ANIL KUMAR

NPTI, FBD

NPTI

POWER SECTOR-AN OVERVIEW

Electricity - ‘Concurrent Subject’ : joint responsibility of State and Central Governments.

Bulk of transmission and distribution functions with State Utilities.

Private sector - small presence in Distribution and making entry into Transmission.

POWER SECTOR-AN OVERVIEW

Conventional Generation - blend of thermal, hydro and nuclear sources.

Coal based thermal power plants and in some regions hydro power plants - mainstay of electricity generation.

Oil, natural gas and nuclear power accounts for smaller proportion of power.

Emphasis also on non-conventional energy sources i.e. solar, wind, biogas and tidal.

Captive power plants being encouraged to supply surplus power to Grid.

GROWTH OF INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY IN INDIA

'47 '55 '61 '66 '74 '80 '85 '90 '95 '02 '03 '04 '06 '07 '12(Projeced)

Thermal Nuclear

Hydro Renewable

1,36

2

2,69

5

4,65

3

9,02

7

16,6

64

28,4

48 42,5

85

81,1

71

63,6

36

1,05

,046

1,07

,877

1,18

,426

1,24

,287

2,24

,907

*

1,32

,329

Source: CEA

(figs. in MW)

* includes Likely capacity Addition of 14000 MW from Renewables during 11th plan period

ALL INDIA PLF (%) OF THERMAL POWER STATIONS(COAL AND LIGNITE BASED)

Source: CEA

56. 555

56. 5

53. 955. 3

57. 1

60

64. 6

67. 369

69. 9

72. 7

74. 374. 8

72. 2

6164. 4 64. 7

53. 2

63

52. 4

76. 878. 6

48

53

58

63

68

73

78

Years

C HA R T : 13

MAJOR LEGISLATIVE / POLICY INITIATIVES

OF GOVERNMENT

1998- Electricity Regulatory Commission Act

1998 - Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act

2001- Electricity Conservation Act

2003- Electricity Act

February ,2005- National Electricity Policy

January 2006- National Tariff Policy

August 23, 2006 - Rural Electrification Policy

August 2006- Integrated Energy Policy.

January 2007- Report submitted by Working Group on Power for 11th Plan constituted by Planning Commission.

August,2007 - National Electricity Plan notified.

• Access to electricity for all households in next 5 years.

• Availability of power on demand to be fully met by 2012

• Energy shortage and peaking shortage to be overcome by providing adequate spinning reserves

• Reliability and quality of power to be supplied in efficient manner .

• Electricity Sector to achieve financial turnaround and commercial viability

• Consumers’ interests to be accorded top priority.

NATIONAL ELECTRICITY POLICY – THE WAY FORWARD

INSTALLED CAPACITY IN THE COUNTRY (as on 31st August, 2008)

TOTAL IC-1,45,627 MW

R.E.S., 12195 8.4%

NUCLEAR 4120 2.8%

THERMAL 93115 64%

HYDRO, 36198, 24.8%

EVOLUTION OF UNIT SIZE OF COAL BASED POWER PLANTS

Largest unit size in 1950-30 MW First re-heat unit of 82.5 MW in 1966 at

Bandel TPS First 200 MW unit at Obra TPS in 1977 First 500 MW unit at Trombay in 1984 Committee constituted by CEA

recommended 800 to 1000 MW unit size in future

In 11th Plan 800/660 MW units planned

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

MINISTRY OF POWER

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Details of IC of renewable energy sources

(As on 31.03.2008)

Sources / Systems Installed Capacity ( MW)

Wind Power 7666.84Biomass Power & Biomass Gasifiers

1325.63

Small Hydro Power 2034.07Solar power & others 87.87Total 11,125.41

Development of Transmission Voltages Levels

• 132 kV Highest level at the time of Independence

• Introduction of 220 kV in 1960

• 400 kV in 1977

• HVDC back-to-back link in 1989,

• 500kV, HVDC bi-pole line in 1990

• 765 kV transmission line from 2000 onwards.

PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY IN INDIA

Source: CEA

176

348

559632 672 704

1000

613

1980-81

1990-91

2000-01

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2011-12

kWh/year

(Projected)

As per UN Methodology (Gross Electrical Energy Availability / Population)

Growth Pattern

ACTUAL POWER SUPPLY POSITION OF THE COUNTRY (April,08-August,08)

Peak (MW) Energy (MU)

Requirement 1,06,922 3,18,813

Availability 91,363 2,84,861

(-)Shortage/

(+)Surplus

(-) 15,559 (-)33,952

(%) (-) 14.6 (-) 10.6

10TH PLAN –TARGET AND ACTUAL CAPACITY ADDITION

6

(MW)

Original Target 41,110

Capacity Slipped / Dropped 21,281

Net Capacity Addition from Original Target 19,829

Additional Projects identified during the Plan 8,320

Capacity Slipping from additional projects 6,969

Net Capacity Addition from additional Projects 1,351

Net Capacity added during 10TH Plan 21,180*

* Thermal -12,114 MW, Hydro – 7,886 MW, Nuclear – 1180 MW

POWER GENERATION - STRATEGY

• Large emphasis on hydro development. Constraints restricting progress are large gestation period, high capital cost, Issues such as R&R, law & order etc. New Hydro Policy to encourage private participation in hydro power generation.

• Limited dependability on gas based capacity - Availability of gas at reasonable rates being a constraint for gas based projects. During 11th Plan only about 6,843 MW gas based capacity envisaged.

• Active steps to harness Nuclear energy on a larger scale being taken but contribution minor as yet.

• Renewables.

POWER GENERATION - STRATEGY

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

MINISTRY OF POWER

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

POWER GENERATION - STRATEGY

• Renewable energy sources to be made economically viable- At present can play dominant role in meeting remote located demands where not economic to extend the grid.

• Coal based power projects expected to be main stay of Indian Power Sector for next 50-70 years. Continuous efforts directed at generating maximum energy from each tonne of coal with minimum effect on environment

POWER GENERATION - STRATEGY

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

MINISTRY OF POWER

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Development of Hydro Power projects

Plan Period Hydro Capacity Addition (MW)

Total Hydro Capacity at the end of plan (MW)

11th Plan (2007-08 to 2011 - 12)

15627 50280

12th Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17)

30000 80280

13th Plan (2017 - 18 to 2021-22)

31000 111280

14th Plan (2022-23 to 2026 - 27)

36494 147774

DEMAND AND CAPACITY REQUIREMENT

Year Energy Requirement

(BU)

Peak Demand

(MW)

Proposed Capacity Addition during 5 year plan (MW)

Generation growth rate (CAGR)

2011-12 1038 1,52,000 77,070*

( 11th Plan)

9.5% (over 2006-07)

2016-17 1470 2,18,209 94,000

(12th Plan)

7.4% (over 2011-12)

* Feasible capacity as per latest assessment

26,783 MW36,874 MW

15,043 MW

CENTRAL SECTORSTATE SECTOR

PVT SECTOR

47%(34%)

(19%)

Total 78,700 MW

CAPACITY ADDITION TARGETTED FOR 11th PLAN (SECTORWISE)

INTERNATIONAL CONCLAVE ON KEY

INPUTS

On 4th-5th July,2007 organized by CBIP/MoP/CEA.

Purpose-To discuss issues to be addressed to ensure timely Implementation of projects during 11th Plan and beyond .

11th Plan tentative targets for grid interactive renewable power

(Figures in MW)

Sources / Systems Target for 11th plan

Wind Power 10,500

Biomass Power Baggasse Co-generation Biomass Gasifiers

2,100

Small Hydro (up to 25 MW) 1400

Total 14,000

Targets for 12th Plan likely to be at least 14,000 MW

Village Electrification

Number of villages electrified increased from 3061 in 1950 to about 4,88,655 in 2008 (as on 31.07.08, 82.3% village electrification).

Renewable Energy Sources during 12th Plan

• Capacity addition during 12th Plan expected to be more than 11th Plan due to incentives by MNRE for setting up of Solar and Wind power plants

• Considering at least 14,000 MW during 12th Plan also, by 12th Plan end about 38,000 MW Renewable power expected.

• Assuming PLF of 20 %, generation about 67 BU.

• This energy considered while planning for 12th Plan

12th Plan Tentative Capacity Addition • Demand as per 17th EPS – Energy Requirement – 13,92,066

BU; Peak Demand- 2,18,209 MW• Spinning Reserve – 5% as per National Electricity Policy.

