Control of epidemics

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2 TAD Challenges and future prospective TAD control ( Strengthening of Veterinary Services) Presented By Prof. Hassan Aidaros Prof. of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine OIE Representative for Egypt ([email protected])

Transcript of Control of epidemics

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TAD Challenges and future prospective

TAD control( Strengthening of Veterinary Services)

Presented

By

Prof. Hassan Aidaros

Prof. of Hygiene and Preventive MedicineOIE Representative for Egypt ([email protected])

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• The increased movements of livestock , animal products and human play an important role in spreading Animal diseases.

• A remarkable progress in trade in livestock and animal products through the last few decades.

• A plane can transport human or animal products ( including pathogens)for several thousands kilometers in few hours

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• The inter-relationships between agents causing disease, animal husbandry, human behavior and the environment are numerous and complex So the management of disease requires a holistic approach.

• The “One health” approach is appropriate to address zoonoses as well as livestock diseases such as HPAI, FMD and other TADs which can have severe impacts on:

- people livelihood,- access to local and national markets,- wildlife conservation,- Income of producers and availability of work - Food for the population

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• The main responsibility for the control and prevention of diseases of livestock rests with animal health systems, which are underpinned by Veterinary Services (VS)

• The VS is recognized as a global public goods

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VS is a global public goods• TAD control, based on sound strategies and tools,

generates “global public goods”.Where the disease is better controlled, the benefits will be shared across the society of the country as:- Consumers will benefit from greater stability and availability of livestock products,

- Livestock owners will have fewer losses and greater market opportunities and

- People working and running businesses in the livestock sector will have more reliable source of product of better quality.

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VS is a global public goods

• For countries that share borders and trading systems there will be benefits for both.

• In general it is important to recognize that these benefits will also be available for future generations.

• Conversely, a country that fails to control TADs may negatively impact on its neighbors and possibly also those countries with which it trades.

• That is the “global public goods”.

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• FAO and OIE have embarked, under the umbrella of the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs), on a Global Strategy and Global Action Plan for FMD control, with particular emphasis on regions of the world where the disease is endemic.

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Intermediate, sporadic

Endemic

Free

Free. Virus present in game parks

Free with vaccination

Countries with multiples zones:

FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free

Global Surveillance

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Divides the Globe into 7 pools each with

• Multiple serotypes but topotypes mainly confined to that

pool

• Each pool may need tailored vaccines and strategies

Visualization of Regional Virus Pools as an Aid to Global Control

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Pool 2O, A, Asia 1

Pool 1O, A, Asia 1

Pool 3O, A, Asia 1

The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate

distribution of regional virus pools.

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Pool 5O, A, SAT 1, 2

Pool 6SAT 1, 2, 3

Pool 4A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3

The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate

distribution of regional virus pools.

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Pool 7O, A

The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate

distribution of regional virus pools.

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No reports in 2012

Pool 7

Pool 5No reports in 2012

Pool 4A, O, SAT 1 & 2

Pool 1O & A

Pool 2O, A, Asia 1

Pool 3O, A, Asia 1

Pool 6SAT 1 & 2

Pool 3O, A, Asia 1 & SAT 2

WRLFMD® Regional Analysis- 2012

What Else?

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Egypt- Recent FMD Outbreaks

Egypt has at least 3 serotypes of FMDV

and a number of topotypes

1. O/ME-SA/Egy-72 (2006-2009)

2. O/ME-SA/PanAsia 2 (Egy-09) (2009 & 2011

3. A/Africa/G-VII (Ken-05) (2006 & 2009)

4. A/Asia/Iran-05 (Bar-08) (2010-2011)

5. A/Africa/G-IV (ISM-12) (2012)

6. SAT2/VII/Alx-12 (2012)

7. SAT2/VII/Ghb-12 (2012)

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August 2012

Vaccination with monovalent SAT2 – 1st round with locally produced vaccine

Total= 827,954 in 21 governorates . cattle 431,568 Buffaloes 211,352sheep 159,398 goat 25,636

2nd round vaccination with monovalent locally produced SAT2 vaccine = 148,741cattle 114.439 buffaloes 31,946 sheep 1,289 goat 1,067

Information provided by Dr Soheir Hassan Abd El KaderUnder Secretary of centeral adminstration of preventive medicineGeneral Organization for Veterinary ServicesMinistry of AgricultureCairo, Egypt

FMD Outbreaks 2012Vaccination against SAT 2 in Egypt

4 million cattle 3 million buffalo

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Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012

Serotype O vaccine matchingCountry

of Origin

Serotype Topotype Lineage/

strain

Sub

Lineage O 3039 O 4625 O Manisa O PA2

Afghanistan O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

Bahrain O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

Congo O ME-SA PanAsia -

Egypt O ME-SA PanAsia-2 -

Ethiopia O EA-3 - -

Iran O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

O ME-SA PanAsia-2 FAR-09

Israel O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

Japan O SEA Mya 98 -

Kenya O EA-2 - -

Kuwait O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

Libya O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

O EA-3 - -

Malaysia O SEA Mya-98 -

Kingdom Saudi

Arabia

O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

Sudan O EA-3 - -

Thailand O SEA Mya-98 -

O ME-SA PanAsia -

Turkey O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

UAE O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

Vietnam O ME-SA PanAsia -

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Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012

