Prepared by: Y.M Tunio 1 GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE KHAIRPUR DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KHAIRPUR MIR ’...

Prepared by: Y.M TunioPrepared by: Y.M Tunio 11

GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE KHAIRPURKHAIRPUR

DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KHAIRPUR DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KHAIRPUR MIRMIR’’SS

Prepared by: Y.M Tunio 2

Chapter # IChapter # I

Introduction Introduction to to

Computers:-Computers:-


►Information Technology:-Information Technology:-►Information TechnologyInformation Technology - - ““InfotechInfotech”” –– technology that technology that merges computing with high-merges computing with high-speed communication links speed communication links carrying data, sound, and videocarrying data, sound, and video. . Examples of Information technology Examples of Information technology include personal computers, of course, include personal computers, of course, but also new forms of telephones, but also new forms of telephones, televisions, and various handheld televisions, and various handheld devices such as personal digital devices such as personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.assistants (PDA), etc.


► OROR► This is the 21st Century, which is called the This is the 21st Century, which is called the

century of Computer Science and century of Computer Science and Information TechnologyInformation Technology, Computer is , Computer is unique invention of 21st century, and unique invention of 21st century, and leading other inventions of various fields,leading other inventions of various fields,

► You might heard that if anyone who You might heard that if anyone who does not know about computer science, does not know about computer science, does not know any thing. In todaydoes not know any thing. In today’’s age, s age, without the knowledge of computer, one without the knowledge of computer, one can not progress in any field. When I say can not progress in any field. When I say one must have some basic knowledge of one must have some basic knowledge of computing. I really mean it. Because, it is computing. I really mean it. Because, it is computer that can give you easily any computer that can give you easily any information you require about any subject, information you require about any subject, Science, Art, Commerce, Economic, Bio-Science, Art, Commerce, Economic, Bio-Chemistry etc. Chemistry etc.


► The merging of two technologies computer The merging of two technologies computer and communication to introduce a new and communication to introduce a new technology is called technology is called Information Information TechnologyTechnology. Using this technology, we are . Using this technology, we are going achieve software development & going achieve software development & Virtualization, the main element of Virtualization, the main element of Information Technology is InterNet. And an Information Technology is InterNet. And an InterNet is network of networks to share the InterNet is network of networks to share the resources, or we can say that InterNet is an resources, or we can say that InterNet is an International network. By using Internet we International network. By using Internet we are getting any sort of information from any are getting any sort of information from any part of world. Not only this, we can also get part of world. Not only this, we can also get images, document of software, video & images, document of software, video & audio chatting, E-mail, file transferring and audio chatting, E-mail, file transferring and so many other facilities are also available so many other facilities are also available on InterNeton InterNet


►Computer Technology:-Computer Technology:-

► You have certainly seen, and possibly used, a You have certainly seen, and possibly used, a Computer. LetComputer. Let’’s define what it is. s define what it is. A Computer is a A Computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data accepts data –– raw facts and figures raw facts and figures –– and and processes, or manipulates, it into information processes, or manipulates, it into information we can use,we can use, such as summaries, totals, or reports. such as summaries, totals, or reports. Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and Its purpose is to speed up problem solving and increase productivity.increase productivity.

► The word computer taken from the word The word computer taken from the word ““ComputeCompute”” which means to count, calculate, typewriter. In the which means to count, calculate, typewriter. In the past, the computer was normally considered to be a past, the computer was normally considered to be a calculating device used to perform arithmetic calculating device used to perform arithmetic operations. But today, computer is used in every operations. But today, computer is used in every filed of daily life to solve problems of different filed of daily life to solve problems of different kinds. So computer can be defined as: kinds. So computer can be defined as: ““ Computer Computer is a modern electronic device which accept is a modern electronic device which accept data input (Keyboard) and process that data data input (Keyboard) and process that data and give the result on output (Monitor),and give the result on output (Monitor),


►Communications Technology:-Communications Technology:-

► YouYou’’ve been using communications ve been using communications technology for years. technology for years. Communication Communication technologytechnology, also called , also called telecommunication technologytelecommunication technology, , consists consists of electromagnetic devices and systems of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances.for communicating over long distances. The principal examples are telephone, radio, The principal examples are telephone, radio, broadcasting television, and cable TV. More broadcasting television, and cable TV. More recently there has been the addition of recently there has been the addition of communications among computers, they communications among computers, they ““went Onlinewent Online”” with the InterNet. with the InterNet.


► Technological Convergence:-Technological Convergence:-► Sometime in the 1990s, computer and Sometime in the 1990s, computer and

communications started to fuse together, communications started to fuse together, beginning a new era within the Digital beginning a new era within the Digital Age. The result was three further Age. The result was three further developments, which haven’t ended yet.developments, which haven’t ended yet.

