Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan

Draft for Institutional Representative Review – Please Respond by 10 February 2017

Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan

Masked Lapwing (Vanellus miles) AZA Species Survival Plan®

Yellow Program

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator & AZA Studbook Keeper

Phillip Horvey, Sedgwick County Zoo, ([email protected])

AZA Population Advisor Jessica Ray, Population Management Center, ([email protected])

11 January 2017


Masked Lapwing (Vanellus Miles) - Yellow SSP 2016 - DRAFT

This Program is currently a Yellow SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

1

Executive Summary Masked Lapwing (Vanellus miles)

At the time of analyses, the masked lapwing SSP population consists of 84 birds (32 males, 51 females, and 1 unknown sex) held at 29 AZA and 1 non-AZA institutions. The Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) recommended this population for management with a target population size of 100 birds in their 2016 Draft Regional Collection Plan (RCP). This population qualifies as a Yellow SSP under AZA’s current sustainability designations. These genetic analyses are based on an analytical database with pedigree assumptions intended to estimate relatedness and inbreeding. The potentially breeding population of masked lapwing is descended from an estimated eight founders and no potential founders remain. Current gene diversity is estimated at 89.32% of the founding population and is equivalent to the gene diversity found in four to five unrelated birds (FGE=4.68). A decrease in gene diversity below 90% of that in the founding population has been associated with reproduction increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower hatch weights, and greater hatchling mortality. The population is already below 90% and is expected to continue to decline unless unrelated potential founders are imported and are bred. Without additional genetic materials, and assuming maintaining the current population size, the gene diversity is projected to decline to approximately 69% over the next 100 years.

Demography

Genetics2

Current Potential

Founders 8 0 additional

Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 4.68 7.17

Gene diversity (GD %) 89.32 93.03

Population mean kinship (MK) 0.1068 -

Mean inbreeding (F) 0.0684 -

Effective population size/potentially breeding population (Ne / N) includes founders 0.2416 -

Percentage of pedigree known before assumptions & exclusions 77.4 -

Percentage of pedigree known after assumptions & exclusions 98.8 -

Percentage of pedigree certain after assumptions & exclusions 95.2 -

Projections

Years To 90% Gene Diversity N/A Already <90% N/A Already <90% Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 48 58

Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 69.4 72.4

Assuming λ = 1.00 Target size = 100


Demographic projections indicate that approximately seven to nine hatches per year would be needed to maintain the current population size for the upcoming three years (λ=1.00). To grow to the TAG recommended target population size of 100 birds over the next five years would require 10 to 13 hatches per year (λ=1.03). At this time, the population has limited space to grow and all breeding pairs should be carefully monitored as to not overproduce and be unable to place offspring. Therefore, the number of pairs recommended is intended to offset anticipated mortality and maintain the current population size. As with most SSPs, breeding recommendations are based on mean kinship values, inbreeding avoidance, preventing the linkage of rare and common alleles (as much as possible) and the logistical constraints identified by participating institutions. Summary: The SSP recommends seven breeding pairs and nine transfers to create new pairs or meet institutional requests. Recommended pairs are asked to produce only a single clutch and to contact the SSP Coordinator if additional clutches are laid.

1 Historical from life tables (N. America 1995 – 2015) / 5 – year from PopLink census report / projected from PMx stochastic 20 – year projections 2 Genetic statistics calculated from an analytical studbook (Appendix A)

Current size of population (N) – Total (Males.Females.Unknown Sex) 84 (32.51.1)

Number of individuals excluded from genetic analyses 2 (0.2.0)

Population size following exclusions 82 (32.49.1)

Target population size (Kt) from Charadriiformes TAG 2016 RCP 100

Mean generation time (T, years) 10.0

Population Growth Rates (λ; lambda)1: Historical / 5 –year / Projected 1.116 / 0.993 / 1.129




2

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary 1

II. Description of Population Status Introduction 4 Status and Conservation 4 Analytical Population 4 Demography 4 Genetics 6 Recommendation Outcomes 7 Management Strategy 7

III. Recommendations Summary Recommendations by Studbook ID 8 ASHEBORO 11 ATLANTA 11 AUDUBON 11 BALTIM AQ 11 BIRMINGHM 12 BREVARD 12 BUSCH TAM 12 CAPE MAY 12 CHICAGOLP 13 CINCINNAT 13 COLUMBIA 13 COLUMBUS 14 DISNEY AK 14 DREHER PA 14 EL PASO 15 FT WAYNE 15 LOWRY 15 METROZOO 16 MILWAUKEE 16 NY BRONX 16 OKLAHOMA 17 OMAHA 17 PHOENIX 17 PITTS CA 17 PROVIDNCE 18 SALISBURY 18 SAN ANTON 18 SANDIEGOZ 18 SCOT NECK 19 SEATTLE 19 SEDGWICK 19

IV. Appendices A. Analytical Assumptions 20 B. Summary of Data Exports 20 C. Animal Excluded from the Potentially Breeding Population 21 D. Life Tables 21 E. Ordered Mean Kinship Lists 23 F. Descriptive Survival Statistics 24 G. Definitions 26 H. Directory of Institutional Representatives 28




3

Acknowledgments

The Masked Lapwing planning meeting was held 12/7/2016 at Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, attended by:

Phillip Horvey, SSP Coordinator and Studbook Keeper, Sedgwick County Zoo Jessica Ray, Population Biologist, Population Management Center, Lincoln Park Zoo

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator & Studbook Keeper:

Phillip Horvey Sedgwick County Zoo [email protected]

316-266-8335

Report and Analyses prepared by: Jessica Ray

Population Management Center [email protected]

Cover Photo Courtesy of: Yang Zhao Sedgwick County Zoo

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the AZA Population Management Center.

