Hong Kong University Polytechnic

14 June 2011

Prof. Derek Clements-CroomeThe University of Readingwww.derekcroome.com

Sustainable Intelligent Buildings

for People

IntegrationSustainability adds Value PeopleProcessesInnovationProducts (Systems)Case StudiesRecommendations

Occupant

Observer / passer by

External environment

Building

Internal environment

Buildings, Environment & People

Integration

People

Product(System

s)

Process

Effective integration

ensures processes and

products (systems) work effectively for

people.

Principles of Integrated System Design 

the brief; the need for well  structured

procedures; the importance of human and social

criteria; effective team working all driven by

holistic and creative thinking

Elliot (2009) and The Royal Academy of Engineering

Technology and Integration

design and installation; commissioning andpost-occupancy evaluation;  operation and maintenance;up- grading technology.

Barriers to Systems Integration 

speed of innovation; technology becomes outdated quickly;

interoperability across systems; and

the operational availability of the systems; reliability is vital if expensive downtime is to be avoided.

Integrated Open Systems Approach  

gives annual life cycle costs of 57p/m2, compared with 90p/m2 for a traditional approach because of

lower operating costs due to faster maintenance and upgrades

Whole life cycle costs saving 4.5%

Report for the Converged Building Technologies Group  by Bowen (2005)

Effective IntegrationDocumentary evidence on integrated

processes; Proven and tested processes to be

adapted and used on other similar projects;

Auditing and monitoring processes; a Unity of Vision between consultants,

contractors, manufacturers and facilities managers.

The 5 C’s help to achieve the 5 E’s:

Communication

ConsultationCooperationCoordination+Creativity

EffectivenessEfficiencyEfficacyEconomy+Expresssion

Integration

The Systems Integrator ensures all the stakeholders are integrated into the project, and needs the following skills:

experience of how  systems can be integrated;

an ability to think strategically and  innovatively across disciplines; logistic skills;

good leadership and communication skills.

The choice of a systems integrator dependson these skills rather than disciplines.

Sustainable Design Adds Value

Sustainability Risk or Opportunity?

Can you afford to be sustainable?– (Perceived) higher build cost

Can you afford not to be sustainable?– Taxes– Penalties– Rising prices– A changing environment– Occupier awareness– Increasing legislation– Shareholder pressure– New investment opportunities– Capital value - ‘two tier market’

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

LEED Rated Buildings

cost 6% more to build; have occupancy rates over 4%

higher;command 2-6% higher rents; save 10-50% in energy

consumption;decreased operating costs; increased building value 10% in

2008 Hirigoyen (2009) ;Bernstein and Russo (2010)

Perceived Business Benefits of Green Building Increasing

Expected Increase by Building Owners

2005 2008

Decreased Operating Cost 8.9% 13.6% 5%+ (3 years)

Increased Building Values 7.5% 10.9% 11

Improvement in ROI 6.6% 9.9% 5%+ (3 years)

Increased Occupancy 3.5% 6.4% 11% (1 year)

Rent Rise 3.0% 6.1%

Capital Cost Increase - -

Bernstein H and Russo M, 2009. McGraw Hill Construction

Do Green Buildings Really Cost More?

Capital E Group and Lawrence Berkeley

studied 100 green buildings concluded:

LEED rated green buildings have $60/sqft financial benefits

more than 10x benefit of additional construction cost (energy/water/productivity/health)

Sarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects

sick building syndrome overheated, under-ventilated, artificial

lighting high energy use - expensive increased requirement for agency staff less money to spend on front-line lower patient satisfaction

This costs the NHS billions

Outcomes of Poor Environments

Sarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects

Smart BenefitsReduced energy consumptionLower utility billsLower emissions Lower capital costs from

increased equipment lifeDecreased unplanned downtimeLower risk of equipment failureReduction in overtime labour

costs e on 2010

Empire State Building

The plan is to: reduce energy consumption by

38%;achieve annual savings of $4.4

m; reduce carbon emissions by

105,000 metric tons over 15 years;

project completion in 2 years.Hirigoyen (2009)

Empire State Building

Cost $13.2 million with payback in 3 yrs - through energy & operational savings

Serve as a global model for owners of existing buildings

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

Integrated Sustainability Refurbishment Programme

PEOPLE

Environmental Design Affects

Well-Being of People

www.t-mac.co.uk lisa@t-mac.co.uk

What drives human behaviour ?

