Assessing Performance of Assessing Performance of Green Intelligent BuildingsGreen Intelligent Buildings

Professor Derek Clements-CroomeProfessor Derek Clements-Croome

Innovative Construction Research Centre

Intelligent Buildings

IBs

Use of Building Intelligence

NEEDS of the stakeholders

Use of HUMAN Intelligence for Building

Building intelligence BIF

Advantages of the IBs

Intelligent Building ConceptsIntelligent Building Concepts

New Method of

Construction

Satisfied Needs Hit Goals

Intelligent Building Concepts

Mervi Himanen 2003

consciously

More or less unconsciously

Human IntelligenceKinaesthetic

Inter-personal

Visual - Spatial

Intra-personal

Logic -mathematical

Intelligent Building Features Equated to Human IntelligenceIntelligent Building Features Equated to Human Intelligence

MusicalLinguistic

Automated Building Control

Own space

Rest Areas

Empty space

Ergonomics

Interior Design

Background music

Silence

Acoustic

Building Automation

Communication Technology

Integrated controlCablingSigns

Speech Recognition

Beauty

Measures for Spatial Instinct

Censoring

User Interface

Mervi Himanen 2003

Building intelligence

Kinaesthetic

Building -Connectivity

Spatiality

Self-recognition

Logic

The Forms of Building IntelligenceThe Forms of Building Intelligence

Mervi Himanen 2003

Measuring Building IntelligenceMeasuring Building Intelligence

Fluid IntelligenceFluid Intelligence (Owners/Landlords)(Owners/Landlords)

Crystallised IntelligenceCrystallised Intelligence (Occupiers/Tenants)(Occupiers/Tenants)

General Function Measure General Function Measure (durability; environmental resource; (durability; environmental resource; reliability; response to environmental reliability; response to environmental change)change)

Specific Function Measure (how well Specific Function Measure (how well does building fulfil clients brief for does building fulfil clients brief for specific occupiers)specific occupiers)

Adaptability (ease of change of use)Adaptability (ease of change of use) Flexibility (ability to respond short-Flexibility (ability to respond short-term change demands of occupants)term change demands of occupants)

Capital UtilisationCapital Utilisation Fixed Asset Run rate (Occupancy fixed Fixed Asset Run rate (Occupancy fixed cots) cots)

Environmental Impact (Energy, Environmental Impact (Energy, water, waste, pollution)water, waste, pollution)

Efficiency (Outputs/Inputs ratios; Efficiency (Outputs/Inputs ratios; service charges)service charges)

Social Impact (parking; access; Social Impact (parking; access; safety)safety)

Effectiveness (Benefits and increased Effectiveness (Benefits and increased value from occupier satisfaction)value from occupier satisfaction)

(Barden 1998; Boyd 1993; Cattell 1971; Worthington 1996)

Relationship Between Buildings Relationship Between Buildings and Work Performance (P)and Work Performance (P)

MotivationMotivation

XX

AbilityAbility

XX

OpportunityOpportunity

P =

An individual has to want to do the task and then has to be capable of doing it; last but not least resources and amenities have to be available so that the task can be done

Measurement of ProductivityMeasurement of Productivity

Simulated work Simulated work where the subject performs a where the subject performs a realistic but artificial taskrealistic but artificial task

Diagnostic test Diagnostic test where the subject performs a test where the subject performs a test procedure unlike any real taskprocedure unlike any real task

Embedded tasks Embedded tasks where the outcome metric is where the outcome metric is derived from part of an existing taskderived from part of an existing task

Existing measures Existing measures where the existing outcome where the existing outcome metrics are made availablemetrics are made available

Absenteeism Absenteeism the records of sick leave are used, the records of sick leave are used, this may also be extended to include medical this may also be extended to include medical records.records.