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




4

Description of Population Status Masked Lapwing (Vanellus miles)

Introduction: At the time of analyses, the total population of masked lapwing consists of 84 animals (32 males, 51 females, and 1 unknown sex) at 30 institutions (29 AZA and 1 non-AZA). One institution will be added to the population as a result of this plan. The Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) recommended this species for management with a target population size of 100 birds in their 2016 Draft Regional Collection Plan (RCP). Under AZA’s current sustainability designations, this population qualifies as a Yellow SSP. Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of the North American Regional Masked Lapwing Studbook (current to 29 June 2016) were performed in December 2016 using PopLink 2.4 and PMx v. 1.4.20160920. This is the second Breeding and Transfer Plan for this population. Recommendations contained in this report supersede those of previous plans. Status and Conservation: Masked lapwings are currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. This is due to their expansive range throughout Australia, Papua New Guinea and parts of Indonesia. They are not listed on the CITES Appendix nor are they protected under the Endangered Species Act at this time. Analytical Population: The historical pedigree of the total masked lapwing population is 22.6% unknown due to 45 birds having some portion of their pedigree unknown. Pedigree assumptions created for the 2009 Breeding and Transfer Plan were re-applied to the current database and multiple potential parentage were incorporated probabilistically (Appendix A). Following these assumptions, one bird (#279) still has an unknown pedigree. Two females were excluded from the potentially breeding population due to advanced age (Appendix C). Following these assumptions and exclusions, the potentially breeding population of masked lapwing consists of 82 individuals (32.49.1) with a 98.8% known (95.2% certain) pedigree.

Demography: According to the North American Regional Studbook, the first recorded masked lapwings at an AZA facility were at the San Diego Zoo in 1978. The first recorded zoo hatches occurred shortly after in 1980, also at the San Diego Zoo. However, following these early holdings the species was not seen again until 1989 when Zoo Miami imported two males and three females. From 1989 to 1991, a reported 17 wild-hatched birds entered the North American population. Subsequently, the population began relying more on breeding in North American institutions with San Diego Zoo being the main producer of offspring, particularly individuals #12, 17, 13, and 14. Much of the living population can be traced back to these founder pairings. Despite increases and decreases in the past five years, the population has overall remained at the same average population size (λ=0.99).

Figure 1. Census of the masked lapwing SSP population by origin (left) and sex (right) from 1989 to 2015.




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The age structures of the total and potentially breeding populations of masked lapwing deviate from a stable age structure. There are gaps in the structure as well as age classes with notably more individuals. This is indicative of the inconsistency of breeding in zoos. The SSP should take care to avoid these cycles of “boom and bust” in the future and should instead breed consistently. Another area of concern is the sex-bias toward females. There are currently approximately 1.4 females to each male. A biased sex ratio has negative genetic implications because the lessened number of breeding males reduces the effective population size (Ne) and increases the rate at which gene diversity is lost. It also complicates creating genetically well-matched pairs in this monogamous species.

Figure 2. Age structures of the total (left, 84 (32.51.1)) and potentially breeding (right, 82 (32.49.1)) populations of masked lapwing. (Current to 29 June 2016)

According to information from the North American studbook, first-year mortality is approximately 32% for males and 29% for females. If a male masked lapwing survives to his first birthday, median life expectancy is calculated to be eight years. That is, approximately 50% of males are expected to die before this age and 50% after. Data for females are not yet robust enough to calculate median life expectancy. As more data accumulate, these analyses will be updated (see Appendix F for more details). The maximum-recorded longevity is 22 years for males. For females, a single bird lived to be 28.9 years old. However, this is thought to be an unusual case. The next oldest female lived to be 26, which may be an outlier too. The following females all lived to their upper teens (17 to 19 years) and this is thought to be a better reflection of true maximum longevity. Males are recorded as beginning to breeding after their first birthday but females typically don’t start breeding until they are two or three years old. Although there are limited data, it appears males and females may continue to breed throughout their lifetime. Reported clutch sizes have ranged from one to five eggs, with a median of two eggs per clutch. There appears to be a trend toward breeding occurring mostly in the late spring/early summer. However, this may be a result of human management (preventing producing offspring during the winter season) rather than a biological phenomenon. These birds become quite territorial during the breeding season. Demographic projections suggest seven to nine hatches per year would be needed to maintain the current population size (λ=1.00). To increase to the TAG recommended target population size of 100 birds over the next five years would require an estimated 10 to 13 hatches per year (λ=1.03). The AZA population has averaged 10.6 hatches per year over the past five years. However, the SSP is currently limited on holding space and has decided to restrict the number of recommended breeding pairs to avoid exceeding its carrying capacity. The number of pairs recommended is intended to maintain the current population size.




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Genetics: Based on an analytical database with pedigree assumptions (Appendix A) and excluding two birds from the analyses, the potentially breeding population of masked lapwings is descended from eight founders. Current gene diversity is estimated to be approximately 89.3% of the founding population (equivalent to four to five unrelated, wild-hatched birds [FGE=4.68]). Average inbreeding is similar to the level of breeding first cousins (F=0.0684) and the average mean kinship is nearing the level of breeding half-siblings (average MK=0.1068). The existing founder lineages are uneven and equalizing the lineages is one strategy to increase the amount of gene diversity retained over the long term (Figure 3). However, most of the founder lineages are linked in the potentially breeding population (Figure 4). Therefore, it will be difficult to increase a lower-represented lineage without also increasing a well-represented founder. Alternative strategies include increasing the growth rate and population size as well as importing and breeding additional potential founders.

2009 Current Potential

Founders 6 8 0 additional

Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 3.75 4.68 7.17

Gene diversity (GD %) 86.65 89.32 93.03

Population mean kinship (MK) 0.1335 0.1068 -

Mean inbreeding (F) 0.0231 0.0684 -

Effective population size/potentially breeding population (Ne/N) 0.1739 0.2416 -

Percentage of pedigree known before assumptions & exclusions

86.5 77.4 -

Percentage of pedigree known after assumptions & exclusions 98.5 98.8 -

Percentage of pedigree certain after assumptions & exclusions 98.5 95.2 -

Projections

Years To 90% Gene Diversity N/A Already

<90% N/A Already <90% N/A Already <90%

Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 31 48 58

Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 61 69.4 72.4

Assuming λ=1.03 Target size=90



Figure 3. Founder lineages of the potentially breeding population of masked lapwings.

Figure 4. Individual founder contributions of the potentially breeding population of masked lapwing illustrating the prevalence of founders #12, 13, 14 and 17 in the population. (Note: #279 currently has a 100% unknown pedigree therefore does not have founder information.




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Recommendation Outcomes: The website PMCTrack calculates the outcomes fo SSP recommendations by comparing Breeding and Transfer Plan recommendations to births and deaths recorded in the studbook. Of the recommendations proprosed in the last breeding and tranfer plan, 54.55% of the BREED WITH and 20% of SEND TO recommendations were fulfilled. These outcome statistics are based on events recorded between the publication date of the last final plan (23 September 2009) and the interplanning period end date on which updated studbook data were submitted (October 2016). There are many reasons that recommendations might not be fulfilled, including interim recommendations issued by the SSP Coordinator; these reasons can be captured using PMCTrack Outcomes Surveys. SSP participants are always encouraged to attempt to fulfill recommendations and to communicate successes and failures to the SSP Coordinator.