• Consumerism = more demand on our working conditions

• Fashion/popular culture

• Rise of the comfort expectations

Integrating Human Behaviour with Buildings

and Systems Performance

www.t-mac.co.uk lisa@t-mac.co.uk

Building users now IT literate and demand local control but can:

• change control strategies by overriding local

controllers

• let a/c run at the same time as heating• forget to change time-clocks for day light saving or bank holidays

• prop windows and doors open• run industrial machinery inefficiently

Integrating Human Behaviour with Buildings

and Systems Performance

Low carbon buildings can be unsustainable if the human needs are neglected

Healthier buildings are automatically low carbon

but not all low carbon buildings are healthy workplaces

Overheated buildings are wasteful, uncomfortable and lower productivity

Each deg C rise is about 8% in energy terms in UK

Air Quality and Temperature Equally Important

Emphasise Well-being and Freshness rather than Comfort

Improved People Performance in Green

Buildings? Sickness Absence is reduced Natural light and ventilation increase

accuracy, concentration .health and well-being ,happiness, attitudes...

Productivity gains of up to 6-16% often cited

Journal Property Management /Rocky Mountain Institute/Pennsylvania Power and LightSarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects

Saves Energy

Care of People

Leaner and FresherEnvironments

Greener

Environments Conducive to Health and Well-being

A fresh thermal environment

Ventilation rates to provide fresh air with good  distribution and acceptable levels of CO2

Good natural lighting

Minimal lighting glare from within and external to the space

Spatial planning and settings to suit various types of working

Ergonomic work places so as to minimise muscular-skeletal disorders

Minimum pollution from external sources including noise

Does Environment Affect Learning ?

Learning in primary school children is affected by CO2 levels

78% of head teachers think there is a clear link between the quality of school design and levels of pupil attainment

Williams (2005) reported a similar conclusion for 12 primary schools assessed using the Building Quality Assessment method.

Mean CO2 concentrations (±SD) according to the experimental conditions during the computerized performance tests in16 classrooms at 8 schools

* For Schools 1-3 no recirculation was made; the low ventilation condition was obtained by leaving the

windows in closed position

Bakó-Biró Z, Kochhar N, Clements-Croome D J., et al., 2008, Ventilation Rates in Schools and Pupil’s Performance Using Computerised Assessment Test, Indoor Air Copenhagen

Research at University of Reading

Effect of Ventilation on Pupil Performance and

Learning

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

Simple RT Choice RT Col Word Vig.

Picture memory

Word recognition

Re

lati

ve

Pe

rfo

rma

nce

Re-circulated Air Fresh Air Supply

215 - 230 pupils

Clements-Croome DJ. Bako-Biro Z at al., 2008, Ventilation Rates in Schools Report

Ventilation Rate vs. Relative Performance

10 classes

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

0 2 4 6 8 10

Re

lati

ve P

erf

orm

ance

L/s per person

Simp_RT

Choice_RT

Colour_Wd

Pic_Mem

Word_Rec

Clements-Croome DJ. Bako-Biro Z at al., 2008, Ventilation Rates in Schools Report

A ‘slightly fresh’ environment as judged on a seven point scale very stale(-3) to very fresh (+3) by a sample of 228 UK office workers in 23 offices required a fresh air rate of 2.2 l/s per person at 20C, 6.3 at 25C .

Environments judged as ‘fairly’ to ‘very fresh ‘would need higher amounts of fresh air as would spaces with higher occupation densities such as schools or auditoria.

