political law by suarez

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ARTICLE XLOCAL GOVERNMENT

PART IREVIEW OF SECTIONS 1 TO 21, ARTICLE X,

1987 CONSTITUTION

PART IICORPORATION: ITS NATURE, CLASSIFICATION

AND FUNCTIONS

PART IIIPOWERS AND ATTRIBUTES OF LOCAL

GOVERNMENT UNITS DISCUSSION

PART I

REVIEW OF SECTION 1 TO 21, ARTICLE X,1987 CONSTITUTION

Sect!" 1# T$e te%%t!%&' &"( )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* &%e t$e )%!-"ce*, cte*, /+"c)&'te*, &"( &%&"0&*# T$e%e *$&'' e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* "M+*'/ M"(&"&! &"( t$e C!%(''e%&* &* $e%e"&.te% )%!-(e(#

3 W$&t &%e t$e te%%t!%&' &"( )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*4

A 3 &# P%!-"ce* # Cte*

c# M+"c)&'te*(# B&%&"0&*e# T$e A+t!"!/!+* Re0!"

3 5!6 /&" &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* &%e &''!6e( t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"4A 3 T$e &%e !"' t6! &"( t$e &%e: 1 t$e A+t!"!/!+* Re0!" " M+*'/ M"(&"&! &"( 2

t$e A+t!"!/!+* Re0!" " C!%(''e%&*#

3 C&" t$e%e e &" &((t!"&' &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"4

A 3 e*, +t & c!"*tt+t!"&' &/e"(/e"t * "ee(e(#

3 I* t$e %0$t !. )%!-"ce*, cte*, /+"c)&'te*, &%&"0&* &"( &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* t! e;*t&* t$e )!'tc&' &"( te%%t!%&' *+(-*!"* !. !"e St&te & c!"*tt+t!"&' %0$t !% & *t&t+t!%%0$t4

A 3 It * & c!"*tt+t!"&' %0$t# 5!6e-e%, t$e &+t$!%t t! c%e&te, (-(e, /e%0e !% &!'*$ & '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t !% t* !+"(&%e* * (e)e"(e"t +)!" t$e )!6e% !. C!"0%e** " t$e c&*e !. &

)%!-"ce, ct, /+"c)&'t !% &" !t$e% *+(-*!", !% !%("&"ce )&**e( t$e

1



S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&" !% S&"00+"&"0 P&"'+"0*!( c!"ce%"e( " t$e c&*e !. & &%&"0&#Sect!" <, C$&)te% 2, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<= !% LGC

>><?8Sect!" 2# T$e te%%t!%&' &"( )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* *$&'' e"@! '!c&' &+t!"!/#

3 W$&t * t$e (ec'&%e( )!'c !. t$e St&te %e0&%("0 '!c&' &+t!"!/4

A 3 It * (ec'&%e( )!'c !. t$e St&te t$&t t$e te%%t!%&' &"( )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* !. t$e St&te*$!+'( e"@! 0e"+"e /e&""0.+' '!c&' &+t!"!/ t! e"&'e t$e/ t! &tt&" t$e% .+''e*t(e-e'!)/e"t &* *e'.3%e'&"t c!//+"te* &"( /&e t$e/ /!%e e..ect-e )&%t"e%* " t$e&tt&"/e"t !. "&t!"&' 0!&'*# Sect!" 2, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=

It * &'*! t$e )!'c !. t$e St&te t! e"*+%e t$e &cc!+"t&'t !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*t$%!+0$ t$e "*tt+t!" !. e..ect-e /ec$&"*/* !. %ec&'', "t&t-e &"( %e.e%e"(+/# I(#

It * 'e6*e t$e )!'c !. t$e St&te t! %e+%e &'' "&t!"&' &0e"ce* &"( !..ce* t! c!"(+ct )e%!(c c!"*+'t&t!"* 6t$ &))%!)%&te '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*, "!"30!-e%"/e"t&' &"( )e!)'e*!%0&"&t!"*, &"( !t$e% c!"ce%"e( *ect!%* !. t$e c!//+"t e.!%e &" )%!@ect !% )%!0%&/ *

/)'e/e"te( " t$e% %e*)ect-e @+%*(ct!"*# I(#

3 5!6 c&" t$* e &tt&"e(4A 3 T!6&%(* t$e &tt&"/e"t !. t$e *&( (ec'&%e( )!'c, t$e St&te *$&'' )%!-(e .!% & /!%e

%e*)!"*-e &"( &cc!+"t&'e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t *t%+ct+%e "*tt+te( t$%!+0$ & **te/ !.(ece"t%&'&t!" 6$e%e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* 6'' e 0-e" /!%e )!6e%*, &+t$!%t%e*)!"*'te* &"( %e*!+%ce*# T$e )%!ce** !. (ece"t%&'&t!" *$&'' )%!cee( .%!/ t$e

N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t t! t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*# I(#

3 W$&t * t$e *0".c&"ce !. Sect!" 2, A%tc'e X 6$c$ )%!-(e* t$&t t$e te%%t!%&' &"(

)!'tc&' *+(-*!" *$&'' e"@! '!c&' &+t!"!/4A 3 It 0-e* /!%e .%ee(!/ t! '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* t! /)%!-e t$e% %e*)ect-e te%%t!%e*# T$e '!c&'

0!-e%"/e"t 6'' e /!%e .%ee t! /&"&0e t$e% !6" &..&%* &"( c!//+"te* 6t$!+t t!!/+c$ "te%-e"t!" .%!/ t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t# At t$e *&/e t/e, t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t6'' e %e'e-e( .%!/ t$e +%(e" !. $&"('"0 &"( /&"&0"0 '!c&' c!"ce%"*#

3 W$&t, . &", * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" &+t!"!/ &"( (ece"t%&'&t!"4A 3 A+t!"!/ &'*! "-!'-e* (ece"t%&'&t!" !. &(/"*t%&t!" !% )!6e% &"( t$* $&))e"* 6$e"

&(/"*t%&t-e )!6e%* &%e (e'e0&te( t$e ce"t%&' 0!-e%"/e"t t! t* )!'tc&' *+(-*!"

6t$ t$e e"( " -e6 !. /&"0 '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* /!%e %e*)!"*-e, &cc!+"t&'e &"(*e'.3%e'&"t c!//+"te*# I" (ece"t%&'&t!" !. )!6e%, t$e *&/e * 0-e" " .&-!% !. t$e '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t +"t *! t 6'' e /!%e "(e)e"(e"t &"( .%ee t! /!-e !" t* !6" 6t$ t$e 'e&*t"te%-e"t!" .%!/ t$e ce"t%&' 0!-e%"/e"t# I" t$* /&""e%, t$e &+t!"!/!+* '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t+"t ec!/e* &cc!+"t&'e "!t t! t$e ce"t%&' &+t$!%te* +t t! t* c!"*tt+e"c# Be%"&', ct"0L/!"& -*# C!"te M&"0e'", et &'#, G#R# N!# 8=?91, Fe%+&% 28, 1989

>><?9 3 W$&t &%e t$e !)e%&t-e )%"c)'e* !. (ece"t%&'&t!"4

2



A 3 T$e .!''!6"0 &%e t$e !)e%&t-e )%"c)'e* !. (ece"t%&'&t!":&# T$e%e *$&'' e &" e..ect-e &''!c&t!" &/!"0 t$e (..e%e"t '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* !. t$e%

%e*)ect-e )!6e%* .+"ct!"* %e*)!"*'te* &"( %e*!+%ce* U"(e%'""0 S+))'e( # T$e%e *$&'' e e*t&'*$e( " e-e% '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t &" &cc!+"t&'e, e..ce"t, &"(

("&/c !%0&"&t!"&' *t%+ct+%e &"( !)e%&t"0 /ec$&"*/ t$&t 6'' /eet t$e )%!%t "ee(*&"( *e%-ce %e+%e/e"t* !. t* c!//+"te*

c# S+@ect t! c-' *e%-ce '&6, %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* '!c&' !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee* )&( 6$!''!% /&"' .%!/ '!c&' .+"(* *$&'' e &))!"te( !% %e/!-e( &cc!%("0 t! /e%t &"( .t"e**, t$e &))%!)%&te &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

(# T$e -e*t"0 !. (+t, %e*)!"*'t, &"( &cc!+"t&'t " '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t *$&'' e&cc!/)&"e( 6t$ )%!-*!" .!% %e&*!"&' &(e+&te %e*!+%ce* t! (*c$&%0e t$e% )!6e%* &"(e..ect-e' c&%% !+t t$e% .+"ct!"* $e"ce, t$e *$&'' $&-e t$e /!6e% t! c%e&te &"( %!&(e"t$e% !6" *!+%ce* !. %e-e"+e &"( t$e %0$t t! & @+*t *$&%e " "&t!"&' t&;e* &"( &" e+t&'e*$&%e " t$e )%!cee(* !. t$e +t'&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e "&t!"&' 6e&'t$ 6t$" t$e%%e*)ect-e &%e&* U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

e# P%!-"ce* 6t$ %e*)ect t! c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*, &"( cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*6t$ %e*)ect t! c!/)!"e"t &%&"0&*, *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t t$e &ct* !. t$e% c!/)!"e"t +"t* &%e6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e% )%e*c%e* )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"*

.# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* /& 0%!+) t$e/*e'-e*, c!"*!'(&te !% c!!%("&te t$e% e..!%t**e%-ce*, &"( %e*!+%ce* .!% )+%)!*e* c!//!"' e"e.c&' t! t$e/

0# T$e c&)&'te* !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*, e*)ec&'' t$e /+"c)&'te* &"( &%&"0&* *$&'' e e"$&"ce( )%!-("0 t$e/ 6t$ !))!%t+"te* t! )&%tc)&te &ct-e' " t$e/)'e/e"t&t!" !. "&t!"&' )%!0%&/* &"( )%!@ect* U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

$# T$e%e *$&'' e & c!"t"+"0 /ec$&"*/ t! e"$&"ce '!c&' &+t!"!/ "!t !"' 'e0*'&t-ee"&'"0 &ct* +t &'*! &(/"*t%&t-e &"( !%0&"&t!"&' %e.!%/* U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

>><=# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* *$&'' *$&%e 6t$ t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t t$e %e*)!"*'t " t$e

/&"&0e/e"t &"( /&"te"&"ce !. ec!'!0c&' &'&"ce 6t$" t$e% te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"*+@ect t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$* C!(e &"( "&t!"&' )!'ce*

@# E..ect-e /ec$&"*/* .!% e"*+%"0 t$e &cc!+"t&'t !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* t! t$e%%e*)ect-e c!"*tt+e"t* *$&'' e *t%e"0t$e"e( " !%(e% t! +)0%&(e c!"t"+&'' t$e +&'t !.'!c&' 'e&(e%*$) U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

# T$e %e&'&t!" !. '!c&' &+t!"!/ *$&'' e .&c't&te( t$%!+0$ /)%!-e( c!!%("&t!" !."&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t )!'ce* &"( )%!0%&/* &"( e;te"*!" !. &(e+&te tec$"c&' &"( /&te%&'

&***t&"ce t! 'e** (e-e'!)e( &"( (e*e%-"0 '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* U"(e%'""0 S+))'e('# T$e )&%tc)&t!" !. t$e )%-&te *ect!% " '!c&' 0!-e%"&"ce, )&%tc+'&%' " t$e (e'-e% !. &*c

*e%-ce*, *$&'' e e"c!+%&0e( t! e"*+%e t$e -&'t !. '!c&' &+t!"!/ &* &" &'te%"&t-e*t%&te0 .!% *+*t&"&'e (e-e'!)/e"t &"(

/# T$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t (ece"t%&'&t!" c!"t%+te* t! t$e c!"t"+"0/)%!-e/e"t !. t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* &"( t$e +&'t !. c!//+"t'.e# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

?



LIM, ETC# VS# UDGE PACUING, ETC#, ETAL#G#R# NO# 11H=, ANUAR 27, 199H

GUINGONA, R#, ETAL# VS# UDGE REES, ETAL#G#R# NO# 1172<?, ANUAR 27, 1998

FACTS:I" & (ec*!" (&te( Se)te/e% 9, 1988, t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !. M&"'& " C-' C&*e

N!# H<<=, (%ecte( t$e M&!% !. M&"'& t! **+e //e(&te' t! t$e A**!c&te( De-e'!)/e"t

C!%)!%&t!" ADC t$e 'ce"*e t! !)e%&te t$e &3A'& " M&"'& +"(e% M&"'& O%("&"ce N!#7<H# ADC /!-e( t! e;ec+te t$e @+(0/e"t 6$c$ ec&/e ."&'# O" M&%c$ 28, 199, t$eRe0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !. M&"'&, B%&"c$ =, )%e*(e( +(0e Fe')e G# P&c+"0, (%ecte( t$e"M&"'& M&!% A'.%e(! S# L/ t! **+e t$e )e%/t'ce"*e#

I" & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% (!cete( &* G#R# N!# 11H=, M&!% L/ +e*t!"e( t$e *&(!%(e%# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t (*/**e( t$e )ett!" &"( %+'e( t$&t +(0e P&c+"0 (( "!t &ct 6t$0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"# O" Se)te/e% 1?, 199, t$e" E;ec+t-e Sec%et&% Te!.*t! G+"0!"&(%ecte( t$e G&/e* &"( A/+*e/e"t B!&%( t! $!'( " &e&"ce t$e 0%&"t !. &+t$!%t, !% . &"$&( ee" **+e(, t! 6t$(%&6 *+c$ 0%&"t !. &+t$!%t +"t' t$e .!''!6"0 'e0&' +e*t!"* &%e

)%!)e%' %e*!'-e(:>><11# W$et$e% PD N!# 771 6$c$ %e-!e( &'' e;*t"0 &3A'& .%&"c$*e* 0%&"te( '!c&'

0!-e%"/e"t* &* !. A+0+*t 2=, 197H * +"c!"*tt+t!"&'2# A**+/"0 t$&t t$e Ct !. M&"'& $&( t$e )!6e% !" Se)te/e% 7, 1971, t! **+e &3A'&

.%&"c$*e t! ADC, 6$et$e% *+c$ .%&"c$*e * -&'( c!"*(e%"0 t$&t t $&* "! (+%&t!" &"(&))e&%* t! e 0%&"te( " )e%)et+t

?# W$et$e% t$e Ct !. M&"'& $&( t$e )!6e% t! **+e & &3A'& .%&"c$*e t! ADC !" Se)te/e%7, 1971, " -e6 !. E#O# N!# ?92 (&te( &"+&% 1, 19H1, 6$c$ t%&"*.e%%e( .%!/ '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t* t! t$e G&/e* &"( A/+*e/e"t B!&%( t$e )!6e% t! %e0+'&te &3A'&#

O" Se)te/e% 1H, 199, A**!c&te( De-e'!)/e"t C!%)!%&t!" ADC .'e( & )ett!" .!% )%!$t!", /&"(&/+*, "@+"ct!" &"( (&/&0e* 6t$ )%&e% .!% te/)!%&% %e*t%&""0 !%(e%&"(!% 6%t !. )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!" " t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !. M&"'& &0&"*t Te!.*t!G+"0!"& &"( t$e G&/e* &"( A/+*e/e"t B!&%( GAB c$&%/&" (!cete( &* C-' C&*e N!#9371<H<, *ee"0 t! )%e-e"t t$e GAB .%!/ 6t$(%&6"0 t$e )%!-*!"&' &+t$!%t e&%'e%0%&"te( t! ADC# O" t$e *&/e (&, t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !. M&"'&, B%&"c$ , t$%!+0$P%e*("0 +(0e Vet"! Ree*, **+e( & te/)!%&% %e*t%&""0 !%(e% e"@!""0 GAB .%!/6t$(%&6"0 ADC* )%!-*!"&' &+t$!%t t! !)e%&te# T$e te/)!%&% %e*t%&""0 !%(e% 6&* '&te%

c!"-e%te( "t! & )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!" +)!" )!*t"0 ADC !. & !"(#I" &"!t$e% (e-e'!)/e"t " G#R# N!# 11H= e.!%e t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, t$e Re)+'c !.

t$e P$'))"e*, t$%!+0$ t$e GAB, *!+0$t t! "te%-e"e t$e%e" .'"0 & /!t!" .!%"te%-e"t!" .!% 'e&-e t! .'e & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" " "te%-e"t!", &"( t! %e.e% t$e c&*et! t$e C!+%t E" B&"c, &"( t$e%e&.te%, & /!t!" .!% 'e&-e t! .'e & *+))'e/e"t&' /!t!" .!%%ec!"*(e%&t!" " "te%-e"t!" &"( t! &(/t &tt&c$e( *+))'e/e"t&' /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"" "te%-e"t!"# I" C-' C&*e N!# 9371<H1, +(0e Vet"! Ree*, **+e( & )%e'/"&%/&"(&t!% "@+"ct!" c!/)e''"0 G+"0!"& &"( GAB t! **+e t! ADC t$e &+t$!%t t! !)e%&te



t$e &3A'&# O" &cc!+"t !. t$*, G+"0!"& &"( t$e GAB C$&%/&" D!/"&(!% Ce)e(&, %#, .'e( e.!%e t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t & )ett!" &**&'"0 t$* !%(e% !. +(0e Ree*# T$* 6&* (!cete( &*G#R# N!# 1172<?# G#R# N!*# 1172<? &"( 11H= 6e%e c!"*!'(&te( &"( &t t$e $e&%"0 t$e%e!.!" N!-e/e% 1=, 199, t$e .!''!6"0 **+e* 6e%e .!%/+'&te( .!% %e*!'+t!":

1# W$et$e% t$e Re)+'c* "te%-e"t!" " G#R# N!# 11H= * )%!)e% &t t$&t *t&0e !. t$e )%!cee("0 6$e%e t$e c&*e $&* ee" (*/**e( &"( te%/"&te(#

2# A**+/"0 t$&t t$e "te%-e"t!" * )%!)e%, 6$et$e% ADC $&* & -&'( &"( *+**t"0 .%&"c$*et! !)e%&te &"( /&"t&" t$e &3A'&#

?# W$et$e% +(0e Ree* c!//tte( 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" " **+"0 t$e TRO)%e'/"&%"@+"ct!" &0&"*t G+"0!"& &"( GAB %e*t%&""0 t$e 6t$(%&6&' !. ADC* )%!-*!"&'&+t$!%t#

# W$et$e% +(0e Ree* c!//tte( 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" " **+"0 t$e 6%t !. )%e'/"&%/&"(&t!% "@+"ct!"#

>><25ELD:

T$e Re)+'c, " c!"t%& (*t"ct!" t! t$e Ct !. M&"'&, /& e &''!6e( t! "te%-e"e "G#R# N!# 11H=# T$e Re)+'c * "te%-e""0 " G#R# N!# 11H= " t$e e;e%c*e, "!t !. t*

+*"e** !% )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"*, +t " t$e e;e%c*e !. t* 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"* t! )%!tect )+'c /!%&'* &"( )%!/!te t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e#

C!"0%e** (( "!t (e'e0&te t! t$e Ct !. M&"'& t$e )!6e% t! .%&"c$*e 6&0e%* !% ett"0, "c'+("0 t$e &3&'&, +t %et&"e( .!% t*e'. *+c$ )!6e% t! .%&"c$*e# W$&t C!"0%e**(e'e0&te( t! t$e Ct !. M&"'& " Re)+'c Act N!# =9, 6t$ %e*)ect t! 6&0e%* !% ett"0 6&*t$e )!6e% t! 'ce"*e )e%/t !% %e0+'&te 6$c$ t$e%e.!%e /e&"* t$&t & 'ce"*e !% )e%/t **+e(

t$e Ct !. M&"'& t! !)e%&te & 6&0e% !% ett"0 &ct-t *+c$ &* t$e &3&'& 6$e%e t$e et*&%e &cce)te(, 6!+'( "!t &/!+"t t! *!/et$"0 /e&""0.+' UNLESS t$e $!'(e% !. t$e )e%/t !%

'ce"*e 6&* &'*! FRANC5ISED t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t t! *! !)e%&te# M!%e!-e%, e-e" t$* )!6e% t! 'ce"*e, )e%/t, !% %e0+'&te 6&0e%* !% ett"0 &3&'& 6&* %e/!-e( .%!/ '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t* "c'+("0 t$e $e Ct !. M&"'&, &"( t%&"*.e%%e( t! t$e GAB !" &"+&% 1, 19H1 E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# ?92# T$e "et %e*+'t * t$&t t$e &+t$!%t t! 0%&"t .%&"c$*e* .!% t$e!)e%&t!" !. &3&'& .%!"t!"* * " C!"0%e** 6$'e t$e %e0+'&t!% .+"ct!" * -e*te( " t$e GAB#U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

ADC &%0+e( t$&t P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 771 * +"c!"*tt+t!"&' .!% e"0 & -!'&t!" !.t$e e+&' )%!tect!" &"( "!"3/)&%/e"t )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"# O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, t$e0!-e%"/e"t c!"te"(* t$&t P#D# N!# 771 * & -&'( e;e%c*e !. t$e "$e%e"t )!'ce )!6e% !. t$e

St&te# It *$!+'( &'*! e %e/e/e%e( t$&t P#D# N!# 771 )%!-(e* t$&t t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"tc&" *+*e+e"t' 0%&"t .%&"c$*e* +)!" )%!)e% &))'c&t!" &"( -e%.c&t!" !. t$e +&'.c&t!"*!. t$e &))'c&"t# ADC $&* "!t &''e0e( t$&t t .'e( &" &))'c&t!" .!% & .%&"c$*e 6t$ t$e"&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t *+*e+e"t t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !. P#D# N!# 771 t$+*, t$e &''e0&t!"* &!-e3/e"t!"e( !. )%e.e%e"ce t! & *e'ect 0%!+) &%e &*e( !" c!"@ect+%e*, *)ec+'&t!"* &"( /&0"e(

&*e* 6$c$ (! "!t 6&%%&"t t$e c!"*(e%&t!" !. t$* C!+%t#O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, t * "!te6!%t$ t$&t 6$'e t$e" P%e*(e"t A+"! **+e( E;ec+t-e

O%(e% N!# 1<9 %e-!"0 P#D# N!# 81= 6$c$ 0%&"te( & .%&"c$*e t! & M&%c!*3c%!" t! !)e%&te

H



t$e &3&'&, *$e (( "!t *c%&) !% %e)e&' P#D# N!# 771 6$c$ $&( %e-!e( &'' .%&"c$*e* t!!)e%&te &3&'&* **+e( '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t*, t$e%e %e3&..%/"0 t$e 0!-e%"/e"t )!'c t$&t.%&"c$*e* t! !)e%&te &3&'&* &%e .!% t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t "!t '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* t!c!"*(e% &"( &))%!-e# O" t$e &''e0e( -!'&t!" !. t$e "!"3/)&%/e"t &"( e+&' )%!tect!"c'&+*e* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", t *$!+'( e %e/e/e%e( t$&t & .%&"c$*e * "!t " t$e *t%ct *e"*e &*/)'e c!"t%&ct +t %&t$e% t * /!%e /)!%t&"t', & /e%e )%-'e0e *)ec&'' " /&tte%* 6$c$ &%e6t$" t$e 0!-e%"/e"t* )!6e% t! %e0+'&te &"( e-e" )%!$t t$%!+0$ t$e e;e%c*e !. )!'ce

)!6e% .!% t$e )+'c 6e'.&%e#>><?

CABRERA VS# COURT OF APPEALSG#R# NO# 78<7?, MARC5 18, 1991

FACTS:T$e P%!-"c&' B!&%( !. C&t&"(+&"e* **+e( & %e*!'+t!" c'!*"0 &" !'( %!&( 'e&("0 t!

t$e "e6 c&)t&' +'("0 t! t%&..c &"( 0-"0 t! t$e !6"e%* !. t$e )%!)e%te* t%&-e%*e( t$e"e6 %!&( e+&' &%e& .%!/ t$e !'( %!&( &(@&ce"t t! t$e %e*)ect-e %e/&""0 )!%t!" !. t$e%

)%!)e%te*# P+%*+&"t t! *&( %e*!'+t!", (ee(* !. e;c$&"0e 6e%e e;ec+te( +"(e% 6$c$ t$e

)%!-"ce c!"-ee( t! t$e )e%*!"* &..ecte( )!%t!"* !. t$e c'!*e( %!&( " e;c$&"0e .!% t$e% !6"%e*)ect-e )%!)e%te*, !" 6$c$ 6&* *+*e+e"t' '&( & "e6 c!"c%ete %!&( 'e&("0 t! t$e c&)t&'

+'("0#I" 1978, )&%t !. t$e "!%t$e%" e"( !. t$e !'( %!&( .%!"t"0 C&%e%&* $!+*e 6&* )'&"te( t!

-e0et&'e* " 1977 E+'!0&# Pe"&, 6$! $&( !+0$t V&%0&* *$&%e, &'*! " t$e *&/e )&%t !. t$e%!&(, c!"-e%te( t "t! & )00e% .&%/#

Le&%""0 &!+t t$e %e*!'+t!", C&%e%& .'e( & c!/)'&"t .!% %e*t!%&t!" !. P+'c R!&(#5e &''e0e( t$&t t$e '&"( .%!"t"0 $* $!+*e $&* & )+'c %!&( !6"e( t$e )%!-"ce " t*0!-e%"/e"t&' c&)&ct &"(, t$e%e.!%e, e!"( t$e c!//e%ce !. /&"# 5e *&( t$&t t$e *&(%e*!'+t!" &"( t$e (ee(* !. e;c$&"0e 6e%e "-&'(# 5e &'*! +e*t!"e( t$e c'!*+%e !. t$e

"!%t$e%" )!%t!" !. t$e *t%eet#T$e t%&' @+(0e 6$'e $!'("0 t$&t t$e '&"( 6&* "!t (ec'&%e( )+'c %!&( +t & /e%e

)&**&0e6& !% *$!%t3c+t, *+*t&"e( t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e )%!-"c&' !&%( t! e"&ct t$e%e*!'+t!" +"(e% e;*t"0 '&6#

T$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* .!+"( t$e %!&( t! e & )+'c %!&( &"( "!t & t%&' +t, @+*t t$e *&/e,&'*! +)$e'( t$e %e*!'+t!"#

ISSUE:C&%e%& "**te( t$&t Sect!" 22< * "!t &))'c&'e ec&+*e t$e %e*!'+t!" * "!t &" !%(e%

.!% t$e c'!*+%e !. t$e %!&( " +e*t!" +t &" &+t$!%t t! &%te% !% e;c$&"0e t 6t$ )%-&te )%!)e%te*# 5e *&( t$&t c!"t%!' !-e% )+'c %!&( * 6t$ C!"0%e** &"( "!t 6t$ t$e )%!-"c&' !&%(#

5e &''e0e( t$&t t$e c'!*+%e !. t$e %!&( "@+%e( $/ &* $e c&" "! '!"0e% +*e t " 0!"0 t!t$e "&t!"&' %!&(, +t "*te&( )&** t$%!+0$ & */&'' )&**&0e6&# F!% *+c$ "c!"-e"e"ce, $e *e"tt'e(, $e *&(, t! (&/&0e* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6#

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t &..%/e( t$e (ec*!" !. t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*#>><

<



5ELD:C&%e%& * "!t e"tt'e( t! (&/&0e* ec&+*e t$e "@+% $e $&* "c+%%e( * t$e )%ce $e &"(

!t$e%* 'e $/ /+*t )& .!% t$e 6e'.&%e !. t$e e"t%e c!//+"t# T$* * "!t & c&*e 6$e%e $* )%!)e%t $&* ee" e;)%!)%&te(, &"( $e * e"tt'e( t! @+*t c!/)e"*&t!"# T$e c!"*t%+ct!" !. t$e"e6 %!&( 6&* +"(e%t&e" +"(e% t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e c'&+*e#

W$&te-e% "c!"-e"e"ce C&%e%& $&* *+..e%e( * "*0".c&"t c!/)&%e( t! t$e 0%e&te%c!"-e"e"ce t$e "e6 %!&(, 6$c$ * 6(e &"( c!"c%ete, $&* ee" 0-"0 t! t$e )+'c, )'+* t$e

.&ct t$&t t$e "e6 %!&( &((* e&+t &"( c!'!% "!t !"' t! t$e t!6" +t &'*! t! t$e 6$!'e )%!-"ceC&%e%& /+*t c!"te"t $/*e'. 6t$ t$e &'t%+*tc .ee'"0 t$&t .!% t$e )%e@+(ce $e $&* *+..e%e(,t$e )%ce $e c&" e;)ect * t$e /)%!-e/e"t !. t$e c!/.!%t &"( c!"-e"e"ce !. t$e "$&t&"t* !.t$e )%!-"ce, !. 6$!/ $e * !"e# T$&t * "!t & )&'t% %ec!/)e"*e#

MAGTAAS VS# PRCE PROPERTIESCORPORATION, INC# AND PAGCOR

G#R# NO# 111=97, UL 2=, 199FACTS:

I" %e*)!"*e t! PAGCOR* e;)&"*!" !. t !)e%&t!"* t! C&0&&" (e O%! Ct, t$eS&"00+"&"0 P&"'+"0*!( !. C&0&&" (e O%! Ct e"&cte( t6! 2 !%("&"ce*:

1# O"e !%("&"ce )%!$t* t$e **+&"ce !. +*"e** )e%/t &"( c&"ce''"0 )e%/t t! &"e*t&'*$/e"t .!% &''!6"0 t$e +*e !. t* )%e/*e* .!% t$e !)e%&t!" !. c&*"!#

2# T$e !t$e% !%("&"ce )%!$t* t$e !)e%&t!" !. c&*"!#T$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. C&0&&" (e O%! Ct c!"te"(e( t$&t t $&* )!6e% &"( &+t$!%t t!

)%!$t 0&/'"0 &"( t$* )!6e% &"( &+t$!%t "c'+(e* t* )!6e% &"( &+t$!%t t! )%e-e"t t$eP$'))"e A/+*e/e"t* &"( G&/"0 C!%)!%&t!" PAGCOR .%!/ !)e%&t"0 & c&*"! "

C&0&&" (e O%! Ct# O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, PAGCOR /&"t&"e( t$&t +"(e% P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee18<9, t $&* t$e )!6e% &"( &+t$!%t t! ce"t%&'e &"( %e0+'&te &'' 0&/e* !. c$&"ce " t$ec!+"t%#

ISSUE:C&" t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. C&0&&" (e O%! Ct )%e-e"t t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e *&( )!6e% &"(

&+t$!%t +"(e% P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee 18<94

5ELD:

L!c&' c!+"c'* e;e%c*e !"' (e'e0&te( 'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* c!".e%%e( !" t$e/ C!"0%e**&* t$e "&t!"&' '&6/&"0 !(# T$e (e'e0&te c&""!t e *+)e%!% t! t$e )%"c)&' !% e;e%c*e

)!6e%* $0$e% t$&" t$!*e !. t$e '&tte%# It * & $e%e* t! *+00e*t t$&t t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* +"t*c&" +"(! t$e &ct* !. C!"0%e**, .%!/ 6$c$ t$e $&-e (e%-e( t$e% )!6e% " t$e .%*t )'&ce, &"("e0&te /e%e !%("&"ce t$e /&"(&te !. t$e *t&t+te#>><H

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t &'*! %+'e(, t$%!+0$ +*tce I*&0&" C%+, t$&t: I" t$e e;e%c*e !. t*!6" (*c%et!", t$e 'e0*'&t-e )!6e% /& )%!$t 0&/'"0 &'t!0et$e% !% &''!6 t 6t$!+t

7



'/t&t!" !% t /& )%!$t *!/e .!%/* !. 0&/'"0 &"( &''!6 !t$e%* .!% 6$&te-e% %e&*!"* t/& c!"*(e% *+..ce"t# T$+*, t $&* )%!$te( @+ete"0 &"( /!"te +t )e%/t* '!tte%e*,c!c.0$t"0, &"( $!%*e3%&c"0# I" /&"0 *+c$ c$!ce*, C!"0%e** $&* c!"*+'te( t* !6"6*(!/, 6$c$ t$* C!+%t $&* "! &+t$!%t t! %e-e6, /+c$ 'e** %e-e%*e# We'' $&* t ee" *&(t$&t c!+%t* (! "!t *t t! %e*!'-e t$e /e%t* !. c!".'ct"0 t$e!%e*# T$&t * t$e )%e%!0&t-e !. t$e

)!'tc&' (e)&%t/e"t*# It * *ett'e( t$&t +e*t!"* %e0&%("0 6*(!/, /!%&'t &"( )%&ctc&'t!. *t&t+te* &%e "!t &((%e**e( t! t$e @+(c&% +t /& e %e*!'-e( !"' t$e e;ec+t-e &"(

'e0*'&t-e (e)&%t/e"t*, t! 6$c$ t$e .+"ct!" e'!"0* " !+% *c$e/e !. 0!-e%"/e"t#T&'* %e0&%("0 t$e *+))!*e( -&"*$"0 '"e et6ee" %0$t &"( )%-'e0e " A/e%c&"

c!"*tt+t!"&' '&6 $&* "! %e'e-&"ce " t$e c!"te;t !. t$e*e c&*e*# O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, @&3&'& *"!t & /e%e ec!"!/c &ct-t 6$c$ t$e '&6 *ee* t! %e0+'&te# It * e**e"t&'' 0&/'"0 &"(6$et$e% t *$!+'( e )e%/tte( &"(, . *!, +"(e% 6$&t c!"(t!"* &%e +e*t!"* )%/&%' .!% t$e'&6/&"0 &+t$!%t t! (ete%/"e, t&"0 "t! &cc!+"t "&t!"&' &"( '!c&' "te%e*t*# 5e%e, t *t$e )!'ce )!6e% !. t$e St&te t$&t * )&%&/!+"t#

ALFREDO TANG, ETAL# VS# 5ONORABLE GOV# SALVADOR P# SOCRATES, ET AL#

G#R# NO# 11=29, AUGUST 21, 1997FACTS:

T$e )ett!"e% &**&'e( t$e c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. t$e .!''!6"0:

1# O%("&"ce N!# H=392 (&te( Dece/e% 1H, 1992, !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"0'+"0*!( "0 P+e%t!P%"ce*& Ct 6$c$ t!! e..ect !" &"+&% 1, 199? e"tt'e( AN ORDINANCE BANNINGT5E S5IPMENT OF ALL FIS5 AND LOBSTER OUTSIDE PUERTO PRINCESA CITFROM ANUAR 1, 1998 AND PROVIDING EXEMPTIONS PENALTIES AND FOROT5ER PURPOSE T5EREOF#

2# Re*!'+t!" N!# ?? (&te( Fe%+&% 19, 199?, !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&", P%!-"c&'

G!-e%"/e"t !. P&'&6&" e"tt'e( A RESOLUTION PRO5IBITING T5E CATC5INGGAT5ERING, POSSESSING, BUING, SELLING AND EUIPMENT OF LIVEMARINE CORAL DWELLING AUATIC ORGANISMS, TO WIT: FAMILSCARIDAE MAMENG, EPINE P5ELUS FASCIATUS SUNO, CROMILEPTESALTIVELIS PANT5ER OR SENORITA, LOBSTER BELOW 2== GRAMS ANDSPAWNING, TRIDACNA GIGAS TAJLOBO PINCTADA MARGARITEFERAMOT5ER PEARL, OSTERS, GIANT CALMS AND OT5ER SPECIES, PENAEUSMONODON TIGER PRAWN3BREEDER SIKE OR MOT5ER, EPINEP5ELUSSUILLUS LOBA OR GREEN GROUPER AND FAMIL: BALISTIDAE TROPICAL

AUARIUM FIS5ES FOR A PERIOD FIVE H EARS IN AND COMING FROMPALAWAN WATERS#

>><<A* & %e*+'t !. t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !. t$e *&( !%("&"ce &"( %e*!'+t!", &'' t$e .*$e%/e"

!. t$e 6$!'e )%!-"ce !. P&'&6&" &"( t$e Ct !. P+e%t! P%"ce*& 6e%e (e)%-e( !. t$e% !"'/e&"* !. '-e'$!!( &"( !t$e% /&%"e /e%c$&"t* 6e%e "!t &'e t! )e%.!%/ t$e% '&6.+'!cc+)&t!"#

8



Wt$!+t *ee"0 %e(%e** .%!/ t$e c!"ce%"e( '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*, )%!cec+t!%* !..ce&"( c!+%t, )ett!"e% (%ect' "-!e( t$e !%0"&' @+%*(ct!" !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t .'"0t$* )ett!" !" +"e , 199?# T$e% )ett!" * .!% Ce%t!%&%, I"@+"ct!" Wt$ P%e'/"&% &"(M&"(&t!% I"@+"ct!", 6t$ P%&e% .!% Te/)!%&% Re*t%&""0 O%(e%#

ISSUE:1# I* t$e )ett!" t$&t 6&* .'e( & )ett!" .!% Ce%t!%&% !% & Dec'&%&t!% Re'e.4

2# A%e t$e !%("&"ce* e"&cte( t$e *&( '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* -&'( &"( c!"*tt+t!"&'4?# A%e t$e )ett!"e%* +&'.e( t! e c&''e( *+**te"ce !% /&%0"&' .*$e%/e"4

5ELD:1# T$e "*t&"t )ett!" * !-!+*' !"e .!% DECLARATOR RELIEF, #e#, .!% & (ec'&%&t!"

t$&t t$e O%("&"ce* " +e*t!" &%e & "+''t### .!% e"0 +"c!"*tt+t!"&'# A* *+c$, t$e% )ett!" /+*t 'e6*e .&', &* t$* C!+%t (!e* "!t $&-e !%0"&' @+%*(ct!" !-e% )ett!"* .!%(ec'&%&t!% %e'e. e-e" . !"' +e*t!"* &%e '&6 "-!'-e(, t e"0 *ett'e( t$&t t$e C!+%t/e%e' e;e%c*e* &))e''&te @+%*(ct!" !-e% *+c$ )ett!"*#

E-e" 0%&"t"0 &%0+e"(! t$&t t$e .%*t *et !. )ett!"e%* $&-e & c&+*e !. &ct!" %)e .!% t$ee;t%&!%("&% 6%t !. ce%t!%&%, t$e%e * $e%e & c'e&% (*%e0&%( !. t$e $e%&%c$ !. c!+%t*, &"( "!*)ec&' &"( /)!%t&"t %e&*!" !% e;ce)t!"&' &"( c!/)e''"0 c%c+/*t&"ce $&* ee" &((+ce(6$ (%ect %ec!+%*e t! +* *$!+'( e &''!6e(# W$'e 6e $&-e c!"c+%%e"t @+%*(ct!" 6t$Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t* &"( 6t$ t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* t! **+e 6%t* !. ce%t!%&%, )%!$t!",/&"(&/+*, +! 6&%%&"t!, $&e&* c!%)+* &"( "@+"ct!", *+c$ c!"c+%%e"ce 0-e* )ett!"e%* "!+"%e*t%cte( .%ee(!/ !. c$!ce !. c!+%t .!%+/, &* 6e $e'( " Pe!)'e -*# C+&%e*/& 172 SCRA1H, 2?32:>><7

; ; ; T$e%e * &.te% &'' $e%&%c$ !. c!+%t*# T$&t $e%&%c$ * (ete%/"&t-e !. t$e -e"+e !.

