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Technical English - II 8th week

Water Supply and Conveyance

Systems

"Pure water is the best of gifts that man to man can bring"

Water stress will increase in many areas by 2025 due to growing water use and rising temperatures.

water demand / water stress / physical water scarcity / economic water scarcity

1.1 billion of the poorest people in our world lack the most basic stuff of life: safe drinking water

• to stay alive,

• to grow vegetables,

• to clean our body and clothes,

• to generate electricity,

• to distinguish fire,

• to process industrial activities

• . . .

• . . .

Domestic water usage

aquaculture / domestic / industrial / irrigation / livestock / mining & oil / public supply /

thermoelectric power

G From ancient times humans have tried to manage water and to bring it to their homes.

Homa aqueduct from ancient water conveyance system of Side. This picture was taken in 1980, during the construction site visit, which was arranged for civil engineering students, of Oymapınar Dam at the Manavgat River Basin, in Antalya region.

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Rock-cut Canals

Elaiussa Sebaste probably between 1st and 2nd Century AD

Side 2nd Century AD

Foca (Phocea) 2nd Century AD

“Kırkçeşme”

Water supply system in Istanbul

Mağlova aqueduct L=248m, h=35m 1564 AD

Güzelce aqueduct h=32m

1563 AD

Topuz dam, h=10m 1620 AD

Topuzlu dam, h=16m 1750, 1786 AD

Fountains, as the last point of water distribution systems, displayed during the especially Ottoman periods a fine combination of architectural art beyond their usual functions.

Selimiye Mosque, in Edirne

Süleymaniye Mosque, in Istanbul

watershed / reservoir / water supply / water collection & purification & distribution

Water Collection

Water Purification

Water Treatment

Water Conveyance

Water Distribution

Wastewater Removal

water from source

through

to drainage

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Rivers

Lakes

Rainwater

Surface Water

Natural Springs

Wells

Groundwater

Fresh Water

Sea Water Brackish Rivers & Lakes

Salt or Brackish Water

Water Resources

surface water / groundwater / rainwater / springs / wells / brackish water

The Dumanlı spring, now submerged by 120 m of water after the construction of the Oymapınar Dam, had an estimated mean discharge of 50 m3/sec making it possibly the largest karst spring in the world issuing from a single opening.

water resources / oceans / lakes / ponds / rivers / springs

Oceans Lakes

Springs Rivers

Approximately three-fourths of the earth is water.

available water budget / availability / usability

But, how much fresh and clean water is useable?

97% of the water is salt water, and is found in the oceans of the world

3% of the water is fresh water on which we depend

fresh water / brackish water / salt water / salinity range / ppt (parts per thousand)

evaporation / condensation / advection / precipitation / runoff / infiltration

ground water table /evaporation / transpiration / condensation / precipitation rain / snow/ surface runoff / infiltration / percolation / stream flow / swamp

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lake / dam / spring / river / well / weir / intake structure / sluice gate / impervious

Spring

Lake

Dam Rivers

Well

Spring water; A historical water collection chamber in Alabanda, Çine, Aydın

Aslantaş dam (Energy + Irrigation + Flood c.)

Keban dam (Energy + Flood control)

Balçova dam (Water Supply)

irrigation / hydropower / energy / flood control / recreation / navigation / fish breading

water conveyance / lined canal / conduit / pipe

Lined canal

large diameter reinforced concrete

pipes

Canals Conduits Pipes

Profile and Typical Cross-Sections of a Water Supply Conduit

conduit / lined canal / grade tunnel / pressure tunnel / cut-and-cover tunnel / siphon

flocculation&coagulation / softening / settling / recarbonation / filtration / chlorination

SAMSUN WATER PURIFICATION PLANT

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useful storage / inlet / outlet / drain / overflow / elevated tank / service reservoir water distribution / closed pipes / pipe and components / redundancy / adequately

The term water distribution can refer to any system that transports water from a source to a user and the system are intended to deliver water at all times.

It will refer to systems of closed pipes flowing full water to municipal, industrial and fire protection customers.

These systems vary greatly in size and complexity from systems with only a handful of pipes to those with millions of components and from pipes only a few inches in diameter to pipes that a human can easily walk through.

Water system are constructed provide water in sufficient quantity to user at an suitable pressure and quality as economically as possible. Because individual components of system can fail water distribution are designed with a great deal of redundancy so that the system can perform adequately even some individual components are out of service.

Water distribution systems are constructed and operated by water utilities which may be owned by a public entity but operated by private firms under some contractual arrangement.

While water source development and water treatment may be more visible components of an overall water supply system, the water distribution system often represent the largest capital investment for utility. According to studies distribution systems generally account for more than 80 percent of the capital associated with water utility investment.