► Convergence:-Convergence:-► Convergence describes the combining of Convergence describes the combining of

several industries through various devices several industries through various devices that exchange data in the format used by that exchange data in the format used by computers. The industries are computers, computers. The industries are computers, communications, consumer electronics, communications, consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media. entertainment, and mass media. Convergence has led to electronic Convergence has led to electronic products that perform multiple functions, products that perform multiple functions, such as TVs internet access or phones with such as TVs internet access or phones with screens displaying text and pictures. screens displaying text and pictures.


What is Difference b/w Computer What is Difference b/w Computer Science and Information Science and Information

Technology?Technology?► Computer Science:Computer Science:

► Computer science is the study of computer Computer science is the study of computer namely, their design (architecture) and their uses namely, their design (architecture) and their uses for computations Data Processing, and system for computations Data Processing, and system control, computer science includes engineering control, computer science includes engineering activities such as the design of computers and of activities such as the design of computers and of the hardware and software that make up the hardware and software that make up computers systems.computers systems.

► Computer science is generally considered as Computer science is generally considered as discipline separate from computer engineering, discipline separate from computer engineering, although the two disciplines overlap extensively although the two disciplines overlap extensively in the area of computer architecture, which is the in the area of computer architecture, which is the design (and study) of computer system,design (and study) of computer system,


► The major sub-discipline of computer science The major sub-discipline of computer science have traditionally been:have traditionally been:

1.1. Architecture (Including all levels of hardware Architecture (Including all levels of hardware design, as well as the integration of hard ware design, as well as the integration of hard ware and software components to from computer and software components to from computer Systems)Systems)

2.2. Software ( The programs, or set of instructions, Software ( The programs, or set of instructions, that tell a computer how to carry out task)that tell a computer how to carry out task)The filed is sub divided into software The filed is sub divided into software engineering programming languages, engineering programming languages, operating systems, information system and operating systems, information system and databases,databases,Artificial intelligence, and computer graphics, Artificial intelligence, and computer graphics, andand

3.3. Theory, which includes computational methods Theory, which includes computational methods and numerical analysis on the one hand and and numerical analysis on the one hand and data structures and algorithms on the other,data structures and algorithms on the other,


►Information Technology:-Information Technology:-

► Information technology is a contemporary Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of term that describes the combination of computer technology (Hardware and computer technology (Hardware and software) with telecommunication software) with telecommunication technology (Data, Image, and Voice technology (Data, Image, and Voice network) when information technology is network) when information technology is used, the user is responsible for the used, the user is responsible for the efficient capture of Data from its efficient capture of Data from its organization source the flow of that data organization source the flow of that data to the computer, the processing and to the computer, the processing and storage of that data by the computer and storage of that data by the computer and the flow of useful and timely information the flow of useful and timely information back to the organization and its people back to the organization and its people


Chapter # IIChapter # II

Roll of ComputerRoll of Computerinin

BusinessBusiness


► Role of Computer in Business:- Role of Computer in Business:- ► Many of today’s successful small companies Many of today’s successful small companies

simply could not exist without computer simply could not exist without computer technology. Each year, hundreds of thousand technology. Each year, hundreds of thousand individuals launch business based from their individuals launch business based from their homes or in small-office location. They rely on in homes or in small-office location. They rely on in expense computers and software not only to expense computers and software not only to perform basic work functions, but to mange and perform basic work functions, but to mange and grow their companies.grow their companies.

► These tools enable business owners to handle These tools enable business owners to handle tasks – such as daily accounting, inventory tasks – such as daily accounting, inventory management, marketing, payroll, and many management, marketing, payroll, and many others – that once required the hiring of outside others – that once required the hiring of outside specialists.; as a result, small business become specialists.; as a result, small business become more self-sufficient and reduce their operating more self-sufficient and reduce their operating expenses, for example “Business-to-Business expenses, for example “Business-to-Business (B2B) System”. In a Business-to-Business (B2B), a (B2B) System”. In a Business-to-Business (B2B), a business sells to other business, using the internet business sells to other business, using the internet or a private network to cut transaction costs and or a private network to cut transaction costs and increase efficiencies. increase efficiencies.


►Use of Computer // Reasons to Use of Computer // Reasons to use Computer?use Computer?

►Computer is playing very important Computer is playing very important role in every filed of daily life. role in every filed of daily life. Computers are everywhere such as at Computers are everywhere such as at home, at office, at school. In daily life home, at office, at school. In daily life a large number of activities are a large number of activities are dependent on computers. The main dependent on computers. The main fields where computer is playing very fields where computer is playing very important role are:important role are:


1)1) Use Of Computer in Education:-Use Of Computer in Education:-

► Education is the process of developing Education is the process of developing knowledge through instructions. The knowledge through instructions. The instructions are received from people instructions are received from people such as parents, teachers etc. and from such as parents, teachers etc. and from printed material such as books, journals printed material such as books, journals etc. today, the modern technique to get etc. today, the modern technique to get knowledge is by using computer.knowledge is by using computer.

► Most of the schools, use computers in Most of the schools, use computers in classrooms and labs to teach student, classrooms and labs to teach student, many educator prefer to deliver their many educator prefer to deliver their lectures by computer-based lectures by computer-based presentations. In schools, colleges and presentations. In schools, colleges and universities, students use software universities, students use software packages to complete their assignment.packages to complete their assignment.