&))e&'*, &"( *$!+'( &'*! *e%-e &* & 0e"e%&' (ete%/"&"t !. t$e &))%!)%&te .!%+/ .!% )ett!"*.!% e;t%&!%("&% 6%t* ; ; ; A (%ect "-!c&t!" !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t* !%0"&' @+%*(ct!" t!**+e t$e*e 6%t* *$!+'( e &''!6e( !"' 6$e" t$e%e &%e *)ec&' &"( /)!%t&"t %e&*!"* t$e%e.!%c'e&%' &"( *)ec.c&'' *et !+t " t$e )ett!"# T$* * e*t&'*$e( )!'c# ; ; ;

2# T$e*e O%("&"ce* 6e%e +"(!+te(' e"&cte( " t$e e;e%c*e !. )!6e%* +"(e% t$e "e6 LGC%e'&t-e t! t$e )%!tect!" &"( )%e*e%-&t!" !. t$e e"-%!"/e"t &"( &%e t$+* "!-e' &"( !.

)&%&/!+"t /)!%t&"ce#It * !. c!+%*e *ett'e( t$&t '&6* "c'+("0 !%("&"ce* e"&cte( '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*

e"@! t$e )%e*+/)t!" !. c!"*tt+t!"&'t# T! !-e%t$%!6 t$* )%e*+/)t!", t$e%e /+*t e & c'e&%&"( +"e+-!c&' %e&c$ !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", "!t /e%e' & (!+t.+' &%0+/e"t&t-e c!"t%&(ct!"#

A.te% & *c%+t" !. t$e c$&''e"0e( O%("&"ce* &"( t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" )ett!"e%* c'&/ t! $&-e ee" -!'&te(, 6e ."( )ett!"e%* c!"te"t!"* &*e'e** &"( *! $!'(t$&t t$e .!%/e% (! "!t *+..e% .%!/ &" ".%/t, !t$ +"(e% t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( &))'c&'e'&6*#

9



?# T$e%e * &*!'+te' "! *$!6"0 t$&t &" !. t$e )ett!"e%* +&'.e* &* & *+**te"ce !%/&%0"&' .*$e%/&"# I" t$e% )ett!", )ett!"e% A%'"e S$))e%* A**!c&t!" !. P&'&6&" **e'.3(e*c%e( &* & )%-&te &**!c&t!" c!/)!*e( !. M&%"e Me%c$&"t* )ett!"e%* R!e%tL/ &"( V%0"& L/, &* /e%c$&"t* 6$'e t$e %e*t !. t$e )ett!"e%* c'&/ t! e.*$e%/e", 6t$!+t &" +&'.c&t!", $!6e-e%, &* t! t$e% *t&t+*#

S"ce t$e C!"*tt+t!" (!e* "!t *)ec.c&'' )%!-(e & (e."t!" !. t$e te%/**+**te"ce !% /&%0"&' .*$e%/e", t$e *$!+'( e c!"*t%+e( " t$e% 0e"e%&' &"( !%("&%

*e"*e#Be*(e*, Sect!" 2 !. A%tc'e XII &/* )%/&%' "!t t! e*t!6 &" %0$t t! *+**te"ce

.*$e%/e", +t '&6 )+t* e/)$&** !" t$e (+t !. t$e St&te t! )%!tect t$e "&t!"* /&%"e 6e&'t$W$&t t$e )%!-*!" /e%e' %ec!0"e* * t$&t t$e St&te /& &''!6, '&6, c!!)e%&t-e .*$.&%/"0, 6t$ )%!%t t! *+**te"ce .*$e%/e" &"( .*$6!%e%* " %-e%*, '&e*, &* &"('&0!!"*# O+% *+%-e !. t$e *t&t+te !!* %e-e&'* t$&t t$e !"' )%!-*!" !. '&6 6$c$ *)e&* !.& )%e.e%e"t&' %0$t !. /&%0"&' .*$e%/e" * Sect!" 19 !. t$e LGC, 6$c$ )e%t"e"t'

)%!-(e*:

Sec# 19# F*$e% Re"t&'*, Fee* &"( C$&%0e*# ; ; ; T$e S&"00+"&"0 &&" /&:1 G%&"t .*$e% )%-'e0e* t! e%ect .*$ c!%%&'*, !*te%, /+**e'* !% !t$e% &+&tc e(* !% &"0+*

.% &%e&*, 6t$" & (e."te !"e !. t$e /+"c)&' 6&te%*, &* (ete%/"e( t: P%!-(e(,$!6e-e% T$&t (+' %e0*te%e( !%0&"&t!"* &"( c!!)e%&t-e* !. /&%0"&' .*$e%/e" *$&''$&-e t$e )%e.e%e"t&' %0$t t! *+c$ .*$e% )%-'e0e*###

>><8Sect!" ?# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' e"&ct & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t c!(e 6$c$ *$&'' )%!-(e .!% &

/!%e %e*)!"*-e &"( &cc!+"t&'e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t *t%+ct+%e "*tt+te( t$%!+0$ & **te/ !.(ece"t%&'&t!" 6t$ e..ect-e /ec$&"*/* !. %ec&'', "t&t-e, &"( %e.e%e"(+/, &''!c&te &/!"0

t$e (..e%e"t '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* t$e% )!6e%*, %e*)!"*'te*, &"( %e*!+%ce*, &"( )%!-(e.!% t$e +&'.c&t!"*, e'ect!", &))!"t/e"t &"( %e/!-&', te%/, *&'&%e*, )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"*&"( (+te* !. '!c&' !..c&'*, &"( &'' !t$e% /&tte%* %e'&t"0 t! t$e !%0&"&t!" &"( !)e%&t!" !.t$e '!c&' +"t*#

3 I* t$e e"&ct/e"t !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t c!(e 'e.t &'!"e t! t$e "t&t-e !. C!"0%e**4

A 3 T$e e"&ct/e"t !. & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t c!(e * 'e.t t! t$e "t&t-e !. C!"0%e** +t t$eC!"*tt+t!" /&"(&te* t$&t t$e *&( c!(e /+*t )%!-(e .!% t$e .!''!6"0:

1# It /+*t )%!-(e .!% & /!%e %e*)!"*-e &"( &cc!+"t&'e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t *t%+ct+%e "*tt+te(t$%!+0$ & **te/ !. (ece"t%&'&t!" 6t$ e..ect-e /ec$&"*/*# & F!% %ec&'' I"t&t-e&"( c Re.e%e"(+/

2# It /+*t &''!c&te &/!"0 t$e (..e%e"t '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* t$e% )!6e%*, %e*)!"*'te* &"(%e*!+%ce*#

?# It /+*t )%!-(e .!% t$e +&'.c&t!"*, e'ect!", &))!"t/e"t &"( %e/!-&', te%/, *&'&%e*, )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* &"( (+te* !. '!c&' !..ce*, &"( &'' !t$e% /&tte%* %e'&t"0 t! t$e!%0&"&t!" &"( !)e%&t!" !. '!c&' +"t*#

1=



It * !" t$e &** !. t$* /&"(&te, c!+)'e( 6t$ t$e '!"0 .e't "ee( .!% /!%e '!c&' &+t!"!/&"( (ece"t%&'&t!", t$&t Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=, !t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"tC!(e !. 1991, 6&* e"&cte(#

Sect!" # T$e P%e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e* *$&'' e;e%c*e 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e% '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t*# P%!-"ce* 6t$ %e*)ect t! c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*, &"( cte* &"(/+"c)&'te* 6t$ %e*)ect t! c!/)!"e"t &%&"0&* *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t t$e &ct* !. t$e%

c!/)!"e"t +"t* &%e 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e% )%e*c%e( )!6e% &"( .+"ct!"*#>><9 3 D*t"0+*$ t$e )%e*(e"t* )!6e% !. 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e% '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* +"(e% t$e

19?H &"( 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#A 319?H CONSTITUTION A%tc'e VII, Sect!" 1=1

T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' $&-e c!"t%!' !. &'' t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t*, +%e&+*, !% !..ce*,e;e%c*e 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e% &'' '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6, &"( t&ec&%e t$&t '&6* e .&t$.+'' e;ec+te(#

1987 CONSTITUTION A%tc'e VII, Sect!" 17T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' $&-e c!"t%!' !. &'' t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t*, +%e&+*, &"( !..ce*#

5e *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t t$e '&6* e .&t$.+'' e;ec+te(#

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t *+)e%-*!% )!6e%*, &* (e."e( Sect!" , A%tc'e X4A 3 T$e *+)e%-*!% )!6e%*, &* (e."e( " Sect!" , &%e &* .!''!6*:

3 T$e *+)e%!% '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t $&* t$e *+)e%-*!% )!6e% t! e"*+%e t$&t t$e &ct* !.t$e% c!/)!"e"t +"t* &%e 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e% )%e*c%e( )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"*# O" t$*

&**, c&" t$e *+)e%!% '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t *+*tt+te t* @+(0/e"t .!% t$&t !. t$e '!c&'c!/)!"e"t '!c&' +"t4

A 3 It c&""!t *+*tt+te t* @+(0/e"t " (*c%et!"&% /&tte%* .!% t$&t !. t$e c!/)!"e"t '!c&'+"t#

Sect!" H# E&c$ '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t *$&'' $&-e t$e )!6e% t! c%e&te t* !6" *!+%ce* !.%e-e"+e* &"( t! 'e- t&;e*, .ee*, &"( c$&%0e* *+@ect t! *+c$ 0+(e'"e* &"( '/t&t!"* &* t$eC!"0%e** /& )%!-(e, c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e &*c )!'c !. '!c&' &+t!"!/# S+c$ t&;e*, .ee*, &"(c$&%0e* *$&'' &cc%+e e;c'+*-e' t! t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t*#

3 W$&t * t$e *0".c&"ce !. Sect!" H4A 3 W$'e t$e )%e-&'"0 (!ct%"e " t$* @+%*(ct!" * *t'' t! t$e e..ect t$&t /+"c)&'

c!%)!%&t!"* (! "!t $&-e t$e "$e%e"t )!6e% t! t&;, Sect!" H c!".e%* !" /+"c)&'c!%)!%&t!"* & 0e"e%&' )!6e%: T! 'e- t&;e*, .ee* &"( c$&%0e* *+@ect t! t$e 0+(e'"e* &"('/t&t!"* /)!*e( C!"0%e**# T$* /e&"* t$&t /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"* /& e;e%c*e t$e*&( )!6e% t! 'e- t&;e*, .ee* &"( c$&%0e* e-e" 6t$!+t & *t&t+t!% 0%&"t )%!-(e( !"'t$&t t$e 0+(e'"e* &"( '/t&t!"* /)!*e( C!"0%e** &%e c!/)'e( 6t$#

11



3 W$&t &%e t$e *!+%ce* !. %e-e"+e !. /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"*4A 3 T$e% *!+%ce* !. %e-e"+e &%e: 1 T$!*e %&*e( .%!/ t&;e*, .ee* &"( c$&%0e*, &*

&.!%e/e"t!"e( 2 I"te%"&' Re-e"+e A''!t/e"t* .%!/ t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t ? Le&*e!. )+'c +t'te* F+"(* (e%-e( .%!/ "&t!"&' &( *+c$ &* t$e CDF C!+"t%6(eDe-e'!)/e"t F+"( &"( H D!"&t!"*#

>><H=

Sect!" <# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* *$&'' $&-e & @+*t *$&%e, &* (ete%/"e( '&6, " t$e"&t!"&' t&;e* 6$c$ *$&'' e &+t!/&tc&'' %e'e&*e( t! t$e/#

Sect!" 7# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! &" e+t&'e *$&%e " t$e )%!cee(* !. t$e+t'&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e "&t!"&' 6e&'t$ 6t$" t$e% %e*)ect-e &%e&*, " t$e /&""e%

)%!-(e( '&6, "c'+("0 *$&%"0 t$e *&/e 6t$ "$&t&"t* 6& !. (%ect e"e.t*#

3 I* t$e%e *t'' & "ee( .!% e"&'"0 '&6 t! %e&'e t$e )%!-*!"* !. Sect!"* < &"( 7, A%tc'e Xt! t$e e..ect t$&t '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* *$&'' $&-e & @+*t *$&%e &"( e+t&'e *$&%e " "&t!"&'t&;e*4

A 3 e*, &" e"&'"0 '&6 * "ece**&% t! (ete%/"e t$e *$&%e* t! t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t*#

Sect!" <# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* *$&'' $&-e & @+*t *$&%e, &* (ete%/"e( '&6, " t$e"&t!"&' t&;e* 6$c$ *$&'' e &+t!/&tc&'' %e'e&*e( t! t$e/#

Sect!" 7# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! &" e+t&'e *$&%e " t$e )%!cee(* !.t$e +t'&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e "&t!"&' 6e&'t$ 6t$" t$e% %e*)ect-e &%e&*, " t$e/&""e% )%!-(e( '&6, "c'+("0 *$&%"0 t$e *&/e 6t$ "$&t&"t* 6& !. (%ect e"e.t*#

Sect!" 8# T$e te%/ !. !..ce !. e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&'*, e;ce)t &%&"0& !..c&'*, 6$c$*$&'' e (ete%/"e( '&6, *$&'' e t$%ee e&%* &"( "! *+c$ !..c&' *$&'' *e%-e .!% /!%e t$&"t$%ee c!"*ec+t-e te%/*# V!'+"t&% %e"+"c&t!" !. t$e !..ce .!% &" 'e"0t$ !. t/e *$&'' "!t e

c!"*(e%e( &* &" "te%%+)t!" " t$e c!"t"+t !. $* *e%-ce .!% t$e .+'' te%/ .!% 6$c$ $e 6&*e'ecte(#

3 W$&t * t$e te%/ '/t !. '!c&' !..c&'*4A 3 T$e te%/ '/t !. e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&'*, e;ce)t &%&"0& !..c&'*, * t$%ee ? e&%* &"(

t$e c&""!t *e%-e .!% /!%e t$&" t$%ee c!"*ec+t-e te%/* " t$e *&/e )!*t!"# V!'+"t&%%e"+"c&t!" !. t$e !..ce .!% &" 'e"0t$ !. t/e *$&'' "!t e c!"*(e%e( &* &" "te%%+)t!" "t$e c!"t"+t !. $* *e%-ce .!% t$e .+'' te%/ .!% 6$c$ $e 6&* e'ecte(#

3 W$&t * t$e te%/ !. &%&"0& !..c&'* &"( .!% $!6 /&" te%/* c&" t$e e &''!6e( t!*e%-e4

A 3 T$e te%/ !. !..ce !. &%&"0& !..c&'* &"( /e/e%* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 &&t&&" *$&'' e.!% t$%ee ? e&%*, 6$c$ *$&'' e0" &.te% t$e %e0+'&% e'ect!" !. &%&"0& !..c&'* !" t$e*ec!"( M!"(& !. M&, 199# Sec# ?c, LGC

>><H1Sect!" 9# Le0*'&t-e !(e* !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* *$&'' $&-e *ect!%&' %e)%e*e"t&t!" &*

/& e )%e*c%e( '&6#

12



3 I* t$e%e & "ee( .!% &" e"&'"0 '&6 t! %e&'e t$* c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" t$&t 'e0*'&t-e !(e* *$&'' $&-e *ect!%&' %e)%e*e"t&t!"4

A 3 e*, ec&+*e !. t$e )$%&*e &* /& e )%e*c%e( '&6#

Sect!" 1=# N! )%!-"ce, ct, /+"c)&'t, !% &%&"0& /& e c%e&te(, (-(e(/e%0e(, &!'*$e(, !% t* !+"(&% *+*t&"t&'' &'te%e(, e;ce)t " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e c%te%&

e*t&'*$e( " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t c!(e &"( *+@ect t! &))%!-&' & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t" & )'e*cte " t$e )!'tc&' +"t* (%ect' &..ecte(#

3 S/)'. Sect!" 1=#

A 3 A )%!-"ce, ct, /+"c)&'t, !% &%&"0& /& e 1 c%e&te(, 2 (-(e(, ? /e%0e(, &!'*$e(, !% H t* !+"(&% c&" e *+*t&"t&'' &'te%e(# 5!6e-e%, t$* )!6e% * *+@ect t!:

1# T$e c%te%& e*t&'*$e( " t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e#2# T$e &))%!-&' & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte " t$e )!'tc&' +"t* (%ect'

&..ecte(#

3 A%e t$e *&( &ct* *t'' 'e0*'&t-e " "&t+%e4A 3 T$e %+'e " Pe'&e -*# A+(t!% Ge"e%&' 1H SCRA H<9, H7< 19<H t$&t t$e &+t$!%t t!

c%e&te /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"* * e**e"t&'' 'e0*'&t-e " "&t+%e, *t'' $!'(* ec&+*e t$e )!6e% +"(e% Sect!" 1= t! c%e&te, &!'*$, /e%0e, &'te% * *+@ect t! t$e c%te%& e*t&'*$e(" t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e#

Sect!" 11# T$e C!"0%e** /&, '&6, c%e&te *)ec&' /et%!)!'t&" )!'tc&' *+(-*!"**+@ect t! & )'e*cte &* *et .!%t$ " Sect!" 1= $e%e!.# T$e c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*

*$&'' %et&" t$e% &*c &+t!"!/ &"( *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! t$e% !6" '!c&' e;ec+t-e* &"('e0*'&t-e &**e/'e*# T$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e /et%!)!'t&" &+t$!%t t$&t 6'' t$e%e e c%e&te(*$&'' e '/te( t! &*c *e%-ce* %e+%"0 c!!%("&t!"#

3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%* &"( '/t&t!"* !. C!"0%e**4

A 3 Sect!" 11 0-e* C!"0%e** t$e )!6e% t! c%e&te *)ec&' /et%!)!'t&" )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* +t t$* )!6e% * *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 '/t&t!"*#

1# It * *+@ect t! t$e &))%!-&' !. t$e /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte " t$e )!'tc&'

+"t* (%ect' &..ecte(#2# T$e c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( /+"c)&'te* *$&'' %et&" t$e% &*c &+t!"!/ &"( *$&'' e

e"tt'e( t! t$e% !6" '!c&' e;ec+t-e* &"( '!c&' &**e/'e*#?# T$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e /et%!)!'t&" &+t$!%t t$&t 6'' e c%e&te( *$&'' e '/te( t! &*c

*e%-ce* %e+%"0 c!!%("&t!"#>><H2

Sect!" 12# Cte* t$&t &%e $0$' +%&"e(, &* (ete%/"e( '&6, &"( c!/)!"e"t cte*6$!*e c$&%te%* )%!$t t$e% -!te%* .%!/ -!t"0 .!% )%!-"c&' e'ect-e !..c&'*, *$&'' e

1?



"(e)e"(e"t !. t$e )%!-"ce# T$e -!te%* !. c!/)!"e"t cte* 6t$" & )%!-"ce, 6$!*e c$&%te%*c!"t&" "! *+c$ )%!$t!", *$&'' "!t e (e)%-e( !. t$e% %0$t t! -!te .!% e'ect-e )%!-"c&'!..c&'*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t$%ee ? "(* !. cte*4A 3 T$e t$%ee "(* !. cte* &%e t$e .!''!6"0:1# 50$' +%&"e( cte* &* (ete%/"e( '&6

3 T$e (! "!t -!te " )%!-"c&' e'ect!"*, 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e (! "!t -!te .!% )%!-"c&'e'ect-e !..c&'*#

2# Cte* "!t %&*e( t! t$e $0$' +%&"e( c&te0!% +t 6$!*e c$&%te%* )%!$t t$e% -!te%*.%!/ -!t"0 " )%!-"c&' e'ect!"*3 Be"0 "(e)e"(e"t !. t$e )%!-"ce, %e*(e"t* t$e%e" &%e "!t +&'.e( t! %+" .!% )%!-"c&'

)!*t!"*#?# C!/)!"e"t cte* 6$c$ &%e *t'' +"(e% & )%!-"ce " *!/e 6&*

3 Be"0 +"(e% & )%!-"ce, %e*(e"t* t$e%e" c&""!t e (e"e( & -!te " t$e e'ect!" !. )%!-"c&' !..c&'*#

Sect!" 1?# L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t +"t* /& 0%!+) t$e/*e'-e*, c!"*!'(&te !% c!!%("&tet$e% e..!%t*, *e%-ce*, &"( %e*!+%ce* .!% )+%)!*e* c!//!"' e"e.c&' t! t$e/ " &cc!%(&"ce6t$ '&6#

3 W$&t * t$e &+t$!%t 0-e" t! L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t U"t*4A 3 T$e c!"*!'(&t!" &"( c!!%("&t!" +"(e% Sect!" 1? * !"' 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e% e..!%t*,

*e%-ce* &"( %e*!+%ce* .!% )+%)!*e* c!//!"' e"e.c&' t! t$e/, &"( "!t 6t$ %e*)ect t!t$e% c!%)!%&te )e%*!"&'t#

Sect!" 1# T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' )%!-(e .!% %e0!"&' (e-e'!)/e"t c!+"c'* !% !t$e%*/'&% !(e* c!/)!*e( !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&'*, %e0!"&' $e&(* !. (e)&%t/e"t* &"( !t$e%0!-e%"/e"t !..ce*, &"( %e)%e*e"t&t-e* .%!/ "!"30!-e%"/e"t&' !%0&"&t!"* 6t$" t$e%e0!"* .!% )+%)!*e* !. &(/"*t%&t-e (ece"t%&'&t!" t! *t%e"0t$e" t$e &+t!"!/ !. t$e +"t*t$e%e" &"( t! &cce'e%&te t$e ec!"!/c &"( *!c&' 0%!6t$ &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e +"t* " t$e%e0!"#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! )!6e%* %e.e%%e( t! " Sect!" 14A 3 T$e%e &%e t6! )!6e%* %e.e%%e( t! " Sect!" 1, &"( t$e &%e t$e )!6e% !. t$e P%e*(e"t 1

t! )%!-(e .!% %e0!"&' (e-e'!)/e"t c!+"c'* &"( 2 t! )%!-(e .!% !t$e% */'&% !(e*c!/)!*e( !.:

>><H?&# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&'*#

# Re0!"&' $e&(* !. (e)&%t/e"t* &"( !t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce*#c# Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !. NGO* "!"30!-e%"/e"t&' !%0&"&t!"* 6t$" t$e %e0!"*#

T$* )!6e% * 0-e" t! t$e P%e*(e"t .!% t$e .!''!6"0 )+%)!*e*:

1



1# T! &tt&" &(/"*t%&t-e (ece"t%&'&t!"#2# T! *t%e"0t$e" t$e &+t!"!/ !. t$e +"t* t$e%e"#?# T! &cce'e%&te t$e ec!"!/c &"( *!c&' 0%!6t$ &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e +"t* " t$e %e0!"*#

Sect!" 1H# T$e%e *$&'' e c%e&te( &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* " M+*'/ M"(&"&! &"( " t$eC!%(''e%&* c!"**t"0 !. )%!-"ce*, cte*, /+"c)&'te*, &"( 0e!0%&)$c&' &%e&* *$&%"0c!//!" &"( (*t"ct-e $*t!%c&' &"( c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e, ec!"!/c &"( *!c&' *t%+ct+%e*, &"(

!t$e% %e'e-&"t c$&%&cte%*tc* 6t$" t$e .%&/e6!% !. t$* C!"*tt+t!" &"( t$e "&t!"&'*!-e%e0"t &* 6e'' &* te%%t!%&' "te0%t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! 2 &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"*4A 3 1 A+t!"!/!+* Re0!"* " M+*'/ M"(&"&! &"( 2 A+t!"!/!+* Re0!"* " t$e

C!%(''e%&*#

3 W$&t * t* c!/)!*t!"4A 3 It *$&'' c!"**t !. )%!-"ce*, cte*, /+"c)&'te* &"( 0e!0%&)$c&' &%e&* *$&%"0 c!//!"

&"( (*t"ct-e $*t!%c&' &"( c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e, ec!"!/c &"( *!c&' *t%+ct+%e* &"( !t$e%%e'e-&"t c$&%&cte%*tc*#

3 W$&t * /e&"t A+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* c&" e e*t&'*$e( !"' 6t$" t$e .%&/e6!% !.t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( t$e "&t!"&' *!-e%e0"t &* 6e'' &* te%%t!%&' "te0%t !. t$e Re)+'c !.t$e P$'))"e*4

A 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* "!6 e;*t"0, !% 6$c$ /& e;*t " t$e .+t+%e, &%e*t'' )&%t &"( )&%ce' !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( *$!+'(, t$e%e.!%e, e !+"( !+%C!"*tt+t!"#

3 C&" t$e%e *t'' e !t$e% &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* !t$e% t$&" .!% M"(&"&! &"( t$e C!%(''e%&*4A 3 T$e%e &%e t$!*e 6$! *& t$&t t$e *&/e c&" *t'' e (!"e, !"' t$&t t %e+%e* & c!"*tt+t!"&'

&/e"(/e"t# T$e &+t$!% *+/t* t$&t Sect!" 1H t*e'. &+t$!%e* t$e c%e&t!" !.&+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* " M+*'/ M"(&"&! &"( " t$e C!%(''e%&* &"( .!% &* '!"0 &* 6$&t6'' e c%e&te( * " t$&t &%e& &"( t$e c%te%& t$e%e" *et .!%t$ * )%e*e"t, t$e *&/e c&" e(!"e, 6t$!+t & c!"*tt+t!"&' &/e"(/e"t# 5!6e-e%, . t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* *!+0$t t! ee*t&'*$e( &%e " !t$e% &%e&* "!t *)ec.e( " Sect!" 1H, c!"*tt+t!"&' &/e"(/e"t *%e+%e(#

>><H

Sect!" 1<# T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' e;e%c*e 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e% &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* t!e"*+%e t$&t '&6* &%e .&t$.+'' e;ec+te(#

3 W$&t "( !. *+)e%-*!" $&* t$e P%e*(e"t !-e% &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"*4A 3 Sect!" 1< *)ec.c&'' )%!-(e* t$&t t$e P%e*(e"t* )!6e% !-e% &+t!"!/!+* %e0!" * !"'

!"e !. 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" &"( "!t !. c!"t%!'#

1H



Sect!" 17# A'' )!6e%*, .+"ct!"*, &"( %e*)!"*'te* "!t 0%&"te( t$* C!"*tt+t!" !% '&6 t! t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* *$&'' e -e*te( " t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t

Sect!" 18# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' e"&ct &" !%0&"c &ct .!% e&c$ &+t!"!/!+* %e0!" 6t$ t$e&***t&"ce &"( )&%tc)&t!" !. t$e %e0!"&' c!"*+'t&t-e c!//**!" c!/)!*e( !.%e)%e*e"t&t-e* &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t .%!/ & '*t !. "!/"ee* .%!/ /+'t3*ect!%&' !(e*T$e !%0&"c &ct *$&'' (e."e t$e &*c *t%+ct+%e !. 0!-e%"/e"t .!% t$e %e0!" c!"**t"0 !. t$ee;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t &"( 'e0*'&t-e &**e/', !t$ !. 6$c$ *$&'' e e'ect-e &"(

%e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e c!"*tt+e"t )!'tc&' +"t*# T$e !%0&"c &ct *$&'' 'e6*e )%!-(e .!%*)ec&' c!+%t* 6t$ )e%*!"&', .&/', &"( )%!)e%t '&6 @+%*(ct!" c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e )%!-*!"*!. t$* C!"*tt+t!" &"( "&t!"&' '&6*#

T$e c%e&t!" !. t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!" *$&'' e e..ect-e 6$e" &))%!-e( & /&@!%t !.t$e -!te* c&*t t$e c!"*tt+e"t +"t* " & )'e*cte c&''e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e, )%!-(e( t$&t !"'

)%!-"ce*, cte*, &"( 0e!0%&)$c &%e&* -!t"0 .&-!%&' " *+c$ )'e*cte *$&'' e "c'+(e( "t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"#

Sect!" 19# T$e .%*t C!"0%e** e'ecte( +"(e% t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'', 6t$" e0$tee"/!"t$* .%!/ t$e t/e !. !%0&"&t!" !. !t$ 5!+*e*, )&** t$e !%0&"c &ct* .!% t$e &+t!"!/!+*

%e0!"* " M+*'/ M"(&"&! &"( t$e C!%(''e%&*#

3 S/)'.c&t!" !. Sect!"* 17, 18 &"( 19#

A 3 T$e )!6e%* 0%&"te( t! &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* &%e e"+/e%&te( '&6# I. t$e &%e "!t "c'+(e(" t$e e"+/e%&t!", t$e %e/&" -e*te( " t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t#

I" !%(e% t! %e&'e t$e e*t&'*$/e"t !. t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"*, C!"0%e** * /&"(&te( Sect!" 19 t! )&** t$e !%0&"c &ct* .!% e&c$ !. t$e &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* 6t$" e0$tee" 18/!"t$* .%!/ t$e t/e !. t$e !%0&"&t!" !. t$e F%*t C!"0%e**# N!6, t6! !%0&"c &ct* $&-e&'%e&( ee" &))%!-e( C!"0%e**, !"e c%e&t"0 t$e A+t!"!/!+* Re0!"* " M+*'/

M"(&"&! &"( t$e !t$e%, t$e C!%(''e%& A+t!"!/!+* Re0!"#A.te% t$e &))%!-&' !. t$e *&( !%0&"c &ct*, t$e *&( &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* &%e c%e&te( !"'

6$e" t$e *&( !%0&"c &ct* 6e%e %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t t$e c!"*tt+e"t +"t*" & )'e*cte $e'( .!% t$&t )+%)!*e#>><HH 3 W$&t "( !. )'e*cte 6'' e $e'(4A 33 T$e )'e*cte 6'' e $e'( " t$e /+"c)&'t !% ct, &* t$e c&*e /& e3 I. 6$&t 6'' e c%e&te( * & B&%&"0&

3 T$e )'e*cte 6'' e $e'( " t$e )%!-"ce3 I. 6$&t 6'' e c%e&te( * & /+"c)&'t !% c!/)!"e"t ct

3 T$e )'e*cte 6'' e $e'( " t$e )%!-"ce t! e c%e&te( & 6e'' &* " t$e !t$e% )%!-"ce3 I. & )%!-"ce 6'' e c&%-e( t! .!%/ &"!t$e% )%!-"ce

3 T$e )'e*cte 6'' e $e'( " t$e %e0!" &..ecte(#

1<



3 I. &" &+t!"!/!+* %e0!" 6'' e .!%/e(#

Sect!" 2=# Wt$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" &"( *+@ect t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$*C!"*tt+t!" &"( "&t!"&' '&6*, t$e !%0&"c &ct !. &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* *$&'' )%!-(e .!%'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* !-e%:

& A(/"*t%&t-e !%0&"&t!"

