Pollution

Definition of PollutionTypes of PollutionAir Pollution:

a. Introduction c. Effectsb. Causes d. Prevention

Water Pollutiona. Introduction c. Effectsb. Causes d. Prevention

Noise Pollutiona. Introduction c. Effectsb. Causes d. Prevention

OVERVIEW

To be continue 2nd Slide Land Pollution Introduction Causes Effects Prevention Radio Active Pollution Introduction Causes Effects Prevention

OVER VIEW

When Harmful Substances Contaminate the Environment it is Called Pollution.

Pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment in terms of quantity and quality .

DEFINITION OF POLLUTION

Types of Pollution

There are Five types of Pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution Noise Pollution Land Pollution Radio Active Pollution

Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.

It is therefore essential that we know more about the atmosphere and the ways in which it is Polluted.

What is Atmosphere

Major sources of Air Pollution - Industries -Automobiles and Domestic fuels -High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon

monoxide

Causes of Air Pollution

Air Pollution

Air pollution is the condition in which air contains a high concentration of certain chemicals that may harm living things or damage non-living things.

Air pollution is caused by solid particles and poisonous gases in the air.

These air pollutants include carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide.

Pollutants

Major Sources Harmful Effects

(a) Carbon monoxide

Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances eg. charcoal, wood, petrol, etc.

- Carbon monoxide reacts with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhaemoglobin so the hemoglobin cannot transport blood to the rest of the body.

- Cause headaches, fatigue breathing difficulties or even death

Pollutants

Major SourcesHarmful Effects

(b) Oxides of nitrogen(eg. nitrogen monoxide, NO & nitrogen dioxide, NO2.

1) Reactions that occur in car engines (internal combustion engines)

2) From lightning

Nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen monoxide.N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g)

Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2).2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)

1) Eye irritation2) Breathingdifficulties3) Lung inflammation (bronchitis)4) Acid rain

Pollutants

Major Sources Harmful Effects

(c) Sulfur dioxide

1) combustion of sulfur containing fossil fuels (especially coal)

2) volcano eruptionsSulfur reacts with oxygen in the air to form sulfur dioxide.S (g) + O2 (g) 2SO2 (g)

1) Eye irritation2) Breathingdifficulties3) Lung inflammation (bronchitis)4) Acid rain

Other air pollutants include - unburnt hydrocarbons- methane - ozone

Other Pollutants

Unburnt hydrocarbons are released in car exhaust.

Methane is a colourless and odourless gas produced when plant and animal matter decay.

It is also produced from the decay of rubbish in landfills.

Methane is a greenhouse gas.

Air Pollution affects???

Human health Animals Plants The atmosphere as a whole

Effects of Air Pollution

Rain usually has a pH that is slightly below 7.

Why?Carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid, which is a weak acid.

However, acid rain has a pH value of 4 or less.

Acid rain is formed when acidic air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dissolve in rainwater.

Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulphurous acid (H2SO3).

Chemical equation: SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)

In the presence of oxygen in the air, acid is slowly oxidised to sulphuric acid (H2SO4).

In the presence of oxygen and water, nitrogen dioxide is converted to nitric acid. 4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 4HNO3(aq)

Acid Rain

Effects of acid rain

• Corrodes metal structures such as fences and bridges

• Reacts with carbonates in marble and limestone.

• Reduces pH , which will kill fish and other aquatic life.

• Leaches important nutrients and destroys plants.

How to Avoid Air Pollution

Yes, we can avoid pollution As Follows

Use natural Gases, like LPG autosDo not Burst CrackersUse less Amount of Fuel for VehiclesAvoid using and use electric stoves(bio gas)

Catalytic Converters

Catalytic converters involve the use of redox reaction:

1. Carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Oxides

of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen.

Eg. Nitrogen monoxide + carbon monoxide nitrogen + carbon dioxide

2 NO (g) + 2 CO (g) N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g)

2. Unburnt hydrocarbons are oxidized to carbon dioxide

and water.

Eg. Octane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water vapor

2 C8H18 (g) + 25 O2 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g)

Catalytic Converters

In the long run… The best way to control air pollution is to …

burn less fossil fuels.

