PreliminariesPreliminaries

Return map testsReturn map tests Geography ConferenceGeography Conference

Field tripField trip Africa questionAfrica question North Africa/Southwest AsiaNorth Africa/Southwest Asia

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WDCAG – March 11-13, 2005 WDCAG – March 11-13, 2005

The Western Division of the Canadian The Western Division of the Canadian Association of Geographers.Association of Geographers.

Annual conference is in Lethbridge.Annual conference is in Lethbridge. For details see the Geography website For details see the Geography website

(http://www.uleth.ca/fas/geo).(http://www.uleth.ca/fas/geo). Reduced rates for students ($30).Reduced rates for students ($30). Includes: Includes:

Conference registration, Banquet, Field trips (nominal Conference registration, Banquet, Field trips (nominal fee), Curling Funspiel, Free entrance to Friday night fee), Curling Funspiel, Free entrance to Friday night social.social.

Friday Night Social.Friday Night Social.

Held at the Zoo.Held at the Zoo. Live Band (Southern Flyer playing from 8 pm-Live Band (Southern Flyer playing from 8 pm-

midnight).midnight). Pizza by the slice.Pizza by the slice. Lots of Geographers from Western Canada Lots of Geographers from Western Canada

(Manitoba to BC).(Manitoba to BC). Come and meet other students and professors.Come and meet other students and professors. You don’t have to register for the conference to You don’t have to register for the conference to

come and join us ($5/cover).come and join us ($5/cover).

Africa Question: Why Africa Question: Why waswas disease such a disease such a problem? (by contrast with Latin America)problem? (by contrast with Latin America)

Colonial eraColonial era Latin America’s indigenous people decimated by Latin America’s indigenous people decimated by

European diseases: influenza and small poxEuropean diseases: influenza and small pox Facilitating conquest, colonization, settlementFacilitating conquest, colonization, settlement Most European settlement at higher elevations, more Most European settlement at higher elevations, more

temperate climatetemperate climate Low population density in coastal/tropical regionsLow population density in coastal/tropical regions

Africa – tropical environmentAfrica – tropical environment Half of all Europeans who remained on African coastline Half of all Europeans who remained on African coastline

died within one yeardied within one year Higher elevations less high, less accessibleHigher elevations less high, less accessible Large indigenous population as vectors Large indigenous population as vectors

Africa Question: Why Africa Question: Why isis disease disease such a problem?such a problem?

Contemporary eraContemporary era High mortality, low life expectancyHigh mortality, low life expectancy Population is vulnerablePopulation is vulnerable

Rapid growth, limited food production, Rapid growth, limited food production, malnutritionmalnutrition

Debilitating effect of endemic disease fostered Debilitating effect of endemic disease fostered by tropical environmentby tropical environment

Poor health care facilities and carePoor health care facilities and care Considerations not hard answers!Considerations not hard answers!

African Transition Zone

NORTH AFRICA &NORTH AFRICA &SOUTHWEST ASIASOUTHWEST ASIA

OilOil Regions of North Regions of North

Africa/Southwest AsiaAfrica/Southwest Asia Mahgreb & LibyaMahgreb & Libya EgyptEgypt IraqIraq TurkeyTurkey CyprusCyprus IsraelIsrael

Defining the Realm

THE IMPACT OF OILTHE IMPACT OF OIL

65% of known 65% of known reservesreserves

High incomesHigh incomes ModernizationModernization

IndustrializationIndustrialization Intra-realm migrationIntra-realm migration Inter-realm migrationInter-realm migration Regional disparitiesRegional disparities Foreign investmentForeign investment Dubai, UAE. Dhows & skyscrapers

REGIONS OF THE REALM

MaghrebMaghreb

The Maghreb -The Maghreb - Atlas mountains Atlas mountains Orographic rainfallOrographic rainfall Coastal populationCoastal population Mediterranean agriculture exports to EuropeMediterranean agriculture exports to Europe Saharan interior Saharan interior

Libya: The Maghreb’s neighbor

Libya Libya – Arid but oil rich – not truly Maghreb– Arid but oil rich – not truly Maghreb Territorial claimsTerritorial claims

Gulf of SidraGulf of Sidra Aozou StripAozou Strip

Muammar GadhafiMuammar Gadhafi Normalization of relations with U.S.Normalization of relations with U.S.

Continuous Continuous civilization > 5,000 civilization > 5,000 yearsyears

95% of Egypt’s 74.1 95% of Egypt’s 74.1 million people live million people live within (20 kms) of the within (20 kms) of the NileNile

Largest Arab stateLargest Arab state Heritage tourismHeritage tourism

EGYPT AND THE LOWER NILE BASIN

EgyptEgypt

Basin irrigation: floodwater trapBasin irrigation: floodwater trap Perennial irrigation - mid 1800sPerennial irrigation - mid 1800s Aswan High Dam - 1968Aswan High Dam - 1968

Symbolic megaprojectSymbolic megaproject Relocation of Abu SimbelRelocation of Abu Simbel

Increased agricultural land by 50%Increased agricultural land by 50% Provides 40% of electricityProvides 40% of electricity But:But:

SalinizationSalinization Rising water table - schistosomiasisRising water table - schistosomiasis Commercial fertilizer & pesticide dependencyCommercial fertilizer & pesticide dependency Delta fishery suffers from water qualityDelta fishery suffers from water quality

MIDDLEEAST

The Middle EastThe Middle East

““Middle” of the Islamic realmMiddle” of the Islamic realm Center of conflictCenter of conflict SunniSunni - - Shi’iteShi’ite Kurdistan: Nation without a stateKurdistan: Nation without a state