2)2) Use of Computer in Use of Computer in Entertainment:-Entertainment:-

► Computer has also played a very Computer has also played a very important role for the important role for the entertainment of humans. entertainment of humans. Computer has become need to Computer has become need to human for entertainment at their. human for entertainment at their. For example, to play video games For example, to play video games at home, to see movies films and to at home, to see movies films and to listen music.listen music.


3)3) Use of Computer in E-Commerce:-Use of Computer in E-Commerce:-

► E-Commerce (electronic commerce) or e-E-Commerce (electronic commerce) or e-trade or e-business is a financial business trade or e-business is a financial business transaction conducted electronically transaction conducted electronically between business partners over between business partners over computer network.computer network.

► Or Or ► e-commerce, or electronic commerce, the e-commerce, or electronic commerce, the

buying and selling of products and buying and selling of products and services through computer network.services through computer network.

► E-mail, Video Conferencing, electronic E-mail, Video Conferencing, electronic shopping (E-Shopping), Electronic shopping (E-Shopping), Electronic Banking, Health Care etc, these services Banking, Health Care etc, these services are mostly used in e-commerce or e-are mostly used in e-commerce or e-business.business.


4) 4) Use of Computer in Health Use of Computer in Health Care:-Care:-

► Nearly every area of the medical Nearly every area of the medical field uses computers, such as field uses computers, such as laboratories, researches, scanning, laboratories, researches, scanning, monitoring, pharmacy etc, which monitoring, pharmacy etc, which are helping the doctors to diagnose are helping the doctors to diagnose diseases and many other purpose.diseases and many other purpose.


5)5) Use of Computer in Science:-Use of Computer in Science:-

► Computer is used in all braches of Computer is used in all braches of science to collect and analyze data. science to collect and analyze data. The scientists also use internet to The scientists also use internet to collect the latest information around collect the latest information around the world. Today, it is impossible to the world. Today, it is impossible to carry out scientific researches without carry out scientific researches without use of computers. In all branches of use of computers. In all branches of science, it is mainly used to get science, it is mainly used to get accurate experimental result, for accurate experimental result, for example to get accurate forecasting example to get accurate forecasting of weather etc. of weather etc.


7)7) Use of Computer in Traveling:Use of Computer in Traveling:

► Computer is also playing very Computer is also playing very important role in traveling by car or important role in traveling by car or airplane to arrive easily and safety airplane to arrive easily and safety at your destination. Today many at your destination. Today many vehicles manufactured use special vehicles manufactured use special electronic equipments in the car electronic equipments in the car that controls various activities of that controls various activities of the car. These cars have GPS the car. These cars have GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver (Global Positioning System) receiver that reports your vehicle’s location that reports your vehicle’s location


6)6) Use of Computer in Publishing:-Use of Computer in Publishing:-

► In the field of publishing, computer In the field of publishing, computer is playing very important role such is playing very important role such as to publish the bocks, magazines as to publish the bocks, magazines and newspapers etc.and newspapers etc.


8)8) Use of Computer in Government:-Use of Computer in Government:-

► A government runs the country by A government runs the country by making polices and provides citizens making polices and provides citizens with up-to-date information. Most of with up-to-date information. Most of the government departments have the government departments have their own websites. The computers their own websites. The computers are used in all government offices to are used in all government offices to perform various activites. The perform various activites. The government agencies use computers government agencies use computers as part of their daily routine. as part of their daily routine.


9)9) Use of Computer in Home:-Use of Computer in Home:-► Like other electronic devices used in Like other electronic devices used in

home such as T.V set, washing home such as T.V set, washing machine etc. computer has also machine etc. computer has also become the need of every person at become the need of every person at home. It is used at home as an home. It is used at home as an educational tool for children. But it educational tool for children. But it is also used at home to keep record, is also used at home to keep record, write letters, to watch films and write letters, to watch films and listen music or other entertainment.listen music or other entertainment.


10)10) Use of Computer in Use of Computer in Agriculture:-Agriculture:-

► In agriculture filed also, computer is In agriculture filed also, computer is playing very important role. The playing very important role. The agricultural scientists use computer agricultural scientists use computer for analyzing the agricultural data. for analyzing the agricultural data. The student of agricultural also uses The student of agricultural also uses computer to get latest information computer to get latest information about agriculture on the InterNet.about agriculture on the InterNet.


11)11) Use of Computer in Energy:-Use of Computer in Energy:-

► Energy companies use computer to Energy companies use computer to locate or search oil, natural gas, locate or search oil, natural gas, and uranium. Similarly electronic and uranium. Similarly electronic power companies use computer to power companies use computer to monitor the power networks. monitor the power networks.


12)12) Use of Computer in Industry:-Use of Computer in Industry:-

► In industry, computers are used to In industry, computers are used to control the manufacturing system control the manufacturing system and continuous running of the and continuous running of the machinery. These also help in machinery. These also help in monitoring temperature, pressure, monitoring temperature, pressure, check the quality& accuracy, and check the quality& accuracy, and measurement needed in the measurement needed in the manufacturing process. manufacturing process.


