Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
-
Upload
alex-caron -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 1/42
Click to edit Master subtitle style
5/5/12
Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 2/42
5/5/12
What is a tanker?
A tanker is a type A ship that carries liquid cargo in bulk.
Low permeability
Relatively small openings on deck; limited access tocargo holds
Piping system used to transport cargo from shore to
shipTanker types include product tanker, oil/chemical,
ore/oil carrier, LNG
Some ships such as bulkers or supply vessels may have a cargo hold specially designed for liquids
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 3/42
5/5/12
Examples of cargoes carried by tankers
Heavy fuels(Bunker C, VGO, Cat Feed)
Refined Fuels (MGO, MDO, RUL, PUL, Jet Fuel)
Water, beer, wine, orange juice, molasses, fish meal
Chemicals (Toluene, Ammonia, Chlorine)
Asphalt
Coal tar
Sulfuric acid
Vegetable or animal oils
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 4/42
5/5/12
History of tankers
In the early days: Liquid cargoes not carried in bulk, but carried in barrels, caskets or tuns
Interesting fact: Tuns = where the word tonnage
derives from. A wine casket which held a volume of 954 litres, nearly a cubic meter
Wooden hulls weren’t watertight enough for liquidcargoes; steel and iron ships
were
Free surface effect
No efficient way of moving the cargo in bulk by usingpumps, until steam engine came along
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 5/42
5/5/12
Carrying in bulk; why?
Barrels only held a small volume, were heavy even when light, leaked, and were very expensive
Oil boom o
f the late 19th century spurned the industry
into finding ways to carry more oil; barrels were 50%of the expense of the petroleum industry
The first cargoes carried in bulk were carried by railcars in cylindrical tanks
Eventually, oil was carried in barges, usually in rivers
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 6/42
5/5/12
The first tanker, and challenges
First successful tanker was built in the 1880’s
One of the main problems was keeping the cargo andfumes away from engine room spaces,
expansion/contraction of cargo, and reducing staticelectricity risk
In 1881, first major tanker incident occurs; duringloading, loading pipe became dislodged and created a
spark which ignited kerosene and blew up the ship. A flexible loading pipe was invented soon after
Several cargo tanks and subdivisions implemented toeliminate free surface effect
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 7/425/5/12
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 8/425/5/12
First Tanker continued
Longitudinal framing system first implemented intankers in 1906, reducing stress on structure
Leading innovation: World’s first diesel powered ship
was a tanker built in 1903Later in the decade: Tanker built with valves operable
from main deck, vapor return line, a cargo pipingsystem, cofferdams, and ballast tanks.
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 9/42
5/5/12
Tankers today
Tankers today are still built on the same principles asthe tankers of the early 20th century. However, afterthe grounding of the Exxon Valdez, and the 2 majoroil spills by Prestige and Erika off the coast of Britain
accelerated the phasing out of single-hulled tankersfor double-hulled tankers. These have problems of their own, such as risk of explosion in between hulls,accumulation of mud, and ineffectiveness in major
allisions/collisions. Also, an Inert Gas system has been implemented to reduce risk of explosion
Canadian phase out of single hull tankers is 2015.Foreign tankers will be banned from entering afterthis date if single hulled. IMO phase out is 2026
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 10/42
5/5/12
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 11/42
5/5/12
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 12/42
5/5/12
Some key concepts/terms
Flash point: Lowest temp. that liquid gives off vapourthat is ignitable near surface. Must use external sourceof ignition
LEL(Lower Explosive Limit): Smallest % of vapour inair that will form ignitable mixture. Below this, toolean, cannot ignite
UEL(Upper Explosive Limit: Greatest % of vapour
that will form ignitable mixture. Above this, cannotignite, too rich.
Vapour density: Where the vapour will settle. Helps todetermine where to probe with your multigas detector
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 13/42
5/5/12
How to avoid blowing up?
The answer: The IG(Inert Gas) system. The basic working principle behind this system is to keep thecargo tanks in an inert condition out of the flammablerange. Contains less than 8% oxygen under positive
pressure.
