintenance of cleanliness of air handling system

Commissioning Periodic Inspection

Visually Clean?

Clearly Unclean?

AcceptableCleanliness

Level?

Objective Measurements

Documentation

Cleaning

Verification

A Procedure to evaluate and maintain the cleanliness in ventilation systemPasanen & Holopanen, ReHVA Workshops, Clima 2005

No

Yes

Performance of school work as a function of outdoor air supply ratePerformance of school work as a function of outdoor air supply rate

Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Average, maximum and minimum CO2 concentrations in Average, maximum and minimum CO2 concentrations in 11Dutch Primary schools (source: Dijken et ai, 2005) 11Dutch Primary schools (source: Dijken et ai, 2005)

Boerstra et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Change in performance per 10 L/s per person increase of outdoor air supply rate Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Change in performance per 1oC increase in indoor temperatureSeppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Relative Performance of office work as a function of perceived indoor air quality

Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Relative sick-leave as a function of ventilation Seppanen et al, Rehva Workshops Clima 2005

Schematic diagram of four Schematic diagram of four human circadian rhythms human circadian rhythms

Source: CIE, 2004 in Chung 2005 Int Lighting Symposium Proceedings, Hong Kong

Status of the World’s Status of the World’s generation III fusion reactorsgeneration III fusion reactors


Less than half of Europe’s Less than half of Europe’s technically feasible hydropower technically feasible hydropower

resources have so far been resources have so far been exploited exploited

(source: Aqua-media Int)(source: Aqua-media Int)Civil Engineering Nov 05 Vol. 158 Special Issue 2

Three categoriesThree categories

>150 °C: primarily for power generation>150 °C: primarily for power generation 40-150 °C: large-scale heating and process40-150 °C: large-scale heating and process

applications with some limited and low-applications with some limited and low-

efficiency power generationefficiency power generation <40 °C: mostly used with heat pumps on<40 °C: mostly used with heat pumps on

closed-loop ('ground source'), open-loop and closed-loop ('ground source'), open-loop and mine-water source systems to provide mine-water source systems to provide heating, cooling and hot water.heating, cooling and hot water.


Countries generating more Countries generating more than 10% of their electricity than 10% of their electricity

from geothermal power plantsfrom geothermal power plants


Essential FeaturesEssential Features heated geological formations, accessible atheated geological formations, accessible at

a temperature appropriate for the a temperature appropriate for the applicationapplication

substantial permeability and heat transfersubstantial permeability and heat transfer

contact area between the groundwater and contact area between the groundwater and thethe

heated rockheated rock sustained aquifer support for the thermal sustained aquifer support for the thermal

reservoir to keep the groundwater supply reservoir to keep the groundwater supply fully fed and maintain production.fully fed and maintain production.

China faces serious challenges to improving welfare in socially and

environmentally sustainable manner

Low per capita GDP and energy consumption Industrialization and urbanization Transformation of domestic political

economy Integration into world markets Changing role of government Environmental protection enforcement High uncertainty regarding improvement

structure (move away from solid fuels)

Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratories, 2004

Comparison among scenarios shows potential for substantial energy demand

reduction

Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratories, 2004

Carbon dioxide emissions following the A1B-C (left) and B2-C (right) scenario.

National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Bilthoven. The Netherlands. Energy Research Institute (ERI). Beijing. China.

Primary energy use in the alternative B1-C (left) and A1F-C (right) scenarios.

Note: NTE = Non thermal electricity (Nuclear, solar, wind).

National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Bilthoven. The Netherlands. Energy Research Institute (ERI). Beijing. China.

Primary Energy Intensities for 6 Representative Regions out of the 11 Wold

Regions, 1970–96, and in Three Cases, 1990–2020

Nakicenovic (Austria) WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT: ENERGY AND THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABILITY

Nakicenovic (Austria) WORLD ENERGY ASSESSMENT: ENERGY AND THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABILITY

Regional Distribution of Regional Distribution of Population 1950- 2050Population 1950- 2050

Source: United Nations Source: United Nations World Populations Prospects:World Populations Prospects:

Measuring Measuring Solar Solar InsolationInsolation

(Source: Earth Observatory, (Source: Earth Observatory, NASA)NASA)

World cell/module shipments World cell/module shipments 1993-2000 1993-2000

(consumer and commercials)(consumer and commercials)

World Energy Council 2005

China -two-thirds of the territory receiving in excess of 4.6 kWh/m2/day China -two-thirds of the territory receiving in excess of 4.6 kWh/m2/day solar radiation. solar radiation.

In 1996 there were the following installations utilising solar In 1996 there were the following installations utilising solar energy: energy:

720 million m2 solar green houses; 720 million m2 solar green houses; 390 000 ha of polyethylene film-covered green houses; 390 000 ha of polyethylene film-covered green houses; 62 million m2 solar heated pigsties; 62 million m2 solar heated pigsties; >8 million m2 (aperture area) of solar water heaters (of >8 million m2 (aperture area) of solar water heaters (of

which 5.24 million m2 were in rural areas); which 5.24 million m2 were in rural areas); 7.4 million m2 passive solar residential houses (of which 7.4 million m2 passive solar residential houses (of which

4.56 million m2 were in rural areas); 4.56 million m2 were in rural areas); 7 MW PV panels; 7 MW PV panels; 195 000 solar cooker units.195 000 solar cooker units.

Renewable resources will account for 0.7% of the total Renewable resources will account for 0.7% of the total commercial energy consumption by end-2005 and for 2% commercial energy consumption by end-2005 and for 2% by 2015.by 2015.

DELIVERING SUSTAINABILITY:DELIVERING SUSTAINABILITY:

Keep all energy options open Keep all energy options open Ensure the necessary investment in energy Ensure the necessary investment in energy

infrastructure infrastructure Adopt a pragmatic approach to market reform Adopt a pragmatic approach to market reform Place priority on the measures needed to ensure Place priority on the measures needed to ensure

reliability of supplyreliability of supply Promote regional integration of energy supply Promote regional integration of energy supply

systems systems Exploit the "win-win" opportunities of emerging Exploit the "win-win" opportunities of emerging

climate change responses climate change responses Ensure technical innovation Ensure technical innovation Foster and sustain public understanding and trustFoster and sustain public understanding and trust


A Key Growth B Reference C Ecology Driven


Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit

extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.

Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Green and intelligent buildings an energy focus

Engineering

Transcript of Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Green and intelligent buildings an energy focus