Fresh Air Requirements FA ( l/s per person) and Air

Temperature Ta (deg C) for Slightly Fresh Environments

Ln(FA) = 0.2085 Ta -- 3.37  

with air temperature range 21.5---25.5C, 44--60% relative humidity  for 10% people dissatisfied

Clements-Croome (1996 and 2008)

Benchmarking Quality of Buildings and Educational

Achievements in Kent Primary Schools

Low High

HighB

QA

Sco

re

Educational Achievement Williams, 2005

Whole Life Value Cost Ratios

Design & Construction (X)

Facilities Management (Y)

Utilisation (Z)

Z >> Y > X e.g. 80 : 8 : 1

Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

PROCESSES

How to Design for the Senses

Protopapas, Polyvios, 2011, CEMIB2 Assignment 1

Soft Landings Framework

Stage 1 Inception and briefing

Stage 2 Design development and review

Stage 3 Pre-handover

Stage 4 Initial aftercare

Stage 5 Years 1-3 Extended aftercare and POE

Soft Landings Framework, BSRIA BG 4/2009The

the connectivity of the supply chain processes from brief to disposal;

sustainability, using BREEAM or another sustainability assessment tool at each phase of the building life cycle; and

Whole-life Business Model Represents the Whole-life

to attain Sustainable Performance

function, performance and value, using Building Quality Assessment and the Design Quality Indicator for example, to make a quality  assessment and

post occupancy evaluation so

that long term feedback is obtained by measuring factors which relate to the occupant, the systems and the building.

INNOVATION

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

School bus in India

School bus in Japan

School bus in Japan

Technology Hype Cycle

Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle

New technologies are over hyped by the media and businesses.

A hype cycle is a graphic representation of the maturity, adoption and business application of specific technologies.

Technology Hype Cycle - 2009

Source http://www.gartner.com/

Pressures of Climate Change

Increasing CO2 levels

Increasing World Population

Estimated economic mitigation potential by sector and region using technologies and practices expected to be available in 2030. The potentials do not include non-technical options such as lifestyle changes

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007

The power of the sun, 2010, Sullzer Technical Review,1 page 20

Technology Map 2007 onwards

UK Input into the Research Agenda for the E2B European Initiative, 17th March 2009 Marta Fernandez. Arup

Phovoltaic Solar CellsSource Cost

($ per kWh)

Solar PV WindNatural Gas

0.30 (current) 0.02 (25 years) 0.05 0.03

Generation Characteristic

First

Second

Third

Single crystal of silicon 18% efficiency

Silicon thin films Other components such as cadmium telluride < 18% efficiency

Quantum dot or nano crystals Efficiency 48% Quantum –well solar cell and Dye sanitised solar cell

Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7

Solar Charging Clothing

Portable solar chargers like the U-Powered solar charger from Kiwi Choice are a handy way to keep mobile devices like smartphones, cameras and media players topped up with electricity while on the go. GO Solar Power comprises a range of clothing items that feature pockets to house solar panels to charge up mobile electronic devices.

Liquid Foam Makes for Smarter Greenhouses

Canadian company Sunarc has a developed a new liquid foam shading system that mimics cloud cover to automatically shade greenhouses. As the liquid foam filters the sunlight, it reduces solar radiation and controls temperature, but doesn’t deprive the plants of vital light spectra they require for photosynthesis.

Streetlight Trees

Taiwanese scientists have created trees that could function as streetlights. They infused the leaves of Bacopa Caroliniana with gold nanoparticles which causes the chlorophyll to produce a reddish luminescence.

Bacteria Heal Cracks in Walls

Researchers have designed bacteria that can produce a special glue to knit together cracks in concrete structures.