When to use: When cargo is being discharged, IGsystem should be pumping in more inert gas than
cargo being discharged to replace cargo dischargedand to keep positive pressure.
Usually a nitrogen based gas. Gas must be ‘scrubbed’to ensure its safe to be delivered to tanks. No solids,
corrosives, or water
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 14/42
5/5/12
This is what happens when you don’t vent off excesspressure from the IG…
Pack your bags! VLCC Kong Haakon
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 15/42
5/5/12
More things to keep in mind so you don’t blow up
Safety first – no smoking
No flashlight, cellphone, radios, lighters
No hot work
Don’t use power tools^Solution to above: Use pneumatic tools
Try to eliminate electrostatic discharges, particularly
during loading. Make sure piping system is free of water or dissimilar liquids. Restrict loadng rate and very slowly fill bottom of tank until liquid coversentire bottom
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 16/42
5/5/12
Stay alert, stay safe
Read the MSDS sheet of cargo being loaded to beaware of health risks
Remember in high school bio class when you couldn’t
eat or drink in the lab? Same thing here.Crude oil is the best cleaner you can use, but it’s
probably a bad idea to get it and any other liquid cargoon your hands. Practise safe hygiene.
Is there someone on deck who looks like he’s had 10 beers too many? Get that person some help; they may have inhaled noxious vapours. Follow MSDS sheet at alltimes for prevention of incidents.
Test all areas considered confined space before entering.
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 17/42
5/5/12
Building a tanker
Tankers must be built very strong; cargoes expand,tanks can only be 98% full, FSE
Most tankers are built on the longitudinal system.
Reinforced girdersCofferdams must separate pumprooms.
Tanks: Usually epoxy coated or stainless steel
Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 tankersType 1: Maximum level of protection andcontainment. Strongly built and damage resistantType 3: Less demanding than the Type 1 and 2,
moderate level of protection
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 18/42
5/5/12
Going more in-depth; how does a tanker work Alex???
Let’s get this cargo flowing and take a look at the threemain types of cargo piping systems found on tankers.
The first type we’ll look at is the ring main system
Basically, a big circle of pipes connecting alltanks/pumps
Advantage: Any tank can be discharged by any pump.Good for crude oil carriers.Disadvantage: Lots and lots and lots of pipe. Moreexpensive. Lots of bends which means longerloading/discharging times, risk of leaks at bends
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 19/42
5/5/12
Ring MainSystem
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 20/42
5/5/12
Next up… free flow system
Cargo flows through bottom of vessel through remoteactivated sluice gates
Advantages: Less pipeline. Less expensive. You can
trim by stern to quickly get rid of cargoLess bends, less friction, means quicker loading and
discharging. You’re in and out of port faster.
On the flip side:-You can only have one grade of cargo. Not such a hotidea for a product tanker. Contamination risks are toogreat.-Watch your tank levels, it’s extremely easy tooverflow and cause a spill with this system.
Free Flow
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 21/42
5/5/12
Free Flow System
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 22/42
5/5/12
Last but not least…
Direct Line System
The main lines are connected to pump room. Eachmain designed to service a select number of tanks
Advantages: Quick loading/discharging
Less pipe, less bends, cheaper
Cargo can easily be seperated so you can carry
different types or gradesDisadvantage: Good luck finding/locating the source
of a leak.
Di Li
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 23/42
5/5/12
Direct LineSystem
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 24/42
5/5/12
Cargo goes in, cargo goes out
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 25/42
5/5/12
The Manifold
Where the ship to shore connection is made inloading/discharge operations
Hose is connected from shore facility to tanker
Hose is usually of a flexible, polyprop or polyesterrubber coating, outside is reinforced with steel helixmesh covering the hose.
Sometimes made of stainless steel for tougher cargoes
Watch your hose during transfer operations!
Below the manifold, a ‘pit’ must be fitted where smallleakage of cargo can be contained
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 26/42
5/5/12
Drop lines; what are they?