C%e&t!" !. *!+%ce* !. %e-e"+e*c A"ce*t%&' (!/&" &"( "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*( Pe%*!"&', .&/', &"( )%!)e%t %e'&t!"*e Re0!"&' +%&" &"( %+%&' )'&"""0 (e-e'!)/e"t. Ec!"!/c, *!c&', &"( t!+%*/ (e-e'!)/e"t0 E(+c&t!"&' )!'ce*$ P%e*e%-&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e &"( S+c$ !t$e% /&tte%* &* /& e &+t$!%e( '&6 .!% t$e )%!/!t!" !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e !.

t$e )e!)'e !. t$e %e0!"#

3 W$&t * t$e 'e0*'&t-e )!6e% !. &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"*4A 3 Sect!" 2=, A%tc'e X )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:

Sect!" 2=# Wt$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" &"( *+@ect t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$*C!"*tt+t!" &"( "&t!"&' '&6*, t$e !%0&"c &ct !. &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* *$&'' )%!-(e .!%'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* !-e%:

& A(/"*t%&t-e !%0&"&t!" C%e&t!" !. *!+%ce* !. %e-e"+e*

c A"ce*t%&' (!/&" &"( "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*( Pe%*!"&', .&/', &"( )%!)e%t %e'&t!"*e Re0!"&' +%&" &"( %+%&' )'&"""0 (e-e'!)/e"t. Ec!"!/c, *!c&', &"( t!+%*/ (e-e'!)/e"t0 E(+c&t!"&' )!'ce*$ P%e*e%-&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e &"( S+c$ !t$e% /&tte%* &* /& e &+t$!%e( '&6 .!% t$e )%!/!t!" !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e !.

t$e )e!)'e !. t$e %e0!"#>><H<

Sect!" 21# T$e )%e*e%-&t!" !. )e&ce &"( !%(e% 6t$" t$e %e0!"* *$&'' e t$e%e*)!"*'t !. t$e '!c&' )!'ce &0e"ce* 6$c$ *$&'' e !%0&"e(, /&"t&"e(, *+)e%-*e(, &"(+t'e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ &))'c&'e '&6*# T$e (e.e"*e &"( *ec+%t !. t$e %e0!"* *$&'' e t$e%e*)!"*'t !. t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t$%ee )%!'e/* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 214A 3 T$e%e &%e t$%ee ? )%!'e/* /e"t!"e( Sect!" 21, t$+*: 1 P%e*e%-&t!" !. )e&ce &"(

!%(e% 6t$" t$e %e0!"* 2 De.e"*e !. t$e %e0!"* &"( ? Sec+%t !. t$e %e0!"*#

17



3 W$&t * t$e (e'"e&t!" !. %e*)!"*'t !. '!c&' )!'ce &0e"ce* &"( t$e "&t!"&'0!-e%"/e"t4

A 3RESPONSIBILIT OF LOCAL POLICE AGENCIES1# I"te%"&' )e&ce &"( !%(e% 2# O%("&% c%/"&'t

RESPONSIBILIT OF T5E NATIONAL GOVERNMENTT$e (e.e"*e &"( *ec+%t !. t$e %e0!"* *$&'' e t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e "&t!"&'

0!-e%"/e"t#

PART IICORPORATION: ITS NATURE, CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTIONS

3 W$&t * & c!%)!%&t!", &* (e."e( " t$e c!%)!%&t!" '&64A 3 A c!%)!%&t!" * &" &%t.c&' e"0 c%e&te( !)e%&t!" !. '&6, $&-"0 t$e %0$t !.

*+cce**!" &"( t$e )!6e%*, &tt%+te* &"( )%!)e%te* e;)%e**' &+t$!%e( '&6 !% "c(e"tt! t* e;*te"ce# Sect!" 2, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'&"0 <8

3 W$&t * t$e c'&**.c&t!" !. & c!%)!%&t!" &cc!%("0 t! )+%)!*e4A 31# P+'c 3 O%0&"e( .!% t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. & )!%t!" !. t$e St&te#2# P%-&te 3 F!%/e( .!% *!/e )%-&te )+%)!*e, e"e.t &/ !% e"(#?# +&*3)+'c 3 A )%-&te c!%)!%&t!" t$&t %e"(e%* )+'c *e%-ce !% *+))'e* )+'c 6&"t*#>><H7 3 W$e" * & c!%)!%&t!" c!"*(e%e( )+'c4

A 3 I. & c!%)!%&t!" * c%e&te( t$e St&te &* t* !6" &0e"c t! $e') t$e St&te " )e%.!%/"0 !%e;e%c*"0 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*, *&( c!%)!%&t!" * c!"*(e%e( & )+'c c!%)!%&t!"Ot$e%6*e, t * )%-&te#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! "(* !. )+'c c!%)!%&t!"4A 31# +&*3c!%)!%&t!" 3 It * c%e&te( t$e St&te .!% & '/te( )+%)!*e#2# M+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!" 3 It * c%e&te( .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t#

3 W$&t &%e t$e e'e/e"t* !. & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"4

A 3 CODE: TILCOTe%%t!% 3 & .;e( te%%t!% 6$e%e t$e "$&t&"t* %e*(e, 6t$ t$e 6&te%* e;te%"&' &"( "te%"&'

&"( t$e &% *)&ce &!-e t$e '&"( &"( 6&te%*I"$&t&"t* 3 t$e )e!)'e %e*("0 " t$e te%%t!% !. t$e "e6 /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"L3e0&'' c%e&te( !% "c!%)!%&te( 3 t$e '&6 6$c$ &+t$!%e* t$e c%e&t!" !. "c!%)!%&t!" !. t$e

/+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"

18



CO3%)!%&te "&/e 3 t$e "&/e 6$c$ t$e c!%)!%&t!" *$&'' e c&''e(#

3 W$&t * t$e (+&' "&t+%e &"( .+"ct!" !. & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t4

A 3 It * & !( )!'tc &"( & c!%)!%&te e"tt &"( t e;e%c*e* (+&' .+"ct!"*, t$+*:1# P+'c !% 0!-e%"/e"t&' 3 It * &" &0e"t !. t$e St&te .!% t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e te%%t!% &"( t$e

"$&t&"t*#

2# P%-&te !% )%!)%et&% 3 It * &" &0e"t !. t$e c!//+"t .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. &(/"*te%"0 '!c&'&..&%*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e te%%t!%&' &"( )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*4

A 3 A'%e&( &"*6e%e(# See Sect!"* 1 &"( 11, A%tc'e X, 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#Sect!" 1 3 P%!-"ce*, cte*, /+"c)&'te*, &%&"0&*, &+t!"!/!+* %e0!"*#Sect!" 11 3 S)ec&' /et%!)!'t&" )!'tc&' *+(-*!"*#>><H8

BRIEF EXPLANATION OF EAC51# P%!-"ce 3 C!/)!*e( !. & c'+*te% !. /+"c)&'te*, !% /+"c)&'te* &"( c!/)!"e"t cte*# It

$e')* " 0!-e%""0 '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* 6t$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"#2# Ct 3 C!/)!*e( !. /!%e +%&"e( &"( (e-e'!)e( &%&"0&*# It $e')* " 0!-e%""0 t$e

"$&t&"t* 6t$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"#?# M+"c)&'t 3 C!/)!*e( !. &%&"0&*# It $e')* " 0!-e%""0 t$e "$&t&"t* 6t$" t*

@+%*(ct!"## B&%&"0& 3 It * & &*c )!'tc&' +"t# It * & )'&"""0 &"( /)'e/e"t"0 +"t !. 0!-e%"/e"t

)!'ce* &"( )%!0%&/*# It * &'*! " t$e &%&"0& 'e-e' 6$e%e (..e%e"ce* &"( (*)+te* &/!"0%e*(e"t* &%e *ett'e( &/c&'# I. t$e c&*e * "!t *ett'e(, t$e &%&"0&, t$%!+0$ t$e L+)!"

T&0&)&&)&, 6'' **+e & ce%t.c&te t! .'e &ct!"#H# A+t!"!/!+* %e0!"* 3 A'%e&( (*c+**e(#<# S)ec&' /et%!)!'t&" )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* 3 A'%e&( (*c+**e(#

CREATION, DIVISION, MERGER, ABOLITION OF PROVINCES, CITIES,MUNICIPALITIES AND BARANGAS

3 W$&t * t$e %+'e !" t$* /&tte%4A 3 A )%!-"ce, ct, /+"c)&'t, !% &%&"0& /& e 1 c%e&te(, 2 (-(e(, ? /e%0e(,

&!'*$e(, !% H t* !+"(&% c&" e *+*t&"t&'' &'te%e(# 5!6e-e%, t$* )!6e% * *+@ect t!:

& T$e c%te%& e*t&'*$e( " t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e &"( T$e &))%!-&' &/&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte " t$e )!'tc&' +"t* (%ect' &..ecte(#

3 W$&t * t$e %+'e &"( t$e &** t! c%e&te & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t !% t* c!"-e%*!" .%!/ !"e'e-e' t! &"!t$e%4

19



A 3 Sect!" 7# C%e&t!" &"( C!"-e%*!" 3 A* & 0e"e%&' %+'e, t$e c%e&t!" !. & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t+"t !% t* c!"-e%*!" .%!/ !"e 'e-e' t! &"!t$e% 'e-e' *$&'' e &*e( !" -e%.&'e "(c&t!%*!. -&'t &"( )%!@ecte( c&)&ct t! )%!-(e *e%-ce*, t! 6t:

I"c!/e 3 It /+*t e *+..ce"t, &*e( !" &cce)t&'e *t&"(&%(*, t! )%!-(e .!% &'' e**e"t&'0!-e%"/e"t .&c'te* &"( *e%-ce* &"( *)ec&' .+"ct!"* c!//e"*+%&te 6t$ t$e *e !. t*

)!)+'&t!", &* e;)ecte( !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e(P!)+'&t!" 3 It *$&'' e (ete%/"e( &* t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. "$&t&"t* 6t$" t$e te%%t!%&'

@+%*(ct!" !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e( &"(L&"( A%e& 3 It /+*t e c!"t0+!+*, +"'e** t c!/)%*e* t6! 2 !% /!%e *'&"(* !% * *e)&%&te(

& '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t "(e)e"(e"t !. t$e !t$e%* )%!)e%' (e"t.e( /ete* &"( !+"(* 6t$ tec$"c&' (e*c%)t!"* &"( *+..ce"t t! )%!-(e .!% *+c$ &*c *e%-ce* &"(.&c'te* t! /eet t$e %e+%e/e"t !. t* )!)+'&ce#

C!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e .!%e0!"0 "(c&t!%* *$&'' e &tte*te( t! t$e De)&%t/e"t !.F"&"ce DOF, t$e N&t!"&' St&t*tc* O..ce NSO, &"( t$e L&"(* M&"&0e/e"t B+%e&+LMB !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. E"-%!"/e"t &"( N&t+%&' Re*!+%ce* DENR# Sec# 7, L!c&'

G!-e%"/e"t C!(e, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=>><H9 3 W&* t$e c%e&t!" !. Met%!)!'t&" M&"'& -&'(4A 3 I" L!)e -*# C!/e'ec 1?< SCRA <??, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +)$e'( t$e -&'(t !. t$e

c%e&t!" !. Met%!)!'t&" M&"'&# T$e &+t$!%t t$e" !. t$e P%e*(e"t 6&* &+t$!%e( t$e%e.e%e"(+/ $e'( !" Fe%+&% 27, 199H, &"( t$e *&( &+t$!%t "c'+(e* t$e %e*t%+ct+%"0 !.'!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* " t$e cte* &"( 1? /+"c)&'te* !. Met%!)!'t&" M&"'&#

3 W$&t *$!+'( e "c'+(e( " t$e c!/)+t&t!" !. t$e &-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e !. t$e/+"c)&'t .!% )+%)!*e* !. (ete%/""0 6$et$e% t$e /+"c)&'t /& e -&'(' c!"-e%te(

"t! & ct4A 3 T$e I"te%"&' Re-e"+e A''!t/e"t* IRA *$!+'( e "c'+(e( " t$e *&( c!/)+t&t!"#

A'-&%e -*# G+"0!"&, 2H2 SCRA <9H

3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" /)!*e( Re)+'c Act N!# 71<= %e0&%("0 (-*!" &"( /e%0e% !.e;*t"0 '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*4

A 3 Sect!" 8# D-*!" &"( Me%0e% 3 D-*!" &"( /e%0e% !. e;*t"0 '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t**$&'' c!/)' 6t$ t$e *&/e %e+%e/e"t* $e%e" )%e*c%e( .!% t$e% c%e&t!": P%!-(e(,

$!6e-e%, t$&t *+c$ (-*!" *$&'' "!t %e(+ce t$e "c!/e, )!)+'&t!", !% '&"( &%e& !. t$e '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t +"t !% +"t* c!"ce%"e( t! 'e** t$&" t$e /"/+/ %e+%e/e"t* )%e*c%e( " t$*C!(e: P%!-(e(, .+%t$e% t$&t t$e "c!/e c'&**.c&t!" !. t$e !%0"&' '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t!% +"t* *$&'' "!t .&'' e'!6 t* c+%%e"t "c!/e c'&**.c&t!" )%!% t! *+c$ (-*!"#

T$e "c!/e c'&**.c&t!" !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* *$&'' e +)(&te( 6t$" *; </!"t$* .%!/ t$e e..ect-t !. t$* C!(e t! %e.'ect t$e c$&"0e* " t$e% ."&"c&' )!*t!"%e*+'t"0 .%!/ t$e "c%e&*e( %e-e"+e* &* )%!-(e( $e%e"# Sec# 8, L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(eRe)+'c Act N!# 71<=

2=



3 W$e" c&" & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t e &!'*$e(4

A 3 Sect!" 9# A!'t!" !. L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t U"t* 3 A '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t /& e&!'*$e( 6$e" t* "c!/e, )!)+'&t!", !% '&"( &%e& $&* ee" %%e-e%*' %e(+ce( t! 'e**t$&" t$e /"/+/ *t&"(&%(* )%e*c%e( .!% t* c%e&t!" +"(e% B!! III !. t$* C!(e, &*ce%t.e( t$e "&t!"&' &0e"ce* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 7 $e%e!. t! C!"0%e** !% t! t$e

*&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(, &* t$e c&*e /& e#T$e '&6 !% !%("&"ce &!'*$"0 & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t *$&'' *)ec. t$e )%!-"ce, ct,

/+"c)&'t, !% &%&"0& 6t$ 6$c$ t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t *!+0$t t! e &!'*$e( 6'' e"c!%)!%&te( !% /e%0e(# Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=>><<=DE FACTO MUNICIPAL CORPORATION 3 W$e" * & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!" c!"*(e%e( (e.&ct!4A 3 W$e" t )%!cee(* t! &**+/e !% e;e%c*e c!%)!%&te )!6e%* !" t$e &** !. & '&6 &+t$!%"0

t* c!%)!%&t!", t &tte/)t* " 0!!( .&t$ t! !%0&"e +"(e% t$e *&( '&6, &"( t $&* & c!'!%&'e

c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e *&/e#

3 C&" t$e 'e0&' e;*te"ce !. & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!" e +e*t!"e( " & c!''&te%&' )%!cee("04A 3 N!# Be*(e*, t$* &ct!" * %e*e%-e( t! t$e St&te " & +! 6&%%&"t! )%!cee("0, !% " &"

!t$e% (%ect )%!cee("0#

3 W$e" t$e 'e0&' e;*te"ce !. & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!" * c$&''e"0e( /&" e&%* &.te% t 6&*c%e&te(, 6'' t )%!*)e%4

A 3 T$e )&%t /&"0 t$e c$&''e"0e /& e &'%e&( e*t!))e( t! +e*t!" t$e 'e0&' e;*te"ce !. &/+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!", e*)ec&'' . !" &cc!+"t !. -&%!+* &ct* !" t$e )&%t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t

t $&*, " e..ect, &cc!%(e( %ec!0"t!" &"( &c"!6'e(0/e"t t! t* e;*te"ce# I" t$* c&*e, 6$&t/& $&-e *t&%te( &* & (e .&ct! /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!", &c+%e( & (e @+%e *t&t+* " t$e )%!ce**#M+"c)&'t !. /e"e, M*&/* Occ(e"t&' -*# B!%@&, 2<H SCRA 182

PART IIIPOWERS AND ATTRIBUTES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t )!6e%* !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*4

A 3 G!-e%"/e"t&' P!6e%*:

1# G!-e%"/e"t&' )!6e%* 3 P!6e%* e;)%e**' 0%&"te(, /)'e( t$e%e.%!/, "ece**&%, &))%!)%&te!% "c(e"t&' .!% t$e% e..ce"t &"( e..ect-e 0!-e%"&"ce, &"( t$!*e 6$c$ &%e e**e"t&' t! t$e

)%!/!t!" !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e#2# P!6e% t! c%e&te t$e% !6" *!+%ce* !. %e-e"+e t! 'e- t&;e*, .ee* &"( c$&%0e* 6$c$ *$&''

&cc%+e t! t$e% c&*e &"( (*)!*t!" t! $&-e & @+*t *$&%e " t$e "&t!"&' t&;e* t! $&-ee+t&'e *$&%e " t$e )%!cee(* .%!/ t$e +t'&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e "&t!"&' 6e&'t$&"( %e*!+%ce*#

?# P!6e% !. E/"e"t D!/&"#

21



# P!6e% t! &+t$!%e %ec'&**.c&t!" !. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*#H# P!6e% t! c'!*e &"( !)e" %!&(*#<# L!c&' Le0*'&t-e P!6e%#7# A+t$!%t !-e% )!'ce +"t*#8# T! (*c$&%0e .+"ct!"* &"( %e*)!"*'te* !. "&t!"&' &0e"ce* &"( !..ce* (e-!'-e( t! t$e/#>><<1C!%)!%&te P!6e%*:

1# T! *+e &"( e *+e(#2# T! $&-e &"( +*e & c!%)!%&te *e&'#?# T! &c+%e &"( c!"-e %e&' !% )e%*!"&' )%!)e%t## T! e"te% "t! c!"t%&ct*#H# T! $&-e c!"t"+!+* *+cce**!" " t* c!%)!%&te "&/e#<# T! )e%.!%/ &"( e;e%c*e *+c$ !t$e% )!6e%* t$&t &%e 0%&"te( t! & c!%)!%&t!", *+@ect t! t$e

'/t&t!"* )%!-(e( " t$e C!(e &"( !t$e% '&6*#

SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND REUISITES OF T5E FOUR PRINCIPAL POWERS OF

LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS1# Ge"e%&' We'.&%e C'&+*e St&t+t!% 0%&"t !. )!'ce )!6e%2# T&;&t!"?# E/"e"t D!/&"# L!c&' Le0*'&t-e P!6e%

GENERAL WELFARE CLAUSE 3 W$&t * t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e c'&+*e4A 3 It * t$e *t&t+t!% 0%&"t !. )!'ce )!6e% t! '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%* "c'+(e( " t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e c'&+*e4A 3 T$e &%e t$!*e )!6e%* e;)%e**' 0%&"te( t! '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*, "c'+("0 t$!*e 6$c$

&%e /)'e( .%!/ t$!*e e;)%e**' 0%&"te(, &"( "c'+("0 t$!*e 6$c$ &%e "ece**&%&))%!)%&te, !% "c(e"t&' .!% t* e..ce"t 0!-e%"&"ce, &"( t$!*e 6$c$ &%e e**e"t&' t! t$e

)%!/!t!" !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. LGU* +"(e% t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e c'&+*e4

A 3 A/!"0 !t$e%*, LGU* *$&'' e"*+%e &"( *+))!%t:

1# T$e )%e*e%-&t!" &"( e"%c$/e"t !. c+'t+%e2# P%!/!te $e&'t$ &"( *&.et?# E"$&"ce t$e %0$t !. t$e )e!)'e t! & &'&"ce( ec!'!0# E"c!+%&0e &"( *+))!%t t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. &))%!)%&te &"( *e'.3%e'&"t *ce"t.c &"(

tec$"!'!0c&' c&)&'te*H# I/)%!-e )+'c /!%&'*<# E"$&"ce ec!"!/c )%!*)e%t &"( *!c&' @+*tce7# P%!/!te .+'' e/)'!/e"t &/!"0 t$e% %e*(e"t*

22



8# M&"t&" )e&ce &"( !%(e% 9# P%e*e%-e t$e c!/.!%t &"( c!"-e"e"ce !. t$e% "$&t&"t*# Sec# 1<, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=>><<2 3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* !" t$e e;e%c*e !. )!6e%* +"(e% t$e Ge"e%&' We'.&%e C'&+*e4A 3 CODE: EEDCE t! e e;e%c*e( !"' 6t$" t$e te%%t!%&' '/t* !. t$e LGU, e;ce)t .!% )%!tect!" !. 6&te%

*+))'

E e+&' )%!tect!" t! t$e "te%e*t !. t$e )+'c " 0e"e%&'D (+e )%!ce** 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e /e&"* e/)'!e( &%e %e&*!"&' "ece**&% .!% t$e

&cc!/)'*$/e"t !. t$e )+%)!*e &"( "!t (+' !))%e**-e t! "(-(+&'*C c!".!%/t t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t &ct-te* &''!6e( '&6 c&""!t e

)%!$te(# T$e c&" !"' e %e0+'&te(

APPLICATION OF T5E LIMITATIONSDECLARED INVALID:1# M+"c)&' !%("&"ce )%!$t"0 t$e !)e%&t!" !. "0$t c'+*# De '& C%+ -*# P&%&*, 12?

SCRA H<9REASON: It c&" !"' e %e0+'&te(, "!t )%!$te(#

2# C !%("&"ce %e+%"0 !6"e%* !. c!//e%c&' ce/ete%e* t! %e*e%-e < !. t$e% +%&' '!t*.!% +%&' 0%!+"(* !. )&+)e%* C -*# E%ct&, 122 SCRA 7H9REASON: It * &" e;e%c*e !. e/"e"t (!/&", "!t &" e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e%#

?# O)e""0 !. +)te% &"( O%t St%eet* " Be' A% S+(-*!", &* !%(e%e( M&!% B"&, * &-&'( e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e% S&"00&'&"0 -*# IAC, 17< SCRA 719

# O%("&"ce )e"&'"0 )e%*!"* c$&%0"0 .+'' )&/e"t .!% &(/**!" !. c$'(%e", 7 t! 12 e&%*!. &0e, " /!-e $!+*e* * "!t -&'( e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e%# B&'&c+t -*# CFI !. A0+*&"De' N!%te, 1<? SCRA 182

H# A" !%("&"ce 6$c$ /)!*e( & P=#?= )!'ce "*)ect!" .ee )e% *&c !. c&**&-& .'!+% )%!(+ce( &"( *$))e( !+t !. t$e M+"c)&'t !. M&'&&"0, L&"&! (e' S+%, 6&* (ec'&%e("-&'( ec&+*e t * "!t & 'ce"*e .ee +t & t&; 6$c$ * +"@+*t &"( +"%e&*!"&'e ec&+*e t$e*e%-ce e;te"(e( t$e /+"c)&'t * !"' 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e -e%.c&t!" !. t$e "+/e% !.*&c* &ct+&'' '!&(e(# M&t&'" C!c!"+t -*# M+"c)&' C!+"c' !. M&'&&"0, L&"&! De' S+%,1? SCRA =

DECLARED VALID1# M&"'& !%("&"ce )%!$t"0 &%e%*$!)* t! c!"(+ct /&**&0e " &"!t$e% %!!/# Ve'&*c! -*#

V''e0&*, 12= SCRA H<8REASON: T! )%!tect )+'c /!%&'*#

2# I/)!*t!" !. P1==#== &""+&' )e%/t'ce"*e .ee t! (*c!+%&0e "!"3+*e.+' !cc+)&t!"* *-&'(# P$*c&' T$e%&) A**!c&t!" !. t$e P$'))"e* -*# M+"c)&' B!&%( !. M&"'&

?# P+e%t! P%"ce*& !%("&"ce 6$c$ &""e( t$e *$)/e"t !. &'' '-e .*$ &"( '!*te% !+t*(eP+e%t! P%"ce*& Ct .%!/ &"+&% 1, 1997 t! &"+&%, 1998# T&"! -*# S!c%&te*, G#R# N!#11929, A+0+*t 21, 1997

2?



# SP Re*!'+t!" 6$c$ )%!$te( t$e c&tc$"0, 0&t$e%"0, )%!ce**"0, +"0, *e''"0 &"(*$)/e"t !. '-e /&%"e c!%&' (6e''"0 !. &+&tc !%0&"*/* .!% & H e&% )e%!(, c!/"0.%!/ P&'&6&" 6&te%*# I(#

H# K!""0 !%("&"ce 6$c$ %e3c'&**.e( %e*(e"t&' "t! c!//e%c&' !% '0$t "(+*t%&' &%e& * &-&'( e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e%# O%t0&* -*# Fe&t B&", 9, SCRA H??

>><<? 3 W$&t * t$e te*t t! (ete%/"e t$e -&'(t !. )!'ce )!6e%4

A 3 I" !%(e% t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e% * "-&'( %e+%e* t$ec!"c+%%e"ce !. t$e .!''!6"0:

1# T$e *+@ect /&tte% !. t$e '&6 /+*t e '&6.+', 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t )+'c "te%e*t, &*(*t"0+*$e( .%!/ t$!*e !. & )&%tc+'&% "te%e*t, %e+%e* t$e "te%.e%e"ce !. t$e St&te#

2# T$e /e&"* e/)'!e( t! &tt&" t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e '&6 /+*t e %e&*!"&' "ece**&% &"( "!t+"(+' !))%e**-e +)!" "(-(+&'*# NTC -*# P$'))"e Vete%&"* B&", 192 SCRA 2H7

E;&/)'e:

1# A /+"c)&' !%("&"ce )%!-("0, &/!"0 !t$e%*, t$&t c$'(%e" et6ee" 7 &"( 12 e&%* !. &0e*$!+'( !"' e c$&%0e( $&'. t$e -&'+e !. /!-e tcet*# It 6&* $e'( t$&t *&( !%("&"ce *+"(+' !))%e**-e &"( +"%e&*!"&'e# T$e /e&"* e/)'!e( t! &tt&" t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e!%("&"ce * +"%e&*!"&'e, c!".*c&t!% &"( !))%e**-e ec&+*e t$e t$e&te% !6"e%* *+..e% &'!** " %e-e"+e e*(e* e"0 )e"&'e( .!% .&'+%e t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e *&( !%("&"ceB&'&c+t -*# CFI !. A0+*&" De' N!%te, 1<? SCRA 187

>><<2# NTC N&t!"&' Te'ec!//+"c&t!"* C!//**!" 0%&"te( & .%&"c$*e t! E;)%e**

Te'ec!//+"c&t!"*, C!#, I"c# ETCI t! !)e%&te &"( /&"t&" & ce''+'&% /!'e te'e)$!"e*e%-ce &"( )&0"0 **te/ " Met%! M&"'& &"( S!+t$e%" L+!"# NTC 0%&"te( & )%!-*!"&'

&+t$!%t t! ETCI )%!-(e( t$&t ETCI &"( PLDT *$&'' e"te% "t! &" "te%c!""ect!"&0%ee/e"t 6t$ PLDT &"( t$&t *&( &0%ee/e"t *$!+'( e @!"t' *+/tte( t! NTC &))%!-&'#

PLDT c'&/* t$&t NTC $&* "! @+%*(ct!" t! 0%&"t ETCI & ce%t.c&te !. )+'cc!"-e"e"ce &"( "ece**t !% "te%c!""ect!" 6t$ PLDT#

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +)$e'( t$e &+t$!%t !. NTC t! c!/)e' PLDT t! &''!6 ETCI t!"te%c!""ect !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t &'t$!+0$ t$e%e * &" "te%-e"t!" 6t$ )%!)e%t %0$t*, t *"e-e%t$e'e** (ct&te( t$e !@ect-e !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t t! )%!/!te t$e %&)( e;)&"*!" !.te'ec!//+"c&t!" *e%-ce* " t$e P$'))"e* &"( t! /&;/e t$e +*e !. te'ec!//+"c&t!".&c'te*# PLDT -*# NTC, 19= SCRA 717

?# C!'!% c!("0 **te/ &"( *+))'e/e"t&% %+'e* t! /"/e t%&..c !. t$e %("0 )+'c# I* t$*&%t%&% &"( !))%e**-e4 N!, .!''!6"0 t$e (ec*!" " B&+t*t& -*# +"! 127 SCRA ?29#

# L&6 %e+%"0 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&' &"( e/)'!ee* t! .'e &""+&'' & (et&'e( *t&te/e"t !.t$e% &**et* &"( '&'te*# I* t$* &" "-&*!" !. )%-&c4

2



N!# It * @+*t.e( +"(e% t$e )!'ce )!6e% !. t$e St&te t! /"/e 0%&.t &"( c!%%+)t!"&"( /&"t&" & $0$ *t&"(&%( !. $!"e*t " t$e 0!-e%"/e"t *e%-ce# M&%.e -*# M+t+c, 22 SCRA2

H# O%("&"ce c!".""0 )%!*tt+te* 6t$" )%e*c%e( '/t*# I* t$* @+*t.e( +"(e% t$e )!'ce )!6e% !. t$e St&te4 e*, t! )%!tect )+'c $e&'t$ &"( /!%&'* L 5!te' -*# Ne6 O%'e&"*, 177U#S# H87# T$* * (..e%e"t .%!/ t$e c&*e !. V''&-ce"c! -*# L+c&" 6$e%e t$e M&!% !.

M&"'& *$))e( )%!*tt+te* t! D&-&! t! c'e&" t$e Ct !. M&"'&# I" t$* c&*e, t$e S+)%e/eC!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e%e * & -!'&t!" !. 'e%t !. t%&-e' &"( &!(e#

>><<HOT5ER CASES W5EN POLICE POWER WAS CONSIDERED AS VALIDL EXERCISED1# L&6 )%!$t"0 *'&+0$te% !. 6!% &"/&'* 'e c&%&&!*# REASON: T! )%e*e%-e c&%&&!*

6$c$ &%e c!"*(e%e( &* t%&ct!%* !. F')"! .&%/e%*# U#S# -*# T!"!, 1H P$'# 8H2# L&6 .;"0 .ee* !. %ec%+t/e"t &0e"ce*# REASON: T$e +*"e** * /)%e**e( 6t$ )+'c

"te%e*t# O'*e" -*# St&te !. Ne%&*&, ?1? U#S# 2?<?# O%("&"ce )%!$t"0 t$e&te%* t! *e'' tcet* e!"( t$e% *tt"0 c&)&ct# REASON: T!