2 ways of minimizing the effects of sulfur dioxide pollution:

Flue Gas Desulfurization

. 1. Remove sulfur from fossil fuels before burning. However, this method is too expensive and difficult.

2. Remove sulfur dioxide from the waste gases from burning.- Process known as desulfurization

What Happens in Desulfurization?

Sulfur dioxide reacts with an aqueous suspension of calcium carbonate to form solid calcium sulfite.

CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)

The calcium sulfite is further oxidized to calcium sulfate by atmospheric oxygen.

CaSO3(s) + O2(g) 2CaSO4(s)

Control of Air Pollution in Singapore

• Prohibition of the use of open fires for the disposal

of domestic and industrial wastes

• Introduction of unleaded petrol and phasing out of

leaded petrol

• Reduction of the permissible level of sulphur in

diesel

• Fitting of all petrol-driven vehicles with catalytic

converters

Water God’s Valuable Gift

The Contamination of water with undesirable substances which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.

Definition of Water Pollution

Some of the stuff that it dissolves / suspends is good for us

Others, not so good

Can you name 5 things that dissolve in water?

Know of any 2 that can be called ‘pollutants’ – those dangerous to life ?

If we drink polluted water, we can get sick

Figure out some pollutants

C TS K

+ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Led ZeppelinBlack Sabbath

Deep PurpleIron

Maiden

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

+ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

GH

Sounds like + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Clue: toothpaste

Figure out some pollutants

C TS K

+ + ARSENIC

Led ZeppelinBlack Sabbath

Deep PurpleIron

Maiden

HEAVY METAL

+ NITRATEGH

Sounds like + FLUORIDE

Clue: toothpaste

Sometimes it stinks……but not always

How do we know that water is polluted?

Sometimes polluted water changes colour…..but not always

Sometimes it tastes different ……..but not always

How do we know that water is polluted?

Water pollution can be confirmed only by testing it in a lab.

Sources of water pollution are generally grouped into two categories

Non-point source of pollution: Contamination gathered by water over a large area.

Point-source of pollution: Contaminants enter a waterway at a discrete point

Water can get polluted naturally

When water seeps into the ground, it absorbs different substances depending on the type of soil and rock that it flows through.

Water can get polluted naturally

Some of these substances (arsenic, iron, fluoride etc) can be harmful to health

Natural pollution is a non-point source of pollution

Arsenic

Fluoride

Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that collect in our bodies. Over time this can cause chronic problems and even life –

threatening diseases.

In groundwater

In groundwater

Does Man Pollute Water?

“ If you had a bottle of life-preserving fluid on which your life depended, would you pour

into it all your sewage and rubbish, along with any other

poisonous chemicals you could find? And yet, that is exactly

what we are doing to our water supply – all over the world.”

This is what a young person like you has to say:

The various ways in which man pollutes water

Untreated or inadequately treated municipal sewage

Yamuna, when it leaves Delhi, resembles a sewer full of the city’s wastes. A few hundred kms downstream is Agra, where this ‘sewer’ is the main municipal drinking water source.

YUCK!!

Reaches ground water bodies

Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates groundwater aquifers

Such aquifers show a higher than acceptable level of nitrate content


Untreated or inadequately treated municipal sewage


When garbage is dumped in a landfill, toxic chemicals leach into the soil and groundwater.

Dumping garbage in surface water bodies

Over 10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily!


Washing and bathing introduces phosphates and other chemicals into water


Agriculture is a major source of groundwater

contamination.

dissolve in irrigation water or rainwater.

They contaminate surface water and groundwater with pollutants like nitrates, phosphates and non degradable synthetic organic pollutants


Industry

Agro industries – their wastes have high concentration of dissolved organic matter

Chemical Industries – If their wastes are not treated properly, the chemicals can destroy our soil and water resources.

Petroleum refining – water used in the process needs to be separated from all the oil before releasing it into nature……but is that done??

An example of Point source of pollution

Minamata disease


Industry

Thermal power plants – water is needed to cool the process.

The water gets hot and when it’s released into a larger water body, it upsets the ecology by modifying the delicate temperature balance.

This is called ‘Thermal pollution’

An example of Point source of pollution

Effluent treatment plants

Liquid wastes from an industry are treated in effluent treatment plants.