Used only when loading. These bypass the pumproomcompletely.. They are pumped in from shore, throughthe manifold on deck, and ‘dropped’ directly to a tank or group of tanks. Cargo can be segregated. This is
virtually the same as the direct line system.
li i h f ki
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 27/42
5/5/12
Relieving the pressures of working on atanker
Above: A Pressure Vacuum Relief Valve
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 28/42
5/5/12
P/V Valve
Reduces under/over pressurization of inerted tank
Automatic activation once the tank reaches a certainpressure
Tank vents and allows outside air in; exit velocity of 30 m/s
Watch pressures. If valve doesn’t activateautomatically, manually activate
Maintenance: Make sure valves are regularly cleaned,especially with vegetable/animal oils and crude oil.Failure to do so can result in serious vessel damages
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 29/42
5/5/12
Vapour Control
Some newer tankers fitted with special pipe atmanifold allowing for shoreside elimination of
vapours instead of venting into atmosphere
Simplest way of venting; just open up the hatch. Slow.Use fans to boost speed.
Vapours must be eliminated when switching betweencertain cargoes
When loading, tanks should never be opened.
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 30/42
5/5/12
Alaaaaaarm!!!
High Level/overfill alarms
High level activates around 95-98%. Audio/visual warning
Overfill Alarm: You might just get the pink slip if youhear this one…
Alarms to be active and tested before loading
Watch your loading rates and tank levels to avoidproblems
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 31/42
5/5/12
What’s in the tanks?
Best method of measuring cargo: Tank radar(usually in the +/- 5mm range)
Old fashioned way: Port holes and
ullage tapes, water/fuel finding pasteIn between: Digital ullage gauger with auditory
beeping once liquid is touched. These have a valve which prevents outside air from entering once
connected to sounding pipeCheck soundings during transfer operations, keep in
mind if ship is on even keel or not
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 32/42
5/5/12
Let’s get things moving; FRAMO pumps
Submerged pumps: Hydraulic powered. Impeller on bottom. Can be used to strip cargo to very low levels.Separate stripping line. Expensive; need a pump foreach tank. Can throttle up/down for optimum
operation
Misc topics: Cavitation and shore booster pumps
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 33/42
5/5/12
Giving the tanker a bath
Wh it hi b t t k t
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 34/42
5/5/12
When switching between some cargoes, tanks must be washed out to prevent cross contamination
Basic principle:
1. Wash tank with cold water(hot for heavier fuels)2. Thoroughly was pumps, piping, heating coils3. Strip the tank of washings4. Dry with ventilation
5. Remove dirt/debris/sludge
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 35/42
5/5/12
Watch for adequate pressure on the line; insufficientand the water may not reach the bulkheads
Fixed tank: Very popular. On most tankers now.
Apply settings(wash duration, angles, ad temperature)and let run.Portable: Older, and smaller tankers. Lower manually through small booby hatch at prescribed height, forprescribed time.
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 36/42
5/5/12
Regulations: Brief overview of InternationalSafety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 37/42
5/5/12
Special considerations when going up North
Keep your seachests and inlets clear; use heatedcooling water to keep warm, air to ‘flush’ it out
Keep copy of TP 5064 – Ice Navigation in Cdn Waters
Keep heaters on in engine, bowthruster, steering gear,and all pumprooms, as well as piping in trunk spaces.
Fire lines drained, valves to be cracked open
Eyewash/shower stations to be operational. Leavecracked open, or use heated water
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 38/42
5/5/12
Watch out when firing up the hose crane; it can besluggish, fail to operate, brakes can be slippery.
Grease all moving parts of deck machinery; don’t beshy, put lots
Test your machinery in advance before you have touse it. Cranes, winches, windlass
All lifesaving appliances to be clear and good to go
Ice accretion: Knock it off, shovel off snow on deck
Steel is weaker when its cold; don’t hit things toohard, navigate slowly in ice
Keep yourself warm!
Use heated ballast water
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 39/42
5/5/12
Check your p/v valves; make sure they’re operable
Check that cargo heating system is free of water
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 40/42
5/5/12
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 41/42
5/5/12
Is my 30 minutes up?
8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-canadian-flagged-product-tankers 42/42
I mean… any questions?