IMPACT OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET ON IMPACT OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET ON

SOCIETYSOCIETY ► Today, the most commons typed of computer is called a Today, the most commons typed of computer is called a

“Personal Computer” or PC despite of its small size, the “Personal Computer” or PC despite of its small size, the modern personal computers are much more powerful modern personal computers are much more powerful than and of the large size, computer.than and of the large size, computer.

► Electronic digital computers are general purpose data Electronic digital computers are general purpose data processing machines that are designed to perform a processing machines that are designed to perform a variety of tasks. These computes fulfill the requirementvariety of tasks. These computes fulfill the requirementof the people who by and use computers are a diverse of the people who by and use computers are a diverse groups-business people, teachers, students, doctors, groups-business people, teachers, students, doctors, lawyers, artists, engineers, scientists and framers and lawyers, artists, engineers, scientists and framers and their computing needs.their computing needs.

► In our society, computers have now become a In our society, computers have now become a fundamental components of our jobs, schools, collage, fundamental components of our jobs, schools, collage, stores, our means of transpiration, health care and stores, our means of transpiration, health care and entertainment essentially all of our medical and entertainment essentially all of our medical and scientific facilities now depend entirely upon incredibly scientific facilities now depend entirely upon incredibly complex computer base systems. In fact everyday there complex computer base systems. In fact everyday there would hardly be times when any type of business would hardly be times when any type of business educational institutions, or government office may not educational institutions, or government office may not be using computes in some way.be using computes in some way.


► THE INTERNET AND THE SOCIETY:THE INTERNET AND THE SOCIETY:

► Telecommunications is the electronic transmission Telecommunications is the electronic transmission of data from one place to another computers ca be of data from one place to another computers ca be hooked to telephones through moderns so that hooked to telephones through moderns so that data can be sent and received over telephone data can be sent and received over telephone lines. Telecommunications makes possible several lines. Telecommunications makes possible several new ways to communicate via computers. In 1969 new ways to communicate via computers. In 1969 a group of computer scientist developed computer a group of computer scientist developed computer network. The idea of interconnected networks network. The idea of interconnected networks caught on. After that the concept of e-mail came caught on. After that the concept of e-mail came into existence Internet thus encouraged as an into existence Internet thus encouraged as an important and fast tool of global web of nearly 1 important and fast tool of global web of nearly 1 million computes networks, at least 50 million million computes networks, at least 50 million computers and 200 million people. You can find computers and 200 million people. You can find jobs, communicate with customers, workout jobs, communicate with customers, workout technical problems, sell products and conduct technical problems, sell products and conduct researchresearch


Chapter # IIIChapter # III

Brief History of Brief History of Computer Computer

AndAnd Communication Communication

TechnologyTechnology


►History of Computer divided into History of Computer divided into three ages according to the devices three ages according to the devices which were used, these ages are which were used, these ages are described below.described below.

►Dark Age of Computer Dark Age of Computer ► (5000 B.C To 1890 (5000 B.C To 1890

A.D):A.D):►Middle Age of Middle Age of Computer Computer ► (1890 A.D to 1944 A.D): (1890 A.D to 1944 A.D): ►Modern Age of Computer Modern Age of Computer ► (Since 1944):(Since 1944):


► Dark age of Computer (5000 B.C To 1890 Dark age of Computer (5000 B.C To 1890 A.D):-A.D):-

► The earliest data processing equipment were all manual The earliest data processing equipment were all manual mechanical devices. These machines were used exclusively as mechanical devices. These machines were used exclusively as the Dark Age of data processing. the Dark Age of data processing.

► Abacus:-Abacus:-About 50 B.C, The Abacus was manual in “About 50 B.C, The Abacus was manual in “CHINACHINA”, the ”, the

abacus was a very simplest beads strung on wires or rods. abacus was a very simplest beads strung on wires or rods. Arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating the Arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating the beads. Infect the abacus is a very fast calculating device, by beads. Infect the abacus is a very fast calculating device, by which an operator can calculate faster than a person using a which an operator can calculate faster than a person using a digital calculator.digital calculator.

► John Napier Bones (1617):-John Napier Bones (1617):-John Napier designed a device. Called “Napier’s Bones”, John Napier designed a device. Called “Napier’s Bones”,

this device is consist of a Set of eleven bones or rod with this device is consist of a Set of eleven bones or rod with number marked on them, by placing these rods side by side, number marked on them, by placing these rods side by side, John Napier is best known for the invention of Logarithms.John Napier is best known for the invention of Logarithms.