Figure 5. Recommendation outcome graphs by disposition (left) and breeding (right) for the past Masked Lapwing SSP Breeding and Transfer Plans. N represents the number of recommendations scored for each recommendation type, per plan, and the number represents the percentage recommendations fulfilled. Please visit PMCTrack.org or contact [email protected] for more information or with any questions.

Management Strategy: The masked lapwing SSP population consists of 84 birds (32 males, 51 females, and 1 unknown sex) at 29 AZA and 1 non-AZA institutions. To maintain the current population size would require an estimated seven to nine hatches per year for the next three years. Due to current space constraints, the SSP would like to maintain this population size until additional institutional space becomes available. As with most SSPs, pairings are prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through consideration of mean kinships, avoidance of inbreeding, and the needs of participating institutions. Due to the concerns about space, not all facilities that have asked to breed have been given recommendations. This is a precaution to not overproduce and create a surplus of offspring that the SSP is unable to place. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with any questions or concerns.

1. The SSP recommends seven females to breed. This is anticipated to maintain this current population size. However, if unexpected mortalities occur, additional pairs may be recommended to meet demographic goals.

2. The SSP recommends nine transfers at this time to place birds and fulfill institutional requests.

3. Any institutions interested in acquiring masked lapwings are strongly encouraged to contact the SSP Coordinator. There are birds available for immediate placement.

http://www.pmctrack.org/





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Summary of Breeding and Transfer Recommendations By Studbook ID

Studbook ID

Location Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

2 METROZOO F 28 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

Excluded – Age

14 DREHER PA F 26 HOLD DREHER PA DO NOT BREED

Excluded – Age

31 DISNEY AK F 19 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED

39 BREVARD F 18 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

40 SAN ANTON F 18 HOLD SAN ANTON DO NOT BREED

44 SEDGWICK M 18 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED

47 COLUMBIA F 17 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED

58 SAN ANTON M 15 HOLD SAN ANTON DO NOT BREED

63 AUDUBON M 14 SEND TO DREHER PA BREED WITH

217

64 AUDUBON M 14 SEND TO BUSCH TAM BREED WITH

109

71 EL PASO F 14 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH

216

74 SANDIEGOZ F 14 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED

82 COLUMBIA M 14 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED

87 LOWRY F 13 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH

247, 261

May breed with either male

88 LOWRY F 13 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH

261, 247

May breed with either male

91 CAPE MAY F 12 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED

92 CAPE MAY F 12 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED

94 SEDGWICK F 12 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED

98 OKLAHOMA F 12 HOLD OKLAHOMA BREED WITH

205

109 BUSCH TAM F 12 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH

64

113 COLUMBIA F 12 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED

114 PHOENIX F 12 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

119 SCOT NECK M 11 HOLD SCOT NECK DO NOT BREED

121 SCOT NECK F 11 HOLD SCOT NECK DO NOT BREED


145 BALTIM AQ F 9 HOLD BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED

146 BALTIM AQ F 9 HOLD BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED

157 COLUMBUS F 8 HOLD COLUMBUS DO NOT BREED




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Studbook ID


161 CHICAGOLP F 8 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH

269 Demographic pairing

163 METROZOO M 8 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED


167 COLUMBUS M 8 HOLD COLUMBUS DO NOT BREED



180 BREVARD M 7 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

184 PROVIDNCE M 9 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

194 BIRMINGHM F 7 HOLD BIRMINGHM DO NOT BREED

196 SEATTLE F 7 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

197 SEATTLE F 7 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

202 DISNEY AK F 6 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED

205 OKLAHOMA M 6 HOLD OKLAHOMA BREED WITH

98

206 BIRMINGHM F 6 HOLD BIRMINGHM DO NOT BREED

209 PITTS CA F 6 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED

210 BREVARD M 6 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED



216 METROZOO M 6 SEND TO EL PASO BREED WITH

71

217 METROZOO F 6 SEND TO DREHER PA BREED WITH

63

218 ASHEBORO F 5 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED

219 ASHEBORO F 5 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED



234 SANDIEGOZ M 5 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED

239 NY BRONX F 8 HOLD NY BRONX DO NOT BREED

242 NY BRONX F 8 HOLD NY BRONX DO NOT BREED



247 METROZOO M 4 SEND TO LOWRY BREED WITH

87, 88




10

Studbook ID


248 FT WAYNE M 4 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

249 FT WAYNE M 4 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

250 CINCINNAT F 4 HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED


253 CINCINNAT F 3 HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

254 PITTS CA M 3 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED

256 MILWAUKEE F 3 HOLD MILWAUKEE DO NOT BREED

257 COLUMBIA M 3 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED


261 LOWRY M 3 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH

87, 88

262 ATLANTA F 3 HOLD ATLANTA DO NOT BREED

267 OMAHA M 1 HOLD OMAHA DO NOT BREED

268 ATLANTA M 1 HOLD ATLANTA DO NOT BREED

269 CHICAGOLP M 1 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH

161 Demographic pairing

271 OMAHA F 1 HOLD OMAHA DO NOT BREED

274 COLUMBUS M 1 SEND TO SALISBURY DO NOT BREED

275 COLUMBUS F 1 SEND TO SALISBURY DO NOT BREED

276 MILWAUKEE M 0 HOLD MILWAUKEE DO NOT BREED

278 BREVARD F 0 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

279 PHOENIX M 6 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

287 CHICAGOLP U 0 HOLD CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED

288 COLUMBIA M 0 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED








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SSP Recommendations by Institution ASHEBORO North Carolina Zoological Park Asheboro, NC

Studbook ID

Local ID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

218 23875 F 5 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED

219 23876 F 5 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED

ATLANTA Zoo Atlanta Atlanta, GA

Studbook ID


262 15B043 F 3 HOLD ATLANTA DO NOT BREED

268 15B042 M 1 HOLD ATLANTA DO NOT BREED

AUDUBON Audubon Zoo New Orleans, LA

Studbook ID


63 100862 M 14 SEND TO DREHER PA BREED WITH 217

64 100863 M 14 SEND TO BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 109

