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Technical English - II 14th week

Large Scale Civil Engineering

Projects

design / construction / operation / maintenance / repair / renovation / alteration

Project steps 1) Design,

2) Construction,

3) Operation,

4) Maintenance,

5) Repair,

(… perhaps continue) 6) Renovation,

7) Alteration,

8) Demolition.

General Design Process

a) Understand Problem

b) Conceptual Design

c) Embodiment Design

d) Detail Design

e) Prototype and Testing

f) Completion (Implementation)

a)

b)

c)

d)

f) General

Design

Process

feasibility / need analysis / options / assessment / project viability / procurement plan

THE NEEDS ANALYSIS (Demonstrate the objectives; Identify and analyze the available budget for project development;

Highlight the outputs; Define the scope of the project)

THE OPTIONS ANALYSIS (List all the solution options the institution has considered; Evaluate the options; Offer the best

solution)

FINANCIAL ASSESSMENT (Technical definition of the project; Identifying direct costs, indirect costs and project revenue; Model

assumptions and Risk; Economic Analysis)

VALUE ASSESSMENT

ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

PROJECT FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN

PROJECT PROCUREMENT PLAN

Feasibility study is an assessment of the practicality of a proposed project. It is an analysis of the ability to complete a project successfully, taking into account legal, economic, technological, scheduling and other factors. The typical

elements of a feasibility study

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Example: Tunneling options

a) Cut and Cover Tunneling

b) Bored Tunnel Method (Rock or Soft Ground Tunneling)

Bored Tunnel Method Bored tunnel method is modern technology. In this case, tunnel boring machines are used which automatically work and makes the entire tunneling process easier. It is also quicker process and good method to build tunnel in high traffic areas.

There are various types of construction techniques

developed for construction of tunnels.

Cut and Cover Method of Tunnel Construction Cut and cover method of tunnel construction is generally used to build shallow tunnels. In this method, a trench is cut in the soil and it is covered by some support which can be capable of bearing load on it.

Projects must be economically feasible and able to secure financing – whether from public, commercial, or

concessional sources – while having a positive impact on society and the environment. Project viability concentrates

primarily on four areas: financial, legal, economic and technical.

feasible / secure / concessional / ecological / institution / compromising

Sustainability is balancing economic, social and ecological interactions with economic theories of resources,

institutions and comparative advantage. It is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Basically, conceptual design is the very first stage of the product design process, where drawings and other

illustrations or models are used. Conceptual design in civil engineering is a vague and creative phase at the beginning

of the construction process

plan / schedule / tracking / processes / paperwork / unexpected complexity / mobility

Detailed design is the phase where the design is refined and plans, specifications and estimates are created. Detailed

design will include all construction details. Detailed design includes plans, sections and details, cost estimates,

specifications and other documents required for implementation. Detailed design requires considerable time

to prepare during the latter stages of the design phase.

plan specifications / construction details /

planning / control / civil works / material handling /equipment selection / legal issues

Site planning and layout Materials handling Equipment selection Site safety and health plan Workers’ rights and legal issues

As-Built Drawings are the final set of drawings produced at the completion of an engineering project and include all the changes that have been made to the original engineering drawings.

As built drawings are important for at least two primary purposes:

as-built documents and drawings / operation and maintenance

First, they are a record from which future system changes and/or additions can be designed.

Second, the as built drawings can be a valuable tool for the Operation and Maintenance staff.

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post construction cleanup / debris / trash

After construction have been finished, before the operation phase starts, “Post Construction Cleanup” should be taken care of with the proper tools and equipment. Post construction cleanup can include many little finishing jobs (e.g. Removing debris, plastic coverings or trash) to ensure your place is spotless.

planning / designing / construction / operation

Civil engineers are responsible for designing and managing construction projects for buildings, dams, harbors, airports, bridges, tunnels, railways, etc.

After the construction, the facility is now ready to be used for its intended purpose. Other people or institutions, take responsibilities.

After the construction (EIE) Karakaya dam during the construction (DSI)

(majority: civil engineers, minority: mechanical, and others) (majority: mechanical and electrical, minority: civil eng. for repair)

After construction, engineers test equipment and provide ongoing

maintenance needs, such as storm damage, maintaining drainage, roof

and window replacement, corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel,

improper previous surface treatments etc, if needed.

ongoing maintenance / replacement / corrosion / embedded / treatment / improper

Maintenance are routine activities meant to prevent damage and prolong the life of system or structure. Repairs are restoration work for when the structure or system gets damaged or stops operation.

maintenance / routine activities / prevent / damage / repair / restoration

Repair is an act of repairing something, to restore to good working order, fix, or improve damaged condition.

Renovation is to renew something to make it look new again.

maintenance / routine activities / prevent / damage / repair / restoration

Adnan Menderes Airport (before and after renovation)

A renovation is an update to an existing building or a return to a new condition. An alteration is a change to an existing building.

Any alteration, especially when it involve historical buildings, must be carried out in accordance with local and national legislation in order to protect culture heritage.

palace / renovation / alteration / historical building / legislation / cultural heritage

Çırağan Palace in Istanbul (before and after renovation and alteration)

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Demolition or razing is the tearing down of buildings and other man-made structures. Demolition contrasts with deconstruction, which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for reuse purposes. For small buildings, such as houses, that are only two or three stories high, demolition is a rather simple process. The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment: elevated work platforms, cranes, excavators or bulldozers. Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball or explosive material. (from Wikipedia)

demolition / razing / tearing down / deconstruction / reuse / pull down / wrecking ball

Detroit’s Hudson Department Store (The building was demolished in Oct., 1998 )

design / construction / operation / maintenance / repair / renovation / alteration

Project steps: Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, Repair, Renovation, Alteration, Demolition

and, feeling … Being a part of a major construction project

We wish you all the best in your future endeavors.

The Osman Gazi Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Gulf of İzmit at its narrowest point