Patterns of Racial & Ethnic RelationsProfessor Christine Monnier

What are patterns of racial & ethnic relations? Regular ways in which the dominant group treats the subordinate group(s):

Population TransferPATTERNS OF RACIAL / ETHNIC RELATIONS

Population Transfer Definition:

The dominant group expels the minority group(s).

Involuntary / “Voluntary”

Involuntary: Expulsion Deportation Forced removal Forced migration Ethnic cleansing

Expulsion / Forced Removal Trail of Tears (p.27 in the textbook),

Based on the Indian Removal Act of 1830

Expulsion / Deportation Japanese internment (pp. 70 – 72 in the textbook)

Expulsion / Ethnic Cleansing Bosnia, 1992

Ethnic cleansing

Stage of genocide

Expulsion / Slave Trade Expulsion is often a way to get the minority group(s) “out of the way” or as a stage towards extermination.

But forced removal can also be done for the purpose of economic exploitation.

Interactive animation

Transatlantic slave trade database

Population Transfer “Voluntary”

Refugees

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

Stateless people

Forced Migration Push factors

◦ Politics ◦ Economy◦ Environment

Pull factors◦ Politics◦ Economy◦ Proximity◦ Culture

Refugees 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees:

“The 1951 Convention protects refugees. It defines a refugee as a person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of being persecuted because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail him— or herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution (see Article 1A(2)).

People who fulfill this definition are entitled to the rights and bound by the duties contained in the 1951 Convention.”

Refugees 13 millions in 2014

5.1 million registered refugees are looked after in some 60 camps in the Middle East by United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which was set up in 1949 to care for displaced Palestinians.

About half in Asia, 28% in Africa

Internally-Displaced People “As of the end of 2014, a record-breaking 38 million people were forcibly displaced within their own country by violence, up from 33.3 million for 2013. A massive 11 million of these internally displaced people (IDPs) were newly uprooted during 2014, equal to 30,000 people a day, according to annual figures from the Norwegian Refugee Council's Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC).”

Source

Stateless People What are stateless people?

Based on the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons

“A person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law".

This means that a stateless person is someone who does not have a nationality of any country. Some people are born stateless, while others become stateless over the course of their lives.

Statelessness – not having a nationality – occurs because of discrimination against certain groups; redrawing of borders; and gaps in nationality laws.

Currently, about 10 million people are stateless.

Source

Consequences of Population TransferDeath

Undocumented status

Deprivation

Minority status

Prejudice

Discrimination

Scapegoating