)%!/!te c!"-e"e"ce, c!/.!%t &"( *&.et !. t$e -e6"0 )+'c +"(e% t$e )!'ce )!6e%Pe!)'e -*# C$&", <H P$'# <11

# DOLES !%(e% t! *+*)e"( te/)!%&%' (e)'!/e"t !. F')"! (!/e*tc 6!%e%* t! & ce%t&"c!+"t%# REASON: T! "*+%e t$&t !+% !-e%*e&* 6!%e%* &%e &(e+&te' )%!tecte( 6$'e &6&.%!/ $!/e# P$'# A**!c&t!" !. Se%-ce E;)!%te%*, I"c# -*# D%'!", 1<? SCRA ?8<

H# L&6 "+%"0 c!/)+'*!% -&cc"&t!" !. )e!)'e &0&"*t */&'' )!;, c$!'e%&, &"( *te%'&t!"!. "*&"e &"( (!t*# REASON: T$e )+%)!*e !. t$e '&6 * t! )%!tect &"( e"*+%e t$e $e&'t$ !.t$e )e!)'e# Pe!)'e -*# A&( L!)e, <2 P$'# 8?H

<# C!"."e/e"t !. 'e)e%*# REASON: Le)%!* * &" ".ect!+* (*e&*e &"( t$e% e;c'+*!" .%!/*!cet 6'' )%e-e"t t$e *)%e&( !. (*e&*e# L!%e"! -*# D%ect!% !. 5e&'t$, H= P$'# H9H

FROM T5E AFOREMENTIONED SUPREME COURT DECISIONS, 5ERE IS ASUMMAR OF T5E IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

1# T$e te*t t! (ete%/"e t$e -&'(t !. & )!'ce /e&*+%e * &* .!''!6*:&# T$e *+@ect !. t$e )!'ce /e&*+%e " **+e /+*t e 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e )!'ce )!6e%#

# E-e" . t$e *&( )!'ce /e&*+%e * 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. )!'ce )!6e%, t$e /e&"* e/)'!e( t!&tt&" t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e '&6 /+*t e %e&*!"&' "ece**&% &"( "!t +"(+' !))%e**-e +)!""(-(+&'*#

2# I. t$e &!-e e;*t !% &%e c!/)'e( 6t$, t$e e"@!/e"t !. )%-&te %0$t*, !% t$e c!"(+ct !. )%-&te &..&%* !% &ct-te*, /& e *+!%("&te( t! t$e "te%e*t !. t$e 0%e&te% "+/e% !" t$et/e $!"!%e( )%"c)'e !. S&'+* P!)+' E*t S+)%e/& Le;#

?# P!'ce )!6e% * %e*!%te( t! " !%(e% t! )%!tect )+'c 6e'.&%e## P+'c 6e'.&%e * )%!tecte( &"( )%!/!te( %e*t%&""0 &"( %e0+'&t"0 t$e +*e !. 'e%t &"(

)%!)e%t#>><<<

2H



3 I. t$e St&te, t$%!+0$ )!'ce )!6e%, c&" "te%.e%e &"( "-&(e )%-&te &..&%* &"( &ct-te*,6$&t &%e t$e %e/&""0 &%e&* !. $+/&" &ct-t t$&t &%e "!t 6t$" t$e %e&c$ !. )!'ce )!6e%4

A 3 &# A )e%*!" * *t'' .%ee t! c$!!*e t$e %e'0!" $e 'e* +t . t$e %e'0!" $e c$!!*e* c!"(+ct*& %t+&' !% &ct-t t$&t * c!"t%&% t! '&6, /!%&'* &"( )+'c )!'c, t$e St&te c&" "te%.e%e6t$ &"( &%%e*t t$!*e 6$! &%e "-!'-e( " *+c$ ''e0&' &ct-t#

# A )e%*!" /& !% /& "!t 6!% &* $e c$!!*e* +t . $e 6!%* t! c&%% !+t &" ''e0&'

%ec%+t/e"t, *&'e !% (*)!*t!" !. )%!$te( (%+0*, !% !t$e% ''e0&' &ct-te*, t$e St&te c&"&'*! "te%.e%e 6t$ &"( /&e $/ '&'e &cc!%("0 t! $* )&%tc)&t!"#

c# A )e%*!" * .%ee t! c$!!*e $* &tt%e, !% t$e c!'!% !. $* *%t*, )&"t*, '!+*e !% +"(e%6e&%, &"(+) t! t$&t )!"t, t$e St&te 6'' "!t "te%.e%e, +t . & 6!/&", .!% "*t&"ce 6'' c$!!*e t! 6&'&'!"0 R!;&* B!+'e-&%( !"' 6t$ & )&"t c!-e%"0 $e% !(, t$e St&te c&" t&e &))%!)%&te&ct!" t! *t!) $e% .%!/ (!"0 *! t! &-!( )+'c *c&"(&'#

(# A )e%*!" /& c!"*t%+ct & %e*(e"t&' *t%+ct+%e " $* '!t &"( t$e St&te 6'' "!t "te%.e%e . *+c$$!+*e * 0 !% */&'', +t t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c&" %e+%e $/ t! *+/t &c!%%e*)!"("0 +'("0 )e%/t t! "*+%e c!/)'&"ce 6t$ e"0"ee%"0 %e+%e/e"t* &"( !t$e%

*)ec.c&t!"*#e# A )e%*!" /& &c+%e & $!+*e &"( '!t " & *+(-*!" !. $* c$!ce +t $e c&""!t +*e t &* $*

&*e !. !)e%&t!" .!% )%!$te( (%+0*#.# A )e%*!" * .%ee t! *"0 " $* )%-&te &t$%!!/ &"( t$e St&te * "!t c!"ce%"e( &t &'' . $e *"0*

6e'' !% "!t, +t . $e *"0* &t t$e t!) !. $* -!ce &t 1:== !c'!c &#/#, " t$e *&'& !. & !&%("0 $!+*e t$e%e !t$e%"0 t$e )e&ce &"( *'e"ce !. $* !&%(/&te*, $e *+@ect*$/*e'. t! c%/"&' &"( c-' *&"ct!"*#

0# A )e%*!" 6$! !6"* *e-e%&' c&%* * .%ee t! +*e &" !. $* c&%* +t $e c&""!t c$!!*e t! (%-e &c&% &"( +*e t t! &"( .%!/ $* !..ce . t$e *&( c&% c&""!t e +*e( !" & )&%tc+'&% (& &"(t/e ec&+*e !. c!'!% c!("0#

$# A )e%*!" * .%ee t! (ec!%&te $* e(%!!/ !% *&'& t$e 6& $e 'e*, .'' t 6t$ )ct+%e* &"(.'!6e%* &* $e c$!!*e*, &"( t$e St&te * "!t c!"ce%"e( &t &'' . t$e *&/e * e&+t.+' !% "!t, +t. $e +*e* $* e(%!!/ &* t$e )'&ce t! *t!%e )%!$te( (%+0*, t$e St&te c&" "te%.e%e, t$%!+0$&))%!)%&te &ct!", t! )%!tect ""!ce"t /e" &"( 6!/e" !. te"(e% &0e#

# R!(/&", t$e .&/!+* &*et&'' )'&e% !. C$c&0! B+''*, $&( $* $&% c!'!%e( 6t$ 0%ee" )", 0!'(, etc#, &"( t$e St&te (( "!t e-e" "te%.e%e &t &'' 6t$ $* c$!ce*, +t . $e+"'&6.+'' $+%t* $* &(-e%*&%e* "*(e t$e &*et&'' c!+%t, t$e St&te c&" "te%.e%e 6t$ &"(

)+"*$ $/ &cc!%("0'#

T$e%e 6'' *t'' e & '!"0 '*t !. &ct* t$&t /& !% /& "!t e (!"e )%-&te "(-(+&'*#I" &" &"( &'' !. t$e *&( c&*e*, t$e "te%.e%e"ce !. t$e St&te, !% t$e -&'(t !. t$e *&("te%.e%e"ce, 6'' (e)e"( !" t$e c%c+/*t&"ce* !. e&c$ )&%tc+'&% c&*e, +*"0 t$e .!''!6"0 te*t*:>><<71# T$e *+@ect /&tte% !. t$e '&6 /+*t e '&6.+' 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t )+'c "te%e*t, &*

(*t"0+*$e( .%!/ t$!*e !. & )&%tc+'&% "te%e*t, %e+%e t$e "te%.e%e"ce !. t$e St&te2# T$e /e&"* e/)'!e( t! &tt&" t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e '&6 /+*t e %e&*!"&' "ece**&% &"( "!t

+"(+' !))%e**-e +)!" "(-(+&'*#

2<



Wt$!+t c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e &!-e c%te%&, t$e )!6e% !. t$e St&te t! "te%.e%e " t$e )%-&te +*"e** !% &..&%* !. &" "(-(+&', /& 'e' %e*!%t t! &+*e, &"( $e"ce, t$* 6'' %e*+'tt! +"'&6.+' &"( +"6&%%&"te( "t%+*!" "t! "(-(+&' )%!)e%t &"( )%!)e%t %0$t*#

POLICE POWER OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITSW$'e t$e e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e% * )%"c)&'' '!(0e( " t$e 'e0*'&t+%e, t$e P%e*(e"t

&"( '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* /& e;e%c*e *+c$ )!6e%# I" .&ct, t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e !.1991 e;)'ct' 0%&"t* t! t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* t$e )!6e% t! e"&ct '&6* t$&t 6'' )%!/!tet$e 6e'.&%e !. t$e )e!)'e# CASES:

1# A" !%("&"ce !. t$e Ct !. M&"'& )%!$t* &" !)e%&t!% !. &" &%e%*$!) t! c!"(+ct t$e +*"e** !. /&**&0"0 c+*t!/e%* " &" &(@&ce"t %!!/ !% %!!/* !. *&( &%e%*$!)# I* t$*!%("&"ce -&'(4

T$e !%("&"ce * -&'(# REASON: T! &%%e*t t$e c!//**!" !. )!**'e //!%&'t t$&t/& &%*e . & *e)&%&te %!!/ .!% t$e /&**&0e !. c+*t!/e%* * c!"*t%+cte(# Ve'&*c! -*# V''e0&*

12= SCRA H<8

2# 5!6 &!+t &" !%("&"ce 6$c$ )%!$t* t$e e*t&'*$/e"t &"( !)e%&t!" !. *&+"& )&%'!%*"0$tc'+*, c&&%et*# I* t$* -&'(4

T$e !%("&"ce * -&'(# U"(e% Sect!" H8VII !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e ec&+*e Ct C!+"c'* /& "!6 )%!$t ce%t&" .!%/* !. &/+*e/e"t !% e"te%t&"/e"t " !%(e%t! )%!tect t$e *!c&' &"( /!%&' 6e'.&%e !. t$e c!//+"t#

NEW CASES1# C&%e%& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 78<7?, M&%c$ 18, 1991

2# M&0t&@&* -*# P%ce P%!)e%te*, G#R# N!# 111=97, +' 2=, 199?# L/, etc# -*# +(0e P&c+"0, etc#, et &'#, G#R# N!# 11H=, &"+&% 27, 199H G+"0!"&, %#

et &'# -*# +(0e Ree*, et &'#, G#R# N!# 1172<?, &"+&% 2?, 1998>><<8SUMMAR OF DECISIONS1# C&%e%& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'* 3 W$&te-e% &%e t$e (&/&0e* &"( "c!"-e"e"ce* *+..e%e(

C&%e%& &* & %e*+'t !. t$e "e6 %!&( * "*0".c&"t c!/)&%e( t! t$e 0%e&te% c!"-e"e"ce(e%-e( .%!/ t$e *&( %!&(, )'+* t$e .&ct t$&t t$e "e6 %!&( &((* e&+t &"( c!'!% "!t !"' t!t$e t!6" +t &'*! t! t$e 6$!'e )%!-"ce#

2# M&0t&@&* -*# P%ce P%!)e%te* 3 It * & $e%e* t! *+00e*t t$&t t$e LGU* c&" +"(! t$e &ct* !.C!"0%e**, .%!/ 6$c$ t$e $&-e (e%-e( t$e% )!6e%, &"( "e0&te /e%e !%("&"ce t$e/&"(&te !. t$e *t&t+te# I" t$e e;e%c*e !. t* !6" (*c%et!", t$e 'e0*'&t+%e )!6e% /&

)%!$t 0&/'"0 &'t!0et$e% !% &''!6 t 6t$!+t '/t&t!" !% t /& )%!$t *!/e .!%/* !.0&/'"0 &"( &''!6 !t$e% .!% 6$&te-e% %e&*!" t /& c!"*(e% *+..ce"t# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t$&* "! &+t$!%t t! %e-e6, /+c$ 'e** %e-e%*e *+c$ c$!ce*#

?# L/ -*# P&c+"0 3 C!"0%e** (( "!t (e'e0&te t! t$e Ct !. M&"'& t$e )!6e% t! .%&"c$*e6&0e%* !% ett"0, "c'+("0 &3&'&, +t %et&"e( .!% t*e'. *+c$ )!6e% t! .%&"c$*e# W$&t

27



C!"0%e** (e'e0&te( t! t$e Ct !. M&"'& +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# =9, 6t$ %e*)ect t!6&0e%* !% ett"0, 6&* t$e )!6e% t! 'ce"*e, )e%/t, !% %e0+'&te# T$* /e&"* t$&t & 'ce"*e!% )e%/t **+e( t$e Ct !. M&"'&, 6!+'( "!t &/!+"t t! *!/et$"0 /e&""0.+'UNLESS T5E 5OLDER OF T5E PERMIT OR LICENSE WAS ALSO FRANC5ISEDB T5E NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO SO OPERATE#

POWER TO TAX AND REVENUE3RAISING POWERS OF LGU

3 W$&t &%e t$e .+"(&/e"t&' )%"c)'e* t$&t *$!+'( e !*e%-e( %e0&%("0 t$e e;e%c*e !. *&( )!6e%*4

A 3 CODE: U3E3P3C3CU3".!%/ t&;&t!" 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t&;&t!" *$&'' e +".!%/ " e&c$ LGUE+t&'e t&;&t!" 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t&;e*, .ee*, c$&%0e* &"( !t$e% /)!*t!"* *$&'' e

e+t&'e &"( &*e( &* .&% &* )%&ctc&'e !" t$e t&;)&e%* &'t t! )&P3%!0%e**-e **te/ !. t&;&t!" e&c$ LGU *$&'' e-!'-e & )%!0%e**-e **te/ !. t&;&t!" &* .&%

&* )%&ctc&'e

C3!''ecte( !"' .!% )+'c )+%)!*e* &"( *$&'' "*+%e *!'e' t! t$e LGU +"'e** *)ec.c&'' )%!-(e( '&6

C3!''ect!" !. '!c&' t&;e*, .ee*, c$&%0e* &"( !t$e% /)!*t!"* *$&'' " "! c&*e e 'et t! &" )e%*!" Sect!" 1?=, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=

3 C&" LGU* t&; "*t%+/e"t&'te* !. t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t4A 3 N! B&*c! -*# P&0c!% 197 SCRA H2# C!"0%e** c&" 0%&"t & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!" t$e

)!6e% t! t&; ce%t&" /&tte%*, &"( t c&" &'*! )%!-(e .!% e;e/)t!"* !% e-e" t&e &c t$e )!6e%#

>><<9

3 U"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <9H8, t$e M&ct&" Ce+ I"te%"&t!"&' A%)!%t MCIAA * e;e/)t.%!/ t$e )&/e"t !. %e&'t t&;e* /)!*e( t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t !% &" !. t* )!'tc&'*+(-*!"*# D!e* t$e Ct !. Ce+ $&-e t$e )!6e% t! c!''ect %e&' )%!)e%t t&;e* .%!/MCIAA4

A 3 e* MCIAA -*# M&%c!*, G#R# N!# 12==82, Se)te/e% 11, 199< REASON: T$ee;e/)t!" /& e 6t$(%&6" &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e t&;"0 &+t$!%t#

3 I* t$e *&( %+'e &*!'+te4A 3 N!# A't$!+0$ t$e e;e/)t!" /& e 6t$(%&6" &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e t&;"0 &+t$!%t,

"e-e%t$e'e**, . t$e e;e/)t!" 6&* 0%&"te( t! )%-&te )&%te* &*e( !" /+t+&' &"( /&te%&'c!"*(e%&t!"*, t ec!/e* c!"t%&ct+&' 6$c$ * 6t$" t$e )%!tect-e /&"t'e !. t$e "!"3/)&%/e"t c'&+*e# I(#

MACTAN CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUT5ORIT VS# MARCOS, ETAL#G#R# NO# 12==82, SEPTEMBER 11, 199<

FACTS:

28



M&ct&" Ce+ I"te%"&t!"&' A%)!%t A+t$!%t MCIAA 6&* c%e&te( -%t+e !.Re)+'c Act N!# <9H8, /&"(&te( t! )%"c)&'' +"(e%t&e t$e ec!"!/c&', e..ce"t &"(e..ect-e c!"t%!', /&"&0e/e"t &"( *+)e%-*!" !. t$e M&ct&" I"te%"&t!"&' A%)!%t " t$eP%!-"ce !. Ce+ &"( t$e L&$+0 A%)!%t " Ce+ Ct, &"( *+c$ !t$e% e..!%t* &* /& ee*t&'*$e( " t$e P%!-"ce !. Ce+#

O" Oct!e% 11, 199, t$e T%e&*+%e% !. Ce+ Ct (e/&"(e( )&/e"t .!% %e&'t t&;e* !"*e-e%&' )&%ce'* !. '&"( e'!"0"0 t! t$e )ett!"e% '!c&te( &t B&%%! A)&* &"( B&%%!

J&*&/&0&", L&$+0, Ce+ Ct, " t$e t!t&' &/!+"t !. P2,229,=78#79#Pett!"e% c'&/* t$&t t$e (e/&"( .!% )&/e"t * &*e'e** &"( +"@+*t.e( &* t * e;e/)t

.%!/ )&/e"t !. %e&'t t&; +"(e% Sect!" 1 !. R#A# N!# <9H8# Be*(e*, t * &" "*t%+/e"t&'t!. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t )e%.!%/"0 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*, ct"0 Sect!" 1?? !. t$e L!c&'G!-e%"/e"t C!(e !. 1991, 6$c$ )+t* '/t&t!"* !" t$e t&;"0 )!6e%* !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t+"t*#

Re*)!"(e"t ct c'&/* !t$e%6*e &"( "**t* t$&t t$e )ett!"e% * & 0!-e%"/e"t3c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!" 6$!*e t&; e;e/)t!" $&* ee" 6t$(%&6" -%t+e !. Sect!"* 19? &"(2? !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e t$&t t!! e..ect !" &"+&% 1, 1992#

Pett!"e%* )&( t$e t&; +"(e% )%!te*t, &"( t$e%e&.te%, .'e( & Pett!" .!% Dec'&%&t!%Re'e. " t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !. Ce+# T$e *&( )ett!" 6&* (e"e(#>><7=ISSUE:

Pett!"e% &**e%t*: 1 t$&t &'t$!+0$ t * & 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!", t* /&"(&te( t! )e%.!%/ .+"ct!"* " t$e *&/e c&te0!% &* &" "*t%+/e"t&'t !. G!-e%"/e"t&"( 2 t$&t e"0 &" "*t%+/e"t&'t !. t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t, t$e Ct !. Ce+ $&* "!

)!6e% "!% &+t$!%t t! /)!*e %e&'t t&;e* +"(e% Sect!" 1?? !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e#

5ELD:

T$e%e c&" e "! +e*t!" t$&t +"(e% Sect!" 1 !. R#A# N!# <9H8, t$e )ett!"e% * e;e/)t.%!/ t$e )&/e"t !. %e&'t t&;e* /)!*e( t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t !% &" !. t* )!'tc&'*+(-*!"*, &0e"ce* &"( "*t%+/e"t&'te*# Ne-e%t$e'e**, *"ce t&;&t!" * t$e %+'e &"(e;e/)t!" t$e%e.%!/ t$e e;ce)t!", t$e e;e/)t!" /& t$+* e 6t$(%&6" &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$et&;"0 &+t$!%t# T$e !"' e;ce)t!" t! t$* %+'e * 6$e%e e;e/)t!" 6&* 0%&"te( t! )%-&te

)&%te* &*e( !" /&te%&' c!"*(e%&t!" !. & /+t+&' "&t+%e, 6$c$ t$e" ec!/e* c!"t%&ct+&' &"(* t$+* c!-e%e( t$e "!"3/)&%/e"t c'&+*e !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

T$e )ett!"e% * "!6 t$e !6"e% !. t$e '&"( " +e*t!" &"( t$e e;ce)t!" " Sect!"2?c !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e * "!t &))'c&'e# It c&""!t c'&/ t$&t t 6&* "e-e% &

t&;&'e )e%*!"# It 6&* !"' e;e/)te( .%!/ t$e )&/e"t !. %e&' )%!)e%t t&;e*# T$e 0%&"t !.t$e )%-'e0e !"' " %e*)ect !. t$* t&; * c!"c'+*-e )%!!. !. t$e 'e0*'&t-e "te"t t! /&e t &t&;&'e )e%*!" *+@ect t! &'' t&;e* e;ce)t %e&' )%!)e%t t&;#

FINANCIAL AFFAIRS, TRANSACTIONS AND OPERATIONS OF LGUS 3 W$&t &%e t$e &*c )%"c)'e* t! e !*e%-e( %e0&%("0 ."&"c&' t%&"*&ct!"* &"( !)e%&t!"*

!. LGU*4

29



A 3 BEFORE MONE IS PAID, SPENT1# N! /!"e *$&'' e )&( !+t !. t$e '!c&' t%e&*+% e;ce)t " )+%*+&"ce !. &" &))%!)%&t!"

!%("&"ce !% '&6#2# L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t .+"(* &"( /!"e* *$&'' e *)e"t *!'e' .!% )+'c )+%)!*e*#?# T%+*t .+"(* " t$e '!c&' t%e&*+% *$&'' "!t e )&( !+t e;ce)t " .+'.''/e"t !. t$e )+%)!*e .!%

6$c$ t$e t%+*t 6&* c%e&te( !% t$e .+"(* %ece-e(# Sec# ?=H, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=>><71

ACCOUNTABILIT AND RESPONSIBILIT1# A'' /!"e* !..c&'' %ece-e( & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce% " &" c&)&ct !% " &"

!cc&*!" *$&'' e &cc!+"te( .!% &* '!c&' .+"(*, +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6#2# E-e% LGU !..ce% 6$!*e (+te* )e%/t !% %e+%e c+*t!( !. '!c&' .+"(* *$&'' e )%!)e%'

!"(e(, &"( *&( !..ce% *$&'' e &cc!+"t&'e &"( %e*)!"*'e .!% *&( .+"(* &"( .!% t$e*&.eee)"0 t$e%e!.# I(#

BUDGETING1# L!c&' +(0et* *$&'' e &*e( !" .+"ct!"*, &ct-te* &"( )%!@ect*, " te%/* !. e;)ecte(

%e*+'t*#2# L!c&' +(0et* )'&"* &"( 0!&'* *$&'', &* .&% &* )%&ctc&'e, e $&%/!"e( 6t$ "&t!"&'

(e-e'!)/e"t )'&"*, 0!&'* &"( *t%&te0e* " !%(e% t! !)t/e t$e +t'&t!" !. %e*!+%ce* &"(t! &-!( (+)'c&t!" " t$e +*e !. .*c&' &"( )$*c&' %e*!+%ce*#

?# L!c&' +(0et* *$&'' !)e%&t!"&'e &))%!-e( '!c&' (e-e'!)/e"t )'&"*## LGU* *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t t$e% %e*)ect-e +(0et* "c!%)!%&te t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. t$e%

c!/)!"e"t +"t* &"( )%!-(e .!% e+t&'e &''!c&t!" !. %e*!+%ce* &/!"0 t$e*e c!/)!"e"t+"t*#

H# N&t!"&' )'&"""0 *$&'' e &*e( !" '!c&' )'&"""0 t! e"*+%e t$&t t$e "ee(* &"( &*)%&t!"* !.t$e )e!)'e &* &%tc+'&te( t$e LGU* " t$e% %e*)ect-e '!c&' (e-e'!)/e"t )'&"* &%e

c!"*(e%e( " t$e .!%/+'&t!" !. +(0et* !. "&t!"&' '"e &0e"ce* !% !..ce*#<# T$e LGU *$&'' e"(e&-!% & &'&"ce( +(0et " e&c$ .*c&' e&% !. !)e%&t!"# I(#

S5ARING OF FISCAL RESPONSIBILIT1# It *$&'' e *$&%e( &'' t$!*e e;e%c*"0 &+t$!%t !-e% t$e ."&"c&' &..&%*, t%&"*&ct!"* &"(

!)e%&t!"* !. t$e LGU*# I(#

EMINENT DOMAIN 3 C&" LGU* e;e%c*e t$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t (!/&"4

A 3 L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* $&-e "! "$e%e"t )!6e% t! e;e%c*e e/"e"t (!/&"# It /+*t ee;)'ct' (e'e0&te( &*, " .&ct, t * *! )%!-(e( Sect!" 19 !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"tC!(e !. 1991, t$+*:

Sect!" 19# E/"e"t (!/&"# A '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t /&, t$%!+0$ t* c$e. e;ec+t-e&"( &ct"0 )+%*+&"t t! &" !%("&"ce, e;e%c*e t$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t (!/&" .!% )+'c +*e, !%

)+%)!*e, !% 6e'.&%e .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e )!!% &"( t$e '&"('e**, +)!" )&/e"t !. @+*tc!/)e"*&t!", )+%*+&"t t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( )e%t"e"t '&6*# ;;;

?=



>><72 3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* !" t$e e;e%c*e !. *&( )!6e% +"(e% Sect!" 19 !. t$e L!c&'

G!-e%"/e"t C!(e Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=4A 3 T$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t (!/&" /& "!t e e;e%c*e( +"'e** & -&'( &"( (e."te !..e% $&*

ee" )%e-!+*' /&(e t! t$e !6"e% &"( *+c$ !..e% 6&* "!t &cce)te(# I(#

3 C&" t$e LGU //e(&te' t&e )!**e**!" !. t$e )%!)e%t *+@ect !. e/"e"t (!/&"4

A 3 e*, +)!" /&"0 & (e)!*t 6t$ t$e )%!)e% c!+%t !. &t 'e&*t 1H !. t$e .&% /&%et -&'+e !.t$e )%!)e%t &*e( !" t$e c+%%e"t t&; (ec'&%&t!" !. t$e )%!)e%t t! e e;)%!)%&te(# I(#

3 W$! (ete%/"e* t$e &/!+"t t! e )&( .!% t$e e;)%!)%&te( )%!)e%t4A 3 T$e )%!)e% c!+%t, &*e( !" t$e .&% /&%et -&'+e &t t$e t/e !. t$e t&"0 !. t$e )%!)e%t#

I(#

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" t$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t (!/&", &* e;e%c*e( C!"0%e**, &"(t$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t (!/&", &* e;e%c*e( LGU*4

A 3 T$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t (!/&", *! e;e%c*e( C!"0%e**, * )'e"&%# It c&" %e&c$ e-e% .!%/!. )%!)e%t 6$c$ /& e "ee(e( t$e St&te .!% )+'c +*e# I" .&ct, t c&" %e&c$ e-e"

)%-&te )%!)e%t &'%e&( (e(c&te( t! )+'c +*e, !% e-e" )%!)e%t &'%e&( (e-!te( t!%e'0!+* 6!%*$) B&%'" -*# R&/%e, 7 P$'# 1# O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, t$e )!6e% !. e/"e"t(!/&" &* e;e%c*e( L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t U"t* * "!t, *t%ct' *)e&"0, & )!6e% !.e/"e"t (!/&" +t /e%e' & )!6e% !. ".e%!% (!/&" 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t+"t* c&" !"' e;e%c*e *+c$ )!6e% 6$c$ * (e'e0&te( t! t#

3 C&" & '&"( e e;)%!)%&te( t$e M+"c)&'t !. P&%&&+e !" t$e &** !. & %e*!'+t!" )&**e( t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&&"4

A 3 W$&t * %e+%e( '&6 * &" !%("&"ce, "!t & %e*!'+t!"# T$e %e+%e/e"t t$e%e.!%e !.Sect!" 19 !. t$e LGC 6&* "!t c!/)'e( 6t$ M+"c)&'t !. P&%&&+e -*# V#M# Re&'tC!%)!%&t!", 292 SCRA <7<

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" & %e*!'+t!" &"( &" !%("&"ce4A 3O%("&"ce:1 It * & '&6#2# A" !%("&"ce $&* t! +"(e%0! t$%ee %e&("0* e.!%e t * ."&'' &))%!-e( "t! '&6

Re*!'+t!":1# It * /e%e' &" e;)%e**!" !. & *e"t/e"t !% !)"!" !. & '&63/&"0 !( !" & *)ec.c

/&tte%#2# T$* * "!t %e+%e( +"'e** (ec(e( !t$e%6*e & /&@!%t !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e

S&"00+"&"0 B&&"#>><7?CLOSURE AND OPENING OF ROADS

?1



3 W$&t * t$e )!6e% !. LGU* %e0&%("0 c'!*+%e &"( !)e""0 !. %!&(*, &''e, )&% !% *+&%e6t$" t* @+%*(ct!"4

A 3 T$e /&, )+%*+&"t t! &" !%("&"ce, c'!*e !% !)e" t$e *&/e, )e%/&"e"t' !% te/)!%&%'#Sect!" 21, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=

3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+%e/e"t* " c&*e !. )e%/&"e"t c'!*+%e4A 3

1# S&( !%("&"ce /+*t e &))%!-e( &t 'e&*t 2? !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e S&"00+"&", &"(6$e" "ece**&%, t *$&'' )%!-(e &" &(e+&te *+*tt+te#

2# A(e+&te )%!-*!" .!% t$e /&"te"&"ce !. )+'c *&.et /+*t e /&(e#?# T$e )%!)e%t /& e +*e( !% c!"-ee( .!% &" )+%)!*e .!% 6$c$ !t$e% %e&' )%!)e%t /& e

'&6.+'' +*e( !% c!"-ee(, +t "! .%ee(!/ )&% *$&'' e c'!*e( )e%/&"e"t' 6t$!+t )%!-*!" .!% t* t%&"*.e% !% %e'!c&t!" t! & "e6 *te#

3 W$e" c&" t$e *&/e e te/)!%&%' c'!*e(4A 3 D+%"0 &" &ct+&' e/e%0e"c, .e*t& ce'e%&t!"*, )+'c %&''e*, etc#

3 C&" t$e Ct M&!% !. M&"'&, $/*e'., 6t$(%&6 P&(%e R&(& &* & )+'c /&%et4A 3 T$e *&/e c&" !"' e /&(e )!**'e @!"t &ct!" !. t$e S&"00+"&" &"( t$e M&!%

C%+ -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 1H? SCRA 12

3 C&" & )e%*!" 6$! &''e0e(' *+..e%e( (&/&0e &"( "c!"-e"e"ce* !" &cc!+"t !. & *t%eet6$c$ 6&* !%(e%e( c'!*e(, %ec!-e% c!/)e"*&t!" .!% t$e *&( c'!*+%e4

A 3 N!# REASON: 1 5e $&* *t'' & %e&*!"&'e &cce** t! t$e 0e"e%&' **te/ !. t$e *t%eet* 2W$&te-e% &%e t$e (&/&0e* &"( "c!"-e"e"ce* *+..e%e( C&%e%& &* & %e*+'t !. t$e "e6%!&( * "*0".c&"t c!/)&%e( t! t$e 0%e&te% c!"-e"e"ce (e%-e( .%!/ t$e *&( %!&(, )'+*

t$e .&ct t$&t t$e "e6 %!&( &((* e&+t &"( c!'!% "!t !"' t! t$e t!6" +t &'*! t! t$e 6$!'e )%!-"ce# C&%e%& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 78<7?, M&%c$ 18, 1991

RE3CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS 3 W$&t * t$e 0+(e !" t$e )%"c)&' c'&**.c&t!"* !. '&"(4A 3

PRIMARAG3FO3TI3MI3NA

AG3%c+'t+%&'FO3%e*tTI3/e% MI3"e%&' NA3t!"&' )&%*

SECONDARRE3CO3INRE3*(e"t&'

?2



CO3//e%c&'IN3(+*t%&'>><7 3 W$&t * t$e (*t"ct!" et6ee" )%/&% c'&**.c&t!" &"( *ec!"(&% c'&**.c&t!"4A 3

PRIMAR

T$e %e*)!"*'t !-e% )%/&% c'&**.c&t!" !. '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" * -e*te( "t$e P%e*(e"t +)!" t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e DENR# CA 11 19?<, Sect!" < EO 1921987

T$e *&( )!6e% &"( %e*)!"*'t * t$e *!'e )%e%!0&t-e !. t$e P%e*(e"t#

SECONDART$e &+t$!%t t! %ec'&**. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* "t! RECOIN %e*(e"t&', c!//e%c&',

"(+*t%&' * -e*te( " LGU* cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*# Re)+'c Act 71<= 1991, Sect!"2=

3 A%e &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* %ec'&**.e( LGU* "t! .!%e*t c!"*e%-&t!" !"e* c!"-e%te( "t!.!%e*t '&"(*4

A 3 T$e &%e "!t c!"-e%te( "t! .!%e*t '&"(* &* t! e e;e/)te( .%!/ CARP# T$e %e&*!" .!% t$** ec&+*e LGU* $&-e "! &+t$!%t !% )!6e% t! /&e )%/&% c'&**.c&t!"*, &* &'%e&(&.!%e/e"t!"e(# S+c$ )!6e% !% &+t$!%t e'!"0* t! t$e P%e*(e"t, +)!" t$e %ec!//e"(&t!"!. t$e DENR#

3 A%e &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* %ec'&**.e( LGU* "t! RECOIN c!-e%e( CARP4

A 3 It (e)e"(*# I. t$e *&( c'&**.c&t!" 6&* /&(e LGU &"( &))%!-e( 5LURB, !% t* )%e(ece**!% &0e"ce*, )%!% t! +"e 1H, 1988, t$e *&( '&"(* &%e "!t c!-e%e( CARP# T$e!"' %e+%e/e"t, $!6e-e%, * t! *ec+%e &" e;e/)t!" c'e&%&"ce .%!/ DAR# T$* * 6$&t *c&''e( &* Dec'&%&t!" !. E;e/)t St&t+* +"(e% DAR AO N!# < 199

I. t$e *&( '&"(*, $!6e-e%, &%e %ec'&**.e( &.te% +"e 1H, 1988, t$e &%e c!-e%e( CARP# 5e"ce, t$e '&6 !" '&"( c!"-e%*!" 6'' &))'# Sect!" <H, Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 AO

N!# 1, 1999

3 W$&t * t$e *)ec.c &+t$!%t !. & ct !% /+"c)&'t %e0&%("0 %ec'&**.c&t!" !.

&0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*4

A 3 A ct !. /+"c)&'t /&, t$%!+0$ &" !%("&"ce )&**e( &.te% c!"(+ct"0 )+'c $e&%"0*.!% t$e )+%)!*e, &+t$!%e t$e %ec'&**.c&t!" !. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* &"( )%!-(e .!% t$e/&""e% !. t$e% +t'&t!" !% (*)!*t!":

& W$e" t$e '&"( ce&*e* t! e ec!"!/c&'' .e&*'e &"( *!+"( .!% &0%c+'t+%&' )+%)!*e* &*(ete%/"e( t$e De)&%t/e"t !. A0%c+'t+%e !%

>><7H

??



W$e%e t$e '&"( *$&'' $&-e *+*t&"t&'' 0%e&te% ec!"!/c -&'+e .!% %e*(e"t&', c!//e%c&' !%"(+*t%&' )+%)!*e*, &* (ete%/"e( t$e *&"00+"&"

)%!-(e( t$&t *+c$ %ec'&**.c&t!" *$&'' e '/te( t! t$e .!''!6"0 )e%ce"t&0e !. t$e t!t&&0%c+'t+%&' '&"( &%e& &t t$e t/e !. t$e )&**&0e !. t$e !%("&"ce .!% $0$' +%&"e( cte*&"( "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte*: 1H, .!% c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( 1*t t! ?%( c'&**/+"c)&'te*: 1=, &"( .!% t$ t! <t$ c'&** /+"c)&'te*: H )%!-(e( t$&t &0%c+'t+%&''&"( (*t%+te( t! '&"( %e.!%/ e"e.c&%e* *$&'' "!t e &..ecte( *+c$ %ec'&**.c&t!"#

LOCAL LEGISLATIVE POWER 3 W$&t &%e t$!*e t$&t c&" e &))%!-e( '!c&' 'e0*'&t-e !(e*4A 31# O%("&"ce2# Re*!'+t!"

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" &" !%("&"ce &"( & %e*!'+t!"4A 3 A'%e&( (*c+**e(#

3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+*te* !. & -&'( !%("&"ce4A 31# It /+*t "!t e c!"t%&% t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( &" *t&t+te#2# It /+*t "!t e +".&% !% !))%e**-e#?# It /+*t "!t e )&%t&' !% (*c%/"&t!%## It /+*t "!t )%!$t +t /& %e0+'&te t%&(e#H# It /+*t "!t e +"%e&*!"&'e#<# It /+*t e 0e"e%&' " c%c+'&t!" &"( c!"**te"t 6t$ )+'c )!'c# T&te' -*# M+"c)&'t !.

V%&c, 2=7 SCRA 1H79

3 W$e" * &" !%("&"ce 6$et$e% t * )&**e( t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&", S&"00+"&"0B&%&"0&, S&"00+"&"0 P&"'+"*!( c!"*(e%e( &))%!-e(4

A 3 It * c!"*(e%e( &))%!-e( 1 6$e" t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e &))%!-e* t$e *&/e, &..;"0 $**0"&t+%e !" e&c$ &"( e-e% )&0e t$e%e!. 2 6$e" t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e -et!e* t$e*&/e, &"( t$e -et! * !-e%%((e" 2? -!te !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e S&"00+"&" &"( ?6$e" t * "!t &cte( +)!" 6t$" 1H (&* " c&*e !. & )%!-"ce, !% 1= (&* " c&*e !. & ct !%/+"c)&'t, !t$e%6*e t$e !%("&"ce *$&'' e (ee/e( &))%!-e(, &* . $e *0"e( t#

VETO POWER OF T5E LOCAL C5IEF EXECUTIVE 3 W$&t * t$e -et! )!6e% !. & c$e. e;ec+t-e4A 3 5e /& -et! &" !%("&"ce !"' !"ce !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t * +'t%& -%e*, !% t$&t t *

)%e@+(c&' t! )+'c 6e'.&%e#>><7< 3 C&" $e -et! & )&%tc+'&% te/ !% te/* !. &" !%("&"ce4A 3 e*# I" *+c$ & c&*e, t$e -et! *$&'' "!t &..ect t$e te/ !% te/* 6$c$ &%e "!t !@ecte( t!#

?