Fujitsu Converts Heat and Light into Electricity with a Single

Device

Fujitsu Laboratories today announced a two-in-one energy harvesting device that can convert both light and heat into electricity. With no electrical wiring or batteries to replace, Fujitsu says that this sort of device can be manufactured from organic materials keeping costs to a minimum

3D-Printed Sand Microclimates to Cool Public Places

Taking a leaf from traditional Islamic architecture that dealt with the harsh desert climate with Mashrabiyas – a projecting latticework window that provides shade from the hot sun while allowing cool air from the street to flow through – London-based design firm PostlerFeruson has designed a kind of three dimensional Mashrabiya that can cool the immediate area in an energy-free way

Nanotechnology and

New Materials

Intelligent facades Self Cleaning concrete Self Healing concrete Low carbon concrete (Novacem) Lightweight stronger concrete with

nanotubes Plastic electronics Low energy lighting

Some Developments

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses

Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

UltraSmallSolarCell

Plastic Solar Cell

Bio-inspired Architecture

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Longitudinal section through the nest of Macroternes bellicosus from Ivory Coast. Air is circulated by buoyancy.

Drawings above show the architectural images of the envisioned structure.

Gilder, J., Clements-Croome .D. J., 201, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings CIB World Congress May 2010

- Derived inspiration – the eye structure of the moth. - Microscopic view of a schematic membrane with impregnations on its outer surface created for increasing its exposed surface area.

Gilder, J., Clements-Croome .D. J., 201, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings CIB World Congress May 2010

A cross sectional sketch of the proposed photovoltaic cell over the membrane absorbing sunrays from all directions.

Fibre optic sensor embedded in composite structural element

Gilder, J., Clements-Croome .D. J., 201, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings CIB World Congress May 2010

A virtual analysis of the model for this project showing the encapsulated routings of the heating and cooling network within the base material of

the structure.

SENSORY WORLD

Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and

Clothing

BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and integration with home, working, and hospital environments.

Occupants lifestyle affect energy consumption

Embedded sensors help increase occupant’s awareness and help them to save money and society save energy

Systems Performance and

Human ReactionBuilding and Environmental Systems

People

Physiological Judgement(Sense diary)

Objective Data

Comparator

Profiling Differences

Facilities Management System

+ TEMPERATURE -

+ LIGHT -

+ SOUND -

+ AIR QUALITY -

AUTOMATIC

DAY

HOUR

MINUTES

Programming Automatic Manual10:38 24oC 22oC

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

TEMPERATURE AIR QUALITY

LIGHT SOUND

Automatic

Thu

Touch sense mode for recording judgement

For setting thetime and date

To select the automatic mode

Day of the weekTouch display

The actual room condition

Room conditionSense Mode

Time, and date record

Sense Diary

Evaluation of Environmental Conditions by Occupants

Clements-Croome, Inaugural Lecture 1989

Body SensorsArmband

Ear Clip

Plaster

Headset

MotionHeat flux

TemperatureGalvanic skin response

Heart rateCO2 partial pressure

Blood CO2

Brain rhythmsMood and stress

Sensors Measure

Agent System

Sensorinput

Actuatorcontrol

Agent System

People:occupants

People:facilities

manager etc

environmentdata

occupancydata

settings

pref

eren

ces

polic

y

Prof Kecheng Liu, Dr Penny Noy

Using Electrical Energy of Human Body

Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005

HUMAN SENSORY INTERFACES

Body MovementsBody Electricity

Gesture RecognitionPersonalisation

M-Dress by Adam Chang works with a standard SIM card. When the dress rings, you raise your hand to your head to answer the call.

http://www.thestar.com/living/Fashion/article/529211

jumpsuit with built-in iPod control and pocket

The Hug Shirt™ is a Bluetooth accessory for Java

enabled mobile phones

KineticDress is a Victorian inspired

evening gown reactive to the wearer’s

activities and mood.

Mystique (the shape shifter): dress changes shape and length during the course of an evening

Accessory Nerve is a Bluetooth mono-sleeve accessory for mobile phones that changes pattern (creating pleats on the fabric) when a user receives phone calls

Embedded Theater) is a system that allows to interactively navigate audio-augmented environments and create mobile storytelling experiences

Fibres could Generate Electricity from Body

Motion Trousers generate enough

electricity to power a portable electronic device or to charge a mobile phone.