Seven Basic InfrastructuresSeven Basic Infrastructures

Fresh air and temperature controlFresh air and temperature control Lighting control Lighting control Daylight and view, including reduced direct solar Daylight and view, including reduced direct solar

gaingain Privacy and working in quiet conditionsPrivacy and working in quiet conditions Network accessNetwork access Multiple data, power and voice connected Multiple data, power and voice connected

systemssystems Ergonomic furniture with environmentally Ergonomic furniture with environmentally

sensitive finishessensitive finishes

Well-being NeedsWell-being NeedsSocial milieuSocial milieuFreedom for solitary or group workingFreedom for solitary or group workingOpportunities to develop self-expressionOpportunities to develop self-expressionAn interesting visual sceneAn interesting visual sceneAcceptable acoustic conditions.Acceptable acoustic conditions.Contrast and random changes for the Contrast and random changes for the

senses to react tosenses to react toOpportunities to exercise or switch over Opportunities to exercise or switch over

from work to other stimulating activitiesfrom work to other stimulating activities

Properties of Intelligent BuildingsProperties of Intelligent Buildings

AestheticsAesthetics

Convenience Convenience

Whole life value (and sustainability)Whole life value (and sustainability)

BuildabilityBuildability

FlexibilityFlexibilityAdaptabilityAdaptability

Space Impacts on PeopleSpace Impacts on People

CommunicationsCommunicationsSocial interactionSocial interactionFlexibilityFlexibilityOrganisational structuresOrganisational structuresWork productivityWork productivityEffectiveness of ventilation (natural or Effectiveness of ventilation (natural or

mechanical) and air qualitymechanical) and air qualityLight distributionLight distribution

Space Impacts on People (continued )Space Impacts on People (continued )

Sound distributionSound distributionPrivacyPrivacyCrowdingCrowding Individual ControlIndividual ControlStorageStorageErgonomic FactorsErgonomic Factors

Matrix Relationship to Measure and Classify Matrix Relationship to Measure and Classify Building Intelligence (Tan et al 2002)Building Intelligence (Tan et al 2002)

DriversDrivers

ImpactsImpactsMicro-Micro-environmentenvironment

Outdoor Outdoor EnvironmentEnvironment

Global Global EnvironmentEnvironment

Location and Location and architectural valuearchitectural value

Thermal comfortThermal comfort Outdoor noiseOutdoor noise Environmental Environmental impactimpact

Building servicesBuilding services Acoustical comfortAcoustical comfort Waste disposalWaste disposal

Human Human productivity and productivity and comfortcomfort

Indoor air qualityIndoor air quality Façade friendlinessFaçade friendliness

Visual comfortVisual comfort Traffic occurrenceTraffic occurrence

Safety Safety Heat Heat emission/dissipationemission/dissipation

Security Security Water consumptionWater consumption

Spatial comfortSpatial comfort Density of built Density of built environmentenvironment

Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency

Building Quality Assessment Category Building Quality Assessment Category Descriptors Descriptors (Williams 2000)(Williams 2000)

Aesthetics:Aesthetics: Appearance of the building & impression createdAppearance of the building & impression created

Space Functionality:Space Functionality: Factors that determine operation of spacesFactors that determine operation of spaces

Access & Circulation:Access & Circulation: Matters Concerned with access's of people & goods Matters Concerned with access's of people & goods

Amenities:Amenities: Facilities or spaces for peopleFacilities or spaces for people

Business Services:Business Services: Electrical services & in formation technology.Electrical services & in formation technology.

Working Environment:Working Environment: Working conditions of people in their work spaces Working conditions of people in their work spaces

Health & Safety:Health & Safety: Mandatory & other health or safety requirements Mandatory & other health or safety requirements

Structural Considerations:Structural Considerations: Building structure, construction & conditionBuilding structure, construction & condition Facilities Management:Facilities Management: M Management of the building in use.anagement of the building in use.

Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools - 1Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools - 1

Methodologies and ToolsMethodologies and Tools SourceSource

Assessment of Environmental ImpactAssessment of Environmental Impact Levin 2002Levin 2002

ATHENAATHENA Trusty et al. 1998Trusty et al. 1998

Building for Environmental and Economic Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) Sustainability (BEES)

Lippiatt and Boyles Lippiatt and Boyles 20002000

Building Quality Assessment (BQA)Building Quality Assessment (BQA) Williams 2000Williams 2000

Building Research Establishment Environment Building Research Establishment Environment Assessment Method (BREEAM)Assessment Method (BREEAM)

Dickie et al. 2000Dickie et al. 2000

Design Quality Indicator (DGI)Design Quality Indicator (DGI) Gann et al. 2003Gann et al. 2003

Eco-indicator 99Eco-indicator 99 Pre Consultants Pre Consultants 20032003

Eco-QuantumEco-Quantum IVAM 2003IVAM 2003

ENVESTENVEST Dickie et al. 2000Dickie et al. 2000

Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools- 2Notable Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies and Tools- 2

MethodologiesMethodologies SourceSourceInternational Green Building Challenge, “GB Tool”International Green Building Challenge, “GB Tool” USDOE 2003USDOE 2003

Kaya IdentityKaya Identity Bruce et al 1996.Bruce et al 1996.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)(LEED)

USGBC 2003USGBC 2003

Life Cycle Oriented Design Tool (LEGOE)Life Cycle Oriented Design Tool (LEGOE) Kohler and Kohler and Ludtkendorf 2002Ludtkendorf 2002

National Australian Building Environmental rating National Australian Building Environmental rating Systems (NABERS)Systems (NABERS)

Environmental Environmental Australia 2001Australia 2001

Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine (SPeAR)Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine (SPeAR) Arup 2003Arup 2003

Sustainable Strategy modelSustainable Strategy model Leiper et al. 2003Leiper et al. 2003

Through Life Business model (TLEBM)Through Life Business model (TLEBM) Clements-Croome et Clements-Croome et al. 2003al. 2003

Building System Performance ParametersBuilding System Performance Parameters

Performance ParametersPerformance Parameters DescriptionDescriptionAvailabilityAvailability Anticipated total system uptimeAnticipated total system uptime

ConformanceConformance Success in meeting design/client Success in meeting design/client requirementsrequirements

DurabilityDurability Usable Life Usable Life

ExpandabilityExpandability Capacity for future growthCapacity for future growth

MaintainabilityMaintainability Length of system downtime as measured Length of system downtime as measured by mean time to repair (MTTR)by mean time to repair (MTTR)

ReliabilityReliability Component quality over time as Component quality over time as measured by Mean Time between Failure measured by Mean Time between Failure (MTBF)(MTBF)

RiskRisk Business impact from loss of load; cost Business impact from loss of load; cost of downtimeof downtime

Simplicity Simplicity Ease of operation; elimination of human Ease of operation; elimination of human errorerror

QualityQuality Fitness for PurposeFitness for Purpose

ValueValue Cost of Improvement & sustainability Cost of Improvement & sustainability issuesissues

SSPPeeAARR

Design Quality IndicatorsDesign Quality Indicators

Quality IndicatorsQuality Indicators DescriptionDescription

Build QualityBuild Quality Engineering performance; durability; Engineering performance; durability; integration of systems; construction.integration of systems; construction.

FunctionalityFunctionality Design of spaces for working in; use; Design of spaces for working in; use; access.access.

ImpactImpact Effect of building on environs; does Effect of building on environs; does building create a sense of place? Form building create a sense of place? Form and materials; internal environment; and materials; internal environment; innovation.innovation.

The DQI visualisation diagram (Construction Industry Council, UK)

Holistic Environmental ModelHolistic Environmental ModelH

um

an

Management

Sustainability

HolisticEnvironment

HumanSenses

BuiltForm &

Services

Management

PollutionErgonomics

Well-being

Interiordesign

Mission

workplacework flow

furniture

computer

ionisationhumidity

temperature

indoorair quality

aesthetics

lightingspace

textures

colour

sound

electro-magnetic

noisechemical particulate

Ecologicaldesign

energy materialswaste

recycling

water

Forminfrastructure

structures

utilities

intralinks

policies

resourcesstrategies

imageBusinesses

systemsprocess

planning

monitoringfinance

Workingculture

integration

creativitysocial

production

innovation