Capacity corresponding to 3000 MW and 1600 MW also worked out

• 25,000 MW Hydro and 8,500 MW Nuclear as must run stations.• As result of studies 12th Plan total Generating capacity 94,431

which includes 61,171 MW thermal.(28,190 MW PH, 15,495 MW LC, 14,800 MW Coastal)

• Capacity with 1600 MW S.R.- 81,570 MW; 3000MW S.R. – 82,970 MW

• Fuel consumption(2016-17) – Coal 815 MT, Lignite 60 MT• All India Studies for 5% S.R: LOLP – 0.18%; ENS – 0.00%

(Norms – LOLP-1% & ENS- 0.15%)

13th Plan Tentative Capacity Expansion

ASSUMPTIONS• 17th EPS Demand – Energy Requirement- 19,14,508

MU; Peak Demand- 2,98,253 MW • Spinning Reserve - 5% .• Beginning of 13th Plan 37,014 MW Coal & Lignite

based capacity more than 27 yrs old. (5,634 MW capacity upto 100 MW unit size and 31,380 MW capacity greater than 100 MW unit

size) • Studies indicate 13th Plan capacity addition-1,05,060

MW (Hydro-34,500 MW, Nuclear -8,000 MW, Thermal -62,560 MW including 6000 MW gas)

• LOLP-0.18 % and ENS-0.007 %, Reliability Criteria met.

Strategies/ Initiatives for GHG Mitigation

• Clean Coal technologies Supercritical Technology – 2% efficiency gain possible Ultra Supercritical Technology –additional efficiency 0.75% over

800 MW supercritical Integrated Gasification Technology – higher efficiency of 40-

45%

• Reduction in T & D losses – All India T&D losses- 28.65% in 2006-07. Aim to bring down to 15%

• R & M of old thermal power stations – Benefits of CDM to be extended to overcome fund constraints

• Energy Efficiency improvement

TECHNOLOGIES USED AT COMBUSTION STAGE

• Adoption of Supercritical technology• Ultra supercritical (USC) and advanced USC

technology• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion ( CFBC)• Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC)• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)• In-Situ gasification• Low NOx burners• Oxy-fuel combustion

Clean coal technologies( CCT) – have pollution abatement in energy conversion process so external environmental control equipments not required

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

MINISTRY OF POWER

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

Sub-critical units in 10th, 11th , 12th, 13th & 14th Plans

600 MW

(nos)

500 MW

(nos)

250/300/330 MW

(nos)

200/210 MW

(nos)

125/135 MW

(nos)

Total Subcritical

MW

10TH Plan 0 11 7 9 4 9620

11TH Plan 8 42 62 6 14 45470

12th Plan 7 20 12 0 2 18270

13TH Plan 0 8 0 0 0 4000

14th Plan 0 0 0 0 0 0

Super-critical units in 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th & 14th Plans

Total Sub critical

MW

660 MW

(nos)

800 MW

(nos)

Total

Super critical MW

Total MW

10TH Plan 9620 0 0 0 9620

11TH Plan 45470 7 1 5420 50890

12th Plan 18270 25 33 42,900 61,170

13TH Plan 4000 36 36 52,560 56,560

14th Plan 0 45 52 71,300 71,300

ALL INDIA EFFICIENCY AND EMISSION RATES

• All India thermal efficiency – 32.44% (2006-07)

(coal & lignite based plants)

• Present weighted average CO2 emission rate (t CO2 /MWh) (including imports) : 0.80 (2006-07)

Likely Coal Based Capacity Addition & Expected Emission

End of The Plan

CoalBasedCapaci

tyAdditio

n(MW)

Cumulative

Coal Base

dCapacity

(MW)

Total Generation from Coal

Based Plants

(BU)

CoalConsumpt

ion(MT)

Co2 Emissio

n(MT)

Co2 Emissio

n per unit of

Thermal Generat

ion

Expected Thermal

Efficiency

Total Ash Generation

(MT)

11th Plan 50240 116610 708 492 722 1.02 35.3 182

12th Plan 58485 175095 1164 785 1152 0.99 36.4 278

13th Plan 56500 231595 1542 1028 1507 0.97 36.85 363

14th Plan 72000 303595 2033 1337 1961 0.96 37.3 471