Each fibre consist of millions of zinc-oxide nanowires grown onto longer strands of Kevlar.

A fabric made of the material could generate 80 mWm-2

Physics World Vol 21, No 3 March 08

Thermoelectric Boots

http://www.gizmag.com

Thermoelectric Boots Charge Your Mobile

PhonePlug your phone into the power output at the top of the welly and use the energy that has been generated throughout the day to charge your phone.

The power collected in the ‘power generating sole’ is collected via a process known as the ‘Seebeck’ effect that sees temperature differences converted directly into electricity.

Greening

Advantages of Greening

Cooling Effect Increased InsulationAesthetics Increased Recreation AreasReduced Heat Island Effect

Other Ideas

Algae covered buildings to absorb CO2

Bioluminescent Trees to street light with no electricity

Green Design Sets a Second Skin

  StudioDosi's design is wrapped in a layer of climbing vegetation

StudioDosi Parma, Italy'

New Offices In Parma

Double Glazed SkinOuter Green Vegetable SkinWind Tower Air ExtractWaste Water CollectedGeothermal PowerPhotovoltaics

Biowall at the University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto.

Biowall schematic. Air from the room is cleaned by drawing it through the wet plant-covered surface. The clean air is then returned to the room

Earls Court

Moar, P. and Guthrie, P. (2006) Biocomponents: bringing life to engineering Ingenia - Journal of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 27 . pp. 24-30. ISSN 1472-9768

Spider Web Inspires Fibres for Industry

A near-perfect water-repelling surface is essentially a self-cleaning one, as water picks up dirt before rolling off.

That could make the new development ideal for food packaging, windows or even solar cells that need to stay clean for maximum efficiency  perfect” water-repelling surface

Spider Inspiration

Moar, P. and Guthrie, P. (2006) Biocomponents: bringing life to engineering Ingenia - Journal of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 27 . pp. 24-30. ISSN 1472-9768

Other Innovations

The Importance of being Virtual

Savings– Capital costs –fewer servers, less hardware

investment

– Running costs –less floor space, less air conditioning costs; potential software savings.

Improved IT services– IT staff will be able to achieve results in a fraction of

the time they used to take

– No mundane maintenance and catch-up

– Private cloud options: one example, already used in some installations, is to provide development

machines on licence Raconteuron, 100% virtualisation, March 2, 2010

Smart Grids and Intelligent BuildingsEvaluate Means to Facilitate Next Generation Infrastructure

CABA, Intelligent Buildings Road Map, 2011,IBRM Webinar, March 9,

Network Science Complex systems are networks

Network visualisation enables--- system interaction ; emergent properties and behaviour---studies

Nature and society often follow a power law distribution

C.Hidalgo (Harvard University), Physics World,December 200

Hierarchical Structure of the Internet

Tangled web: The image shows the hierarchical structure of the Internet, based on the connections between individual nodes (such as service providers). Three distinct regions are apparent: an inner core of highly connected nodes, an outer periphery of isolated networks, and a mantle-like mass of peer-connected nodes. The bigger the node, the more connections it has. Those nodes that are closest to the center are connected to more well-connected nodes than are those on the periphery.

Lanet-vi program of I. Alvarez-Hamelin et al.

Mimicking the process by which plants use the power of sunlight to split water and make chemical fuel to power their growthMIT researchers have created a virus-templated catalyst solution to harness energy from water

Dominick Reuter

A microbial fuel cell or biological

fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical

system that drives a current bymimicking bacterial

interactionsfound in Nature.