REVIEW OF APPROVED ORDINANCES AND RESOLUTIONS 3 W$&t $&))e"* &.te% t$e *&( !%("&"ce* &"( %e*!'+t!"* &%e &))%!-e(4A 31# T$e *&/e *$&'' e .!%6&%(e( t! t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&" .!% %e-e6# I. t ."(* t$&t t$e

!%("&"ce !% %e*!'+t!" * e!"( t$e )!6e% !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'+"*!( !% S&"00+"&"0B&&", t *$&'' (ec'&%e *&( !%("&"ce !% %e*!'+t!" "-&'( " 6$!'e !% " )&%t# I. "! &ct!" *t&e" 6t$" ?= (&*, t$e *&/e * )%e*+/e( -&'(#

REVIEW OF BARANGA ORDINANCE 3 W$&t $&))e"* &.te% t$e e"&ct/e"t !. & &%&"00& !%("&"ce4A 3 T$e *$&'' e .+%"*$e( t! t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'+"*!( !% S&"00+"&"0 B&&" .!% %e-e6# I.

t$e %e-e6"0 *&"00+"&" ."(* t$e &%&"00& !%("&"ce* "c!"**te"t 6t$ '&6 !% ct !%/+"c)&' !%("&"ce*, t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( *$&'', 6t$" ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!.,%et+%" t$e *&/e 6t$ t* c!//e"t* &"( %ec!//e"(&t!"* t! t$e *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& .!%&(@+*t/e"t, &/e"(/e"t !% /!(.c&t!", " 6$c$ c&*e t$e e..ect-t !. t$e !%("&"ce **+*)e"(e( +"t' t$e %e-*!" c&''e( .!% * e..ecte(# I. "! &ct!" * t&e" t$e *&"00+"&"0

)&"'+"0*!( !% *&"00+"&"0 &&" 6t$" ?= (&*, t$e !%("&"ce * (ee/e( &))%!-e(#

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*e+e"ce . & (*&))%!-e( !%("&"ce !% %e*!'+t!" * e".!%ce( &" !..c&'!% e/)'!ee4

A 3 It * & *+..ce"t 0%!+"( .!% t$e *+*)e"*!" !% (*/**&' !. &" !..c&' !% e/)'!eec!"ce%"e(#

EFFECTIVIT OF ORDINANCE OR RESOLUTION 3 W$e" (!e* &" !%("&"ce !% %e*!'+t!" t&e e..ect4A 3 It t&e* e..ect &.te% 1= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te & c!) t$e%e!. * )!*te( " & +''et" !&%( &t t$e

e"t%&"ce !. t$e )%!-"c&' c&)t!', !% ct, !% /+"c)&' !% &%&"00& $&'', &"( " &t 'e&*t t6!!t$e% c!"*)c+!+* )'&ce* " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e(# Sec# H9, LGC

3 W$&t * %e+%e( . &" !%("&"ce /)!*e* )e"&' *&"ct!"*4A 31# It *$&'' e )+'*$e( " & "e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!" 6t$" t$e )%!-"ce 6$e%e t$e '!c&'

'e0*'&t-e !( e'!"0*#2# I. t$e%e * "! "e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!" 6t$" t$e )%!-"ce, )!*t"0 !. *+c$ &"

!%("&"ce *$&'' e /&(e " &'' /+"c)&'te* &"( cte* !. t$e )%!-"ce 6$e%e t$e *&"00+"&"

!. !%0" * *t+&te(# Sec# H9c, LGC>><77 3 W$&t * t$e %e+%e/e"t " t$e c&*e !. &" !%("&"ce &))%!-e( $0$' &"( "(e)e"(e"t

c!/)!"e"t cte*4A 31# T$e *&/e *$&'' e )!*te(

?H



2# I" &((t!", t *$&'' e )+'*$e( !"ce " & '!c&' "e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!" 6t$" t$ect# I. t$e%e * "! *+c$ "e6*)&)e%, 6t$" t$e ct, t$e )+'c&t!" *$&'' e /&(e " &""e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!"# Sec# H9(, LGC

CORPORATE POWERS OF LGUS 3 W$&t &%e t$e c!%)!%&te )!6e%* !. LGU*4A 3 A'%e&( &"*6e%e(#

3 I. & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t (ec(e* t! *+e, $!6 * t c!//e"ce( &"( 6$! 6'' .'e t4A 3 It * c!//e"ce( t$e '!c&' e;ec+t-e, +)!" &+t$!%t !. t$e S&"00+"&", e;ce)t 6$e" t$e

Ct C!+"c'!%*, t$e/*e'-e* &"( &* %e)%e*e"t&t!" !. !% !" e$&'. !. t$e Ct, %"0 t$e&ct!" t! )%e-e"t +"'&6.+' (*+%*e/e"t !. Ct .+"(*# Ct C!+"c' !. Ce+ -*# A"!", 7SCRA ?2H

3 W$! c&" %e)%e*e"t & /+"c)&'t4A 3 O"' t$e P%!-"c&' F*c&', P%!-"c&' Att!%"e, !% t$e M+"c)&' Att!%"e /& -&'('

%e)%e*e"t t$e /+"c)&'t# T$e %e)%e*e"t&t!" !. &" +"&+t$!%e( '&6e% /& e %&*e( &t&" *t&0e !. t$e )%!cee("0*# R&/!* -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 2<9 SCRA ?

POWER OF LGUS TO ACUIRE AND CONVE REAL OR PERSONAL PROPERT 3 C&" LGU* &c+%e %e&' !% )e%*!"&' )%!)e%t4A 3 e*, )%!-(e( t * " & /&""e% )%!-(e( '&6#

3 C&" LGU* &'e"&te t$e *&/e4A 3 It /& &'e"&te !"' & )&t%/!"&' )%!)e%t, +)!" )%!)e% &+t$!%t#

3 W$&t &%e t$e "(* !. )%!)e%te* !6"e( & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!"4

A 3 P+'c P%!)e%t 3 I. t$e )%!)e%t * !6"e( t$e /+"c)&'t " t* )+'c &"(0!-e%"/e"t&' c&)&ct, t$e )%!)e%t * )+'c &"( C!"0%e** $&* &*!'+te c!"t%!' !-e% t#

P&t%/!"&' P%!)e%t 3 I. t$e )%!)e%t * !6"e( t$e /+"c)&'t " t* )%-&te !% )%!)%et&%c&)&ct, t$e" t * )&t%/!"&' &"( C!"0%e** $&* "! &*!'+te c!"t%!' !-e% t$e *&/e#

>><78T$* (*t"ct!" 6$c$ 6&* '&( (!6" " P%!-"ce !. K&/!&"0& De' N!%te -*# Ct !.

K&/!&"0& 22 SCRA 1??, 1?1 19<8, &"( 6$c$ 6&* &/)'.e( " Ce+ Ct -*

NAWASA, * (..e%e"t .%!/ t$e c'&**.c&t!" +"(e% A%tc'e* 2? &"( 2 !. t$e C-' C!(e,t$+*:

A%tc'e 2# P%!)e%t .!% )+'c +*e, " t$e )%!-"ce*, cte*, &"( /+"c)&'te*, c!"**t!. t$e )%!-"c&' %!&(*, ct *t%eet*, /+"c)&' *t%eet*, t$e *+&%e*, .!+"t&"*, )+'c 6&te%*

)%!/e"&(e*, &"( )+'c 6!%* .!% )+'c *e%-ce )&( .!% *&( )%!-"ce*, cte*, !%/+"c)&'te*# U"(e%'""0 *+))'e(

A'' !t$e% )%!)e%t )!**e**e( &" !. t$e/ * )&t%/!"&' &"( *$&'' e 0!-e%"e( t$*C!(e, 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. *)ec&' '&6*#

?<



T$e )$%&*e )+'c 6!%* .!% )+'c *e%-ce, &* +*e( " A%tc'e 2 6&* "te%)%ete( "Ce+ Ct -*# NAWASA 1=7 P$'# 1112 " t$* /&""e%:

;;; t$e te%/ )+'c 6!%* .!% )+'c *e%-ce /+*t e "te%)%ete(, .!''!6"0 t$e )%"c)'e !. e@+*(e/ 0e"e%*, " t$e c!"ce)t !. t$e )%ece("0 6!%(*, P%!-"c&' %!&(*, ct*t%eet*, /+"c)&' *t%eet*, t$e *+&%e*, .!+"t&"*, )+'c 6&te%* &"( )%!/e"&(e* 6$c$ &%e +*e(.%ee' &'', 6t$!+t (*t"ct!"# 5e"ce, . t$e )+'c 6!%* * "!t .!% *+c$ .%ee )+'c *e%-cet * "!t 6t$" t$e )+%-e6 !. t$e .%*t )&%&0%&)$, +t t$e *ec!"( )&%&0%&)$ !. A%tc'e 2, &"(

c!"*e+e"t', )&t%/!"&' " c$&%&cte%# A"( &* &'%e&( $e'( t$* C!+%t, & /+"c)&' 6!%**te/ (e*0"e( t! *+))' 6&te% t! t$e "$&t&"t* .!% )%!.t * & c!%)!%&te .+"ct!" !. t$e/+"c)&'t#

3 W$&t * 'e0+& c!//+"&' !% c!//+"&' '&"(* !. & t!6"4A 3 It * & )%!)e%t $e'( t$e /+"c)&'t .!% t$e St&te " t%+*t .!% t$e "$&t&"t*, $e"ce, t$e

St&te * .%ee t! (*)!*e t &t 6''# S&'&* -*# &%e"c!, < SCRA 7? 1972

TOWN PLAKA, PUBLIC PLAKA, PUBLIC STREETS

3 W$&t "( !. )%!)e%t * & t!6" )'&&4A 3 It * & )%!)e%t !. )+'c (!/"!"#

3 A* & %e*+'t !. t$e e%+)t!" !. T&&' V!'c&"!, %e*(e"t* !. t!6"* &"( &%&"0&* "e&% T&&'B&t&"0&*, c!"-e%0e( " .%!"t !. &"( &%!+"( t$e /+"c)&' $&'' )%!/)t"0 t$e /&!% t! )+t+) te"t* " t$e T&&' T!6" P'&&# C&" t$e *&( )'&& e +*e( &"( !cc+)e( t$e )e!)'e&..ecte( t$e T&&' V!'c&"! e%+)t!"4

A 3 e*, +t t$e *&/e c&" !"' e +*e( &"( !cc+)e( (+%"0 t$e (+%&t!" !. &" e/e%0e"c !%+"t' t$e c&" e %e'!c&te( t! & ette% )'&ce#

>><79

3 C&" & )+'c *t%eet !% t$!%!+0$.&%e e +*e( .!% & )%-&te )+%)!*e &" )%-&te )e%*!"4A 3 N!# It * )%!)e%t .!% )+'c +*e, !+t*(e t$e c!//e%ce !. /&", &"( /& "!t e *+@ect !.

'e&*e !% !t$e% c!"t%&ct* M&c&*&"! -*# D!"!, 2=8 SCRA =

OPEN SPACES IN A SUBDIVISION 3 W$&t * %e+%e( '&6 " t$e c&*e !. !)e" *)&ce* " & *+(-*!"4A 3 P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 9H7, &* &/e"(e( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 121<, /&"(&te* t$&t

t$e *&/e *$&'' e (!"&te( t! t$e LGU 6$e%e t$e *+(-*!" * *t+&te(#

POWER OF LGU TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS 3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+*te* !. & -&'( /+"c)&' c!"t%&ct4A 31# T$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t $&* t$e e;)%e**, /)'e( !% "$e%e"t )!6e% t! e"te% "t! t$e

)&%tc+'&% c!"t%&ct#2# T$e c!"t%&ct * e"te%e( "t! t$e )%!)e% (e)&%t/e"t, !&%(, c!//ttee, !..ce% !% &0e"t

U"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( t$e C!(e, "! c!"t%&ct /& e e"te%e( "t! t$e '!c&' c$e.

?7



e;ec+t-e !" e$&'. !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t 6t$!+t )%!% &+t$!%&t!" t$e*&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(# Sec# 22c, LGC

?# T$e c!"t%&ct /+*t c!/)' 6t$ ce%t&" *+*t&"t-e %e+%e/e"t*, #e#, 6$e" e;)e"(t+%e !. )+'c .+"( * t! e /&(e, t$e%e /+*t e &" &ct+&' &))%!)%&t!" &"( & ce%t.c&te !.&-&'&'t !. .+"(*#

# T$e c!"t%&ct /+*t c!/)' 6t$ t$e .!%/&' %e+%e/e"t* !. 6%tte" c!"t%&ct*, e#0#, t$e St&t+te!. F%&+(*#

3 W$e" * & c!"t%&ct +'t%& -%e*4A 3 W$e" t (!e* "!t c!/)' 6t$ t$e .%*t &"( t$%( %e+*te, &* &.!%e/e"t!"e(, t * +'t%&

-%e* &"( * "+'' &"( -!(#

3 C&" t e %&t.e( !% -&'(&te(4A 3 N!#

3 W$e" c&" & (e.ect-e /+"c)&' c!"t%&ct e %&t.e(4

A 3 W$e" t$e%e * "!"3c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e *ec!"( &"( t$e .!+%t$ %e+%e/e"t*, &*&.!%e/e"t!"e(# T$e %&t.c&t!" /& e e;)%e** !% /)'e(#

3 C&" X /+"c)&'t e"te% "t! & c!"t%&ct !. 'e&*e 6t$ & )%-&te )e%*!" 0%&"t"0 t$e '&tte%.*$"0 )%-'e0e*4

A 3 e*, t * & -&'( &"( "("0 c!"t%&ct#

3 C&" t$e *&( /+"c)&'t &(!)t & *+*e+e"t %e*!'+t!" *ett"0 &*(e t$e *&( c!"t%&ct !.'e&*e &"( 0%&"t"0 t$e )%-'e0e t! &"!t$e%4

A 3 N!, +"'e** t$e *+*e+e"t %e*!'+t!" * & )!'ce /e&*+%e, " 6$c$ c&*e, t$e e;e%c*e !.

)!'ce )!6e% )%e-&'* !-e% t$e "!"3/)&%/e"t c'&+*e# M&"&/t&" -*# M+"c)&'t !. L+"&L& U"!", 82 P$'# 8

>><8=AUT5ORIT TO NEGOTIATE AND SECURE GRANTS 3 I* & '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e &+t$!%e( t! "e0!t&te &"( *ec+%e ."&"c&' 0%&"t* !% (!"&t!"* "

"(4A 3 Sect!" 2? !. t$e LGC Re)+'c Act N!# 71<= )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:

Sect!" 2?# A+t$!%t t! Ne0!t&te &"( Sec+%e G%&"t* 3 L!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e* /&,

+)!" &+t$!%t !. t$e *&"00+"&", "e0!t&te &"( *ec+%e ."&"c&' 0%&"t* !% (!"&t!"* " "(, "*+))!%t !. t$e &*c *e%-ce* !% .&c'te* e"+/e%&te( +"(e% Sect!" 17 $e%e!., .%!/ '!c&' &"(.!%e0" &***t&"ce &0e"ce* 6t$!+t "ece**t !. *ec+%"0 c'e&%&"ce !% &))%!-&' t$e%e.!% .%!/&" (e)&%t/e"t, &0e"c, !% !..ce !. t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t !% .%!/ &" $0$e% '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t +"t: P%!-(e(, T$&t )%!@ect* ."&"ce( *+c$ 0%&"t* !% &***t&"ce 6t$ "&t!"&'*ec+%t /)'c&t!"* *$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e "&t!"&' &0e"c c!"ce%"e(: P%!-(e(, .+%t$e%,T$&t 6$e" *+c$ "&t!"&' &0e"c .&'* t! &ct !" t$e %e+e*t .!% &))%!-&' 6t$" t$%t ?= (&*.%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!., t$e *&/e *$&'' e (ee/e( &))%!-e(#

?8



T$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e *$&'', 6t$" t$%t ?= (&* +)!" *0""0 !. *+c$ 0%&"t&0%ee/e"t !% (ee( !. (!"&t!", %e)!%t t$e "&t+%e, &/!+"t, &"( te%/* !. *+c$ &***t&"ce t! !t$5!+*e* !. C!"0%e** &"( t$e P%e*(e"t#

LIABILIT OF LGUS FOR DEAT5 OR INUR TO PERSONS OR DAMAGE TOPROPERT

3 A%e LGU* &"( t$e% !..c&'* e;e/)t .%!/ *&( '&'t4

A 3 It (e)e"(*#1# I. t$e LGU * e"0&0e( " 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*, t * "!t '&'e#2# I. t$e LGU * e"0&0e( " )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"*, t * '&'e#

E;&/)'e:1# G!-e%"/e"t&' F+"ct!"&# I" & $+%% &"( " %e*)!"*e .!% //e(&te $e'), t$e .%et%+c !6"e( t$e X M+"c)&'t &"(

(%-e" Pe(%!, & %e0+'&% e/)'!ee !. t$e *&( M+"c)&'t, )%!cee(e( t! t$e .%e *ce"e

W$'e t$e *&( .%et%+c 6&* /!-"0 &c6&%( &t t$e .%e *ce"e, t &cc(e"t&'' +/)e( & @ee) )&%e( &t t$e )'&ce# X M+"c)&'t /& "!t e $e'( '&'e#

2# P%!)%et&% F+"ct!"&# T$e *t&0e c!"*t%+cte( X M+"c)&'t 6$e%e & (%&/& &"( *"0"0 c!"te*t t *)!"*!%e(

6'' e $e'( c!''&)*e( %e*+'t"0 " t$e (e&t$ !. *!/e )&%tc)&"t*# T$e *&( /+"c)&'t *'&'e#

# O)e%&t!" !. t$e 6&te%6!%* **te/ e*t&'*$e( t$e /+"c)&'t * & )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"#>><81LIABILIT OF LOCAL OFFICIALS

3 Cte "*t&"ce* 6$e" & '!c&' !..c&' c&" e $e'( )e%*!"&'' '&'e .!% (&/&0e*#A 31# I''e0&' (*/**&' !. &" LGU e/)'!ee c!+)'e( 6t$ &( .&t$# R&/& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*

18 SCRA 9<2# Pe%**te"t (e.&"ce t! .!''!6 t$e !%(e% !. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" t! %e"*t&te &" LGU

e/)'!ee# S&'ce(! -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 81 SCRA =8

LIABILIT OF A MUNICIPAL CORPORATION REGARDING CONTRACTS IT ENTERSINTO

3 W$&t * t$e '&'t !. & /+"c)&' c!%)!%&t!" %e0&%("0 c!"t%&ct* t e"te%* "t!4A 3 It * '&'e @+*t 'e &" !%("&% )e%*!" %e0&%("0 c!"t%&ct* t e"te%* "t! )%!-(e( t * "t%&

-%e*#

3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. /)'e( /+"c)&' '&'t4A 3 U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, & /+"c)&'t ec!/e* !'0&te( +)!" &" /)'e( c!"t%&ct t! )& t$e

%e&*!"&'e -&'+e !. t$e e"e.t* &cce)te( !% &))%!)%&te( t# I. & /+"c)&'t t$e%e.!%e

?9



(e%-e* e"e.t* .%!/ & c!"t%&ct t e"te%e( "t!, t c&""!t +e*t!" t* -&'(t t! (e"&"*6e%&'t +"(e% t$e c!"t%&ct#

3 C&" & /+"c)&'t e"0&0e t$e *e%-ce* !. & )%-&te '&6e%4A 3 N!# A* &.!%e/e"t!"e(, !"' t$e P%!-"c&' F*c&', t$e P%!-"c&' Att!%"e !% t$e M+"c)&'

Att!%"e c&" -&'(' %e)%e*e"t & )%!-"ce !% /+"c)&'t " '&6 *+t*# R&/!* -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'*, 2<9 SCRA ?

3 W$e" c&" & /+"c)&'t e"0&0e t$e *e%-ce* !. & )%-&te '&6e%4A 3 O"' 6$e" t$e P%!-"c&' F*c&' * (*+&'.e( t! %e)%e*e"t t# I" *+c$ & c&*e, t$e .&ct !.

(*+&'.c&t!" /+*t &))e&% !" %ec!%(# M+"c)&'t !. P''&, R&' -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*,2?? SCRA 8

ELECTIVE OFFICIALS UALIFICATIONSDISUALIFICATIONS 3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&'4A 3

1# Cte" !. t$e P$'))"e*2# A %e0*te%e( -!te% " t$e &%&"0&, /+"c)&'t, ct !% )%!-"ce !%, " t$e c&*e !. & /e/e%

!. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&", *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"0*!(, !% *&"00+"&"0 &&", " t$e(*t%ct 6$e%e $e "te"(* t! e e'ecte(

?# A %e*(e"t t$e%e" .!% &t 'e&*t !"e 1 e&% //e(&te' )%ece("0 t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!" &"(# A'e t! %e&( &"( 6%te F')"! !% &" !t$e% '!c&' '&"0+&0e !% (&'ect#>><82

NOTE:1# A0e %e+%e/e"t .!% c&"((&te* .!% G!-e%"!%, Vce3G!-e%"!%, Me/e% !. S&"00+"&"0

P&"'&'&60&", !% M&!%, Vce3M&!%, !% Me/e% !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"0'+"0*!( !.

$0$' +%&"e( cte*: At 'e&*t 2? e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&2# A0e %e+%e/e"t .!% c&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. M&!%, !% Vce3M&!% !. "(e)e"(e"t

c!/)!"e"t cte*, c!/)!"e"t cte*, !% /+"c)&'te*: At 'e&*t 21 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!"(&#

?# A0e %e+%e/e"t .!% c&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. Me/e% !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"0'+"0*!(!% S&"00+"&"0 B&&": At 'e&*t 18 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&#

# A0e %e+%e/e"t .!% c&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. )+"!"0 &%&"0& !% /e/e% !. t$eS&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0&: At 'e&*t 18 e&%* !. &0e +t "!t /!%e t$&" 21 e&%* !. &0e !"e'ect!" (&#

H# C&"((&te* .!% t$e *&"00+"&"0 &&t&&" /+*t e &t 'e&*t 1H e&%* !. &0e +t "!t /!%e t$&"21 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&#

3 W$! &%e (*+&'.e( .%!/ %+"""0 .!% &" e'ect-e '!c&' )!*t!"4

A 3 T$e .!''!6"0 )e%*!"* &%e (*+&'.e( .%!/ %+"""0 .!% &" e'ect-e '!c&' )!*t!":& T$!*e *e"te"ce( ."&' @+(0/e"t .!% &" !..e"*e "-!'-"0 /!%&' t+%)t+(e !% .!% &"

!..e"*e )+"*$&'e 1 e&% !% /!%e !. /)%*!"/e"t, 6t$" 2 e&%* &.te% *e%-"0 *e"te"ce

=



T$!*e %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce &* & %e*+'t !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e c&*ec T$!*e c!"-cte( ."&' @+(0/e"t .!% -!'&t"0 t$e !&t$ !. &''e0&"ce t! t$e Re)+'c( T$!*e 6t$ (+&' cte"*$)e F+0t-e .%!/ @+*tce " c%/"&' !% "!")!'tc&' c&*e* $e%e !% &%!&(. Pe%/&"e"t %e*(e"t* " & .!%e0" c!+"t% !% t$!*e 6$! $&-e &c+%e( t$e %0$t t! %e*(e

&%!&( &"( c!"t"+e t! &-&' !. t$e *&/e %0$t &.te% t$e e..ect-t !. t$* C!(e &"(0 T$e "*&"e !% .ee'e3/"(e(# Sec# =, LGC

REGARDING T5E CITIKENS5IP REUIREMENT OF AN ELECTIVE LOCAL OFFICIAL 3 W$e" *$!+'( &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' )!**e** F')"! cte"*$)4 I* t .%!/ t$e (&te !. t$e

.'"0 !. t$e ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c, .%!/ t$e (&te !. $* e'ect!", !% .%!/ t$e (&te !. $* )%!c'&/&t!"4

A 3 Sect!" ?9 !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e (!e* "!t /e"t!" &" )&%tc+'&% (&te 6$e" t$ec&"((&te /+*t )!**e** F')"! cte"*$), +t t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( " F%-&'(! -*C!/e'ec 2H7 SCRA 727 t$&t G!-e%"!% F%-&'(! 6&* +&'.e( t! e )%!c'&/e( !" t$e%e&*!""0 t$&t &" !..c&' e0"* t! 0!-e%" !"' +)!" $* )%!c'&/&t!" &"( !" t$e (& $*

te%/ e0"*#>><8?REGARDING T5E P5RASE FUGITIVE FROM USTICE 3 W$! &%e "c'+(e( " t$e )$%&*e .+0t-e .%!/ @+*tce4A 3 It "c'+(e* 1 t$!*e 6$! .'ee &.te% c!"-ct!" t! &-!( )+"*$/e"t &"( 2 t$!*e 6$!, &.te%

e"0 c$&%0e(, .'ee t! &-!( )%!*ec+t!"# I" R!(%0+e -*# C!/e'ec, 2H9 SCRA 29<, t$eS+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t R!(%0+e * "!t c!"*(e%e( & .+0t-e .%!/ @+*tce ec&+*e $e&%%-e( " t$e P$'))"e* '!"0 e.!%e t$e .'"0 !. t$e c!/)'&"t &0&"*t $/ " t$e c!+%t !.L!* A"0e'e* &"( t$e **+&"ce !. t$e 6&%%&"t !. &%%e*t &0&"*t $/#

MANNER OF ELECTION 3 5!6 *$&'' t$e !..c&'* /e"t!"e( $e%e"e'!6 e e'ecte(4

1# G!-e%"!%, -ce30!-e%"!%, ct /&!%, ct -ce /&!%, /+"c)&' /&!%, /+"c)&' -ce/&!% &"( )+"!"0 &%&"0&#

2# Re0+'&% /e/e%* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&", *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"0*!(, &"(*&"00+"&"0 &&"#

A 3G!-e%"!%, -ce30!-e%"!%, ct /&!%, ct -ce /&!%, /+"c)&' /&!%, /+"c)&' -ce /&!%

&"( )+"!"0 &%&"0&

3 T$e *$&'' e e'ecte( &t '&%0e " t$e% %e*)ect-e +"t* t$e +&'.e( -!te%* t$e%e"#

Re0+'&% /e/e%* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&", *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!(, &"( *&"00+"&"0 &&"3 T$e *$&'' e e'ecte( (*t%ct, &* /& e )%!-(e( .!% '&6#

Sect!" 1, LGC

DATE OF ELECTION

1



3 W$e" *$&'' t$e *&( e'ect!" e $e'(4A 3 U"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6, t$e e'ect!"* .!% '!c&' !..c&'* *$&'' e $e'( e-e% t$%ee

? e&%* !" t$e *ec!"( M!"(& !. M&#>><8TERM OF OFFICE 3 W$&t * t$e te%/ !. !..ce !. &'' '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&'*4A 3

& T$e te%/ !. !..ce !. &'' '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&'* e'ecte( &.te% t$e e..ect-t !. t$* C!(e *$&'' e t$%ee ? e&%*, *t&%t"0 .%!/ "!!" !. +"e ?=, 1992 !% *+c$ (&te &* /& e )%!-(e( .!% '&6, e;ce)t t$&t !. e'ect-e &%&"0& !..c&'*: P%!-(e(, T$&t &'' '!c&' !..c&'* .%*te'ecte( (+%"0 t$e '!c&' e'ect!"* //e(&te' .!''!6"0 t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' *e%-e +"t' "!!" !. +"e ?=, 1992#

N! '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&' *$&'' *e%-e .!% /!%e t$&" t$%ee ? c!"*ec+t-e te%/* " t$e *&/e )!*t!"# V!'+"t&% %e"+"c&t!" !. t$e !..ce .!% &" 'e"0t$ !. t/e *$&'' "!t e c!"*(e%e(&* &" "te%%+)t!" " t$e c!"t"+t !. *e%-ce .!% t$e .+'' te%/ .!% 6$c$ t$e e'ect-e !..c&'c!"ce%"e( 6&* e'ecte(#

c T$e te%/ !. !..ce !. &%&"0& !..c&'* &"( /e/e%* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 &&t&&" *$&'' e.!% t$%ee ? e&%*, 6$c$ *$&'' e0" &.te% t$e %e0+'&% e'ect!" !. &%&"0& !..c&'* !" t$e*ec!"( M!"(& !. M& 199# Sec# ?, LGU

3 M&!% A 6$! 6&* e'ecte( " 1988, (e( " 1989# Vce3M&!% B *+ccee(e( &"( ec&/eM&!% " 1989# I* M&!% B *t'' e'0'e t! %+" .!% t$e )!*t!" !. M&!% " 1998, &.te%*+ccee("0 t! 6" t$e e'ect!" .!% t$e *&/e )!*t!" " t$e e'ect!"* $e'( " 1992 &"( 199H4

A 3 e*, ec&+*e t$e te%/ !. t$%ee ? e&%* %e.e%* t! t$e te%/* .!% 6$c$ M&!% B 6&* e'ecte(#B!%@& -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 1??9H, Se)te/e% ?, 1998

VACANCIES AND SUCCESSION 3 W$&t &%e t$e %+'e* " c&*e !. )e%/&"e"t -&c&"ce* 1 " t$e !..ce !. t$e G!-e%"!%, Vce

G!-e%"!%, M&!% &"( Vce3M&!% 2 " t$e S&"00+"&"4

A 3 I. & )e%/&"e"t -&c&"c !cc+%* " t$e !..ce !. t$e G!-e%"!%, Vce G!-e%"!%, M&!% &"(Vce3M&!%

1 T$e $0$e*t %&""0 *&"00+"&" /e/e% !%, " c&*e !. $* )e%/&"e"t "&'t, t$e *ec!"($0$e*t %&""0 *&"00+"&" /e/e%, *$&'' ec!/e t$e 0!-e%"!%, -ce30!-e%"!%, /&!% !%-ce /&!%, &* t$e c&*e /& e# S+*e+e"t -&c&"ce* " t$e *&( !..ce *$&'' e .''e(

&+t!/&tc&'' t$e !t$e% *&"00+"&" /e/e%* &cc!%("0 t! t$e% %&""0 &* (e."e( $e%e"Sec# &, LGC

2 I. & )e%/&"e"t -&c&"c !cc+%* " t$e !..ce !. t$e )+"!"0 &%&"0&, t$e $0$e*t %&""0*&"00+"&" &%&"0& /e/e%, !% " c&*e !. $* )e%/&"e"t "&'t, t$e *ec!"( $0$e*t%&""0 *&"00+"&" /e/e%, *$&'' ec!/e t$e )+"!"0 &%&"0&# Sec# , LGC

? T$e *+cce**!%* &* (e."e( $e%e" *$&'' *e%-e !"' t$e +"e;)%e( te%/* !. t$e% )%e(ece**!%*Sec# (, LGC

>><8H

2



3 W$&t c&+*e* )e%/&"e"t -&c&"c4A 31# De&t$2# Re/!-&' .%!/ !..ce?# V!'+"t&% %e*0"&t!"# Pe%/&"e"t "c&)&ct t! (*c$&%0e t$e .+"ct!"* !. &" !..ceH# Pe%/&"e"t -&c&"c &'*! &%*e* 6$e" &" e'ect-e !..c&' .''* & $0$e% -&c&"t !..ce, %e.+*e* t!

&**+/e !..ce !% .&'* t! +&'.#Sec# (, Ht$ )&%&0%&)$, LGC

PERMANENT VACANCIES IN T5E SANGGUNIAN 3 5!6 &%e )e%/&"e"t -&c&"ce* " t$e *&"00+"&" .''e(4

A 3 Pe%/&"e"t -&c&"ce* " t$e *&"00+"&" 6$e%e &+t!/&tc *+cce**!"* )%!-(e( &!-e (! "!t&))' *$&'' e .''e( &))!"t/e"t " t$e .!''!6"0 /&""e%:

1 T$e P%e*(e"t, t$%!+0$ t$e E;ec+t-e Sec%et&%, " t$e c&*e !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&"

&"( t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"0*!( !. $0$' +%&"e( cte* &"( "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"tcte*

2 T$e 0!-e%"!%, " t$e c&*e !. *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"0*!( !. c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( t$e*&"00+"&"0 &&"

? T$e ct !% /+"c)&' /&!%, " t$e c&*e !. *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0&, +)!" %ec!//e"(&t!" !.t$e *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& c!"ce%"e(#

& E;ce)t .!% t$e *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0&, !"' t$e "!/"ee !. t$e )!'tc&' )&%t +"(e% 6$c$t$e *&"00+"&" /e/e% c!"ce%"e( $&( ee" e'ecte( &"( 6$!*e e'e-&t!" t! t$e )!*t!" "e;t$0$e% " %&" c%e&te( t$e '&*t -&c&"c " t$e *&"00+"&" *$&'' e &))!"te( " t$e /&""e%

$e%e"&!-e )%!-(e(# T$e &))!"tee *$&'' c!/e .%!/ t$e *&/e )!'tc&' )&%t &* t$&t !. t$e*&"00+"&" /e/e% 6$! c&+*e t$e -&c&"c &"( *$&'' *e%-e t$e +"e;)%e( te%/ !. t$e -&c&"t!..ce# I" t$e &))!"t/e"t $e%e" /e"t!"e(, & "!/"&t!" &"( & ce%t.c&te !. /e/e%*$)!. t$e &))!"tee .%!/ t$e $0$e*t !..c&' !. t$e )!'tc&' )&%t c!"ce%"e( &%e c!"(t!"* *"e+& "!", &"( &" &))!"t/e"t 6t$!+t *+c$ "!/"&t!" &"( ce%t.c&t!" *$&'' e "+'' &"(-!( & "t! &"( *$&'' e & 0%!+"( .!% &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" &0&"*t t$e !..c&' %e*)!"*'et$e%e.!%#

>><8< I" c&*e t$e )e%/&"e"t -&c&"c * c&+*e( & *&"00+"&" /e/e% 6$! (!e* "!t e'!"0 t!

&" )!'tc&' )&%t, t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e *$&'', +)!" %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e *&"00+"&"c!"ce%"e(, &))!"t & +&'.e( )e%*!" t! .'' t$e -&c&"c#

c I" c&*e !. -&c&"c " t$e %e)%e*e"t&t!" !. t$e !+t$ &"( t$e &%&"00& " t$e *&"00+"&",*&( -&c&"c *$&'' e .''e( &+t!/&tc&'' t$e !..c&' "e;t " %&" !. t$e !%0&"&t!"c!"ce%"e(# Sec# H, LGC

3 W$! *$!+'( /&e t$e &))!"t/e"t t! &" -&c&"c c&+*e( t$e ce**&t!" .%!/ !..ce !. &/e/e% !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0&4

?



A 3 T$e /&!% +)!" t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0& c!"ce%"e(# Sec# H&?

3 I* t$e "!/"&t!" t$e )!'tc&' )&%t *t'' "ee(e(4A 3 N! /!%e, ec&+*e t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0& t&e* t$e )'&ce !.

