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![Page 1: Prepare For The Worst Hope For The Best. Potential and somewhat probable worst case disasters include: Epidemics Epidemics Terrorism Terrorism Tsunamis.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081518/5514624d550346b0158b4990/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Prepare For The WorstPrepare For The Worst
Hope For The BestHope For The Best
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Potential and somewhat probable Potential and somewhat probable “worst case disasters” include:“worst case disasters” include:
EpidemicsEpidemics TerrorismTerrorism TsunamisTsunamis EarthquakesEarthquakes HurricanesHurricanes Flash FloodsFlash Floods Dam FailuresDam Failures
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Science Advisory Working GroupScience Advisory Working Group
Provide information relevant to Provide information relevant to improvements in tsunami hazard improvements in tsunami hazard mitigationmitigation
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Topic For The DayTopic For The Day
““REVISIONS TO EXISTING INUNDATION ZONES”REVISIONS TO EXISTING INUNDATION ZONES”
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Data Used For Existing ZonesData Used For Existing Zones
1946 Aleutians1946 Aleutians 1952 Kamchatka1952 Kamchatka 1957 Aleutians1957 Aleutians 1960 Chile1960 Chile 1964 Alaska1964 Alaska
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Figure 1
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Question:Question:
Are existing zones adequate?Are existing zones adequate?
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Keys To An Answer:Keys To An Answer:
Historical DataHistorical Data
ModelingModeling
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TABLE 1TABLE 1Largest Runups and Other Runup Values of Interest in the Largest Runups and Other Runup Values of Interest in the
Hawaiian Islands for Large Pacific-Wide Tsunamis*Hawaiian Islands for Large Pacific-Wide Tsunamis*
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TABLE 1 (Cont.)TABLE 1 (Cont.)Largest Runups and Other Runup Values of Interest in the Largest Runups and Other Runup Values of Interest in the
Hawaiian Islands for Large Pacific-Wide Tsunamis*Hawaiian Islands for Large Pacific-Wide Tsunamis*
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TABLE 1 (Cont.)TABLE 1 (Cont.)Largest Runups and Other Runup Values of Interest in the Largest Runups and Other Runup Values of Interest in the
Hawaiian Islands for Large Pacific-Wide Tsunamis*Hawaiian Islands for Large Pacific-Wide Tsunamis*
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ConclusionConclusion
Bays, streambeds, valleys, low lying Bays, streambeds, valleys, low lying areas, and other inland waterways areas, and other inland waterways may be especially dangerousmay be especially dangerous
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Figure 2
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TABLE 2TABLE 2Comparative Runup Values in Feet for Northern Facing Coastlines in Comparative Runup Values in Feet for Northern Facing Coastlines in
the Hawaiian Islands for Major Tsunamis Originating in the the Hawaiian Islands for Major Tsunamis Originating in the North Pacific*North Pacific*
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Implications For ModelingImplications For Modeling
Model everywhere?Model everywhere?
Model many places?Model many places?
Model at all?Model at all?
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TABLE 3TABLE 3Maximum Reported Runups of 15 or More Meters Near the Source Maximum Reported Runups of 15 or More Meters Near the Source
Locations of Large Earthquakes Along Margins of the Pacific, Locations of Large Earthquakes Along Margins of the Pacific, and Maximum Runups in the Hawaiian Islands for Those Tsunamis*and Maximum Runups in the Hawaiian Islands for Those Tsunamis*
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Figure 3
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ConclusionConclusion
WE NEED TO MODELWE NEED TO MODEL
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What Model?What Model?
FaiFai MaderMader MOSTMOST KowalikKowalik JapanJapan OthersOthers
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Essential RequirementsEssential Requirements Curved EarthCurved Earth Detailed BathymetryDetailed Bathymetry ReflectionsReflections RefractionsRefractions Multiple WavesMultiple Waves Waves on WavesWaves on Waves Inflow & OutflowInflow & Outflow Multiple SourcesMultiple Sources Variable FrictionVariable Friction Time FactorsTime Factors
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Modeling LimitationsModeling Limitations
Earthquake Source Earthquake Source ≠ Tsunami Source ≠ Tsunami Source
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Reasonable “Worst Case” Reasonable “Worst Case” Ocean Surface Displacement in the Ocean Surface Displacement in the
Source AreaSource Area
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Table 4
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Figure 4
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Figure 5
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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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Figure 8
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Kowalik et al.Kowalik et al.Off-Shore Wave HeightsOff-Shore Wave Heights
LocationLocation Wave HeightWave Height
(meters)(meters)
Maximum Measured Maximum Measured Runups* (meters)Runups* (meters)
IndonesiaIndonesia 15.515.5 50.9, 48.9, 35.7, 34.950.9, 48.9, 35.7, 34.9
ThailandThailand 9.39.3 19.619.6
Sri LankaSri Lanka 8.18.1 11.311.3
E. AfricaE. Africa 3.33.3 9.59.5
* NGDC Data
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TABLE 3TABLE 3Maximum Reported Runups of 15 or More Meters Near the Source Maximum Reported Runups of 15 or More Meters Near the Source
Locations of Large Earthquakes Along Margins of the Pacific, Locations of Large Earthquakes Along Margins of the Pacific, and Maximum Runups in the Hawaiian Islands for Those Tsunamis*and Maximum Runups in the Hawaiian Islands for Those Tsunamis*
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ConclusionConclusion
Reasonable “worst case” source area sea Reasonable “worst case” source area sea surface displacement parameterssurface displacement parameters
Length:Length: 1000 km1000 km
Width:Width: 200 km200 km
Wave Height To Ocean:Wave Height To Ocean: 15 m15 m
Wave Height To Land:Wave Height To Land: 15 m15 m
Period:Period: 15 to 30 minutes15 to 30 minutes
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Figure 9
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Figure 10
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Figure 11
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Figure 12