Serotype A vaccine matching

Country

of Origin

Serotype Topotype Lineage/

strain

Sub

Lineage A

Eri

98

A

Saudi

95 A22

A

Iran

05

A

Tur

06

A

MAY

97

Congo A Africa G-I -

Egypt A Africa G-IV -

A Asia Iran-05 BAR-08

Sudan A Africa G-IV -

Good match

Some matches

No match

Pool 4 Eastern Africa

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Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012

SAT Serotypes Vaccine Matching

Country

of Origin

Serotype TopotypeSAT 1

Rho

Kenya SAT 1 I (NWZ)

SAT 2 Zim SAT 2 Eri

Bahrain SAT 2 IV

Egypt SAT 2 VII

Kenya SAT 2 IV

Libya SAT 2 VII

PAT SAT 2 VII

Sudan SAT 2 VII

Tanzania SAT 2 IV

Good match

Some matches

No match

Pool 4 Eastern Africa

Pool 3 Eur-AsiaPool 4 Eastern Africa

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• FMD is one of the most contagious animal diseases and internationally the most important TAD.

• In countries where FMD is endemic the disease is often under reported, even though farmers have been shown to suffer serious economic losses.

• Many developing countries are poorly equipped to deal effectively with livestock diseases, including FMD, and so it continues to negatively affect food security and economic development.

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THE PROGRESSIVE CONTROL PATHWAY

FOR FMD CONTROL

(FMD-PCP)

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PCP-FMD

• The PCP-FMD is a set of FMD control activity stages (Figure 1) that, if implemented, should enable countries to progressively increase the level of FMD control to the point where an application for OIE-endorsement of a national control programme vaccination (in an advanced phase of Stage 3) or official freedom from FMD with or without vaccination (end of Stages 4 and 5, respectively) may be successful and the status sustainable.

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The PCP approach is based on the following principles:

1) active monitoring for FMDV circulation and understanding the epidemiology of FMD are the foundation of a control program, and therefore activities to meet these requirements are common in all stages. The monitoring of outcomes (indicators of control effectiveness), within a national FMD management system, is included at the higher stages;

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2) activities in each PCP stage are appropriate to the required reduction in virus circulation and mitigation of disease risk to be achieved;

3) activities and their impacts are measurable in each Stage, comparable between countries, and generate information and potential benefits to national as well as international stakeholders;

4) the optimization of resource use for FMD control is achieved through the targeting of measures to the husbandry systems and critical risk points where the impact on disease control and/or virus circulation will be greatest.

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Strengthening Veterinary Services

• VS are an essential component of the animal health system that protects animal health and safeguards animal production;

To function effectively, VS require:- Appropriate infrastructure, - Trained and effective personnel- Sufficient operating budgets to perform their disease

mitigation activities.

Unfortunately, in many developing countries, the VS infrastructure is often of insufficient quality and the operating budget inadequate.

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With globalisation and the growth of international trade, the responsibility of VS extends beyond national borders, in particular in regard to trade in livestock and animal products. Importers and consumers desire healthy livestock and safe animal products and this brings into consideration the quality and credibility of VS.

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• PVS pathway: evaluation of the veterinary services

The OIE tool for the Evaluation of Performance of Veterinary Services (OIE PVS Tool) is an objective, qualitative mechanism for assessing the quality of VS that creates a basis for a Gap Analysis and the development of an investment plan to seek the necessary funds to redress these weaknesses.

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Key Words:

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Critical competencies

I- Human Physical and Financial Resources:

I.2.A. Professional competencies of veterinariansI.2.B. Competencies of veterinary para-professionalsI.3. Continuing educationI.4. Technical independenceI.5. Stability of structures and sustainability of policiesI.6.A. Internal coordination (chain of command)I.6.B. External coordination

I.7. Physical resources1.8. Funding1.9. Contingency and compensatory funding1.10. Capability to invest and develop

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II- Technical Authority and Capability:

II.1.Veterinary laboratory diagnosisII.2.Laboratory quality assuranceII.3.Risk analysisII.4.Quarantine and border securityII.5.Epidemiological surveillanceII.6.Early detection and emergency responseII.7.Disease prevention control and eradicationII.8.Veterinary pubic health and food safetyII.9.Veterinary medicines and veterinary biologicalsII.10.Residue testingII.11.Emergency issuesII.12.Technical innovation

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III- Interaction with stakeholders:

III.1.Communications

III.2.Consultation with stakeholders

III.3.Official representation

III.4.Accredetation/authorization/delegation

III.5.Veterinary statutory body

III.6. Participation of producers and other stakeholders in joint programmes

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IV-Access to markets:

IV.1.Preparation of legislation and regulations, and its implementation

IV.2.Stakeholder compliance with legislation and regulations

IV.3.International harmonization

IV.4.International certification

IV.5.Equivalence and other types of sanitary agreements

IV.6.Traceability

IV.7.Transparency

IV.8.Zoning

IV.9.Compatmentalisation

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Thank you for yourkind attention

Prof. Hassan AidarosProf. of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine

OIE Representative for Egypt ([email protected])