► Blaise Pasical Calculator (1642):-Blaise Pasical Calculator (1642):-The great French Mathematician Blaise Pasical invented The great French Mathematician Blaise Pasical invented

“Calculator called “Pasicals Calcultor” The Pasical calculating “Calculator called “Pasicals Calcultor” The Pasical calculating machine performed the operations of multiplication and machine performed the operations of multiplication and division by repeated additions and Subtractions division by repeated additions and Subtractions


► Leibniz Calculating device (1673):-Leibniz Calculating device (1673):-In 1673, German mathematician Leibniz developed In 1673, German mathematician Leibniz developed

the calculating machine, which could perform the calculating machine, which could perform multiplications and division. Actually the Leibniz calculating multiplications and division. Actually the Leibniz calculating machine was the modifies form of the Pascal calculator.machine was the modifies form of the Pascal calculator.

► Babbage Difference Engine (1825):-Babbage Difference Engine (1825):-In 1823 Charles Babbage British mathematician In 1823 Charles Babbage British mathematician

developed a special type of calculator. It was called developed a special type of calculator. It was called “Difference Engine”.“Difference Engine”.

► Babbage Analytical Engine:-Babbage Analytical Engine:-In 1843, he also designed a new machine called the In 1843, he also designed a new machine called the

“Analytical Engine”. It was the first automatic “Analytical Engine”. It was the first automatic programmable computer. A lady student named “Augusta programmable computer. A lady student named “Augusta Ada” also worked with Babbage in designing the analytical Ada” also worked with Babbage in designing the analytical engine. The designed to run the computer program on that engine. The designed to run the computer program on that computer first time. It is because “Lady Augusta Ada” is computer first time. It is because “Lady Augusta Ada” is known as the first computer programmer in the world.known as the first computer programmer in the world.

► The Analytical Engine includes several features that The Analytical Engine includes several features that present in the modern Electronic computer; it is because present in the modern Electronic computer; it is because Charles Babbage is considered as father of modern digital Charles Babbage is considered as father of modern digital computer.computer.


►Middle Age of Computer Middle Age of Computer ((1890 A.D to 1944 1890 A.D to 1944 A.DA.D):-):-

► The compilation of census Data was the The compilation of census Data was the biggest problems in Middle Ages, Dr. biggest problems in Middle Ages, Dr. Herman Hollerith, a statistician with U.S Herman Hollerith, a statistician with U.S Bureau of census, developed a 3x5 inch Bureau of census, developed a 3x5 inch Punch Card to record data. Some other Punch Card to record data. Some other electro mechanical accounting machine electro mechanical accounting machine were developed which could read cards were developed which could read cards containing both alphabetic and numeric containing both alphabetic and numeric data, perform simple arithmetic and numeric data, perform simple arithmetic and numeric data, perform simple arithmetic operations data, perform simple arithmetic operations and print the results.and print the results.


►Modern Age of Computer Modern Age of Computer ((Since Since 19441944):-):-

► In 1944 an electro-mechanical In 1944 an electro-mechanical computer “Mark-1” was built by IBM computer “Mark-1” was built by IBM (International Business Machine) (International Business Machine) corporation. The IBM launched its new corporation. The IBM launched its new version as “Mark-II” in 1945. Afterward version as “Mark-II” in 1945. Afterward fully electronic computer were fully electronic computer were developed. The history of electronic developed. The history of electronic computers is divided into five computers is divided into five generations.generations.


► Generation of Computer:-Generation of Computer:-► The Generation of computer are The Generation of computer are

classified into five generation. In each classified into five generation. In each generation the new technologies were generation the new technologies were used as well as the performance and used as well as the performance and applications of computer were applications of computer were increased. increased. These areThese are::

1.1. First Generation First Generation (1946 – 1959)(1946 – 1959)

2.2. Second Generation Second Generation (1959 – 1964)(1959 – 1964)

3.3. Third Generation Third Generation (1965 – 1970)(1965 – 1970)

4.4. Fourth Generation Fourth Generation (1971 – 1981)(1971 – 1981)

5.5. Fifth GenerationFifth Generation (1981 still continue….)(1981 still continue….)


► First Generation Of Computer First Generation Of Computer (1946 -(1946 -1959):-1959):-

► The Vacuum tube technology was used in first generation The Vacuum tube technology was used in first generation computers. And a vacuum tube is device which conduct singles computers. And a vacuum tube is device which conduct singles one direction only. Mark-1, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1 one direction only. Mark-1, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1 etc. machines belong to the first generation of computers. After etc. machines belong to the first generation of computers. After it many other models were developed by IBM for example IBM-it many other models were developed by IBM for example IBM-702, IBM-705, IBM-709, etc. The machine languages only were 702, IBM-705, IBM-709, etc. The machine languages only were used in first-generation computers. used in first-generation computers.

► Advantages of First-Generation.Advantages of First-Generation.► Vacuum tubes were used as electronic componentsVacuum tubes were used as electronic components► Electronic digital computers were developed.Electronic digital computers were developed.► These computers were the fastest of their time.These computers were the fastest of their time.

► Disadvantages of First-Generation.Disadvantages of First-Generation.► Very big in size.Very big in size.► Produce large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes.Produce large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes.► Non-portable.Non-portable.► Very slow in speed.Very slow in speed.► it was difficult to programmed, because the used only machine it was difficult to programmed, because the used only machine

language.language.