InnovationsPROCESSES Whole Life Value From Planning to Recycling Logistic support Analysis Sustainability Rating Tools Soft Landings Framework Optimisation Processes Network Science for Systems Interactions

InnovationsPEOPLE Biophilia Well-being Studies Personalisation Environment and Work Performance Information overload Spaces for working

InnovationsPRODUCTS/SYSTEMS Wireless Sensor Networks/Wi-Fi Chips Body Sensitive Architecture Cloud Computing Networked Worlds Low Power Lighting Renewables and Energy Water Use Waste Systems Nano Robots Smart Facades Biomimetic Architecture

Case Studies

Masdar City in Abu Dhabi

50,000 residents and 40,000 commuters

1500 renewable energy businesses 6 person pod cars with lithium-

cadmium battery Light transmit railing at ground level

Pedestrians at 7pm podium level

Silicon Valley for clean green and alternative energy for 2016 or 2020

G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic

Possibility?

City responds to sunlight (orientation, layout)

Narrow streets for shading Courtyards with blinds and solar

shading 10MW solar farm for construction

energy needs Wind and bio- fuels for city

operational needs

Masdar City in Abu DhabiRenewables

G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic

Possibility?

Solar desalinated sea water Grey and black water systems Landscaping with plant and

vegetation Vacuum waste technologies Composted bio-waste Recyclable waste –energy plants

Masdar City in Abu Dhabi

Water and Waste

G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic

Possibility?

Passive cooling strategies: wind tower/ground cooling

High thermal mass Solar energy electricity power

ventilation Built form Orientation

Masdar City in Abu Dhabi

Air Systems

G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic

Possibility?

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebout

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

These Lilypads are constructed with a titanium dioxide skin to absorb CO2

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebout

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2 2 seater electric pod cars Biodiesel/electric buses guided by

embedded road magnets Footstep energy Wind turbines using air movement Hydrogen from an Algae Park Tidal power from wind from passing car Solar energy from paint containing

solar nanoparticles

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebout

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Solar energy from paint containing solar nanoparticles

Clear water from desalination Robotic maintenance Bubble Houses Phase change materials give temperature

regulation Hydroponic farms Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra

mussels 10 storey concrete tower with embedded

photovoltaics Geothermal wells for heating/cooling

Recommendations

Tenets for Intelligent Buildings

Plan and design with an Integrated Team so that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a commitment to the project and want to fulfil the environmental, social and economic aims.

Systems  and holistic thinking are key.

Assess the impacts of the buildings on occupants and communities nearby.

Occupants  behaviour has a large effect on the consumption of energy and water so try to increase awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on resources.

Aim to increase the built asset value for the organisation

Understand users perceptions: understand the physical and psychological well-being.

Design for Flexible and agile space

Provide Individual control of environmental conditions

Use smart metering  but wireless sensor technology becoming applicable in building operation for personal use by consumers. 

Develop data management systems  

to give feedback on the performance of spaces in the building.

Understand the interaction between the building, systems and the occupants

Commission pre-occupancy and post-occupancy evaluation are vital.

Use a whole life value approach to 

ensure quality and whole life costs  considered.

Aim for simplicity  rather than complexity in operation.

Think about well-being and freshness besides comfort and

consider all the senses and how air, view, daylight, sound, colour ,greenery and space affect us in the workplace.

Connectivity is important for

Interoperability not only between the systems and the building but also between the occupant and the building

Design for flexibility and adaptability

Think of an Intelligent building as an organism  responding to human and environmental needs but also one that needs to “breathe” through the facade between the external and internal environments.

The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be controlled in a way which is functional but also

Design environment to be enjoyable to those working and living inside the building.

Balance efficiency with effectiveness.

An air supply system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be effective in the space because it has no impact on the breathing zone where the people are.

Plan facilities management so the building is cared for

Design beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.

Keep abreast of relevant fields of knowledge and innovation.

Learn from other sectors and disciplines

Develop an integrated approach to education to meet sustainable agenda

A Vision of the Future

www.ukgbc.org

WHAT WE CALL THE BEGINNING IS OFTEN THE

END

AND TO MAKE AN END IS TO MAKE A BEGINNING

THE END IS WHERE WE START FROM

T.S.ELIOT-- FOUR QUARTETS-- LITTLE GIDDING