Unit 4: Nations and empires.

1. The victory of nationalist in

Europe.

The birth of nationalism In the modern and middle ages the word nation

delimited the group of people born in a same place and who were under the rule of a same monarch.

So, a nation gathered people from different towns and cultures. In the XIX century the word nation got a political dimension and many people demanded that the states frontiers coincided with the linguists, racial and histories.

Since, its origins there have been two different ideas of nationalism:

-The romantic Germans defended the cultural idea of nation. For them the nation is a live being created during the sequence of times with a culture, a language and history commons which has the right to get organized as a sovereign state.

-The theoretical French planned a political

idea of nation. A nation is set up for the voluntary decision of a group people. What typifies the citizens of a nation is the sharing of the same laws, rights and duties not a culture.

These ideologies derived in two processes. On one hand the states set up nationalizing politics. On the other hand many villages fought to become states (nationalism movements).

The nationalism political of the states.

The nationalism is an ideology that has different meanings. The creation of national States was a process that began in the liberal revolutions of the 19th century.

- Were trying to develop the national feeling and the patriotic pride.

- The education made use a national language - Symbols of the country were created - The sports formed the feeling of the love to the country - Had hated towards other countries because they saw

them as a threat for them.

The disintegrates nationalists movements

Part of the nationalists movements, gave place to the disaggregated of the political society existing. For example, in 1830, Belgium had separated of Low Countries and it had converted in an independent state.

The most serious cases were of the Austro-Hungarian and Turk empires that were composed by diverse population. In the XIX century, lots of that’s groups created political movements that demanded the independence.

The Austro- Hungarian Empire resisted during all of the XIX century. But the Turk empire has been separated along than century. The first territory that was independent from the Turks was Greece in 1829, and after that Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, Bulgaria and Albania have independent too.

In Ireland, began an independent movement too. But the island didn’t get it even 1922, although the north –Ireland had stilled under the British domain.

The unifying movements: Italy and Germany.

Other nationalist movements caused the union of populations who were divided. There were the cases of Italy and Germany.

The Italian peninsula was divided in different States, some of them under the foreign domination: for example, the kingdom Lombardo-Véneto belongs to Austrian empire. But the existence of a common language forge a sentiment of unity between the Italians. The process of unification of Italy was lead for the Piamonte and it culminate in 1861.

In the case of Germany, Prussia was the State that lead the unification. During the first part of the 19th century, it established mechanisms of economic cooperation between the different Germanic States. In 1862, the king Guillermo I of Prussia and his first minister Bismarck speed up the unification for military way. In 1871 born the Germanic empire, the II Reich, that became in a big power.

Questions:1- What is a nation?2- What pretended develop the States of

the XIX century?3- In which century has been created

political movements that demanded the independence?

4- What State lead the unification process? In which year has been culminated?

Answers:1- The word nation delimited the group of

people born in a same place and who were under the rule of a same monarch.

2- They pretended develop the national feeling, they implant a national language, created the symbol of the country and a feeling of love of the country.

3- In the nineteen century.4- The process of unification was lead for

Piamonte. They culminated in the 1861.