The major portion of water distribution systems is buried underground and is not fully understood or appreciated by customers who simply know that when they open the tap water comes out. However there are numerous components that must work together to deliver water.

public entity / private firms / capital investment / buried pipes / tap water precast concrete water tower

KOZANOĞLU, C. “Award Winning Precast Concrete Water Tower” Concrete International, American Concrete Institute, U.S.A., Sept. 1991

Dispersion of seeds (by birds) Struggle to survive (by plants) Disregard of maintenance (by human beings)

pump station / transmission and distribution water main

Pump stations pump an several million liter of clean drinking water each day by using water network consists of several kilometers of transmission and distribution mains in the service areas.

Water pump station

water main / service pipes / fitting / valve / meter

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sewer / storm sewer /combined sewer overflow / treated water / influent / effluent

Domestic (sanitary) wastewater: Wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial,

institutional, and similar facilities

Industrial wastewater: Wastewater in which industrial waste predominate

Infiltration/inflow(I/I): Infiltration is extraneous water that enters the sewer system

through leaking joints, cracks, and breaks, or porous walls. Inflow is storm water that enters the sewer system from storm drain connections, roof leaders, or through manhole covers

Storm water: Runoff resulting from rainfall and snowmelt.

sanitary / domestic / predominate / infiltration / leaking joints / porous /snowmelt

Solids - ion, molecule, colloidal, suspended solids, etc.

Biodegradable Organics -proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. They are measured most commonly in terms of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), and COD (chemical oxygen demand)

Refractor Organics - Surfactants, phenols, and agricultural pesticides

Priority Pollutants - Carcinogenic and toxic organic and inorganic compounds

Pathogens - Pathogenic organisms

Nutrients - Nitrogen and Phosphorus, along with carbon

Heavy metals - from commercial and industrial activities

Dissolved organics - calcium, sodium, and sulfate as a result of water use

colloidal / biodegradable / refractor / carcinogenic / nutrients / dissolved organics

Domestic Sewage

Organics 70%

Water 99.9%

Solids 0.1%

Inorganics 30%

Metals 15%

Salts 35%

Grit 50%

Fats 15%

Carbohydrates 25%

Proteins 65%

domestic sewage /organic / inorganic/ proteins / fats / carbohydrates / grit

Physical

Residue – settle able, suspended and dissolved solids,

Temperature

Color & Odor

Chemical

Inorganic – pH, Nutrients, Toxicity

Organics – phenols, oxygen demands (TOC, BOD, COD)

residue / temperature / color & odor / inorganic / nutrients / toxicity / organics

Wastewater plants for municipalities are usually designed for a flow rate that will occur from 10 to 25 years in the future.

This requires a population projection for the design period and estimate of the wastewater flow per capita for the future period.

For industries, projection is 5 to 10 years. Because industries prefer stagewise expansions due to uncertainty of the future market and less initial expense.

population projection / design period / floe per capita / stagewise / uncertainty

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wastewater / coarse debris / screening / sand & grit removal / aeration / disinfection

Coarse debris screen

A mixer in treatment

facility basin

estimated growth & population / census data / design period / water consumption

Automated sampling

pump

Monitoring room Automated sampling

Sampling locations of sewage treatment plants (at least two) Influent Before disinfection After disinfection Effluent

Grab Samples Composite Samples

water demand / field measurements / water depth / discharge rate

Determining; Available water resources Households water consumption (liters per capita per day)

Field measurements (short and long tem measurement devices)

estimated growth & population / census data / design period / water consumption

Households water consumption (liters per capita per day)

estimated growth & population / census data / design period / water consumption

In Turkey, water consumption in municipal areas is about 200 liters per person per day (Based on 2014 TUIK data)

Information source:

Annual water consumption per

capita worldwide in 2013, by

select country (in cubic meters)

Network Design

1) Head losses

Hi = k.Q in

2) Continuity at joints Qoutflows=Qinflows

static lift / head losses / suction head / pump head / efficiency / pump power

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Cast Iron (CI) Pipes Steel Pipes Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes Copper/Brass Pipes Plastic or Polythene (PVC, CPVC, or HDPE) Concrete Pipes Asbestos Pipes (?!...)

PVC (stand for polyvinyl chloride) CPVC (stands for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) HDPE (stands for high-density polyethylene)

cast & galvanized iron / steel / iron / copper / brass / polythene / concrete / asbestos

Large diameter pipes are generally used for major water supply works.

“We must protect our values and our cultural heritages”

Hamuşan fountain and water balance tower (su terazisi) in Istanbul (above right)

Trevi fountain in Rome

The fountain of Sultan Ahmet III, built in 1728