Large industries would have in-house effluent treatment plants

It’s expensive for small industries to go in for such plants individually

In some industrial estates, a group of small industries have a common effluent treatment plant.

A RE-CAP

Water can be polluted by man

Water can be polluted naturally

Sewage in our water bodies Garbage dumps Washing and bathing Pesticides and fertilizers Industries

Divide the class into 5 teams

Draw as many dashes as in the name of a water pollutant or a pollution cause

Team A starts. They guess a letter. The teacher puts in the letter at the correct place, if it is there in that name.

Else, the letter is written down on one side.

A maximum of 10 wrong guesses are allowed.

The team gets as many points as letters on the side (maximum of 10).

The team with the lowest number of points wins

Hangman

Eutrophication (pronounced as you-tro-fi-kay-shun)

When wastes with high organic content (such as sewage wastes) are dumped into a water body like a lake or pond, eutrophication can occur, killing all life in the water body.

Organic wastes are rich in nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)

They stimulate excessive plant growth – especially weedy species

On dying, the plants further add to the organic waste in water.

Microorganisms that decompose the organic material in water use up a lot of dissolved oxygen.

This depletes the available oxygen in the water and upsets the ecological balance, since fish and other life forms perish without adequate oxygen.

Eventually all the oxygen is used up.

Eutrophication

Eutrophication

Anaerobic organisms then attack the organic wastes, releasing gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide.

The result is a foul smelling, waste filled body of water, quite like many of the lakes in India.

These water bodies are also natural groundwater recharge system and their contamination also leads to groundwater pollution.

Industrial wastewater from the Chico corporation (manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan

The waste water was rich in methyl mercury

Mercury content in shellfish in that region increased

People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the leftovers

Minamata disease

Strange things started to happen – cats had convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish floated..

Young children had convulsions and difficulty in walking and speaking

People died Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning

affecting the nervous system

First discovered in 1956

Lawsuits and claims continue till today

Did you know? One mercury thermometer can contaminate up to 95,000 liters of water to beyond the drinking water standard.

About 40% of Deaths worldwide are caused by Water Pollution.

Water Pollution is Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.

Noise also causes anxiety stress reaction and fright.

Causes of Water Pollution

Water Pollution Pictures

Diseases like Cholera Malaria Typhoid (spread during the rainy season ) Aquatic life gets destroyed

Effects of Water Pollution

Rivers should not be used for washing clothes or bathing animals in.

Harvesting of Rainwater to meet water requirements.

Dams &embankments must be created. The rivers must not be contaminated. In sacred river like Ganga the dead bodies

shouldn’t thrown.

How to Avoid Water Pollution

NOISELESS ATMOSPHERE

Noise can be simply defined as unwanted sound.

The sound is pleasant or not depends upon its loudness,duration,rhythm and the mood of the person.

Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger.

Traffic Noise Air craft Noise Noise from construction and civil

engineering works. Noise from the Industries. Noise from other sources.

Causes of Noise Pollution

Picture shows : Noise Pollution

See what is this?

Hearing Loss High Blood Pressure Stress Sleep Disturbance Colour Blindness

Effects of Noise Pollution

Effects Of Noise On Humans

a) Auditory effects interfering with hearing; auditory fatigue and deafness.

b) Non-auditory effects interfering with social behaviour; problems with communications, sleep, recreation, mental equilibrium (peace), and the ability to

concentrate at work.

c) Physiological effects affecting biological functions; anxiety, neurosis, insomnia, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, visual symptoms, hypertension, cardiovascular symptoms, liver changes, nervous symptoms, changes in skin, fast irregular heart beats (tachycardia).

d) Endocrine and hormonal changes relating to stress and noise levels. i.e. raised adrenaline and cholesterol. Noise causes blood vessels to close cutting down blood supply to the fingers and toes. Respiratory changes occur due to noise.

e) Psychological effects; physical and mental fatigue, loss of concentration, lower

efficiency, reduced output, absenteeism, higher rates of accidents, behavioural changes, errors at work, loss of sleep, psychosomatic disorders, diseases related to stress, mental illness, aggravation of existing stress problems and mental illness, neurotic effects, rage anger, crime.