TurkeyTurkey IranIran IraqIraq

IraqIraq

Surrounded by enemiesSurrounded by enemies Iran-Iraq War 1980-1990Iran-Iraq War 1980-1990 Kuwait invasion 1990, Persian Gulf War, Kuwait invasion 1990, Persian Gulf War,

19911991 Axis of Evil: Iraq, Iran, North Korea, 2002Axis of Evil: Iraq, Iran, North Korea, 2002 WMDWMD Iraq War, March 2003Iraq War, March 2003 Iraq occupation Iraq occupation

Iraq’s 4 RegionsIraq’s 4 Regions

Iraq DesertIraq Desert Kurdish DomainKurdish Domain

16%, 1990 victims of WMD16%, 1990 victims of WMD Sunni DomainSunni Domain

Powerful minority (22%), Ba’athist PartyPowerful minority (22%), Ba’athist Party Mid-Tigris west of Baghdad: Samarra & TikritMid-Tigris west of Baghdad: Samarra & Tikrit

Shiah DomainShiah Domain Lower Tigris East of Baghdad: BasraLower Tigris East of Baghdad: Basra Persecuted majority (60%), repression under SaddamPersecuted majority (60%), repression under Saddam

IRAQ

THE EMPIRE STATESTHE EMPIRE STATES

IranIran

Persian EmpirePersian Empire Indo-Iranian – FarsiIndo-Iranian – Farsi Shi’iteShi’ite Rugged plateau, pastoral nomadismRugged plateau, pastoral nomadism Tehran – 7.3 millionTehran – 7.3 million Peacock throne, Shah deposed in Peacock throne, Shah deposed in

19791979 FundamentalismFundamentalism

TURKEYTURKEY Ottoman empireOttoman empire

6th century empire stretching Mongolia to the 6th century empire stretching Mongolia to the Black SeaBlack Sea

Spread the Turkic languageSpread the Turkic language Collapsed 1818-1918Collapsed 1818-1918

Mustafa KemalMustafa Kemal (Ataturk) (Ataturk) Father of modern TurkeyFather of modern Turkey Capital from Constantinople to AnkaraCapital from Constantinople to Ankara Westernized turkey and broke free from the Arab Westernized turkey and broke free from the Arab

worldworld

TurkeyTurkey

Westernization in 1930sWesternization in 1930s Islam lost official statusIslam lost official status Roman alphabet replaced ArabicRoman alphabet replaced Arabic Islamic law replaced by western codeIslamic law replaced by western code Fez and beards outlawedFez and beards outlawed MonogamyMonogamy Women’s rightsWomen’s rights Turkey distanced from Arab worldTurkey distanced from Arab world

Western-Islamic tensionsWestern-Islamic tensions EU membershipEU membership

CyprusCyprus

Population of 900,000Population of 900,000 Greek heritageGreek heritage Conquered by Turks in 1571 Conquered by Turks in 1571 18781878- British control- British control After World War IIAfter World War II

Independence Independence oror union with Greece or Turkey? union with Greece or Turkey?

19601960- Independence- Independence 19741974- Civil War- Civil War 19831983- Turkish republic of northern Cyprus - Turkish republic of northern Cyprus

secededseceded

ISRAEL

ZionismZionism Political movement (1897) advocating the Political movement (1897) advocating the

return of the Jewish people from the return of the Jewish people from the diaspora to Palestine and the creation of a diaspora to Palestine and the creation of a Jewish homeland and stateJewish homeland and state

Balfour DeclarationBalfour Declaration (1917) (1917) Supports the concept of a Jewish homelandSupports the concept of a Jewish homeland Jewish immigration to PalestineJewish immigration to Palestine

1922 – British mandate to govern 1922 – British mandate to govern PalestinePalestine

Israel

UN partition plan for PalestineUN partition plan for Palestine Division into Jewish and Arab areasDivision into Jewish and Arab areas British evacuate Palestine in 1948 British evacuate Palestine in 1948 Proclamation of Israel as a state (14 May 1948)Proclamation of Israel as a state (14 May 1948)

1948: Arab invasion (War of 1948: Arab invasion (War of Independence)Independence) Egyptian, Iraqi, Jordanian, & Syrian forcesEgyptian, Iraqi, Jordanian, & Syrian forces Israel seizes more land than prescribed under UN Israel seizes more land than prescribed under UN

mandatemandate Armistice Armistice (1949)(1949)

900,000 Palestinian refugees900,000 Palestinian refugees

ISRAEL

Arab – Israeli conflictsArab – Israeli conflicts 1956: Suez war1956: Suez war 1967: Six-day war – I1967: Six-day war – Israel gains control srael gains control

of:of: Gaza stripGaza strip Sinai peninsula (returned to Egypt)Sinai peninsula (returned to Egypt) West bank of the River JordanWest bank of the River Jordan East sector of JerusalemEast sector of Jerusalem Golan Heights in SyriaGolan Heights in Syria

1973: Yom Kippur War1973: Yom Kippur War

ISRAEL

Current Arab-Israeli IssuesCurrent Arab-Israeli Issues

GGolan Heightsolan Heights- return to Syria?- return to Syria? SSecurity Zoneecurity Zone- return to Lebanon?- return to Lebanon? JerusalemJerusalem- Holy City?- Holy City? West BankWest Bank- Palestinian homeland?- Palestinian homeland? PalestiniansPalestinians- refugee problem- refugee problem Arab/Islamic disruption- impact of Arab/Islamic disruption- impact of

extremist groupsextremist groups

West BankWest Bank

200,000200,000 Israeli settlersIsraeli settlers Middle class Middle class

commuterscommuters Aquifers are Aquifers are

significantsignificant