251 113015 F 3 RECEIVE

FROM COLUMBUS

DO NOT BREED

258 113059 F 3 RECEIVE

FROM COLUMBUS

DO NOT BREED

BALTIM AQ National Aquarium in Baltimore Pier 3, Ba

Studbook ID


145 107098 F 9 HOLD BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED

146 107097 F 9 HOLD BALTIM AQ DO NOT BREED




12

BIRMINGHM Birmingham Zoo Birmingham, AL

Studbook ID


194 214079 F 7 HOLD BIRMINGHM DO NOT BREED

206 214080 F 6 HOLD BIRMINGHM DO NOT BREED

BREVARD Brevard Zoo Melbourne, FL

Studbook ID


39 940756 F 18 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

180 29073 M 7 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

210 10044 M 6 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

278 16142 F 0 HOLD BREVARD DO NOT BREED

BUSCH TAM Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Tampa, FL

Studbook ID


109 65229 F 12 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 64

64 100863 M 14 RECEIVE

FROM AUDUBON BREED WITH 109

CAPE MAY Cape May County Park Zoo Cape May Court House, NJ

Studbook ID


91 3161 F 12 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED

92 3160 F 12 HOLD CAPE MAY DO NOT BREED




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CHICAGOLP Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens Chicago, IL Institutional Notes: If #287 is a male, please send to FY WAYNE. Alternatively, if sexed to be a female, please send to CINCINNAT. Once #287 is transferred, may breed 161 and 269 as a demographic pairing. Please contact the SSP Coordinator after a successful clutch to discuss if additional breeding is recommended at that time.

Studbook ID


161 22357 F 8 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH 269 Demographic pairing

269 23627 M 1 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH 161 Demographic pairing

287 23677 U 0 SEE NOTES CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED

CINCINNAT Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Cincinnati, OH Institutional Notes: Institution is asked to receive #287 from CHICAGOLP, if bird is determined to be a female. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with any concerns.

Studbook ID


250 214126 F 4 HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

253 214127 F 3 HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

COLUMBIA Riverbanks Zoo and Garden Columbia, SC Institutional Notes: The Program is currently limited on space and has decided to limit the number of recommended breeding pairs. Current holdings are not currently genetically prioritized to breed. Recommendations will be reassessed as additional holding space becomes available. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with any questions.

Studbook ID


47 6807 F 17 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED

82 7444 M 14 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED

113 8450 F 12 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED

257 11934 M 3 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

288 13512 M 0 HOLD COLUMBIA DO NOT BREED




14

COLUMBUS Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Powell, OH

Studbook ID


157 110010 F 8 HOLD COLUMBUS BREED WITH Demographic pairing

167 109109 M 8 HOLD COLUMBUS BREED WITH Demographic pairing

251 113015 F 3 SEND TO AUDUBON DO NOT BREED

258 113059 F 3 SEND TO AUDUBON DO NOT BREED

274 115052 M 1 SEND TO SALISBURY DO NOT BREED

275 115053 F 1 SEND TO SALISBURY DO NOT BREED

DISNEY AK Disney's Animal Kingdom Bay Lake, FL Institutional Notes: Both females are currently genetically valuable. The SSP will likely want to place in a breeding situation in the future. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with any question or concerns.

Studbook ID


31 981759 F 19 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED

202 160115 F 6 HOLD DISNEY AK DO NOT BREED

DREHER PA Palm Beach Zoo at Dreher Park West Palm Beach, FL

Studbook ID


14 201084 F 26 HOLD DREHER PA DO NOT BREED

Excluded – Age

63 100862 M 14 RECEIVE

FROM AUDUBON BREED WITH 217

217 10B299 F 6 RECEIVE

FROM METROZOO BREED WITH 63




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EL PASO El Paso Zoo El Paso, TX

Studbook ID


71 200442 F 14 HOLD EL PASO BREED WITH 216

216 10B296 M 6 RECEIVE

FROM METROZOO BREED WITH 71

FT WAYNE Fort Wayne Children's Zoo Fort Wayne, IN Institutional Notes: Institution is asked to receive #287 from CHICAGOLP, if bird is determined to be a male. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with any concerns.

Studbook ID


248 98653 M 4 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

249 98652 M 4 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

184 200224 M 9 RECEIVE

FROM PROVIDNCE

DO NOT BREED

257 11934 M 3 RECEIVE

FROM COLUMBIA

DO NOT BREED

LOWRY Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo Tampa, FL Institutional Notes: Either male may breed with either female. Please contact the SSP Coordinator after any clutch to discuss if additional breeding is desired.

Studbook ID


87 205142 F 13 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH 247, 261

88 205143 F 13 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH 247, 261

261 206766 M 3 HOLD LOWRY BREED WITH 87, 88

247 12B166 M 4 RECEIVE

FROM METROZOO BREED WITH

87, 88




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METROZOO Zoo Miami Miami, FL

Studbook ID


2 A02836 F 28 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

Excluded – Age

163 B90136 M 8 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

164 10B293 F 8 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED


215 10B172 M 6 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

216 10B296 M 6 SEND TO EL PASO BREED WITH 71

217 10B299 F 6 SEND TO DREHER PA BREED WITH 63


246 12B151 M 4 HOLD METROZOO DO NOT BREED

247 12B166 M 4 SEND TO LOWRY BREED WITH 87

MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens Milwaukee, WI Institutional Notes: Current holdings are closely related (above the level of half-siblings) and are not recommended to breed at this time. The SSP will look to create a compatible breeding pair as more holding space and potential breeders become available.

Studbook ID


256 B4651 F 3 HOLD MILWAUKEE DO NOT BREED

276 B4857 M 0 HOLD MILWAUKEE DO NOT BREED

NY BRONX Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, NY

Studbook ID


239 C10081 F 8 HOLD NY BRONX DO NOT BREED

242 C10079 F 8 HOLD NY BRONX DO NOT BREED




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OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City Zoological Park Oklahoma City, OK

Studbook ID


98 772605 F 12 HOLD OKLAHOMA BREED WITH 205

205 774506 M 6 HOLD OKLAHOMA BREED WITH 98

OMAHA Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo Omaha, NE

Studbook ID


267 23481 M 1 HOLD OMAHA DO NOT BREED

271 23482 F 1 HOLD OMAHA DO NOT BREED

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo Phoenix, AZ Institutional Notes: #279 has origins in the private sector and has a 100% unknown pedigree. Due to the limited amount of holding space for this species (and subsequently the conservative number of breeding pairs) and the unknown relation of #279 to #114 and the rest of the SSP population, he is not recommended to breed at this time. Please contact the SSP Coordinator with additional information on his pedigree or with any questions.