"!/"&t!" t$e )!'tc&' )&%t# REASON: Bec&+*e S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0& /e/e%* &%e )%!$te( t! $&-e )&%t &..'&t!"*#

3 S+))!*e t$e -&c&"c t! e .''e( * t$&t !. & S&"00+"&"0 B&&" /e/e% 6$! (( "!t e'!"0 t! &" )!'tc&' )&%t# T$e G!-e%"!% &))!"te( A 6t$!+t t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$eS&"00+"&"0 B&&"# O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&&" %ec!//e"(e( B &"( t$eM&!% &))!"te( $/# A* et6ee" A &"( B, 6$! 6&* -&'(' &))!"te(4

A 3 B!t$ A &"( B 6e%e "!t -&'(' &))!"te(# A 6&* "!t -&'(' &))!"te( ec&+*e &'t$!+0$ $e6&* &))!"te( t$e G!-e%"!%, $e 6&* "!t %ec!//e"(e( t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&&"# B 6&*"!t -&'(' &))!"te( ec&+*e &'t$!+0$ $e 6&* %ec!//e"(e( t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&&", $e6&* &))!"te( t$e M&!%# F&%&* -*# B&%&, 2H< SCRA ?9<

3 W$&t &%e t$e %+'e* " c&*e !. te/)!%&% -&c&"c " t$e O..ce !. t$e L!c&' C$e. E;ec+t-e4A 31# W$e" t$e 0!-e%"!%, ct !% /+"c)&' /&!%, !% )+"!"0 &%&"0& * te/)!%&%'

"c&)&ct&te( t! )e%.!%/ $* (+te* .!% )$*c&' !% 'e0&' %e&*!"* *+c$ &*, +t "!t '/te( t!,'e&-e !. &*e"ce, t%&-e' &%!&(, &"( *+*)e"*!" .%!/ !..ce#3 T$e -ce 0!-e%"!%, ct !% /+"c)&' -ce /&!%, !% t$e $0$e*t %&""0 *&"00+"&"0

&%&"0& /e/e% *$&'' &+t!/&tc&'' e;e%c*e )!6e%* &"( )e%.!%/ t$e (+te* &"(.+"ct!"* !. t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e(, e;ce)t t$e )!6e% t! &))!"t, *+*)e"(, !%(*/** e/)'!ee* 6$c$ c&" !"' e e;e%c*e( . t$e )e%!( !. te/)!%&% "c&)&ct

e;cee(* t$%t ?= 6!%"0 (&*#2# W$e" t$e "c+/e"t '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e * t%&-e''"0 6t$" t$e c!+"t% +t !+t*(e $*

te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" .!% & )e%!( "!t e;cee("0 t$%ee ? c!"*ec+t-e (&*#3 5e /& (e*0"&te " 6%t"0 t$e !..ce% " c$&%0e !. t$e *&( !..ce# S+c$ &+t$!%&t!"

*$&'' *)ec. t$e )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* t$&t t$e '!c&' !..c&' c!"ce%"e( *$&'' e;e%c*e "t$e &*e"ce !. t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e e;ce)t t$e )!6e% t! &))!"t, *+*)e"(, !% (*/**e/)'!ee*#

?# W$e" t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e( .&'* !% %e.+*e* t! **+e *+c$ &+t$!%&t!"# Sec<, LGC

3 T$e -ce 0!-e%"!%, t$e ct !% /+"c)&' -ce /&!%, !% t$e $0$e*t %&""0 *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /e/e%, &* t$e c&*e /& e, *$&'' $&-e t$e %0$t t! &**+/e t$e )!6e%*, (+te*&"( .+"ct!"* !. t$e *&( !..ce !" t$e .!+%t$ t$ (& !. &*e"ce !. t$e *&( '!c&' c$e.e;ec+t-e, *+@ect t! t$e '/t&t!"* )%!-(e( " *+*ect!" c $e%e!.#

>><87 3 I" c&*e !. -&c&"c " t$e %e)%e*e"t&t!" !. t$e !+t$ &"( t$e &%&"0& " t$e S&"00+"&",

$!6 *$&'' t e .''e(4



A 3 It *$&'' e .''e( &+t!/&tc&'' t$e !..c&' "e;t " %&" !. t$e !%0&"&t!" c!"ce%"e(#Sec# H(, LGC

3 I. t$e SJ C$&%/&" 1 %e.+*e* t! &**+/e !..ce 2 .&'* t! +&'. ? c!"-cte( !. &c%/e (e* H -!'+"t&% %e*0"* < )e%/&"e"t' "c&)&ct&te( 7 %e/!-e( .%!/!..ce !% 8 $&* ee" &*e"t 6t$!+t 'e&-e .!% /!%e t$&" t$%ee ? c!"*ec+t-e /!"t$*, 6$!*+ccee(* $/4

A 3 T$e SJ /e/e% 6$! !t&"e( t$e "e;t $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* *$&'' *+ccee( $/#

3 W$e" *$&'' *&( te/)!%&% c&)&ct te%/"&te4A 3 T$e *&/e *$&'' te%/"&te +)!" *+/**!" t! t$e &))%!)%&te *&"00+"&" !. & 6%tte"

(ec'&%&t!" t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e( t$&t $e $&* %e)!%te( &c t! !..ce# I"c&*e* 6$e%e t$e te/)!%&% "c&)&ct * (+e t! 'e0&' c&+*e*, t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-ec!"ce%"e( *$&'' &'*! *+/t "ece**&% (!c+/e"t* *$!6"0 t$&t *&( 'e0&' c&+*e* "! '!"0e%e;*t#

>><88

3 C&" t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e &+t$!%e &" '!c&' !..c&' t! &**+/e t$e )!6e%*, (+te* &"(.+"ct!"* !. t$e !..ce, !t$e% t$&" t$e -ce 0!-e%"!%, t$e ct !% /+"c)&' -ce /&!%, !% t$e$0$e*t %&""0 *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /e/e%, &* t$e c&*e /& e4

A 3 N!, e;ce)t &* )%!-(e( &!-e# Sec# <e, LGC

APPROVAL OF LEAVES OF ABSENCE 3 5!6 *$&'' t$e 'e&-e* !. &*e"ce !. t$e '!c&' !..c&'* $e%e"e'!6 e &))%!-e(4

1# G!-e%"!% &"( t$e /&!% !. & $0$' +%&"e( ct !% &" "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t ct2# Vce 0!-e%"!% !% & ct !% /+"c)&' -ce /&!% ?# C!/)!"e"t ct !% /+"c)&' /&!%

# P+"!"0 &%&"0&A 31# Le&-e* !. &*e"ce !. t$e 0!-e%"!% &"( t$e /&!% !. $0$' +%&"e( ct !% &" "(e)e"(e"t

c!/)!"e"t ct3 S$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e P%e*(e"t !% $* (+' &+t$!%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e#

2# Le&-e* !. &*e"ce !. & -ce 0!-e%"!% !% & ct !% /+"c)&' -ce /&!% 3 S$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e(: P%!-(e(, T$&t t$e 'e&-e* !.

&*e"ce !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e *&"00+"&" &"( t* e/)'!ee* *$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e-ce 0!-e%"!% !% ct !% /+"c)&' -ce /&!% c!"ce%"e(#

?# Le&-e* !. &*e"ce !. t$e c!/)!"e"t ct !% /+"c)&' /&!% 3 S$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e 0!-e%"!%#

# Le&-e* !. &*e"ce !. & )+"!"0 &%&"0&3 S$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e ct !% /+"c)&' /&!%: P%!-(e(, T$&t 'e&-e* !. &*e"ce !.

*&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /e/e%* *$&'' e &))%!-e( t$e )+"!"0 &%&"0&#>><89 3 W$&t $&))e"* . t$e *&( &))'c&t!" .!% 'e&-e !. &*e"ce * "!t &cte( +)!" 6t$" .-e

6!%"0 (&* &.te% %ece)t t$e%e!.4

H



A 3 T$e &))'c&t!" .!% 'e&-e !. &*e"ce *$&'' e (ee/e( &))%!-e(#

PRACTICE OF PROFESSION 3 C&" 0!-e%"!%, ct &"( /+"c)&' /&!%* )%&ctce t$e% )%!.e**!" !% e"0&0e " &"

!cc+)&t!" !t$e% t$&" t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e% .+"ct!"* &* '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e*4A 3 T$e &%e )%!$te( .%!/ (!"0 *!# Sec# 9=, LGC

3 C&" S&"00+"&" /e/e%* )%&ctce t$e% )%!.e**!"* !% e"0&0e " &" !cc+)&t!"4

A 3 e*, e;ce)t (+%"0 *e**!" $!+%*# 5!6e-e%, *&"00+"&" /e/e%* 6$! &%e &'*! /e/e%* !.t$e B&% *$&'' "!t:

1# A))e&% &* c!+"*e' e.!%e &" c!+%t " &" c-' c&*e 6$e%e" & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t !% &"!..ce, &0e"c, !% "*t%+/e"t&'t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t * t$e &(-e%*e )&%t

2# A))e&% &* c!+"*e' " &" c%/"&' c&*e 6$e%e" &" !..ce% !% e/)'!ee !. t$e "&t!"&' !%'!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t * &cc+*e( !. &" !..e"*e c!//tte( " %e'&t!" t! $* !..ce

?# C!''ect &" .ee .!% t$e% &))e&%&"ce " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0* "-!'-"0 t$e '!c&'

0!-e%"/e"t +"t !. 6$c$ $e * &" !..c&' &"(# U*e )%!)e%t &"( )e%*!""e' !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t e;ce)t 6$e" t$e *&"00+"&" /e/e%

c!"ce%"e( * (e.e"("0 t$e "te%e*t !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t# Sec# 9=, LGC

3 C&" *&"00+"&" /e/e%* te&c$ " *c$!!'*4A 3 e*, e;ce)t (+%"0 *e**!" $!+%*# I(#

3 C&" *&"00+"&" /e/e%* 6$! &%e (!ct!%* !. /e(c"e )%&ctce t$e% )%!.e**!" (+%"0!..c&' $!+%* !. 6!%4

A 3 e*, +t !"' !" !cc&*!"* !. e/e%0e"c: P%!-(e(, T$&t t$e !..c&'* c!"ce%"e( (! "!t

(e%-e /!"et&% c!/)e"*&t!" t$e%e.%!/# Sec# 9=c, LGC

PARTISAN POLITICAL ACTIVIT 3 C&" '!c&' !..c&'* !% e/)'!ee* " t$e c&%ee% c-' *e%-ce e"0&0e (%ect' !% "(%ect' "

&" )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t !% t&e )&%t " &" e'ect!", "t&t-e, %e.e%e"(+/, )'e*cte,!% %ec&''4

A 3 T$e &%e )%!$te( .%!/ (!"0 *! e;ce)t: 1 t$&t t$e c&" -!te &"( t$e c&" e;)%e** t$e%-e6* !" c+%%e"t **+e*, !% /e"t!" t$e "&/e* !. ce%t&" c&"((&te* .!% )+'c !..ce 6$!/t$e *+))!%t 2 t$e /& t&e )&%t " t$e )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &"( e'ect!%&' &ct-te*, +t t

*$&'' e +"'&6.+' .!% t$e/ t! *!'ct c!"t%+t!"* .%!/ t$e% *+!%("&te* !% *+@ect t$e*e*+!%("&te* t! &" !. t$e )%!$te( &ct* +"(e% t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e# Sect!" 9?,LGC

>><9= 3 C&" t$e +*e t$e% !..c&' &+t$!%t !% ".'+e"ce t! c&+*e t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. &" )!'tc&'

&ct-t !% !(4A 3 N!# I(#

<



DISCIPLINAR ACTIONS 3 C&" &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' e (*c)'"e(, *+*)e"(e( !% %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce4

A 3 e*, !" t$e .!''!6"0 0%!+"(*:& D*'!&'t t! t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* C+')&'e -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"c D*$!"e*t, !))%e**!", /*c!"(+ct " !..ce, 0%!** "e0'0e"ce, !% (e%e'ct!" !. (+t

( C!//**!" !. &" !..e"*e "-!'-"0 /!%&' t+%)t+(e !% &" !..e"*e )+"*$&'e &t 'e&*t )%*!" /&!%

e A+*e !. &+t$!%t. U"&+t$!%e( &*e"ce .!% ..tee" 1H c!"*ec+t-e 6!%"0 (&*, e;ce)t " t$e c&*e !.

/e/e%* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&", *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"*!(, *&"00+"&"0 &&", &"(*&"00+"&"0 &&", &"( *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0&

0 A))'c&t!" .!%, !% &c+*t!" !., .!%e0" cte"*$) !% %e*(e"ce !% t$e *t&t+* !. &"//0%&"t !. &"!t$e% c!+"t% &"(

$ S+c$ !t$e% 0%!+"(* &* /& e )%!-(e( " t$* C!(e &"( !t$e% '&6*#

A" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' /& e %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce !" t$e 0%!+"(* e"+/e%&te( &!-e !%(e% !. t$e )%!)e% c!+%t# Sect!" <=, LGC

3 W$&t * %e+%e( " c&*e & c!/)'&"t 6'' e .'e( &0&"*t &" e%%"0 '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&'4A 31# T$e *&( c!/)'&"t /+*t e -e%.e(#2# It *$&'' e .'e( " t$e .!''!6"0 !..ce*:

& I" t$e !..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t: I" c&*e !. & c!/)'&"t &0&"*t &" e'ect-e !..c&' !. & )%!-"ce, & $0$' +%&"e( ct, &" "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t ct !% c!/)!"e"t ct

Sect!" <1&, LGC I" t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&": I" c&*e !. & c!/)'&"t &0&"*t &" e'ect-e !..c&' !. &

/+"c)&'t# T$e (ec*!" !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&" 6$!*e (ec*!" /& e&))e&'e( t! t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t Sect!" <1 , LGC &"(

c I" t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"0'+"*!( !% S&"00+"&"0 B&&": I" c&*e !. & c!/)'&"t &0&"*t&" e'ect-e &%&"0& !..c&'# T$e (ec*!" !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"*!( !%*&"00+"&"0 &&" *$&'' e ."&' &"( e;ec+t!%# Sect!" <1c, LGC

>><91 3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e t! e !*e%-e( &.te% t$e .'"0 !. t$e *&( &(/"*t%&t-e c!/)'&"t4

A 31# Wt$" 7 (&* &.te% t$e .'"0 !. &(/"*t%&t-e c!/)'&"t: T$e !..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t !% t$e

*&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(, &* t$e c&*e /& e, *$&'' %e+%e t$e %e*)!"(e"t t! *+/t $* -e%.e(&"*6e% 6t$" 1H (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!. &"( c!//e"ce t$e "-e*t0&t!" !. t$e c&*e6t$" 1= (&* &.te% %ece)t !. *+c$ &"*6e%#

2# I. &" e'ect-e !..c&' !. & )%!-"ce !% $0$' +%&"e( ct: S+c$ $e&%"0 &"( "-e*t0&t!"*$&'' e c!"(+cte( " t$e )'&ce 6$e%e $e %e"(e%* !% $!'(* !..ce# F!% &'' !t$e% '!c&' e'ect-e!..c&'*, t$e -e"+e *$&'' e t$e )'&ce 6$e%e t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( * '!c&te(#

7



3 C&" &" "-e*t0&t!" e $e'( )%!% t! & '!c&' e'ect!"4 C&" )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" e/)!*e( )%!% t! '!c&' e'ect!"4

A 3 N! "-e*t0&t!" *$&'' e $e'( 6t$" 9= (&* //e(&te' )%!% t! &" '!c&' e'ect!", &"("! )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" *$&'' e /)!*e( 6t$" t$e *&( )e%!(# I. )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"$&* ee" /)!*e( )%!% t! t$e 9=3(& )e%!( //e(&te' )%ece("0 '!c&' e'ect!", t *$&'' e(ee/e( &+t!/&tc&'' '.te( +)!" t$e *t&%t !. &.!%e*&( )e%!(# Sect!" <2c, LGC

3 W$e" t$e e-(e"ce !. 0+'t * *t%!"0, 6$&t )e"&'t c&" e /)!*e(4A 3 P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" /& e /)!*e( +"(e% Sec# <? !. LGC#

3 W$! c&" /)!*e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"4A 31# It /& e /)!*e( t$e P%e*(e"t, . t$e %e*)!"(e"t * &" e'ect-e !..c&' !. & )%!-"ce, &

$0$' +%&"e( !% &" "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t ct Sect!" <?1, LGC2# It /&e /)!*e( t$e G!-e%"!%, . t$e %e*)!"(e"t * &" e'ect-e !..c&' !. & c!/)!"e"t

ct !% /+"c)&'t Sect!" <?2, LGC !% ?# It /& e /)!*e( t$e M&!%, . t$e %e*)!"(e"t * &" e'ect-e !..c&' !. t$e &%&"0&#

Sect!" <??, LGC>><92 3 W$&t *)ec.c&'' * %e+%e( e.!%e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" /& e /)!*e(4A 3 P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" /& e /)!*e( &t &" t/e &.te% t$e **+e* &%e @!"e(, 6$e" t$e

e-(e"ce !. 0+'t * *t%!"0, &"( 0-e" t$e 0%&-t !. t$e !..e"*e, t$e%e * 0%e&t )%!&'t t$&tt$e c!"t"+&"ce " !..ce !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t c!+'( ".'+e"ce t$e 6t"e**e* !% )!*e & t$%e&t t!t$e *&.et &"( "te0%t !. t$e %ec!%(* &"( !t$e% e-(e"ce# P%!-(e(, t$&t, &" *"0'e

)%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" !. '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&'* *$&'' "!t e;te"( e!"( *;t <= (&*

P%!-(e(, .+%t$e%, t$&t " t$e e-e"t t$&t *e-e%&' &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e* &%e .'e( &0&"*t &"e'ect-e !..c&', $e c&""!t e )%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"(e( .!% /!%e t$&" ""et 9= (&* 6t$"& *"0'e e&% !" t$e *&/e 0%!+"( !% 0%!+"(* e;*t"0 &"( "!6" &t t$e t/e !. t$e .%*t*+*)e"*!"# Sect!" <?, LGC

3 W$&t $&))e"* +)!" t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"4A 3 U)!" e;)%&t!" !. t$e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!", t$e *+*)e"(e( e'ect-e !..c&' *$&'' e

(ee/e( %e"*t&te( " !..ce 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t! t$e c!"t"+&t!" !. t$e )%!cee("0* &0&"*t$/, 6$c$ *$&'' e te%/"&te( 6t$" !"e $+"(%e( t6e"t 12= (&* .%!/ t$e t/e $e 6&*

.!%/&'' "!t.e( !. t$e c&*e &0&"*t $/# 5!6e-e%, . t$e (e'& " t$e )%!cee("0* !. t$ec&*e * (+e t! $* .&+'t, "e0'ect, !% %e+e*t, !t$e% t$&" t$e &))e&' (+' .'e(, t$e (+%&t!" !.*+c$ (e'& *$&'' "!t e c!+"te( " c!/)+t"0 t$e t/e !. te%/"&t!" !. t$e c&*e# Sect!"<?c, LGC

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*e+e"ce . t$e )!6e% t! /)!*e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" * &+*e(4A 3 It *$&'' e )e"&'e( &* &+*e !. &+t$!%t# Sect!" <?(, LGC

8



EFFECT OF PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION ON T5E SALAR OF RESPONDENT 3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" !" t$e *&'&% !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t !..c&'

)%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"(e(4A 3 T$e %e*)!"(e"t !..c&' )%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"(e( .%!/ !..ce *$&'' %ece-e "! *&'&% !%

c!/)e"*&t!" (+%"0 *+c$ *+*)e"*!" +t, +)!" *+*e+e"t e;!"e%&t!" &"( %e"*t&te/e"t,$e *$&'' e )&( .+'' *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!" "c'+("0 *+c$ e/!'+/e"t* &cc%+"0 (+%"0*+c$ *+*)e"*!"# Sect!" <, LGC

RIG5TS OF RESPONDENT 3 W$&t e;&ct' &%e t$e %0$t* !. %e*)!"(e"t " c&*e & c!/)'&"t * .'e( &0&"*t $/4A 3 T$e %e*)!"(e"t *$&'' e &cc!%(e( .+'' !))!%t+"t t! &))e&% &"( (e.e"( $/*e'. " )e%*!" !%

c!+"*e', t! c!".%!"t &"( c%!**3e;&/"e t$e 6t"e**e* &0&"*t $/, &"( t! %e+%e t$e&tte"(&"ce !. 6t"e**e* &"( t$e )%!(+ct!" !. (!c+/e"t&% e-(e"ce " $* .&-!% t$%!+0$c!/)+'*!% )%!ce** !. *+)!e"& !% *+)!e"& (+ce* tec+/# Sect!" <H, LGC

>><9?FORM AND NOTICE OF DECISION

3 W$e" * t$e "-e*t0&t!" te%/"&te(4A 3 T$e "-e*t0&t!" !. t$e c&*e *$&'' e te%/"&te( 6t$" ""et 9= (&* .%!/ t$e *t&%t

t$e%e!.#

3 W$e" *$&'' t$e (ec*!" e %e"(e%e(4A 3 Wt$" t$%t ?= (&* &.te% t$e e"( !. t$e "-e*t0&t!", t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t !% t$e

*&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( *$&'' %e"(e% & (ec*!" " 6%t"0 *t&t"0 c'e&%' &"( (*t"ct' t$e.&ct* &"( t$e %e&*!"* .!% *+c$ (ec*!"# C!)e* !. *&( (ec*!" *$&'' //e(&te' e.+%"*$e( t$e %e*)!"(e"t &"( &'' "te%e*te( )&%te*# Sect!" <<, LGC

3 C&" &" e%%"0 '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&' e *+*)e"(e( .!% /!%e t$&" *; < /!"t$*4A 3 T$e )e"&'t !. *+*)e"*!" *$&'' "!t e;cee( t$e +"e;)%e( te%/ !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t !% & )e%!(

!. *; < /!"t$* .!% e-e% &(/"*t%&t-e !..e"*e, "!% *$&'' *&( )e"&'t e & &% t! t$ec&"((&c !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t *! *+*)e"(e( &* '!"0 &* $e /eet* t$e +&'.c&t!"* %e+%e( .!%t$e !..ce# Sect!" <<, LGC

REMOVAL FROM OFFICE 3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. & )e"&'t !. %e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce4A 3 T$e )e"&'t !. %e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &* & %e*+'t !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!" *$&'' e

c!"*(e%e( & &% t! t$e c&"((&c !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t .!% &" e'ect-e )!*t!"# Sect!" <<c,LGC

ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS 3 A%e (ec*!"* " &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e* &))e&'&'e4A 3 e*, 6t$" t$%t ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!.# Sect!" <7&, LGC

3 W$e%e *$&'' t$e &))e&' e .'e(4

9



A 31# I" t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&": I" t$e c&*e !. (ec*!"* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"0*!(

!. c!/)!"e"t cte* &"( t$e *&"00+"&"0 &&" Sect!" <7&, LGC &"(2# I" t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t: I" t$e c&*e !. (ec*!"* !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&" &"(

t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!( !. $0$' +%&"e( cte* &"( "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte*Sect!" <7, LGC

EXECUTION PENDING APPEAL 3 C&" &" &))e&' )%e-e"t & (ec*!" .%!/ ec!/"0 ."&' !% e;ec+t!%4A 3 A" &))e&' *$&'' "!t )%e-e"t & (ec*!" .%!/ ec!/"0 ."&' !% e;ec+t!%# T$e %e*)!"(e"t

*$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* $&-"0 ee" )'&ce( +"(e% )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" (+%"0 t$e )e"(e"c!. &" &))e&' " t$e e-e"t $e 6"* *+c$ &))e&'# I" t$e e-e"t t$e &))e&' %e*+'t* " &"e;!"e%&t!", $e *$&'' e )&( $* *&'&% &"( *+c$ !t$e% e/!'+/e"t* (+%"0 t$e )e"(e"c !.t$e &))e&'# Sect!" <8, LGC

>><9RECALL

3 W$! c&" e;e%c*e t$e )!6e% !. %ec&''4A 3 T$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* !. & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t t! 6$c$ t$e '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&' *+@ect

t! *+c$ %ec&'' e'!"0*# Sect!"# <9, LGC

3 O" 6$&t 0%!+"( c&" *+c$ )!6e% !. %ec&'' e e;e%c*e(4A 3 O" t$e 0%!+"( !. '!** !. c!".(e"ce# Sect!" <9, LGC

3 5!6 /& t e "t&te(4A 3 It /& e "t&te( & )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/' !% t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* !. t$e LGU

t! 6$c$ t$e '!c&' e'ect-e !..c&' *+@ect t! *+c$ %ec&'' e'!"0*#

PRA PREPARATOR RECALL ASSEMBL 3 I* t$e%e & PRA " e-e% LGU4A 3 e*# T$e%e *$&'' e & PRA " e-e% )%!-"ce, ct, (*t%ct, &"( /+"c)&'t#

3 W$&t * t$e c!/)!*t!" !. t$e PRA4A 3

1# P%!-"c&' 'e-e'

COMPOSITION: A'' /&!%*, -ce3/&!%*, &"( *&"00+"&"0 /e/e%* !. t$e /+"c)&'te*&"( c!/)!"e"t cte*#

2# Ct 'e-e'COMPOSITION: A'' )+"!"0 &%&"0& &"( *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /e/e%* " t$e ct#

?# Le0*'&t-e D*t%ct 'e-e'

H=



COMPOSITION: I" c&*e* 6$e%e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&" /e/e%* &%e e'ecte( (*t%ct, &''e'ect-e /+"c)&' !..c&'* " t$e (*t%ct &"( " c&*e* 6$e%e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!(/e/e%* &%e e'ecte( (*t%ct, &'' e'ect-e &%&"0& !..c&'* " t$e (*t%ct#

# M+"c)&' 'e-e'COMPOSITION: A'' )+"!"0 &%&"0& &"( *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /e/e%* " t$e

/+"c)&'t#

3 5!6 *$&'' & %ec&'' e "t&te(4A 31# It *$&'' e -&'(' "t&te( t$%!+0$ & %e*!'+t!" &(!)te( & /&@!%t !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !.

t$e )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/' c!"ce%"e( (+%"0 t* *e**!" c&''e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e# Sect!"7=c, LGC

2# It /& &'*! e -&'(' "t&te( +)!" )ett!" !. &t 'e&*t 2H !. t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. %e0*te%e(-!te%* " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e( (+%"0 t$e e'ect!" " 6$c$ t$e '!c&' !..c&'*!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( 6&* e'ecte(# Sect!" 7=(, LGC

>><9H 3 C&" & 6%tte" )ett!" .!% %ec&'' e .'e( 6t$ t$e C!/e'ec4A 3 e*, t$* * &''!6e( +"(e% Sec# 7=(1#

3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+%e/e"t* " t$* c&*e4

A 3 A /&@!%t !. &'' t$e )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/' /e/e%* /& c!"-e"e " *e**!" " & )+'c )'&ce &"( "t&te & %ec&'' )%!cee("0 &0&"*t &" e'ect-e !..c&' " t$e LGUc!"ce%"e(# Rec&'' !. )%!-"c&', ct, !% /+"c)&' !..c&'* *$&'' e -&'(' "t&te( t$%!+0$& %e*!'+t!" &(!)te( & /&@!%t !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/'

c!"ce%"e( (+%"0 t* *e**!" c&''e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e# Sect!" 7=c, LGCRec&'' !. &" e'ect-e )%!-"c&', ct, /+"c)&', !% &%&"0& !..c&' /& &'*! e -&'('

"t&te( +)!" )ett!" !. &t 'e&*t 2H !. t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. %e0*te%e( -!te%* " t$e LGUc!"ce%"e( (+%"0 t$e e'ect!" " 6$c$ t$e '!c&' !..c&' *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( 6&* e'ecte(#Sect!" 7=(, LGC

ELECTION RECALL 3 W$&t $&))e"* &.te% t$e *&( )ett!" .!% %ec&'' * .'e( 6t$ t$e &))%!)%&te '!c&' !..ce !. t$e

C!/e'ec4

A 3 T$e C!/e'ec !% t* (+' &+t$!%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e *$&'' *et t$e (&te !. t$e e'ect!" !" %ec&'',6$c$ *$&'' "!t e '&te% t$&" t$%t ?= (&* &.te% t$e .''"0 !. t$e %e*!'+t!" !% )ett!" .!%%ec&'' " t$e c&*e !. t$e &%&"0&, ct !% /+"c)&' !..c&'*, &"( H (&* " t$e c&*e !.

)%!-"c&' !..c&'*# T$e !..c&' !% !..c&'* *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( *$&'' &+t!/&tc&'' ec!"*(e%e( &* (+' %e0*te%e( c&"((&te !% c&"((&te* t! t$e )e%t"e"t )!*t!"*, &"( 'e!t$e% c&"((&te*, *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! e -!te( +)!"# Sect!" 71, LGC

EFFECTIVIT OF RECALL

H1



3 W$e" *$&'' t$e %ec&'' !. &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' e e..ect-e4A 3 It *$&'' e e..ect-e !"' +)!" t$e e'ect!" &"( )%!c'&/&t!" !. & *+cce**!% " t$e )e%*!" !.

t$e c&"((&te %ece-"0 t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* c&*t (+%"0 t$e e'ect!" !" %ec&''# S$!+'(t$e !..c&' *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( %ece-e t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te*, c!".(e"ce " $/ *t$e%e &..%/e(, &"( $e *$&'' c!"t"+e " !..ce# Sect!" 72, LGC

3 D+%"0 t$e %ec&'' )%!ce**, t$e e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( %e*0"e(# C&" t$*

e (!"e4A 3 N!# Sect!" 7? !. LGC )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: T$e e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' *!+0$t t! e

%ec&''e( *$&'' "!t e &''!6e( t! %e*0" 6$'e t$e %ec&'' )%!ce** * " )%!0%e**#>><9<LIMITATIONS ON RECALL 3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* !" %ec&''4A 3 & A" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' /& e t$e *+@ect !. & %ec&'' e'ect!" !"' !"ce (+%"0 $*

te%/ !. !..ce .!% '!** !. c!".(e"ce N! %ec&'' *$&'' t&e )'&ce 6t$" 1 e&% .%!/ t$e(&te !. t$e !..c&'* &**+/)t!" t! !..ce !% 1 e&% //e(&te' )%ece("0 & %e0+'&% '!c&'

e'ect!"# Sect!" 7, LGC

EXPENSES INCIDENT TO RECALL ELECTION 3 W$! *$!+'(e%* t$e e;)e"*e* "c(e"t t! %ec&'' e'ect!"*4A 3 It *$&'' e !%"e t$e C!/e'ec# F!% t$* )+%)!*e, t$e%e *$&'' e "c'+(e( " t$e &""+&'

Ge"e%&' A))%!)%&t!"* Act & c!"t"0e"c .+"( &t t$e (*)!*&' !. t$e C!/e'ec .!% t$ec!"(+ct !. %ec&'' e'ect!"*# Sect!" 7H, LGC

5UMAN RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 3 W$&t 0!-e%"* &'' /&tte%* )e%t"e"t t! $+/&" %e*!+%ce* &"( (e-e'!)/e"t4

A 3 It *$&'' e 0!-e%"e( t$e C-' Se%-ce L&6 &"( *+c$ %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* &"( !t$e%**+&"ce* )%!/+'0&te( )+%*+&"t t$e%et!, +"'e** !t$e%6*e *)ec.e( " t$* C!(e# Sect!" 78,LGC

APPOINTMENT IN T5E CAREER SERVICE OF T5E LOCAL GOVERNMENT 3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" 6$e" *!/e!( * &))!"te( " t$e c&%ee% *e%-ce !. t$e '!c&'

0!-e%"/e"t4A 3 N! )e%*!" *$&'' e &))!"te( " t$e c&%ee% *e%-ce !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t . $e * %e'&te(

6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee !. c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t t! t$e &))!"t"0 !% %ec!//e"("0

&+t$!%t# Sect!" 79, LGC

REUIREMENT IF A LOCAL C5IEF EXECUTIVE WILL FILL UP A VACANT CAREERPOSITION

3 W$&t *$!+'( e !*e%-e( 6$e" & '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e .''* & -&c&"t c&%ee% )!*t!"4A 3 & T$e%e *$&'' e )!*te( "!tce* !. t$e -&c&"c " &t 'e&*t ? c!"*)c+!+* )+'c )'&ce* "

t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e( .!% & )e%!( "!t 'e** t$&" 1H (&* T$e%e *$&'' ee*t&'*$e( " e-e% )%!-"ce, ct !% /+"c)&'t & )e%*!""e' *e'ect!" !&%( t! &***t t$e

H2



'!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e " t$e @+(c!+* &"( !@ect-e *e'ect!" !. )e%*!""e' .!% e/)'!/e"t &*6e'' &* .!% )%!/!t!", &"( " t$e .!%/+'&t!" !. *+c$ )!'ce* &* 6!+'( c!"t%+te t!e/)'!ee* 6e'.&%e &"( c T$e )e%*!""e' *e'ect!" !&%( *$&'' e $e&(e( t$e '!c&' c$e.e;ec+t-e, &"( t* /e/e%* *$&'' e (ete%/"e( %e*!'+t!" !. t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(A %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", . &", &"( t$e )e%*!""e' !..ce% !. t$e'!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e( *$&'' e e; !..c! /e/e%* !. t$e !&%(# Sect!" 8=LGC

>><97COMPENSATION OF LOCAL OFFICIALS AND EMPLOEES 3 W$! (ete%/"e* t$e c!/)e"*&t!" !. '!c&' !..c&'* &"( )e%*!""e'4

A 3 T$e S&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(, *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 '/t&t!"*:1# T$&t t$e "c%e&*e " c!/)e"*&t!" !. e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&'* *$&'' t&e e..ect !"' &.te% t$e

te%/* !. !..ce !. t$!*e &))%!-"0 *+c$ "c%e&*e *$&'' $&-e e;)%e(2# T$&t t$e "c%e&*e " c!/)e"*&t!" !. t$e &))!"t-e !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee* *$&'' t&e e..ect

&* )%!-(e( " t$e !%("&"ce &+t$!%"0 *+c$ "c%e&*e

?# T$&t *&( "c%e&*e* *$&'' "!t e;cee( t$e '/t&t!"* !" +(0et&% &''!c&t!"* .!% )e%*!"&'*e%-ce* )%!-(e( +"(e% Tt'e F-e, B!! II !. t$* C!(e &"(

# T$&t *+c$ c!/)e"*&t!" /& e &*e( +)!" t$e )e%t"e"t )%!-*!"* !. R#A# N!# <7H8,!t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$e C!/)e"*&t!" &"( P!*t!" C'&**.c&t!" Act !. 1989#

RESIGNATION OF ELECTIVE LOCAL OFFICIALS 3 W$e" * & %e*0"&t!" !. &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&'* e..ect-e4

A 3 T$e *&/e *$&'' e (ee/e( e..ect-e !"' +)!" &cce)t&"ce :1# T$e P%e*(e"t 3 I" t$e c&*e !. 0!-e%"!%*, -ce30!-e%"!%*, &"( /&!%* &"( -ce3/&!%* !.

$0$' +%&"e( cte* &"( "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte*2# T$e G!-e%"!% 3 I" t$e c&*e !. /+"c)&' /&!%*, /+"c)&' -ce3/&!%*, ct -ce3/&!%* !.

c!/)!"e"t cte*?# T$e S&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( 3 I" t$e c&*e !. *&"00+"&" /e/e%* &"(# T$e Ct !% M+"c)&' M&!% 3 I" t$e c&*e !. &%&"0& !..c&'*# Sect!" 82&, LGC

3 S$!+'( & c!) !. t$e *&( %e*0"&t!" 'ette% e .+%"*$e( t! t$e DILG4A 3 e*# Sect!" 82(, LGC>><98

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*e+e"ce . t$e %e*0"&t!" * "!t &cte( +)!" t$e &+t$!%t c!"ce%"e(4A 3 T$e %e*0"&t!" *$&'' e (ee/e( &cce)te( . "!t &cte( +)!" t$e &+t$!%t c!"ce%"e(

6t$" 1H 6!%"0 (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!.# Sect!" 82c, LGC

IRREVOCABLE RESIGNATIONS B SANGGUNIAN MEMBERS 3 W$e" * t$* (ee/e( &cce)te(4A 3 It *$&'' e (ee/e( &cce)te( +)!" )%e*e"t&t!" e.!%e &" !)e" *e**!" !. t$e *&"00+"&"

c!"ce%"e( &"( (+' e"te%e( " t* %ec!%(*# P%!-(e(, $!6e-e%, t$&t t$* *+*ect!" (!e* "!t

H?