► Second Generation of Computer Second Generation of Computer (1959 – (1959 – 1964):-1964):-

► The period of this generation is from 1959 to 1964. The The period of this generation is from 1959 to 1964. The transistor technology was used in second-generation. The transistor technology was used in second-generation. The transistor is smaller in size and more reliable than vacuum tube. transistor is smaller in size and more reliable than vacuum tube. Therefore, the transistor technology was used in computer in Therefore, the transistor technology was used in computer in place of vacuum tube technology. The programming Assembly place of vacuum tube technology. The programming Assembly Language was also introduced in second-generation of Language was also introduced in second-generation of computers. The most popular second-generation computers computers. The most popular second-generation computers were IBM-1401, IBM-1400 series, IBM 1600 series, UNIVAC-III, were IBM-1401, IBM-1400 series, IBM 1600 series, UNIVAC-III, NCR 300, etc.NCR 300, etc.

► Advantage of Second Generation:-Advantage of Second Generation:-► smaller in size as compare to first generationsmaller in size as compare to first generation► Low in cost, smaller in size, fast in speed.Low in cost, smaller in size, fast in speed.► Less heat generated.Less heat generated.► Better portability.Better portability.► Assembly language was introduced. This language is easy to Assembly language was introduced. This language is easy to

write program than Machine language.write program than Machine language.► Disadvantage of Second Generation:-Disadvantage of Second Generation:-► Air conditioning required Air conditioning required ► Commercial production was costly.Commercial production was costly.► Frequent maintenance required.Frequent maintenance required.


► Third Generation of Computer Third Generation of Computer (1965 – 1970):-(1965 – 1970):-► In third-generation Integrated Circuits (IC) were used. In third-generation Integrated Circuits (IC) were used.

Integrated circuit contains many electronic components like Integrated circuit contains many electronic components like transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors etc on a single chip. transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors etc on a single chip. High level programming languages were used. In 1969 the High level programming languages were used. In 1969 the first microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was developed. But it first microprocessor chip INTEL 4004 was developed. But it was used only in calculator. Arithmetic and logical operations was used only in calculator. Arithmetic and logical operations were performed in micro seconds (1/1000000 second) or even were performed in micro seconds (1/1000000 second) or even in nano seconds (1/1000000000 seconds) the famous in nano seconds (1/1000000000 seconds) the famous computers were IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC 9000 series etc.computers were IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC 9000 series etc.

► Advantages of Third Generation:-Advantages of Third Generation:-► Smaller in size.Smaller in size.► Low power consumptionLow power consumption► Hardware failure was very rare.Hardware failure was very rare.► Easily Portable, Easily Operate, upgraded easily.Easily Portable, Easily Operate, upgraded easily.► High level languages were commonly used.High level languages were commonly used.

► Disadvantage of Third Generation:-Disadvantage of Third Generation:-► Air-conditioning required.Air-conditioning required.► Very advance technology was required to make IC.Very advance technology was required to make IC.


► Fourth Generation of Computer Fourth Generation of Computer (1971 – 1981):-(1971 – 1981):-

► The years between 1971 and 1981 are referred as fourth The years between 1971 and 1981 are referred as fourth generation of computers. The Integrated Circuits were more generation of computers. The Integrated Circuits were more developed and called “Small Scale Integration (SSI). After developed and called “Small Scale Integration (SSI). After some time the SSI were the more developed and termed as some time the SSI were the more developed and termed as Large Scale Integration (LSI). In 1971, a powerful Large Scale Integration (LSI). In 1971, a powerful microprocessor chip INTEL 8008 was introduced. The first microprocessor chip INTEL 8008 was introduced. The first microprocessor which used in PC was INTEL 8080. The 8 microprocessor which used in PC was INTEL 8080. The 8 inch floppy disk was also, introduced in 1973. While hard inch floppy disk was also, introduced in 1973. While hard disk was introduce in 1973. The 5.25 inch floppy disk was disk was introduce in 1973. The 5.25 inch floppy disk was first time used I 1978. the optical disk was developed in first time used I 1978. the optical disk was developed in 1980.IBM-3033, IBM-370, IBM system, IBM system36, Cray-I, 1980.IBM-3033, IBM-370, IBM system, IBM system36, Cray-I, etc were introduced in this generation.etc were introduced in this generation.