Some of the more common ways noise pollution may affect you are:

• Provides poor concentration • Communication difficulties

• Annoyance • Discomfort

• Fatigue due to insufficient rest • lowered property value

However, as more and more research are being done, more serious health risks have developed due to the increase in

noise pollution. Some of these risks include:

• Hearing loss (conductive or sensorineural) • Hypertension

• Aggressive behavior • Serious sleep loss

• Heart disease (stress related) • Danger to people - cover warning signals &: Cause accidents

Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart

disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure, but evidence

is limited. Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age, in many developed nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime. Noise exposure has also been known to induce

tinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction andother cardiovascular impacts. Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress,

increase workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social behaviors. The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure

to loud music, and industrial noise.

Cardiovascular effectsNoise has been associated with important cardiovascular health problems. In 1999, the

World Health Organization concluded that the available evidence showed suggested a weak association between long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB(A) and hypertension. More recent studies have suggested that noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also increase the

risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production

Noise health effects

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NorthSouth-Expressway.jpg

These reduce unwanted ambient sounds (i.e., acoustic noise) by means of active noise control (ANC). Essentially, this involves using a microphone, placed near the ear,

and electronic circuitry which generates an "antinoise" sound wave with the opposite polarity of the sound wave arriving at the microphone. This results in destructive

interference, which cancels out the noise within the enclosed volume of the headphone.Keeping noise low at the ear makes it possible to enjoy music without raising the volume unnecessarily. It can also help a passenger sleep in a noisy vehicle such as an airliner.

Retail noise cancelling headphones typically only use ANC to cancel the lower-frequency portions of the noise; they depend upon traditional noise suppression

techniques (such as their earcups) to prevent higher-frequency noise from reaching the interior of the headphone.

This approach has three benefits:The demands on the electronic circuitry are vastly simplified.

Because of the shorter wavelength of the high-frequency sound, active cancellation is much less effective at higher frequencies. To truly cancel high frequency components

(coming at the ear from all directions), the sensor and emitter for the cancelling waveform would have to be adjacent to the user's eardrum, an impractical situation.

Noise-cancelling headphones

The Government should ensure the new machines that Should be noise proof.

Air ports must be away from residential area.

The Sound horn symbol is to be in School Roads.

How to Avoid Noise Pollution

Pleasant Home Bhagavan Baba says “Silent is God”. We need to talk sweetly to others. Talk Less Work More. Sound affects our ears so loud noise should

be avoided.

Prevention of Noise Pollution

One fourth of area is covered by land is Called Land.

Land is a earth which is occupied by people for shelter,occuption etc..,

Definition of Land Pollution

Causes of Land Pollution

We can classify major sources that lead to land following Categories

Mining and quarrying Sewage waste Household Garbage Industrial Waste

Land pollution pictures

Effects of Land Pollution

The Land Cannot be construct house Man cannot be farming Ground water will gets Affected House hold Garbage like putting Plastics

More and more land should be brought under farming

Trees should be planted everywhere. Waste matter should be disposed

immediately Avoid drilling the Land for more

underground water. Avoid using more fertilizers and Pesticides.

Prevention of Land Pollution

Definition of Radio Active Pollution

Despite the Advantage of nuclear as a clean energy, the big concern is the resulted from nuclear reaction, which is a form of pollution called Radio activity.

Radiation (Laser-Rays) will from Radio Active Pollution.

Nuclear power plants(Ex:Neyveli,Kalpakkam)

Nuclear Weapon(Ex:Missiles) Disposal of Nuclear Waste Uranium Mining

Causes of Radio Active Pollution

Effects of Radio Active Pollution

The Diseases include blood in cough Ulcer Swelling of bone joints Cancer Lung Cancer Skin Cancer Bone Cancer Eye Problems

How to Prevent of Radio Active Pollution

Avoid Constructing Nuclear Power Plants

Avoid Using Nuclear Weapon

Have Proper Treatment for Nuclear Waste

Avoid mining for Uranium to a minimal

Science books www.google.com http://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/AirPollution Free foto.com

References

http://www.google.com/

http://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/AirPollution

Pollution

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