&))' t! *&"00+"&" /e/e%* 6$! &%e *+@ect t! %ec&'' e'ect!"* !% t! c&*e* 6$e%e e;*t"0'&6* )%e*c%e t$e /&""e% !. &ct"0 +)!" *+c$ %e*0"&t!"*# Sect!" 82(, LGC

ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINE AGAINST APPOINTIVE LOCAL OFFICIALS ANDEMPLOEES

3 W$&t * t$e 0!-e%""0 '&6 %e0&%("0 &(/"*t%&t-e c!/)'&"t &0&"*t &))!"t-e '!c&'!..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee*4

A 3 C-' Se%-ce L&6, %+'e* &"( !t$e% )e%t"e"t '&6*# T$e %e*+'t* !. *+c$ &(/"*t%&t-e"-e*t0&t!"* *$&'' e %e)!%te( t! t$e CSC#

PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION OF APPOINTIVE LOCAL OFFICIALS AND EMPLOEES 3 M& '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e* )%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"( &" *+!%("&te !..c&' !% e/)'!ee +"(e%

$* &+t$!%t )e"("0 "-e*t0&t!"4A 3 e*, . t$e c$&%0e &0&"*t *+c$ !..c&' !% e/)'!ee "-!'-e* & (*$!"e*t !))%e**!"

!% 0%&-e /*c!"(+ct c "e0'ect " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. (+te* ( !% . t$e%e * %e&*!" t! e'e-e t$&t t$e %e*)!"(e"t * 0+'t !. t$e c$&%0e* 6$c$ 6!+'( 6&%%&"t $* %e/!-&' .%!/

t$e *e%-ce#

3 I* t$e *+*)e"(e( !..c&' !% e/)'!ee e"tt'e( t! %e"*t&te/e"t +)!" t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"4

A 3 e*, +t 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t! t$e c!"t"+&t!" !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0* &0&"*t $/+"t' t* te%/"&t!"# Sect!" 8H, LGC

3 I. t$e%e * & (e'& " t$e )%!cee("0* !. t$e c&*e, * t$e t/e !. t$e (e'& t! e c!+"te( "c!/)+t"0 t$e )e%!( !. *+*)e"*!"4

A 3 Sec# 8H, '&*t *e"te"ce, )%!-(e* t$&t . t$e (e'& " t$e )%!cee("0* * (+e t! t$e .&+'t,

"e0'ect !% %e+e*t !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t, t$e t/e !. t$e (e'& *$&'' "!t e c!+"te( " c!/)+t"0t$e )e%!( !. *+*)e"*!"#

>><99ADMINISTRATIVE INVESTIGATION 3 W$! /& c!"(+ct &" &(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!" " &" LGU4A 3 A" )e%*!" !% c!//ttee (+' &+t$!%e( t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e *&( )e%*!" !% c!//ttee4A 3

1 It *$&'' c!"(+ct $e&%"0* !" t$e c&*e* %!+0$t &0&"*t t$e &))!"t-e '!c&' !..c&'* &"(e/)'!ee* c!/)'&"e( !. &"(

2 It *$&'' *+/t t* ."("0* &"( %ec!//e"(&t!"* t! t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e(6t$" 1H (&* .%!/ t$e c!"c'+*!" !. t$e $e&%"0*#

3 W$e" *$&'' t$e &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e e (ec(e(4A 3 9= (&* .%!/ t$e t/e t$e %e*)!"(e"t * .!%/&'' "!t.e( !. t$e c$&%0e*#

H



A 3 A* t$e &*c )!'tc&' +"t, t$e &%&"0& *e%-e* &* t$e )%/&% )'&"""0 &"( /)'e/e"t"0+"t !. 0!-e%"/e"t )!'ce*, )'&"*, )%!0%&/*, )%!@ect*, &"( &ct-te* " t$e c!//+"t, &"(&* & .!%+/ 6$e%e" t$e c!''ect-e -e6* !. t$e )e!)'e /& e e;)%e**e(, c%*t&''e( &"(c!"*(e%e(, &"( 6$e%e (*)+te* /& e &/c&' *ett'e(# Sect!" ?8, LGC

MANNER OF CREATION 3 5!6 * & &%&"0& c%e&te(, (-(e(, /e%0e(, &!'*$e(, !% t* !+"(&% *+*t&"t&''

&'te%e(4A 31 B '&6 !% 2 !%("&"ce !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&" !% *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!(,

*+@ect t! t$e &))%!-&' & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte t! e c!"(+cte( t$eC!/e'ec " t$e LGU (%ect' &..ecte(# Sect!" ?8H, LGC

2 B &" &ct !. C!"0%e**, & &%&"0& /& e c%e&te( t! e"$&"ce t$e (e'-e% !. &*c *e%-ce*" t$e "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*# Sect!" ?8<, LGC

POPULATION OF A BARANGA

3 I* t$e%e & %e+%e( )!)+'&t!" e.!%e & &%&"0& c&" e c%e&te(4A 3 N! *)ec.c "+/e% !. "$&t&"t* * %e+%e(# Sect!" ?8< !. t$e LGC /e%e' %e+%e* t$&t

& A &%&"0& /& e c%e&te( !+t !. & c!"t0+!+* te%%t!% 6$c$ $&* & )!)+'&t!" !. &t'e&*t 2,=== "$&t&"t* &* ce%t.e( t$e N&t!"&' St&t*tc* O..ce e;ce)t " cte* &"(/+"c)&'te* 6t$" Met%! M&"'& &"( !t$e% /et%!)!'t&" )!'tc&' *+(-*!"* !% "$0$' +%&"e( cte* 6$e%e *+c$ te%%t!% *$&'' $&-e & ce%t.e( )!)+'&t!" !. &t 'e&*t H,==="$&t&"t*# P%!-(e(, t$&t t$e c%e&t!" t$e%e!. *$&'' "!t %e(+ce t$e )!)+'&t!" !. t$e !%0"&'

&%&"0& !% &%&"0&* t! 'e** t$&" t$e /"/+/ %e+%e/e"t )%e*c%e( $e%e"#>>7=1

T! e"$&"ce t$e (e'-e% !. &*c *e%-ce* " t$e "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*

&%&"0&* /& e c%e&te( " *+c$ c!//+"te* &" Act !. C!"0%e**, "!t6t$*t&"("0 t$e&!-e %e+%e/e"t#

T$e te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" !. t$e "e6 &%&"0& *$&'' e )%!)e%' (e"t.e( /ete* &"( !+"(* !% /!%e !% 'e** )e%/&"e"t "&t+%&' !+"(&%e*# T$e te%%t!% "ee( "!t ec!"t0+!+* . t c!/)%*e* t6! 2 !% /!%e *'&"(*#

c T$e 0!-e%"!% !% ct /&!% /& )%e)&%e & c!"*!'(&t!" )'&" .!% &%&"0&*, &*e( !" t$ec%te%& )%e*c%e( " t$* Sect!", 6t$" $* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"# T$e )'&" *$&'' e

*+/tte( t! t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&" !% *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!( c!"ce%"e( .!%&))%!)%&te &ct!"#

I" t$e c&*e !. /+"c)&'te* 6t$" t$e Met%!)!'t&" M&"'& &%e& &"( !t$e% /et%!)!'t&" )!'tc&' *+(-*!"*, t$e &%&"0& c!"*!'(&t!" )'&" *$&'' e )%e)&%e( &"( &))%!-e( t$e*&"00+"&"0 &&" c!"ce%"e(# Sect!" ?8<, LGC

BARANGA OFFICIALS 3 W$! &%e t$e &%&"0& !..c&'*4

H<



A 31# P+"!"0 B&%&"0&2# Se-e" 7 S&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /e/e%*?# J&&t&&" C$&%/&"# B&%&"0& Sec%et&%H# B&%&"0& T%e&*+%e% Sect!" ?87, LGC

3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% !..ce* " t$e B&%&"0&4A 31# L+)!"0 T&0&)&/&&)&2# C!//+"t B%0&(e*?# Ot$e% !..ce* &* /& e "ece**&%Sect!" ?87, LGC>>7=2 3 W$! &%e t$e )e%*!"* " &+t$!%t &"( 6$! &%e t$e &0e"t* !. )e%*!" " &+t$!%t4

A 3OFFICIALS1# P+"!"0 B&%&"0&

3 Pe%*!" " A+t$!%t2# S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0& /e/e%*

3 Pe%*!" " A+t$!%t?# Me/e%* !. t$e L+)!" T&0&)&/&&)&

3 Pe%*!" " A+t$!%t# Ot$e% B&%&"0& !..c&'* c$&%0e( " t$e /&"te"&"ce !. )+'c !%(e%, )%!tect!" &"( *ec+%t

!. '.e &"( )%!)e%t &"( &" &%&"0& /e/e% 6$! c!/e* t! t$e &( !. t$e )e%*!" "

&+t$!%t# Sect!" ?88, LGC3 A0e"t* !. )e%*!"* " &+t$!%t

POWERS, DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF T5E PUNONG BARANGA, SANGGUNIANGBARANGA

3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%*, (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* !. t$e P+"!"0 B&%&"0&4A 3 E"+/e%&te( " Sect!" ?89 !. t$e LGC#

3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%*, (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0&4

A 3 E"+/e%&te( " Sect!" ?9= !. t$e LGC#

3 C&" t$e B&%&"0& C$&%/&" )!**e** &"( c&%% .%e&%/4A 3 e*, +t !"' 6t$" $* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" *+@ect t! &))%!)%&te %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"*

Sect!" ?89, LGC

JATARUNGANG PAMBARANGA 3 W$&t 6&* c%e&te( t! *+)e%-*e c!"c'&t!" !. (*)+te* " t$e &%&"0& 'e-e'4

H7



A 3 T$e L+)!"0 T&0&)&/&&)& &"( t$e P&"0&t "0 T&0&)&0&*+"(!#

3 W$&t &%e t$e .+"ct!"* !. t$e L+)!"4

A 3 T$e L+)!" *$&'':& E;e%c*e &(/"*t%&t-e *+)e%-*!" !-e% t$e c!"c'&t!" )&"e'* )%!-(e( $e%e"# Meet %e0+'&%' !"ce & /!"t$ t! )%!-(e & .!%+/ .!% /&tte%* %e'e-&"t t! t$e &/c&'e

*ett'e/e"t !. (*)+te*, &"( t! e"&'e -&%!+* c!"c'&t!" )&"e' /e/e%* t! *$&%e 6t$ !"e&"!t$e% t$e% !*e%-&t!"* &"( e;)e%e"ce* " e..ect"0 *)ee( %e*!'+t!" !. (*)+te* &"(

c E;e%c*e *+c$ !t$e% )!6e%* &"( )e%.!%/ *+c$ !t$e% (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* &* /& e )%e*c%e( '&6 !% !%("&"ce# Sect!" =2, LGC

>>7=? 3 W$&t * t$e t&* !. t$e P&"0&t "0 T&0&)&0&*+"(!4A 3 T$e /e/e%* !. t$e L+)!" *$&'' *e%-e &* c!"c'&t!%*# Sect!" =, LGC

AMICABLE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES BETWEEN PERSONS RESIDING IN T5E

SAID BARANGA 3 W$e%e *$&'' *&( (*)+te* e %!+0$t .!% &/c&'e *ett'e/e"t4A 3 Be.!%e t$e L+)!" !. t$e *&( B&%&"0&#

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t (*)+te* t$&t /& e %!+0$t .!% &/c&'e *ett'e/e"t4A 3& T$!*e "-!'-"0 &ct+&' %e*(e"t* !. (..e%e"t &%&"0&* 6t$" t$e *&/e ct !% /+"c)&'t

*$&'' e %!+0$t " t$e &%&"0& 6$e%e t$e %e*)!"(e"t !% &" !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t* &ct+&''%e*(e*, &t t$e e'ect!" !. t$e c!/)'&"&"t#

A'' (*)+te* "-!'-"0 %e&' )%!)e%t !% &" "te%e*t t$e%e" *$&'' e %!+0$t " t$e &%&"0&

6$e%e t$e %e&' )%!)e%t !% t$e '&%0e% )!%t!" t$e%e!. * *t+&te(#c T$!*e &%*"0 &t t$e 6!%)'&ce 6$e%e t$e c!"te"("0 )&%te* &%e e/)'!e( !% &t t$e

"*tt+t!" 6$e%e *+c$ )&%te* &%e e"%!''e( .!% *t+( *$&'' e %!+0$t " t$e &%&"0& 6$e%e*+c$ 6!%)'&ce !% "*tt+t!" * '!c&te(# Sect!" =9, LGC

LIMITATIONS BEFORE A COMPLAINT, PETITION, ACTION OR PROCEEDINGINVOLVING AN MATTER WIT5IN T5E AUT5ORIT OF T5E LUPON COULD BEFILED IN COURT Sect!" 12, LGC

3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!"4

A 3& P%e3c!"(t!" t! .'"0 !. c!/)'&"t " c!+%t# 3 N! c!/)'&"t, )ett!", &ct!" !% )%!cee("0

"-!'-"0 &" /&tte% 6t$" t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e '+)!" *$&'' e .'e( !% "*tt+te( (%ect' "c!+%t !% &" !t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce .!% &(@+(c&t!", +"'e** t$e%e $&* ee" & c!".%!"t&t!"

et6ee" t$e )&%te* e.!%e t$e '+)!" c$&%/&" !% t$e )&"0&t, &"( t$&t "! c!"c'&t!" !%*ett'e/e"t $&* ee" %e&c$e( &* ce%t.e( t$e '+)!" *ec%et&% !% )&"0&t *ec%et&% &*&tte*te( t! t$e '+)!" c$&%/&" !% )&"0&t c$&%/&" !% +"'e** t$e *ett'e/e"t $&* ee"%e)+(&te( t$e )&%te* t$e%et!#

H8



W$e%e )&%te* /& 0! (%ect' t! c!+%t# 3 T$e )&%te* /& 0! (%ect' t! c!+%t " t$e.!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:

>>7=1 W$e%e t$e &cc+*e( * +"(e% (ete"t!"2 W$e%e & )e%*!" $&* !t$e%6*e ee" (e)%-e( !. )e%*!"&' 'e%t c&''"0 .!% $&e&* c!%)+*

)%!cee("0*? W$e%e &ct!"* &%e c!+)'e( 6t$ )%!-*!"&' %e/e(e* *+c$ &* )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!"

&tt&c$/e"t, (e'-e% !. )e%*!"&' )%!)e%t, &"( *+))!%t )e"(e"te 'te &"( W$e%e t$e &ct!" /& !t$e%6*e e &%%e( t$e *t&t+te !. '/t&t!"*#

c C!"c'&t!" &/!"0 /e/e%* !. "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*# 3 T$e c+*t!/* &"(t%&(t!"* !. "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te* *$&'' e &))'e( " *ett'"0 (*)+te* et6ee"/e/e%* !. t$e c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*# Sect!" 12, LGC

CASES W5EN T5E PARTIES MA GO DIRECTL TO COURT 3 W$e" c&" t$e )&%te* 0! (%ect' t! c!+%t4

A 31 W$e%e t$e &cc+*e( * +"(e% (ete"t!"2 W$e%e & )e%*!" $&* !t$e%6*e ee" (e)%-e( !. )e%*!"&' 'e%t c&''"0 .!% $&e&* c!%)+*

)%!cee("0*? W$e%e &ct!"* &%e c!+)'e( 6t$ )%!-*!"&' %e/e(e* *+c$ &* )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!"

&tt&c$/e"t, (e'-e% !. )e%*!"&' )%!)e%t, &"( *+))!%t )e"(e"te 'te &"( W$e%e t$e &ct!" /& !t$e%6*e e &%%e( t$e *t&t+te !. '/t&t!"*#

PROVISO: I. t$e c!"c'&t!" * &/!"0 /e/e%* !. t$e "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*, t$e%c+*t!/* &"( t%&(t!"* *$&'' e &))'e( " *ett'"0 (*)+te*#

APPEARANCES IN JATARUNGANG PAMBARANGA PROCEEDINGS 3 C&" t$e )&%te* e %e)%e*e"te( c!+"*e' !% %e)%e*e"t&t-e4A 3 I" &'' &t&%+"0&"0 )&/&%&"0& )%!cee("0*, t$e )&%te* /+*t &))e&% " )e%*!" 6t$!+t t$e

&***t&"ce !. c!+"*e' !% %e)%e*e"t&t-e, e;ce)t .!% /"!%* &"( "c!/)ete"t* 6$! /& e&***te( t$e% "e;t3!.3" 6$! &%e "!t '&6e%*# Sect!" 1H, LGC

SANGGUNIANG JABATAAN 3 I* t$e%e & *&"00+"&"0 &&t&&" " e-e% &%&"0&4

A 3 e*# Sect!" 2?, LGC

3 W$&t * t* c!/)!*t!"4A 3 C$&%/&", 7 *e-e" /e/e%*, & *ec%et&% &"( & t%e&*+%e%#>>7=H 3 W$&t * t$e c!/)!*t!" !. t$e J&t)+"&" "0 J&&t&&"4A 3 T$e J&t)+"&" "0 J&&t&&" *$&'' e c!/)!*e( !. &'' cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* &ct+&''

%e*("0 " t$e &%&"0& .!% &t 'e&*t *; < /!"t$*, 6$! &%e ..tee" 1H +t "!t /!%e t$&"

H9



t6e"t3!"e 21 e&%* !. &0e, &"( 6$! &%e (+' %e0*te%e( " t$e '*t !. t$e *&"00+"&"0&&t&&" !% " t$e !..c&' &%&"0& '*t " t$e c+*t!( !. t$e &%&"0& *ec%et&%# Sect!"2, LGC

3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* !. t$e S&"00+"&"0 J&&t&&"4

A 3 T$e S&"00+"&"0 J&&t&&" *$&'':

& P%!/+'0&te t$e %e*!'+t!"* "ece**&% t! c&%% !+t t$e !@ect-e* !. t$e !+t$ " t$e &%&"0&" &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e &))'c&'e )%!-*!"* !. t$* c!(e

I"t&te )%!0%&/* (e*0"e( t! e"$&"ce t$e *!c&', )!'tc&', ec!"!/c, c+'t+%&', "te''ect+&'/!%&', *)%t+&', &"( )$*c&' (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e /e/e%*

c 5!'( .+"(3%&*"0 &ct-te*, t$e )%!cee(* !. 6$c$ *$&'' e t&;3e;e/)t &"( *$&'' &cc%+e t!t$e 0e"e%&' .+"( !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 &&t&&": P%!-(e(, $!6e-e% T$&t " t$e &))%!)%&t!"t$e%e!., t$e *)ec.c )+%)!*e .!% 6$c$ *+c$ &ct-t $&* ee" $e'( *$&'' e .%*t *&t*.e(

( C%e&te *+c$ !(e* !% c!//ttee* &* t /& (ee/ "ece**&% t! e..ect-e' c&%% !+t t* )%!0%&/* &"( &ct-te*

e S+/t &""+&' &"( e"(3!.3te%/ %e)!%t t! t$e *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& !" t$e% )%!@ect* &"(&ct-te* .!% t$e *+%--&' &* (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e !+t$ " t$e &%&"0&

. C!"*+'t &"( c!!%("&te 6t$ &'' !+t$ !%0&"&t!"* " t$e &%&"0& .!% )!'c .!%/+'&t!"&"( )%!0%&/ /)'e/e"t&t!"

0 C!!%("&te 6t$ t$e &))%!)%&te "&t!"&' &0e"c .!% t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !. !+t$(e-e'!)/e"t )%!@ect* &"( )%!0%&/* &t t$e "&t!"&' 'e-e' &"(

$ E;e%c*e *+c$ !t$e% )!6e%* &"( )e%.!%/ *+c$ !t$e% (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* &* t$e *&"00+"&" &%&"0& /& (ete%/"e !% (e'e0&te !% &* /& e )%e*c%e( '&6 !% !%("&"ce# Sect!"2<, LGC

FEDERATION OF SANGGUNIANG JABATAAN 3 I* t$e%e & .e(e%&t!" !. S&"00+"&"0 J&&t&&" " &'' 'e-e'*4

A 3 e*, &* )%!-(e( " Sect!" ?< !. t$e LGC, t$+*1# P&/&"*&"0 Pe(e%&*!" 3 " M+"c)&'te*2# P&"0'+"0*!( "& Pe(e%&*!" 3 " Cte*?# P&"'&'&60&" "& Pe(e%&*!" 3 " P%!-"ce*# P&"0/et%!)!'t&"0 Pe(e%&*!" 3 " S)ec&' Met%!)!'t&" S+(-*!"*H# P&/&"*&"0 Pe(e%&*!" 3 " t$e N&t!"&' Le-e'

>>7=<T5E MUNICIPALIT, CIT, PROVINCE AT A GLANCEI# MUNICIPALITROLE: T$e /+"c)&'t, c!"**t"0 !. & 0%!+) !. & &%&"0&*, *e%-e* )%/&%' &* & 0e"e%&'

)+%)!*e 0!-e%"/e"t .!% t$e c!!%("&t!" &"( (e'-e% !. &*c, %e0+'&% &"( (%ect *e%-ce*&"( e..ect-e 0!-e%"&"ce !. t$e "$&t&"t* 6t$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"# Sect!" =,LGC MANNER OF CREATION: A /+"c)&'t /& e c%e&te(, (-(e(, /e%0e(,&!'*$e(, !% t* !+"(&% *+*t&"t&'' &'te%e( !"' &" Act !. C!"0%e** &"( *+@ect t! t$e

<=



&))%!-&' & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte t! e c!"(+cte( t$e C!/e'ec " t$e'!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t !% +"t* (%ect' &..ecte(# E;ce)t &* /& !t$e%6*e e )%!-(e( " t$e*&( Act, t$e )'e*cte *$&'' e $e'( 6t$" !"e $+"(%e( t6e"t 12= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !.t* e..ect-t# Sect!" 1, LGC

REUISITES FOR CREATION:& A /+"c)&'t /& e c%e&te( . t $&* &" &-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e &* ce%t.e( t$e

)%!-"c&' t%e&*+%e%, !. &t 'e&*t T6! /''!" .-e $+"(%e( t$!+*&"( )e*!* P2,H==,===#== .!%t$e '&*t t6! 2 c!"*ec+t-e e&%* &*e( !" t$e 1991 c!"*t&"t )%ce* & )!)+'&t!" !. &t 'e&*tt6e"t3.-e t$!+*&"( 2H,===#== "$&t&"t* &* ce%t.e( t$e N&t!"&' St&t*tc* O..ce&"( & c!"t0+!+* te%%t!% !. &t 'e&*t ..t H= *+&%e '!/ete%* &* ce%t.e( t$e L&"(*M&"&0e/e"t B+%e&+ P%!-(e(, t$&t t$e c%e&t!" t$e%e!. *$&'' "!t %e(+ce t$e '&"( &%e&,

)!)+'&t!" !% "c!/e !. t$e !%0"&' /+"c)&'t !% /+"c)&'te* &t t$e t/e !. *&(c%e&t!" t! 'e** t$&" t$e /"/+/ %e+%e/e"t* )%e*c%e( $e%e"#

T$e te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" !. & "e6'3c%e&te( /+"c)&'t *$&'' e )%!)e%' (e"t.e( /ete* &"( !+"(*# T$e %e+%e/e"t !" '&"( &%e& *$&'' "!t &))' 6$e%e t$e /+"c)&'t

)%!)!*e( t! e c%e&te( * c!/)!*e( !. !"e 1 !% /!%e *'&"(*# T$e te%%t!% "ee( "!t ec!"t0+!+* . t c!/)%*e* t6! 2 !% /!%e *'&"(*#

c T$e &-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e *$&'' "c'+(e t$e "c!/e &cc%+"0 t! t$e 0e"e%&' .+"( !. t$e/+"c)&'t c!"ce%"e(, e;c'+*-e !. *)ec&' .+"(*, t%&"*.e%* &"( "!"3%ec+%%"0 "c!/e#

( M+"c)&'te* e;*t"0 &* !. t$e (&te !. t$e e..ect-t !. t$* c!(e *$&'' c!"t"+e t! e;*t&"( !)e%&te &* *+c$# E;*t"0 /+"c)&' (*t%ct* !%0&"e( )+%*+&"t t! )%e*(e"t&' **+&"ce*!% e;ec+t-e !%(e%* &"( 6$c$ $&-e t$e% %e*)ect-e *et !. e'ect-e /+"c)&' !..c&'*$!'("0 !..ce &t t$e t/e !. t$e e..ect-t !. t$* C!(e *$&'' $e"ce.!%t$ e c!"*(e%e( &*%e0+'&% /+"c)&'te*# Sect!" 2, LGC

>>7=7

II# CITROLE: T$e ct, c!"**t"0 !. /!%e +%&"e( &"( (e-e'!)e( &%&"0&*, *e%-e* &* & 0e"e%&'3

)+%)!*e 0!-e%"/e"t .!% t$e c!!%("&t!" &"( (e'-e% !. &*c, %e0+'&%, &"( (%ect *e%-ce*&"( e..ect-e 0!-e%"&"ce !. t$e "$&t&"t* 6t$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"# Sect!" 9,LGC

MANNER OF CREATION: A ct /& e c%e&te(, (-(e(, /e%0e(, &!'*$e(, !% t* !+"(&%*+*t&"t&'' &'te%e( !"' &" Act !. C!"0%e** &"( *+@ect t! t$e &))%!-&' & /&@!%t !.t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte t! e c!"(+cte( t$e C!/e'ec " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t !%+"t* (%ect' &..ecte(# E;ce)t &* /& !t$e%6*e e )%!-(e( " t$e *+c$ Act, t$e )'e*cte

*$&'' e $e'( 6t$" !"e $+"(%e( t6e"t 12= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t* e..ect-t# Sect!"9, LGC

REUISITES FOR CREATION:& A /+"c)&'t !% & c'+*te% !. &%&"0&* /& e c!"-e%te( "t! & c!/)!"e"t ct . t $&* &"

&-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e, &* ce%t.e( t$e De)&%t/e"t !. F"&"ce, !. &t 'e&*t T6e"t /''!" )e*!* P2=,===,===#== .!% t$e '&*t t6! 2 c!"*ec+t-e e&%* &*e( !" 1991 c!"*t&"t )%ce*,&"( t $&* et$e% !. t$e .!''!6"0 %e+*te*:

<1



A c!"t0+!+* te%%t!% !. &t 'e&*t !"e $+"(%e( 1== *+&%e '!/ete%*, &* ce%t.e( t$eL&"(* M&"&0e/e"t B+%e&+ !%

A )!)+'&t!" !. "!t 'e** t$&" !"e $+"(%e( ..t t$!+*&"( 1H=,=== "$&t&"t*, &* ce%t.e( t$e N&t!"&' St&t*tc* O..ce#

P%!-(e(, t$&t, t$e c%e&t!" t$e%e!. *$&'' "!t %e(+ce t$e '&"( &%e&, )!)+'&t!", &"( "c!/e!. t$e !%0"&' +"t !% +"t* &t t$e t/e !. *&( c%e&t!" t! 'e** t$&" t$e /"/+/ %e+%e/e"t*

)%e*c%e( $e%e"#

T$e te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" !. & "e6'3c%e&te( ct *$&'' e )%!)e%' (e"t.e( /ete* &"( !+"(*# T$e %e+%e/e"t !" '&"( &%e& *$&'' "!t &))' 6$e%e t$e ct )%!)!*e( t! e c%e&te(* c!/)!*e( !. !"e 1 !% /!%e *'&"(*# T$e te%%t!% "ee( "!t e c!"t0+!+* . t c!/)%*e*t6! 2 !% /!%e *'&"(*#

c T$e &-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e *$&'' "c'+(e t$e "c!/e &cc%+"0 t! t$e 0e"e%&' .+"(, e;c'+*-e!. *)ec&' .+"(*, t%&"*.e%* &"( "!"3%ec+%%"0 "c!/e# Sect!" H=, LGC

>>7=8

III# PROVINCEROLE: T$e )%!-"ce c!/)!*e( !. & c'+*te% !. /+"c)&'te*, !% /+"c)&'te* &"( c!/)!"e"t

cte*, &"( &* & )!'tc&' &"( c!%)!%&te +"t !. 0!-e%"/e"t, *e%-e* &* & ("&/c /ec$&"*/.!% (e-e'!)/e"t&' )%!ce**e* &"( e..ect-e 0!-e%"&"ce !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* 6t$" t*te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"# Sect!" H9, LGC

MANNER OF CREATION: A )%!-"ce /& e c%e&te(, (-(e(, /e%0e(, &!'*$e(, !% t* !+"(&% *+*t&"t&'' &'te%e( !"' &" Act !. C!"0%e** &"( *+@ect t! t$e &))%!-&' &/&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte t! e c!"(+cte( t$e C!/e'ec " t$e '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t +"t !% +"t* (%ect' &..ecte(# T$e )'e*cte *$&'' e $e'( 6t$" !"e $+"(%e(t6e"t 12= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t* e..ect-t !. *&( Act, +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e(

t$e%e"# Sect!" <=, LGC

REUISITES FOR CREATION:& A )%!-"ce /& e c%e&te( . t $&* &" &-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e, &* ce%t.e( t$e

De)&%t/e"t !. F"&"ce !. "!t 'e** t$&" T6e"t /''!" )e*!* P2=,===,===#== &*e( !"1991 c!"*t&"t )%ce*, &"( t $&* et$e% !. t$e .!''!6"0 %e+*te*:

A c!"t0+!+* te%%t!% !. &t 'e&*t t6! t$!+*&"( 2,=== *+&%e '!/ete%*, &* ce%t.e( t$eL&"(* M&"&0e/e"t B+%e&+ !%

A )!)+'&t!" !. "!t 'e** t$&" t6! $+"(%e( ..t t$!+*&"( 2H=,=== "$&t&"t*, &* ce%t.e(

t$e N&t!"&' St&t*tc* O..ce:

P%!-(e(, T$&t, t$e c%e&t!" t$e%e!. *$&'' "!t %e(+ce t$e '&"( &%e&, )!)+'&t!", &"("c!/e !. t$e !%0"&' +"t !% +"t* &t t$e t/e !. *&( c%e&t!" t! 'e** t$&" t$e /"/+/%e+%e/e"t* )%e*c%e( $e%e"#

T$e te%%t!% "ee( "!t e c!"t0+!+* . t c!/)%*e* t6! 2 !% /!%e *'&"(* !% * *e)&%&te( & c$&%te%e( ct !% cte* 6$c$ (! "!t c!"t%+te t! t$e "c!/e !. t$e )%!-"ce#

<2



c T$e &-e%&0e &""+&' "c!/e *$&'' "c'+(e t$e "c!/e &cc%+"0 t! t$e 0e"e%&' .+"(, e;c'+*-e!. *)ec&' .+"(*, t%&"*.e%* &"( "!"3%ec+%%"0 "c!/e# Sect!" <1, LGC

SETTLEMENT OF BOUNDAR DISPUTES 3 W$&t * t$e !+"(&% (*)+te %e.e%%e( t! " Sect!" 118 !. t$e LGC4A 3 It * & !+"(&% (*)+te et6ee" &"( &/!"0 LGU*# M!%e *)ec.c&'', t$e%e &%e .!+%

"(* !. !+"(&% (*)+te* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 118, t$&t, &* /+c$ &* )!**'e, *$&'' e

*ett'e( &/c&'#>>7=9BOUNDAR DISPUTES:1# I"-!'-"0 2 !% /!%e &%&"0&* " t$e *&/e ct !% /+"c)&'t#2# I"-!'-"0 2 !% /!%e /+"c)&'te* 6t$" t$e *&/e )%!-"ce#?# I"-!'-"0 /+"c)&'te* !% c!/)!"e"t cte* !. (..e%e"t )%!-"ce*## I"-!'-"0 & c!/)!"e"t ct !% /+"c)&'t !" t$e !"e $&"( &"( & $0$' +%&"e( ct !"

t$e !t$e%, !% 2 !% /!%e $0$' +%&"e( cte*#

S5ALL BE REFERRED FOR SETTLEMENT:1# T! t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!( !% *&"00+"&"0 &&"#2# T! t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&" c!"ce%"e(#?# T! t$e *&"00+"&" !. t$e )%!-"ce* c!"ce%"e(## T! t$e %e*)ect-e *&"00+"&" !. t$e )&%te*#

3 W$&t $&))e"* . t$e *&"00+"&" .&'* t! e..ect &" &/c&'e *ett'e/e"t 6t$" <= (&* .%!/t$e (&te t$e (*)+te 6&* %e.e%%e( t!4

A 3 It *$&'' **+e & ce%t.c&t!" t! t$&t e..ect# T$e%e&.te%, t$e (*)+te *$&'' e .!%/&'' t%e( t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( 6$c$ *$&'' (ec(e t$e **+e 6t$" <= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t$e

ce%t.c&t!" %e.e%%e( t! &!-e# Sect!" 118e, LGC

3 I* t$e (ec*!" !. t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( &))e&'&'e4A 3 e*, 6t$" t$e t/e &"( /&""e% )%e*c%e( t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t, &" )&%t /& e'e-&te

t$e (ec*!" !. t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( t! t$e )%!)e% RTC $&-"0 @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e &%e&" (*)+te# Sect!" 119, LGC

3 Wt$" 6$&t t/e *$&'' t$e RTC (ec(e t$e &))e&'4A 3 Wt$" !"e 1 e&% .%!/ t$e .'"0 t$e%e!.#

3 Pe"("0 ."&' %e*!'+t!" !. t$e c&*e " t$e RTC, 6$&t $&))e"* t! t$e (*)+te( &%e&4A 3 T$e (*)+te( &%e& )%!% t! t$e (*)+te *$&'' e /&"t&"e( &"( c!"t"+e( .!% &'' 'e0&'

)+%)!*e*#

LOCAL INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM 3 De."e '!c&' "t&t-e#

<?