► Advantage of Fourth Generation.Advantage of Fourth Generation. Smaller in size.Smaller in size. very reliable, very reliable, Hardware failure was negligible.Hardware failure was negligible. Very easily moveable. Very easily moveable. Very high processing speed. Very large internal and external Very high processing speed. Very large internal and external

storage capacity.storage capacity. Used advance input & output devices such as optical readers, Used advance input & output devices such as optical readers,

laser prints, CD-ROM,/DVD-ROM drives etc. laser prints, CD-ROM,/DVD-ROM drives etc. ► Disadvantages of Fourth Generation:Disadvantages of Fourth Generation:► Much sophisticated technology was required to fabricate IC Much sophisticated technology was required to fabricate IC


► Fifth Generation of ComputerFifth Generation of Computer (1981 still (1981 still continue):- continue):-

► This generation is started from 1981 and is still continued. The new This generation is started from 1981 and is still continued. The new technologies are adopted to fabricate IC chips. Such as electron beam. X-technologies are adopted to fabricate IC chips. Such as electron beam. X-rays or laser rays. The very large scale integration (VLSI) was developed. To rays or laser rays. The very large scale integration (VLSI) was developed. To the computer become much smaller than every before. The first “Personal the computer become much smaller than every before. The first “Personal Computer” (PC) was marketed in 1981. in the same year Microsoft Computer” (PC) was marketed in 1981. in the same year Microsoft Corporation launched their new Operating System MS-DOS. The 3.5 inch Corporation launched their new Operating System MS-DOS. The 3.5 inch floppy disk was introduced in 1984. Intel’s microprocessor 80286 was made floppy disk was introduced in 1984. Intel’s microprocessor 80286 was made in 0985. While microprocessor 80386 was made in 1985. Compact Disk (CD-in 0985. While microprocessor 80386 was made in 1985. Compact Disk (CD-ROM) was also invented in 1985. The “Expert system” were developed by ROM) was also invented in 1985. The “Expert system” were developed by using artificial Intelligence, and AI technology also called the knowledge using artificial Intelligence, and AI technology also called the knowledge processor. The AI means automatic programs that let the machines to think processor. The AI means automatic programs that let the machines to think and decide themselves. The programming languages LISP (List processor) and decide themselves. The programming languages LISP (List processor) and PROLOG (Programming with logic) are used for artificial intelligence. A and PROLOG (Programming with logic) are used for artificial intelligence. A goal of fifth generation is to have the computer understand natural language goal of fifth generation is to have the computer understand natural language and to recognize voice.and to recognize voice.

► Advantages of Fifth Generation.Advantages of Fifth Generation.► All the previous advantagesAll the previous advantages► very huge storage capacity available.very huge storage capacity available.► long bit processor were built.long bit processor were built.► Laptop computer introduced.Laptop computer introduced.► Artificial intelligence languages developed.Artificial intelligence languages developed.

► Disadvantages of fifth generation.Disadvantages of fifth generation.► Not reportedNot reported


► Types of Computers:-Types of Computers:-

►Computers can also be divided into Computers can also be divided into three categories depending upon their three categories depending upon their construction and form of input data construction and form of input data that they accept and process. These that they accept and process. These are:are:

►Digital Computer.Digital Computer.►Analog Computer.Analog Computer.►Hybrid ComputerHybrid Computer..


► Digital Computer:-Digital Computer:-► A digital computer represents data in A digital computer represents data in

term of discrete number or in digit. term of discrete number or in digit. Digital computer works on binary digit Digital computer works on binary digit (0 to 1), these numbers are used to (0 to 1), these numbers are used to perform arithmetic calculations and perform arithmetic calculations and also make logical decision to reach also make logical decision to reach conclusion depending on the data they conclusion depending on the data they receive from the user. Now-a-days, the receive from the user. Now-a-days, the Personal Computer (PC) and digital Personal Computer (PC) and digital watch are the example of Digital watch are the example of Digital Computer and they are general Computer and they are general purpose. purpose.


► Analog Computer:-Analog Computer:-

► Analog computer usually all the measuring Analog computer usually all the measuring device are called “Analog Computer”. An device are called “Analog Computer”. An Analog Computing device can measure only Analog Computing device can measure only the continuously variable quantities, such as the continuously variable quantities, such as temperature, Pressure, distance, velocity of temperature, Pressure, distance, velocity of sound and voltage etc. All of those devices sound and voltage etc. All of those devices which used to measure continuously which used to measure continuously variable data are called Analog computer, variable data are called Analog computer, the Thermometer, Speedo meter of car, flow the Thermometer, Speedo meter of car, flow of petrol and stop watch are the example of of petrol and stop watch are the example of Analog Computer.Analog Computer.


► Hybrid Computer:-Hybrid Computer:-

► The combines both analog computer The combines both analog computer and digital computer capabilities in and digital computer capabilities in the same computer system are called the same computer system are called Hybrid Computer. In Hybrid Hybrid Computer. In Hybrid Computer the user can process both Computer the user can process both the continuous (Analog) and discrete the continuous (Analog) and discrete (Digital) data, such as Ultra sound (Digital) data, such as Ultra sound machine, the best example of Hybrid machine, the best example of Hybrid computer is Petrol Pump machine.computer is Petrol Pump machine.


►Classification of Digital Computers Classification of Digital Computers // Classification of Computer // Classification of Computer According to Size and Capacity :According to Size and Capacity :

►According to size and capacity computers According to size and capacity computers can be classified into following main can be classified into following main groups.groups. Super computer.Super computer. Mainframe Computer.Mainframe Computer. Mini Computer.Mini Computer. Micro Computer.Micro Computer. Laptop Computer.Laptop Computer.