Studbook ID


114 10202 F 12 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

279 13177 M 6 HOLD PHOENIX DO NOT BREED

100% unknown pedigree

PITTS CA National Aviary in Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA

Studbook ID


209 8382 F 6 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED

254 8397 M 3 HOLD PITTS CA DO NOT BREED




18

PROVIDNCE Roger Williams Park Zoo Providence, RI

Studbook ID


184 200224 M 9 SEND TO FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

SALISBURY Salisbury Zoological Park Salisbury, MD

Studbook ID


274 115052 M 1 RECEIVE

FROM COLUMBUS

DO NOT BREED

275 115053 F 1 RECEIVE

FROM COLUMBUS

DO NOT BREED

SAN ANTON San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aquarium San Antonio, TX

Studbook ID


40 J10007 F 18 HOLD SAN ANTON DO NOT BREED

58 M02042 M 15 HOLD SAN ANTON DO NOT BREED

SANDIEGOZ San Diego Zoo San Diego, CA

Studbook ID


74 302252 F 14 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED


234 313849 M 5 HOLD SANDIEGOZ DO NOT BREED





19

SCOT NECK Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Scotland Neck, NC

Studbook ID


119 '' M 11 HOLD SCOT NECK DO NOT BREED

121 '' F 11 HOLD SCOT NECK DO NOT BREED

SEATTLE Woodland Park Zoo Seattle, WA Institutional Notes: Due to limited space, the SSP is unable to create an additional breeding pair at this time. The SSP will look to create a genetically compatible pairing as more holding space and potential breeders become available.

Studbook ID


196 203575 F 7 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

197 203576 F 7 HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

SEDGWICK Sedgwick County Zoo Wichita, KS

Studbook ID


44 14932 M 18 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED

94 11362 F 12 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED











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Appendix A

Pedigree Assumptions Analytical Data for True Animals

Studbook ID Field True Overlay Notes

80 Dam UNK WILD2 Master Analytical Notes: Parents changed to Wild/Wild because this

individual was imported by Vogel Imports from Germany. #80 and 82 are assumed to be unrelated to the rest of the North American population, but came from the same source at the time, so they are assumed to be siblings.

Sire UNK WILD1

82 Dam UNK WILD2

Sire UNK WILD1

MULTs Entered Probabilistically Into PMx

Living Animals Affected

ID: MULT1 *SIRES: 119; 120

239, 242

Appendix B Summary of Data Exports

PMx Project: MaskedLapwingDraft14Dec16 Created: 2016-12-14 by PMx version 1.4.20160920 File: C:\PMxProjects\MaskedLapwingDraft14Dec16.pmxproj Primary data file Data File Name: XXMaskedLapwing29Nov16.ped Common Name: MASKED LAPWING Scientific Name: VANELLUS MILES Data Source: PopLink Studbook Name: MaskedLapwing29Nov16 Exported On: 2016-12-06 Software version: PopLink 2.4 Current through: 2016-06-29 Compiled by: Phillip Horvey Scope: Regional Dates: 2016-12-06 Locations: N.AMERICA Association: Other Filters: Status = Living User: JRay Locations data file Data File Name: location.txt Demographic input files MPrn file: mXXMaskedLapwing29Nov16.prn FPrn file: fXXMaskedLapwing29Nov16.prn Census1 file: Exchcens.txt Male / Female Life Table filter: *Common Name: MASKED LAPWING *Scientific Name: VANELLUS MILES *Data Source: PopLink *Studbook Name: MaskedLapwing29Nov16 *Exported On: 2016-12-06 *Software version: PopLink 2.4 *Current through: 2016-06-29 *Compiled by: Phillip Horvey *Scope: Regional *Dates: 1995-01-01 to 2016-12-06 *Locations: N.AMERICA *Association: *Other Filters: Status = Living *User: JRay Selected population was changed from the originally imported data.




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Appendix C Animals Excluded from the Genetic Analysis

Studbook ID Institution Sex Age Reason for Exclusion

2 METROZOO F 28 Age

14 DREHER PA F 26 Age

Appendix D

Life Tables Qx = mortality; Px = survival; lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Vx = reproductive value; Ex = life expectancy

At Risk (Qx and Mx) = number of animals corresponding values are estimated from

Males

Age(x) Px Qx Risk(Qx) Lx Mx Risk(Mx) Ex Vx

0 0.68 0.32 104.3 1.00 0.000 104.3 8.99 1.19 1 0.95 0.05 59.8 0.68 0.120 59.8 10.13 1.69 2 0.91 0.09 56.2 0.65 0.270 56.2 9.81 1.89 3 0.85 0.15 46.8 0.59 0.170 46.8 9.99 2.05 4 0.96 0.04 36.6 0.50 0.230 36.6 9.99 2.34 5 0.95 0.05 36.5 0.48 0.360 36.5 9.41 2.47 6 0.90 0.10 30.8 0.46 0.300 30.8 9.09 2.55 7 0.88 0.12 24.2 0.41 0.230 24.2 9.08 2.83 8 0.95 0.05 19.1 0.36 0.240 19.1 8.85 3.19 9 0.88 0.12 16.5 0.34 0.200 16.5 8.57 3.60