► Super Computer:-Super Computer:-► Super Computers are high-capacity machines Super Computers are high-capacity machines

with hundreds of thousands of processors with hundreds of thousands of processors that can perform over 1 trillion calculations that can perform over 1 trillion calculations per second, and also very expensive. It was per second, and also very expensive. It was developed in 1980s. It is used to process developed in 1980s. It is used to process large amount of data and to solve the large amount of data and to solve the complicated scientific problems. In a single complicated scientific problems. In a single supercomputer thousands of users can be supercomputer thousands of users can be connected at the same time and the connected at the same time and the supercomputer handles the work of each user supercomputer handles the work of each user separately. Super computers are used in separately. Super computers are used in nuclear physics research, experimental oil nuclear physics research, experimental oil fields, whether forecasting, satellite fields, whether forecasting, satellite controlling, etc. The examples of controlling, etc. The examples of supercomputer are CRAY-1, CARY-2, control supercomputer are CRAY-1, CARY-2, control data CYBER 205, and ETA-10 etc.data CYBER 205, and ETA-10 etc.


► Mainframe // Macro Computer:-► The large size (large-scale) computers including all The large size (large-scale) computers including all

peripherals and attached equipment are termed as peripherals and attached equipment are termed as “Mainframe” or “Macro” Computer. Oftenly a “Mainframe” or “Macro” Computer. Oftenly a mainframe computer is not a single computer, but it mainframe computer is not a single computer, but it may have more than one CPU, it also has multiple may have more than one CPU, it also has multiple processors. A mainframe computer might support processors. A mainframe computer might support thousands of users. For example, IBM S/390 thousands of users. For example, IBM S/390 mainframe can support 50.000 users mainframe can support 50.000 users simultaneously. The users often access a mainframe simultaneously. The users often access a mainframe by means of a by means of a terminals,terminals, which has a display which has a display screen and a keyboard and can input and screen and a keyboard and can input and output data but cannot by itself process data. output data but cannot by itself process data.

► The mainframe computers are specially used as The mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World Wide Web, and large servers on the World Wide Web, and large organization such as Bank, Airlines, Universities etc. organization such as Bank, Airlines, Universities etc. the examples of mainframe computers are IBM the examples of mainframe computers are IBM S/390, Control data CYBER-176, and Amdahl 580 S/390, Control data CYBER-176, and Amdahl 580 etc.etc.


► Mini Computer:-Mini Computer:-

► The minicomputers are smaller in size, have The minicomputers are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframe. These computers are cost than mainframe. These computers are known as minicomputers because of their known as minicomputers because of their small size as compared to other computers small size as compared to other computers at that time. The minicomputers are used in at that time. The minicomputers are used in business, education and many other Govt business, education and many other Govt departments. Like mainframes, departments. Like mainframes, minicomputers are used as web servers. minicomputers are used as web servers. Single user minicomputers are used for Single user minicomputers are used for sophisticated design tasks.sophisticated design tasks.


► Micro Computer:-► The microcomputers are also known as personal Computers or simply The microcomputers are also known as personal Computers or simply

PCs. Microprocessor is used in this type of computer. These are very PCs. Microprocessor is used in this type of computer. These are very small in size and cost. The IBM’s first microcomputer was designed in small in size and cost. The IBM’s first microcomputer was designed in 1981 and was named as IBM-PC. Micro computers are of several 1981 and was named as IBM-PC. Micro computers are of several types: desktop PCs, tower PCs, laptop (or notebooks), and PDA etc.types: desktop PCs, tower PCs, laptop (or notebooks), and PDA etc.

► Desktop PCs:: are those, in which the case or main housing sits on a are those, in which the case or main housing sits on a desk, desk,

► Tower PCs: are those in which the case sits as a “tower,” are those in which the case sits as a “tower,”

► Laptop ComputerLaptop Computer: -: - Laptop computer is also known as Laptop computer is also known as notebook computer, are lightweight portable computers with built-in notebook computer, are lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery, and AC adopter. It means monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery, and AC adopter. It means that laptop computer has same features as personal computers. that laptop computer has same features as personal computers. Laptop computer are more expensive than desktop computers. Laptop computer are more expensive than desktop computers. Normally, these computers are used in business travelers.Normally, these computers are used in business travelers.

► Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs)Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs),, also called also called handheld computers or palmtops, combine personal organization handheld computers or palmtops, combine personal organization tools – schedule planners, address books, to-do lists – with the ability tools – schedule planners, address books, to-do lists – with the ability in some cases to send e-mails and faxes. Some PDAs have touch-in some cases to send e-mails and faxes. Some PDAs have touch-sensitive screens. Some also connect to desktop computers for sensitive screens. Some also connect to desktop computers for sending or receiving information.sending or receiving information.

Prepared by: Y.M Tunio 1 GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE KHAIRPUR DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KHAIRPUR MIR ’...

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Transcript of Prepared by: Y.M Tunio 1 GOVERNMENT IT TRAINING CENTRE KHAIRPUR DISTRICT GOVERNMENT KHAIRPUR MIR ’...