10 0.86 0.14 14.0 0.30 0.000 14.0 8.70 4.37 11 1.00 0.00 11.4 0.26 0.540 11.4 8.33 5.29 12 0.91 0.09 11.0 0.26 0.440 11.0 7.67 5.57 13 1.00 0.00 9.2 0.24 0.950 9.2 7.00 6.02 14 1.00 0.00 7.8 0.24 0.920 7.8 6.00 5.67 15 1.00 0.00 5.3 0.24 1.060 5.3 5.00 5.32 16 0.80 0.20 5.0 0.24 0.250 5.0 4.44 5.30 17 0.75 0.25 4.0 0.19 3.440 4.0 4.43 7.26 18 1.00 0.00 2.1 0.14 0.000 2.1 4.00 4.99 19 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.14 2.830 2.0 3.00 5.58 20 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.14 2.310 2.0 2.00 3.08 21 0.50 0.50 2.0 0.14 1.150 2.0 1.33 1.15 22 0.00 1.00 1.0 0.07 0.000 1.0 1.00 0.00 23 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 24 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 25 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 26 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 27 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 28 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 29 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 30 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00

r = 0.113, lambda = 1.119, R0 = 2.646, T = 8.6, N20 = 546




22

Females Age(x) Px Qx Risk(Qx) Lx Mx Risk(Mx) Ex Vx

0 0.71 0.29 129.4 1.00 0.000 129.4 --- 1.17 1 0.98 0.02 80.9 0.71 0.010 80.9 --- 1.58 2 0.91 0.09 76.6 0.70 0.080 76.6 --- 1.85 3 0.95 0.05 66.2 0.63 0.090 66.2 --- 2.13 4 0.97 0.03 58.7 0.60 0.110 58.7 --- 2.36 5 1.00 0.00 54.4 0.58 0.320 54.4 --- 2.55 6 0.98 0.02 48.2 0.58 0.210 48.2 --- 2.51 7 0.98 0.02 42.9 0.57 0.110 42.9 --- 2.61 8 0.95 0.05 37.9 0.56 0.320 37.9 --- 2.88 9 0.93 0.07 30.5 0.53 0.280 30.5 --- 3.04

10 0.96 0.04 26.1 0.50 0.160 26.1 --- 3.25 11 0.96 0.04 24.8 0.48 0.230 24.8 --- 3.59 12 0.95 0.05 18.5 0.46 0.250 18.5 --- 3.91 13 0.84 0.16 12.7 0.43 0.620 12.7 --- 4.55 14 1.00 0.00 9.0 0.36 0.500 9.0 --- 4.79 15 0.88 0.12 8.0 0.36 0.930 8.0 --- 5.09 16 0.86 0.14 7.0 0.32 0.250 7.0 --- 5.32 17 1.00 0.00 5.6 0.28 1.810 5.6 --- 6.10 18 1.00 0.00 3.7 0.28 0.000 3.7 --- 4.78 19 1.00 0.00 2.4 0.28 2.310 2.4 --- 5.32 20 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.28 0.760 2.0 --- 3.36 21 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.28 0.760 2.0 --- 2.89 22 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.28 1.760 2.0 --- 2.37 23 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.28 0.000 2.0 --- 0.68 24 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.28 0.760 2.0 --- 0.76 25 1.00 0.00 2.0 0.28 0.000 2.0 --- 0.00 26 1.00 0.00 1.9 0.28 0.000 1.9 --- 0.00 27 1.00 0.00 1.0 0.28 0.000 1.0 --- 0.00 28 1.00 0.00 0.9 0.28 0.000 0.9 --- 0.00 29 1.00 0.00 0.0 0.28 0.000 0.0 --- 0.00 30 1.00 0.00 0.0 0.28 0.000 0.0 --- 0.00

r = 0.108, lambda = 1.114, R0 = 3.397, T = 11.4, N20 = 546




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Appendix E Ordered Mean Kinship

Note: These lists are current to June 2016 and values are subject to change with any birth, death, import, export, inclusion, exclusion, or changes in pedigree or pedigree assumptions.

Population MK = 0.1068

Males Females

SB# MK Known Age Location SB# MK Known Age Location

234 0.0553 1.0000 5 SANDIEGOZ 31 0.0869 1.0000 19 DISNEY AK 215 0.0746 1.0000 6 METROZOO 39 0.1176 1.0000 18 BREVARD 216 0.0746 1.0000 6 METROZOO 40 0.1031 1.0000 18 SAN ANTON 246 0.0746 1.0000 4 METROZOO 47 0.1303 1.0000 17 COLUMBIA 247 0.0746 1.0000 4 METROZOO 71 0.0991 1.0000 14 EL PASO 184 0.0869 1.0000 9 PROVIDNCE 74 0.1031 1.0000 14 SANDIEGOZ 119 0.0884 1.0000 11 SCOT NECK 87 0.0869 1.0000 13 LOWRY 82 0.0930 1.0000 14 COLUMBIA 88 0.0869 1.0000 13 LOWRY 63 0.0960 1.0000 14 AUDUBON 91 0.0869 1.0000 12 CAPE MAY 64 0.0960 1.0000 14 AUDUBON 92 0.0869 1.0000 12 CAPE MAY

58 0.1092 1.0000 15 SAN ANTON 94 0.0998 1.0000 12 SEDGWICK 180 0.1110 1.0000 7 BREVARD 98 0.1068 1.0000 12 OKLAHOMA

210 0.1110 1.0000 6 BREVARD 109 0.0945 1.0000 12 BUSCH TAM 261 0.1128 1.0000 3 LOWRY 113 0.1265 1.0000 12 COLUMBIA 276 0.1128 1.0000 0 MILWAUKEE 114 0.1223 1.0000 12 PHOENIX 205 0.1138 1.0000 6 OKLAHOMA 121 0.0899 1.0000 11 SCOT NECK 167 0.1159 1.0000 8 COLUMBUS 134 0.1239 1.0000 10 SEDGWICK 289 0.1179 1.0000 0 SEDGWICK 145 0.1068 1.0000 9 BALTIM AQ 291 0.1179 1.0000 0 SEDGWICK 146 0.1068 1.0000 9 BALTIM AQ 292 0.1179 1.0000 0 SEDGWICK 157 0.1196 1.0000 8 COLUMBUS 44 0.1183 1.0000 18 SEDGWICK 161 0.1125 1.0000 8 CHICAGOLP

274 0.1208 1.0000 1 COLUMBUS 164 0.1125 1.0000 8 METROZOO 257 0.1212 1.0000 3 COLUMBIA 168 0.1052 1.0000 8 SEDGWICK 163 0.1217 1.0000 8 METROZOO 169 0.1113 1.0000 8 SEDGWICK 287 0.1240 1.0000 U0 CHICAGOLP 194 0.1138 1.0000 7 BIRMNGHAM 248 0.1241 1.0000 4 FT WAYNE 196 0.1138 1.0000 7 SEATTLE 249 0.1241 1.0000 4 FT WAYNE 197 0.1138 1.0000 7 SEATTLE 254 0.1241 1.0000 3 PITTS CA 202 0.0869 1.0000 6 DISNEY AK 267 0.1284 1.0000 1 OMAHA 206 0.1138 1.0000 6 BIRMNGHAM 268 0.1284 1.0000 1 ATLANTA 209 0.1068 1.0000 6 PITTS CA 288 0.1284 1.0000 0 COLUMBIA 212 0.0746 1.0000 6 METROZOO 269 0.1298 1.0000 1 CHICAGOLP 217 0.0746 1.0000 6 METROZOO 279 ---- 0.0000 6 PHOENIX 218 0.1208 1.0000 5 ASHEBORO

219 0.1208 1.0000 5 ASHEBORO 232 0.1020 1.0000 5 METROZOO 233 0.0553 1.0000 5 SANDIEGOZ 239 0.0918 1.0000 8 NY BRONX 242 0.0918 1.0000 8 NY BRONX 245 0.0746 1.0000 4 SANDIEGOZ 250 0.1241 1.0000 4 CINCINNAT 251 0.1208 1.0000 3 COLUMBUS 253 0.1241 1.0000 3 CINCINNAT 256 0.1241 1.0000 3 MILWAUKEE 258 0.1208 1.0000 3 COLUMBUS 262 0.1128 1.0000 3 ATLANTA 271 0.1128 1.0000 1 OMAHA 275 0.1208 1.0000 1 COLUMBUS 278 0.1284 1.0000 0 BREVARD 287 0.1240 1.0000 U0 CHICAGOLP 290 0.1179 1.0000 0 SEDGWICK




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Appendix F Descriptive Survival Statistics Report

MASKED LAPWING Studbook

Vanellus miles

Regional Studbook

Studbook data current as of 6/29/2016

Compiled by Phillip Horvey

PopLink Studbook filename: MaskedLapwing29Nov16 + 2009 PMC Overlay

PopLink User Who Exported Report: JRay Date of Export: 12/19/2016

Data Filtered by: Locations = N.AMERICA AND Start Date = 1/1/1990 AND End Date = 12/19/2016 PopLink Version: 2.4

REPORT OVERVIEW:

The data for females were not of sufficient robustness to analyze and report female survival statistics. Based on this analysis, if a male masked lapwing survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy is 8.0 years. Please see the body of the report for more details.

BACKGROUND ON ANALYSES:

These analyses were conducted using animals that lived during the period 1 January 1990 to 19 December 2016 at institutions within North America. The analyses mainly focus on survival statistics from 1 year (e.g. excluding any individuals that did not survive past their first birthday). These statistics most accurately reflect typical survival for animals which can be seen on exhibi t in zoos and aquariums. This report summarizes survival records of individuals housed at zoological facilities for a specific geographic range and time period; these records trace an individual's history from birth or entry into the population to death, exit out of the population, or the end of the time period. As such, this history only reflects standard practices - including management, husbandry, and acquisition/disposition practices - for the specified time period and geographic range. Thus, the report contents should be viewed with some caution as they may not fully reflect current and newly emerging zoo and aquarium management techniques or practices. For example, if the population has not been maintained in zoos and aquariums long enough to have many adults living into old age, median life expectancy will likely be an underestimate until more data accrue in older age classes. Thus, users of these reports should recognize that the results produced will likely vary over time or depending on the subset of data selected. Data were not of sufficient quality to analyze and report survival statistics for females (see Data Quality section). Because of this, statistical differences between male and female statistics could not be calculated and results are only reported for males. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES:

SURVIVAL STATISTICS The dataset used for analysis includes partial or full lifespans of 74 male individuals, 38 (51.4%) of which had died by 19 December 2016. If a male MASKED LAPWING survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy1 is 8.0 years of age. Given the quality of the

data - how many animals are in the database and how many have died - there is a 95% chance that the true median falls between 6.2 and 12.6 years of age (i.e., these are the 95% confidence limits). Only 25% of male MASKED LAPWING can be expected to survive to be 16.3 years or older. First-year (infant) survival2 for male MASKED LAPWING is 71%. The year after birth/hatching is a period of relatively low survival for many species and life histories.

The maximum longevity3 observed for male MASKED LAPWING is 22.7 years; this longevity record is based on an individual

which was DEAD as of the analysis end date (studbook number 17, sex = Male, origin = Wild Hatch, birth date estimate = Year).4




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The correct interpretation of these statistics is that, if it survives the first year of life, the 'typical' MASKED LAPWING male will live 8.0 years; that half of all MASKED LAPWING males can be expected to die before they reach 8.0 and half will live longer than 8.0; that only 25% of all male MASKED LAPWING can be expected to live 16.3 years; and that it is rare but possible for MASKED LAPWING males to live 22.7 years. There are not enough data to determine whether these values are representative of both sexes. The median life expectancy, confidence interval, first-year survival, and maximum longevity may change as more data are accumulated, the population's age structure changes, or management practices improve. While both median life expectancy and maximum longevity are discussed in this report, it is more appropriate to rely on median life expectancy to place the age of any one individual in context. To put these statistics in perspective, median life expectancy from age one for people in the United States is 77.5 years and the maximum longevity (documented worldwide) is 122 years5. Therefore, if a person lived to be 85 years old, the appropriate context is that they lived well beyond the median life expectancy (77.5), not that they fell short of the maximum longevity (122). DATA QUALITY The PopLink Survival Tool uses five data quality measures to determine whether data are robust enough to make reliable estimates of key survival parameters. The male subset of data for this population passed all of the following tests, while the female subset failed one or more of the tests:

1. Can the median life expectancy be calculated? FEMALE PASS 2. Is the sample size (number of individuals at risk) greater than 20 individuals at the median? FEMALE FAIL 3. Is the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) bounded? FEMALE FAIL 4. Is the sample size in the first age class of analysis (e.g. the first day of analysis) greater than 30 individuals? FEMALE

PASS 5. Is the length of the 95% CI < 33% of the maximum longevity? FEMALE FAIL

PopLink data validation has never been run; if errors are present in this studbook, they may affect the data in this analysis.

1 The statistics analyzed for this report (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive) exclude any individuals who did not survive to their first birthday; these individuals are excluded because this Report is focused on providing median survival estimates for the typical individual that survives the vulnerable infant stage. In other words, this report answers the question, 'how long is this species expected to live once it has reached its first birthday?' For this studbook, 73 individuals died before their first birthday and were excluded from these analyses. For all animals that survive to their first birthday, 50% will die before the median life expectancy in this report and 50% die after. Note that the median life expectancy obtained from population management software (PM2000, PMx, ZooRisk) or from life tables in Breeding and Transfer Plans (e.g. where Lx = 0.5) will be lower because it includes these individuals that did not survive to their first birthday in order to project the correct number of births needed. See the PopLink manual for more details. 2For reference, first-year survival is provided. For this studbook and the selected demographic window, 73 individuals did not survive to their first birthday and were excluded from the estimates provided above (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive). 3 Maximum longevity is the age of the oldest known individual for this species, living or dead. It is not necessarily the biological maximum age, but only reflects the individuals included in the dataset. 4 Information on the oldest females in the population can be found by running the PopLink Age Outliers Report. Censored individuals are individuals whose deaths have not been observed as of the end of the analysis window, including individuals who 1) are still alive as of the end date, 2) exited the geographic window before the end date (through transfer or release), or 3) were lost-to-follow up before the end date. 5 Median life expectancy for people is estimated from: Xu, Jiaquan, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, and Tejada-Vera B. 2007. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National vital statistics reports; vol 58 no 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Jeanne Calment of France was the oldest documented and fully validated human and died at 122 years and 164 days; from: http://www.grg.org/Adams/Tables.htm. Accessed August 9, 2007.




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Appendix G Definitions

Management Terms (as of July 2016) Green Species Survival Plan® (Green SSP) Program – A Green SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals and

is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for a minimum of 100 years or 10 generations. Green SSP Programs are subject to AZA’s Full Participation and Non–Member Participation Policies.

Yellow Species Survival Plan® (Yellow SSP) Program – A Yellow SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals but

cannot retain 90% gene diversity for 100 years or 10 generations. Yellow SSP participation by AZA institutions is voluntary. Red Species Survival Plan® (Red SSP) Program – A Red SSP has a population size of greater than 20 but fewer than 50 animals,

at least three AZA member institutions, and a published studbook. Animal Programs that manage species designated as Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, or Endangered (IUCN) do not need to meet minimum population size and number of participating institution criteria to be designated as an SSP Program. Red Program participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Full Participation – AZA policy stating that all AZA accredited institutions and certified related facilities having a Green SSP animal

in their collection are required to participate in the collaborative SSP planning process (e.g., provide relevant animal data to the AZA Studbook Keeper, assign an Institutional Representative who will communicate institutional wants and needs to the SSP Coordinator and comment on the draft plan during the 30-day review period, and abide by the recommendations agreed upon in the final plan). All AZA member institutions and Animal Programs, regardless of management designation, must adhere to the AZA Policy on Responsible Population Management and the AZA Code of Professional Ethics. For more information on AZA policies, see https://www.aza.org/board-approved-policies-and-position-statements.

Demographic Terms Age Distribution – A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex classes. Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x.

Lambda () or Population Growth Rate – The proportional change in population size from one year to the next. Lambda can be

based on life-table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means an 11% per year increase; lambda of 0.97 means a 3% decline in size per year. lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (e.g., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x. Alternatively,

the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class. Mean Generation Time (T) – The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation

reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times. Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because studbooks typically have

relatively small sample sizes, studbook software calculate Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction. Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one-time period; is conditional on an individual

being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next. Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals

that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk"). Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate Mx and

Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class. Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age x.

https://www.aza.org/board-approved-policies-and-position-statements




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Genetic Terms Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population. Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the probability that

two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will not be identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex ratio and a

Poisson distribution of family sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation). Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any individuals in the

derived population (except for its own descendants). Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same amount of

gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE). Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that founder. Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor common

to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population. Mean Kinship (MK) – The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living, captive-born

population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD. Percent Known – Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK sire, the %

Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75. Percent Certain -- The percentage of the living individuals’ pedigree that can be completely identified as certain: (exact identity of both parents is known) and traceable back to known founders. Individuals that are 100% certain do not have any MULTs or UNKs in their pedigree. Certainty represents a higher degree of knowledge than Known and therefore is always less than or equal to Known. Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation, because

neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual will produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx.




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Appendix H Directory of Institutional Representatives

Contact Name (IR) Institution Email Address Studbook Updates Received

Debbie Zombeck ASHEBORO - North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC

[email protected] Yes

Christine Talleda ATLANTA - Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA [email protected] Yes

Carolyn Atherton AUDUBON - Audubon Zoo, New Orleans, LA


Teresa Giannini BALTIM AQ - National Aquarium in Baltimore Inc., Baltimore, MD


Alan Yester BIRMINGHM - Birmingham Zoo, Birmingham, AL


Michelle Smurl BREVARD - Brevard Zoo, Melbourne, FL [email protected] Yes

David Oehler NY BRONX- Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY [email protected] Yes

Stacy Spurlock BUSCH TAM - Busch Gardens Tampa Bay, Tampa, FL


Janeen Moore CAPE MAY - Cape May County Park Zoo, Cape May Court House, NJ


Sunny Nelson CHICAGOLP - Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, IL


Jennifer Gainer CINCINNAT - Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH


Sarah Faugno COLUMBIA - Riverbanks Zoological Park, Columbia, SC


Kelly Vineyard COLUMBUS - Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, OH


Paul Schutz DISNEY AK – Disney’s Animal Kingdom, Bay Lake, FL


Gwen Lovett DREHER PA - Palm Beach Zoo at Dreher Park, West Palm Beach, FL


John Kiseda EL PASO - El Paso Zoo, El Paso, TX [email protected] Yes

Dr. Joseph Smith, DVM FT WAYNE - Fort Wayne Children's Zoological Garden, Fort Wayne, IN


Julie Tomita LOWRY - Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo, Tampa, FL


Jim Dunster METROZOO - Zoo Miami, Miami, FL [email protected] Yes

Alex Waier MILWAUKEE - Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens, Milwaukee, WI


Eddie Witte OKLAHOMA - Oklahoma City Zoological Park, Oklahoma City, OK


Stephanie Huettner OMAHA - Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE


John Sills PHOENIX - Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix, AZ [email protected] Yes

Teri Grendzinski PITTS CA - National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA


Tim French PROVIDNCE - Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence, RI


Josef San Miguel SAN ANTON - San Antonio Zoological Gardens & Aqua, San Antonio, TX






















Population Analysis & Breeding and Transfer Plan

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