A 3 L!c&' "t&t-e * t$e 'e0&' )%!ce** 6$e%e t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* !. & '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t/& (%ect' )%!)!*e, e"&ct, !% &/e"( &" !%("&"ce# Sect!" 12=, LGC

3 W$! /& e;e%c*e '!c&' "t&t-e4A 3 T$e )!6e% !. '!c&' "t&t-e &"( %e.e%e"(+/ /& e e;e%c*e( &'' %e0*te%e( -!te%* !.

t$e )%!-"ce*, cte*, /+"c)&'te*, &"( &%&"0&* Sect!" 121, LGC>>71=

3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e " '!c&' "t&t-e4

A1# 5!6 /&" %e0*te%e( -!te%* /& .'e & )ett!"4 N!t 'e** t$&" 1,=== %e0*te%e( -!te%* " c&*e

!. )%!-"ce* &"( cte*, 1== " c&*e !. /+"c)&'te*, &"( H= " c&*e !. &%&"0&*, /& .'e & )ett!" 6t$ t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( )%!)!*"0 t$e &(!)t!", e"&ct/e"t, %e)e&', !%&/e"(/e"t !. &" !%("&"ce# Sect!" 122&, LGC

2# W$&t $&))e"* . "! .&-!%&'e &ct!" * t&e" t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(4 I. "! .&-!%&'e&ct!" t$e%e!" * t&e" t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( 6t$" ?= (&* .%!/ t* )%e*e"t&t!",

t$e )%!)!"e"t*, t$%!+0$ t$e% (+' &+t$!%e( &"( %e0*te%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e*, /& "-!et$e% )!6e% !. "t&t-e, 0-"0 "!tce t$e%e!. t! t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(# Sect!" 122LGC

?# 5!6 *$&'' t$e )%!)!*t!" e "+/e%e(4 T$e )%!)!*t!" *$&'' e "+/e%e( *e%&'' *t&%t"0.%!/ %!/&" "+/e%&' I# T$e C!/e'ec !% t* (e*0"&te( %e)%e*e"t&t-e *$&'' e;te"( &***t&"ce" t$e .!%/+'&t!" !. t$e )%!)!*t!"# Sect!" 122c, LGC

# 5!6 /&" )%!)!*t!"* /& e *+/tte(4 T6! 2 !% /!%e )%!)!*t!"* /& e *+/tte(" &" "t&t-e# Sect!" 122(, LGC

H# 5!6 /&" (&* &%e 0-e" t! t$e )%!)!"e"t* t! c!''ect t$e %e+%e( "+/e% !. *0"&t+%e*4P%!)!"e"t* *$&'' $&-e 9= (&* " c&*e !. )%!-"ce* &"( cte*, <= (&* " c&*e !.

/+"c)&'te*, &"( ?= (&* " c&*e !. &%&"0&*, .%!/ "!tce /e"t!"e( " *+*ect!" t$e%e!. t! c!''ect t$e %e+%e( "+/e% !. *0"&t+%e*# Sect!" 122e, LGC

<# W$e%e *$&'' t$e )ett!" e *0"e(4 T$e )ett!" *$&'' e *0"e( e.!%e t$e e'ect!" %e0*t%&%,!% $* (e*0"&te( %e)%e*e"t&t-e*, " t$e )%e*e"ce !. & %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e )%!)!"e"t, &"( &%e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( " & )+'c )'&ce " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t, &*t$e c&*e /& e# St&t!"* .!% c!''ect"0 *0"&t+%e* /& e e*t&'*$e( " &* /&" )'&ce* &*/& e 6&%%&"te(# Sect!" 122., LGC

7# W$e" *$&'' t$e ce%t.c&t!" e **+e( &* t! 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e %e+%e( "+/e% !. *0"&t+%e*$&* ee" !t&"e(4 U)!" t$e '&)*e !. t$e )e%!( $e%e" )%!-(e(, t$e C!/e'ec, t$%!+0$ t*

!..ce " t$e LGU c!"ce%"e(, *$&'' ce%t. &* t! 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e %e+%e( "+/e% !.*0"&t+%e* $&* ee" !t&"e(# F&'+%e t! !t&" t$e %e+%e( "+/e% (e.e&t* t$e )%!)!*t!"Sect!" 1220, LGC

8# W$&t $&))e"* . t$e %e+%e( "+/e% !. *0"&t+%e* * !t&"e(4 I. t$e %e+%e( "+/e% !.*0"&t+%e* * !t&"e(, t$e C!/e'ec *$&'' t$e" *et & (&te .!% t$e "t&t-e (+%"0 6$c$ t$e

)%!)!*t!" *$&'' e *+/tte( t! t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* " t$e LGU c!"ce%"e( .!% t$e%&))%!-&' 6t$" <= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !. ce%t.c&t!" t$e C!/e'ec, &* )%!-(e( "*+*ect!" 0 $e%e!., " c&*e !. )%!-"ce* &"( cte*, H (&* " c&*e !. /+"c)&'te*, &"(

<



?= (&* " c&*e !. &%&"0&*# T$e "t&t-e *$&'' t$e" e $e'( !" t$e (&te *et, &.te% 6$c$ t$e%e*+'t* t$e%e!. *$&'' e ce%t.e( &"( )%!c'&/e( t$e C!/e'ec# Sect!" 122$, LGC

>>711EFFECTIVIT OF LOCAL PROPOSITIONS 3 W$e" *$&'' t$e )%!)!*t!", &* &))%!-e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t, t&e e..ect4A 3 I. t$e )%!)!*t!" * &))%!-e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t, t *$&'' t&e e..ect 1H (&*

&.te% ce%t.c&t!" t$e C!/e'ec &* . &..%/&t-e &ct!" t$e%e!" $&( ee" /&(e t$e

*&"00+"&" &"( '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e(# I. t .&'* t! !t&" *&( "+/e% !. -!te*, t$e )%!)!*t!" * c!"*(e%e( (e.e&te(# Sect!" 12?, LGC

LIMITATIONS ON LOCAL INITIATIVE 3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* !" '!c&' "t&t-e4A 3& T$e )!6e% !. '!c&' "t&t-e *$&'' "!t e e;e%c*e( /!%e t$&" !"ce & e&%# I"t&t-e *$&'' e;te"( !"' t! *+@ect* !% /&tte%* 6$c$ &%e 6t$" t$e 'e0&' )!6e%* !. t$e

*&"00+"&"* t! e"&ct#

c I. &t &" t/e e.!%e t$e "t&t-e * $e'(, t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( &(!)t* " t!t! t$e )%!)!*t!" )%e*e"te( &"( t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e &))%!-e* t$e *&/e, t$e "t&t-e *$&'' ec&"ce''e(# 5!6e-e%, t$!*e &0&"*t *+c$ &ct!" /&, . t$e *! (e*%e, &))' .!% "t&t-e "t$e /&""e% $e%e" )%!-(e(# Sect!" 12, LGC

LIMITATIONS UPON SANGGUNIANS 3 C&" t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( %e)e&', /!(. !% &/e"( &" )%!)!*t!" !% !%("&"ce

&))%!-e( t$%!+0$ t$e **te/ !. "t&t-e4A 3 It c&""!t (! *! 6t$" < /!"t$* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t$e &))%!-&' t$e%e!.# T$e *&( )%!)!*t!"

/& e &/e"(e(, /!(.e( !% %e)e&'e( t$e *&"00+"&" 6t$" ? e&%* t$e%e&.te% & -!te

!. ? !. &'' t* /e/e%*# P%!-(e(, t$&t " c&*e !. &%&"0&*, t$e )e%!( *$&'' e 18 /!"t$*&.te% t$e &))%!-&' t$e%e!.# Sect!" 12H, LGC

>>712LOCAL REFERENDUM 3 De."e '!c&' %e.e%e"(+/#A 3 L!c&' %e.e%e"(+/ * t$e 'e0&' )%!ce** 6$e%e t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t

/& &))%!-e, &/e"( !% %e@ect &" !%("&"ce e"&cte( t$e *&"00+"&"#

3 5!6 *$&'' & '!c&' %e.e%e"(+/ e $e'( &"( 6$e" c&" t e $e'(4

A 3 T$e '!c&' %e.e%e"(+/ *$&'' e $e'( +"(e% t$e c!"t%!' &"( (%ect!" !. t$e C!/e'ec 6t$" <=(&* " t$e c&*e !. )%!-"ce* &"( cte*, H (&* " c&*e !. /+"c)&'te* &"( ?= (&* " c&*e!. &%&"0&*# T$e C!/e'ec *$&'' ce%t. &"( )%!c'&/ t$e %e*+'t* !. t$e *&( %e.e%e"(+/#Sect!" 12<, LGC

3 C&" t$e )%!)e% c!+%t* (ec'&%e "+'' &"( -!( &" )%!)!*t!"4A 3 e*, !" t$e .!''!6"0 0%!+"(*: 1 F!% -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% 2 F!% 6&"t !.

c&)&ct !. t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( t! e"&ct t$e *&( /e&*+%e#

<H



INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS NATIONAL SUPERVISION OVER LOCALGOVERNMENT

3 W$! *$&'' e;e%c*e 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e% LGU*4A 3 T$e P%e*(e"t# Sect!" 2H&, LGC

3 W$&t * t$e %e&*!" e$"( t$e )!6e% !. t$e P%e*(e"t t! e;e%c*e 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e%

LGU*4A 3 Sect!" 2H !. t$e LGC *&* t$&t t$* * c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e &*c )!'c !. '!c&' &+t!"!/

" !%(e% t! e"*+%e t$&t t$e% &ct* &%e 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e% )%e*c%e( )!6e%* &"(.+"ct!"*#

3 5!6 *$&'' t$e P%e*(e"t e;e%c*e $* *+)e%-*!% &+t$!%t4

A 3 T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' e;e%c*e *+)e%-*!% &+t$!%t (%ect' !-e%:1# P%!-"ce*

2# 50$' +%&"e( cte*?# I"(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte*, t$%!+0$ t$e )%!-"ce 6t$ %e*)ect t! c!/)!"e"t cte* &"(

/+"c)&'te*, &"( t$%!+0$ t$e ct &"( /+"c)&'t 6t$ %e*)ect t! &%&"0&*

COORDINATION BETWEEN NATIONAL AGENCIES AND LGUS 3 D!e* t$e '&6 )%!-(e t$&t t$e *$&'' c!!%("&te 6t$ e&c$ !t$e%4 I. *!, $!64A 3 N&t!"&' &0e"ce* &"( !..ce* 6t$ /)'e/e"t&t!" .+"ct!"* *$&'' c!!%("&te 6t$ !"e

&"!t$e% &"( 6t$ t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* c!"ce%"e( " t$e (*c$&%0e !. t$e*e .+"ct!"*#T$e *$&'' e"*+%e t$e )&%tc)&t!" !. '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t* !t$ " t$e )'&"""0 &"(/)'e/e"t&t!" !. *&( "&t!"&' )%!@ect*#

>>71?T$e P%e*(e"t /&, +)!" %e+e*t !. t$e LGU c!"ce%"e(, (%ect t$e &))%!)%&te "&t!"&'

&0e"c t! )%!-(e ."&"c&', tec$"c&', !% !t$e% .!%/* !. &***t&"ce t! t$e LGU# S+c$ &***t&"ce*$&'' e e;te"(e( &t "! e;t%& c!*t t! t$e LGU c!"ce%"e(# N&t!"&' &0e"ce* &"( !..ce*"c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( &"( c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* 6t$ .e'( +"t* !% %&"c$e* " &

)%!-"ce, ct, !% /+"c)&'t *$&'' .+%"*$ t$e '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e(, .!% $*".!%/&t!" &"( 0+(&"ce, /!"t$' %e)!%t* "c'+("0 (+' ce%t.e( +(0et&% &''!c&t!"* &"(e;)e"(t+%e*# Sect!" 2H, c, (, LGC

DUT OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IN T5E MAINTENANCE OF ECOLOGICALBALANCE

3 W$&t * t$e (+t !. N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t %e0&%("0 t$e /&"te"&"ce !. ec!'!0c&' &'&"ce4A 3 T! c!"*+'t 6t$ LGU*, NGO* &"( !t$e% *ect!%* c!"ce%"e( &"( e;)'&" t$e 0!&'* &"(

!@ect-e* !. t* )%!@ect t* /)&ct +)!" t$e )e!)'e &"( t$e c!//+"t " te%/* !.e"-%!"/e"t&' !% ec!'!0c&' &'&"ce, &"( t$e /e&*+%e* t$&t 6'' e +"(e%t&e" t! )%e-e"t !%/"/e t$e &(-e%*e e..ect* t$e%e!.# Sect!" 2<, LGC

<<



3 W$&t * t$e )%!@ect !% )%!0%&/ %e.e%%e( t!4A 3 A" )%!@ect !% )%!0%&/ t$&t /& c&+*e )!''+t!", c'/&tc c$&"0e, (e)'et!" !. "!"3

%e"e6&'e %e*!+%ce*, '!** !. c%!)'&"(, %&"0e'&"(, !% .!%e*t c!-e%, &"( e;t"ct!" !. &"/&' !% )'&"t *)ece*# Sect!" 2<, LGC

3 I* )%!% c!"*+'t&t!" /&"(&t!%4A 3 e*# Sect!" 27 !. t$e LGC )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: N! )%!@ect !% )%!0%&/ *$&'' e

/)'e/e"te( 0!-e%"/e"t &+t$!%te* +"'e** t$e c!"*+'t&t!"* /e"t!"e( " Sect!"* 2c&"( 2< $e%e!. &%e c!/)'e( 6t$, &"( )%!% &))%!-&' !. t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e( *!t&"e(# P%!-(e(, t$&t !cc+)&"t* " &%e&* 6$e%e *+c$ )%!@ect* &%e t! e /)'e/e"te( *$&''"!t e e-cte( +"'e** &))%!)%&te %e'!c&t!" *te* $&-e ee" )%!-(e(, " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e

)%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"# Sect!" 27, LGC

RELATIONS WIT5 NATIONAL POLICE 3 D!e* & '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e $&-e c!"t%!' &"( *+)e%-*!" !-e% t$e +"t* !. t$e PNP4A 3 e*, +t t* !)e%&t!"&' c!"t%!' &"( *+)e%-*!" !-e% t$e )!'ce .!%ce, .%e )%!tect!" +"t

&"( @&' /&"&0e/e"t )e%*!""e' *$&'' e '/te( t! t$e% %e*)ect-e @+%*(ct!"*, &"( t$* *0!-e%"e( Re)+'c Act N!# <97H, !t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$e DILG Act !. 199=# Sect!"28, LGC

>>71INTER3LOCAL GOVERNMENT RELATIONSI# PROVINCIAL RELATIONS WIT5 COMPONENT CITIES 3 A%e $0$' +%&"e( cte* &"( "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte* "(e)e"(e"t !. t$e )%!-"ce4

A 3 e*, *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 '/t&t!"*:1# T$e 0!-e%"!% *$&'' %e-e6 &'' e;ec+t-e !%(e%* )%!/+'0&te( t$e c!/)!"e"t ct !%

/+"c)&' /&!% 6t$" $* @+%*(ct!", e;ce)t &* !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( +"(e% t$e C!"*tt+t!"&"( *)ec&' *t&t+te* Sect!" ?=, LGC

2# T$e )%!-"ce, t$%!+0$ t$e 0!-e%"!%, *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t e-e% c!/)!"e"t ct &"( /+"c)&'t6t$" t* te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" &ct* 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t* )%e*c%e( )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"*#Sect!" 29, LGC

II# CIT OR MUNICIPAL MAOR AND T5E PUNONG BARANGA 3 C&" t$e ct !% /+"c)&' /&!% %e-e6 &'' t$e e;ec+t-e !%(e%* )%!/+'0&te( t$e )+"!"0

&%&"0& 6t$" $* @+%*(ct!"4

A 3 e*# I" .&ct, Sect!" ?= !. t$e LGC %e+%e* t$e .!''!6"0:1# C!)e* !. *&( !%(e%* *$&'' e .!%6&%(e( t! t$e 0!-e%"!% !% t$e ct !% /+"c)&' /&!%, &*

t$e c&*e /& e, 6t$" t$%ee ? (&* .%!/ t* **+&"ce#2# I" &'' "*t&"ce* !. %e-e6, t$e '!c&' e;ec+t-e c!"ce%"e( *$&'' e"*+%e t$&t *+c$ e;ec+t-e

!%(e%* &%e 6t$" t$e )!6e%* 0%&"te( '&6 &"( " c!".!%/t 6t$ )%!-"c&', ct !%/+"c)&' !%("&"ce*# Sect!" ?=, LGC

<7



3 W$&t $&))e"* . t$e 0!-e%"!% !% ct !% /+"c)&' /&!% .&'* t! &ct !" *&( e;ec+t-e!%(e%* 6t$" t$%t ?= (&* .%!/ t$e% *+/**!"4

A 3 T$e *$&'' e (ee/e( c!"**te"t 6t$ '&6 &"( t$e%e.!%e -&'(# Sect!" ?=, LGC

3 W$! /& e c!"*+'te( t$e /+"c)&' 0!-e%"/e"t !" &" 'e0&' +e*t!" &..ect"0 t$e/+"c)&'t4

A 3 T$e /+"c)&' 'e0&' !..ce%, . t$e%e * !"e# I. t$e%e * "!"e, t$e )%!-"c&' 'e0&' !..ce%, &"(

" t$e &*e"ce !. t$e '&tte%, t$e )%!-"c&' )%!*ec+t!%#

III# CIT OR MUNICIPALIT AND T5E COMPONENT BARANGAS 3 D!e* t$e ct !% /+"c)&'t $&-e *+)e%-*!" !-e% c!/)!"e"t &%&"0&*4A 3 e*, +t t *$&'' !"' e;e%c*e 0e"e%&' *+)e%-*!" !-e% c!/)!"e"t &%&"0&* t! e"*+%e t$&t

*&( &%&"0&* &ct 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e% )%e*c%e( )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"*#>>71HIV# COOPERATIVE UNDERTAJINGS AMONG LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 3 M& LGU* 0%!+) t$e/*e'-e* .!% )+%)!*e* c!//!"' e"e.c&' t! t$e/4

A 3 e*# T$e )&%tc)&t"0 LGU* "-!'-e( /&, +)!" &))%!-&' t$e *&"00+"&" c!"ce%"e(&.te% & )+'c $e&%"0 c!"(+cte( .!% t$e )+%)!*e, c!"t%+te .+"(*, %e&' e*t&te, e+)/e"t,&"( !t$e% "(* !. )%!)e%t &"( &))!"t !% &**0" )e%*!""e' +"(e% *+c$ te%/* &"( c!"(t!"*&* /& e &0%ee( +)!" t$e )&%tc)&t"0 LGU*#

V# RELATIONS OF LGUS WIT5 PEOPLES AND NGOS 3 5!6 (! t$e $e') !"e &"!t$e%4A 31# LGU* *$&'' )%!/!te t$e e*t&'*$/e"t &"( !)e%&t!" !. *!c&' !%0&"&t!"* t! ec!/e

&ct-e )&%t"e%* " t$e )+%*+t !. '!c&' &+t!"!/# Sect!" ?, LGC

2# LGU* /& e"te% "t! @!"t -e"t+%e* &"( !t$e% c!!)e%&t-e &%%&"0e/e"t* !. t$e *&(!%0&"&t!"* t! e"0&0e " t$e (e'-e% !. ce%t&" &*c *e%-ce*, c&)&'t +'("0 &"('-e'$!!( )%!@ect*, &"( t! (e-e'!) '!c&' e"te%)%*e* (e*0"e( t! /)%!-e )%!(+ct-t &"("c!/e, (-e%*. &0%c+'t+%e, *)ec&' "(+*t%&'&t!", )%!/!te ec!'!0c&' &'&"ce, &"(e"$&"ce t$e ec!"!/c &"( *!c&' 6e''3e"0 !. t$e )e!)'e# Sect!" ?H, LGC

?# T$e LGU /&, t$%!+0$ t* '!c&' c$e. e;ec+t-e &"( 6t$ t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. t$e *&"00+"&"c!"ce%"e(, )%!-(e &***t&"ce, ."&"c&' !% !t$e%6*e, t! *+c$ !%0&"&t!"* .!% ec!"!/c*!c&'' !%e"te(, e"-%!"/e"t&', !% c+'t+%&' )%!@ect* t! e /)'e/e"te( 6t$" t* te%%t!%&'

@+%*(ct!"# Sect!" ?<, LGC

ARTICLE XIACCOUNTABILIT OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Sect!" 1# P+'c !..ce * & )+'c t%+*t# P+'c !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* /+*t &t &'' t/e* e &cc!+"t&'e t! t$e )e!)'e, *e%-e t$e/ 6t$ +t/!*t %e*)!"*'t, "te0%t, '!&'t, &"(e..ce"c, &ct 6t$ )&t%!t*/ &"( @+*tce, &"( 'e&( /!(e*t '-e*#

3 E;)'&" t$e )%"c)'e !. )+'c !..ce * & )+'c t%+*t#

<8



A 3 U"(e% t$* )%"c)'e, )+'c !..c&'* " &'' t$e '&((e%* !. !+% 0!-e%"/e"t *$!+'( &'6&*%e/e/e% t$&t t$e 6e%e /e%e' e"t%+*te( t$e )e!)'e t! )e%.!%/ t$e (+te* &"(%e*)!"*'te* !. t$e% !..ce* .!% & .;e( )e%!( !. t/e# T$e 6e%e c$!*e" t! *e%-e t$e

)e!)'e, "!t t! c$e&t t$e/# T$e% !..ce* &%e "!t t$e% !6", "!% c&" t$e e t%e&te( &* )%-&te )%!)e%te* 6$c$ t$e c&" /&"&0e !% (*)!*e !. &t t$e% 6$/ &"( c&)%ce#

>>71< 3 W$&t * & )+'c !..ce4

A 3 It * t$e %0$t, &+t$!%t &"( (+t, c%e&te( &"( c!".e%%e( '&6, 6$c$, .!% & 0-e" )e%!(et$e% .;e( '&6 !% e"(+%"0 &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e c%e&t"0 )!6e%, &" "(-(+&' *"-e*te( 6t$ *!/e )!%t!" !. t$e *!-e%e0" .+"ct!"* !. 0!-e%"/e"t, t! e e;e%c*e( t$e"(-(+&' .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e )+'c# Fe%"&"(e -*# St!# T!/&*, 22 SCRA 192

3 W$&t c!+'( e t$e /)!%t&"ce !. $&-"0 t$* )!'c 6$e" t$* * " %e&'t %e&c$e( /&" )+'c !..c&'* .%!/ t/e t! t/e4

A 3 De*)te *! /&" *&( e;)e%e"ce* " )&*t e'ect!"*, & /&@!%t !. t$e )e!)'e $&-e "e-e%

'e&%"e( .%!/ t$e% /*t&e*# T$e *t'' e'e-e " e/)t &"( .&'*e )%!/*e* &"( c!"t"+e t!e'ect )e!)'e 6$! c$!!*e t! e /&*te%* !. t$e% !6" *e'.*$ &0e"(&, &t t$e e;)e"*e !. t$e

)e!)'e t! 6$!/ t$e &%e c!//tte( t! *e%-e 6t$ +t/!*t %e*)!"*'t, "te0%t, '!&'t,&"( e..ce"c, &ct 6t$ )&t%!t*/ &"( @+*tce, &"( 'e&( /!(e*t '-e*#

Sect!" 1 /& $&-e ee" %e&c$e( & t$!+*&"( t/e*, !% e-e" /!%e, +t t *e%-e* &t 'e&*t&* & c!"*t&"t %e/"(e% t! &'' )+'c !..c&'* t$&t )+'c !..ce * & )+'c t%+*t#

3 W$&t * t$e /e&""0 !. t$e 6!%( !..ce4A 3 It * t$&t .+"ct!" -%t+e !. 6$c$ & )e%*!" $&* *!/e e/)'!/e"t " t$e &..&%* !.

&"!t$e%, 6$et$e% t$e "c+/e"t $!'(* t$e )!*t!" et$e% -%t+e !. &" &))!"t/e"t !%

e'ect!", &"( 6$et$e% t$e &))!"t/e"t * .!% & .;e( te%/ !% &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e%#

3 D*t"0+*$ )+'c !..ce .%!/ c!"t%&ct#A 3

PUBLIC OFFICE:1# It * & c%e&t!" !. *!-e%e0"t#2# It * /!%e '&*t"0 " "&t+%e#

?# It* !@ect-e * t! c&%% !+t *!-e%e0" &* 6e'' &* 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"* 6$c$ "-!'-e e-e" )e%*!"* 6$! &%e "!t )&%te* t! t$e &0%ee/e"t

CONTRACT:1# C!"t%&ct &%*e* .%!/ t$e &0%ee/e"t !% 6'' !. t$e )&%te*#2# T$e e..ect-t !. t$e c!"t%&ct /& e .!% & '!"0 !% *$!%t )e%!( !. t/e, &* /& e &0%ee(

+)!" t$e )&%te*#

<9



?# T$e !'0&t!"* &%*"0 .%!/ t$e c!"t%&ct *, &* & %+'e, e".!%ce&'e !"' &* et6ee" t$e )&%te*t! t$e c!"t%&ct A%tc'e 1?11, Ne6 C-' C!(e

Sect!" 2# T$e P%e*(e"t, t$e Vce3P%e*(e"t, t$e Me/e%* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, t$eMe/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*, &"( t$e O/+(*/&" /& e %e/!-e( .%!/!..ce, !" /)e&c$/e"t .!%, &"( c!"-ct!" !., c+')&'e -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", t%e&*!",

%e%, 0%&.t &"( c!%%+)t!", !t$e% $0$ c%/e*, !% et%&&' !. )+'c t%+*t A'' !t$e% )+'c

!..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* /& e %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce &* )%!-(e( '&6, +t "!t /)e&c$/e"t#>>717 3 W$&t * /)e&c$/e"t4A 3 I" t$* @+%*(ct!", t c!+'( e (e."e( &* t$e e;t%&3!%("&% /e&"* !. %e/!-"0 t$e

/)e&c$&'e )+'c !..c&'* /e"t!"e( " A%tc'e XI, Sect!" 2, t$%!+0$ & -e%.e(c!/)'&"t .'e( &" /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% &" cte" +)!" &%e*!'+t!" !. e"(!%*e/e"t &" /e/e% t$e%e!., 6$c$ c!/)'&"t * t%e( t$e Se"&te t!(ec(e 6$et$e% &" !. t$e 0%!+"(* )%!-(e( " Sect!" 2 e;*t !% "!t &"( 6$et$e% & @+(0/e"t

!. /)e&c$/e"t 6'' e %e"(e%e( !% "!t#

3 W$! &%e t$e !..c&'* %e/!-&'e /)e&c$/e"t4

A 3 T$e !..c&'* %e/!-&'e /)e&c$/e"t &%e t$e .!''!6"0:1# T$e P%e*(e"t2# T$e Vce3P%e*(e"t?# T$e Me/e%* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t# T$e Me/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*H# T$e O/+(*/&"

3 W$&t &%e t$e 0%!+"(* .!% /)e&c$/e"t4

A 3 Sect!" 2 e"+/e%&te* t$e 0%!+"(* .!% /)e&c$/e"t &"( t$e &%e &* .!''!6*:1# C+')&'e -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"2# T%e&*!"?# B%e%# G%&.t &"( c!%%+)t!"H# Ot$e% $0$ c%/e*

<# Bet%&&' !. )+'c t%+*t

3 De."e e&c$#

A 3 C+')&'e -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" 3 It * & 6''.+' &"( "te"t!"&' -!'&t!" !. t$eC!"*tt+t!"# It (!e* "!t, t$e%e.!%e c!-e% -!'&t!"* c!//tte( +""te"t!"&'', !% " 0!!(.&t$, !% !" &cc!+"t !. &" $!"e*t /*t&e !. @+(0/e"t#

7=



T%e&*!" 3 T%e&*!" * (e."e( A%tc'e 11 !. t$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e " t$* /&""e%: A"F')"! cte" 6$! 'e-e* 6&% &0&"*t t$e P$'))"e* !% &($e%e* t! $e% e"e/e*, 0-"0t$e/ &( !% c!/.!%t 6t$" t$e P$'))"e* !% e'*e6$e%e, c!//t* t$e c%/e !. t%e&*!"#

T%e&*!", " t* 0e"e%&' *e"*e, * & -!'&t!" & *+@ect !. $* &''e0&"ce !% $* *!-e%e0"!% t! t$e *+)%e/e &+t$!%t !. t$e St&te# T$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e, B!! T6!, L+* B# Ree*,ct"0 U#S# -*# A&(, 1 P$'# ?7>>718

B%e% 3 B%e% * (e."e( " A%tc'e* 21= &"( 211 !. t$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e# A%tc'e 21=%e.e%* t! D%ect B%e% 6$c$ * c!//tte( &" )+'c !..ce% 6$! *$&'' &0%ee t!

)e%.!%/ &" &ct c!"*tt+t"0 & c%/e, " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. $* !..c&' (+te*" c!"*(e%&t!" !. &" !..e%, )%!/*e, 0.t !% )%e*e"t %ece-e( *+c$ !..ce%, )e%*!"&'' !%t$%!+0$ t$e /e(&t!" !. &"!t$e% ; ; ;#

I. t$e 0.t 6&* &cce)te( t$e !..ce% " c!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e e;ec+t!" !. &" &ct 6$c$(!e* "!t c!"*tt+te & c%/e, &"( t$e !..ce% e;ec+te( *&( &ct, $e *$&'' *+..e% t$e *&/e )e"&'t

)%!-(e( " t$e )%ece("0 )&%&0%&)$ &"( . *&( &ct *$&'' "!t $&-e ee" &cc!/)'*$e(, t$e!..ce% *$&'' *+..e% t$e )e"&'te* !. )%*!" c!%%ecc!"&' " t* /e(+/ )e%!( &"( & ."e !. "!t

'e** t$&" t6ce t$e -&'+e !. *+c$ 0.t#I. t$e !@ect .!% 6$c$ t$e 0.t 6&* %ece-e( !% )%!/*e( 6&* t! /&e t$e )+'c !..ce%

%e.%&" .%!/ (!"0 *!/et$"0 6$c$ t 6&* $* !..c&' (+t t! (!, $e *$&'' *+..e% t$e )e"&'te* !. )%*!" c!%%ecc!"&' " t* /&;/+/ )e%!( &"( & ."e !. "!t 'e** t$&" t$%ee t/e* t$e -&'+e !.*+c$ 0.t#

A%tc'e 211 %e.e%* t! I"(%ect B%e%# It )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: T$e )e"&'te* !. )%*!"c!%%ecc!"&', " t* /e(+/ &"( /&;/+/ )e%!(*, *+*)e"*!" &"( )+'c ce"*+%e *$&'' e/)!*e( +)!" &" )+'c !..ce% 6$! *$&'' &cce)t 0.t* !..e%e( t! $/ %e&*!" !. $* !..ce#

G%&.t &"( C!%%+)t!" 3 T$* * (e."e( Sect!" ? !. Re)+'c Act N!# ?=19 " t$* /&""e%:

I" &((t!" t! &ct* !% !/**!"* !. )+'c !..ce%* &'%e&( )e"&'e( e;*t"0 '&6, t$e.!''!6"0 *$&'' c!"*tt+te c!%%+)t )%&ctce* !. &" )+'c !..ce% &"( &%e $e%e (ec'&%e(+"'&6.+':

&# Pe%*+&("0, "(+c"0 !% ".'+e"c"0 &"!t$e% )+'c !..ce% t! )e%.!%/ &" &ct c!"*tt+t"0 &-!'&t!" !. %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* (+' )%!/+'0&te( c!/)ete"t &+t$!%t !% &" !..e"ce "c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e !..c&' (+te* !. t$e '&tte%, !% &''!6"0 $/*e'. t! e )e%*+&(e(,"(+ce(, !% ".'+e"ce( t! c!//t *+c$ -!'&t!" !% !..e"*e#

# D%ect' !% "(%ect' %e+e*t"0 !% %ece-"0 &" 0.t, )%e*e"t, *$&%e, )e%ce"t&0e, !% e"e.t.!% $/*e'. !% .!% &" !t$e% )e%*!", " c!""ect!" 6t$ &" c!"t%&ct !% t%&"*&ct!" et6ee"

t$e G!-e%"/e"t &"( &" !t$e% )&%t, 6$e%e" t$e )+'c !..ce% " $* c&)&ct $&* t!"te%-e"e +"(e% t$e '&6#

c# D%ect' !% "(%ect' %e+e*t"0 !% %ece-"0 &" 0.t, )%e*e"t !% !t$e% )ec+"&% !% /&te%&' e"e.t, .!% $/*e'. !% .!% &"!t$e%, .%!/ &" )e%*!" .!% 6$!/ t$e )+'c !..ce%, " &"/&""e% !% c&)&ct, $&* *ec+%e( !% !t&"e(, !% 6'' *ec+%e !% !t&", &" G!-e%"/e"t

)e%/t !% 'ce"*e, " c!"*(e%&t!" .!% t$e $e') 0-e" !% t! e 0-e", 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t!Sect!" t$%tee" !. t$* Act#

>>719

71



(# Acce)t"0 !% $&-"0 &" /e/e% !. $* .&/' &cce)t e/)'!/e"t " & )%-&te e"te%)%*e6$c$ $&* )e"("0 !..c&' +*"e** 6t$ $/ (+%"0 t$e )e"(e"c t$e%e!. !% 6t$" !"e e&%&.te% t* te%/"&t!"#

e# C&+*"0 &" +"(+e "@+% t! &" )&%t, "c'+("0 t$e G!-e%"/e"t, !% 0-"0 &" )%-&te )&%t&" +"6&%%&"te( e"e.t, &(-&"t&0e !% )%e.e%e"ce " t$e (*c$&%0e !. $* !..c&'&(/"*t%&t-e !% @+(c&' .+"ct!"* t$%!+0$ /&".e*t )&%t&'t, e-(e"t &( .&t$ !% 0%!**"e;c+*&'e "e0'0e"ce# T$* )%!-*!" *$&'' &))' t! !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* !. !..ce* !%

0!-e%"/e"t c!%)!%&t!"* c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e 0%&"t !. 'ce"*e* !% )e%/t* !% !t$e% c!"ce**!"*#.# Ne0'ect"0 !% %e.+*"0, &.te% (+e (e/&"( !% %e+e*t, 6t$!+t *+..ce"t @+*t.c&t!", t! &ct

6t$" & %e&*!"&'e t/e !" &" /&tte% )e"("0 e.!%e $/ .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. !t&""0,(%ect' !% "(%ect', .%!/ &" )e%*!" "te%e*te( " t$e /&tte% *!/e )ec+"&% !% /&te%&'

e"e.t !% &(-&"t&0e, !% .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. .&-!%"0 $* !6" "te%e*t !% 0-"0 +"(+e&(-&"t&0e " .&-!% !. !% (*c%/"&t"0 &0&"*t &" !t$e% "te%e*te( )&%t#

0# E"te%"0, !" e$&'. !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, "t! &" c!"t%&ct !% t%&"*&ct!" /&".e*t' &"( 0%!**'(*&(-&"t&0e!+* t! t$e *&/e, 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e )+'c !..ce% )%!.te( !% 6'' )%!.t t$e%e#

$# D%ect' !% "(%ect' $&-"0 ."&"c&' !% )ec+"&% "te%e*t " &" +*"e**, c!"t%&ct !%

t%&"*&ct!" " c!""ect!" 6t$ 6$c$ $e "te%-e"e* !% t&e* )&%t " $* !..c&' c&)&ct, !% "6$c$ $e * )%!$te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% &" '&6 .%!/ $&-"0 &" "te%e*t#

# D%ect' !% "(%ect' ec!/"0 "te%e*te(, .!% )e%*!"&' 0&", !% $&-"0 & /&te%&' "te%e*t "&" t%&"*&ct!" !% &ct %e+%"0 t$e &))%!-&' !. & !&%(, )&"e' !% 0%!+) !. 6$c$ $e * &/e/e%, &"( 6$c$ e;e%c*e* (*c%et!" " *+c$ &))%!-&', e-e" . $e -!te* &0&"*t t$e *&/e!% (!e* "!t )&%tc)&te " t$e &ct!" !. t$e !&%(, c!//ttee, )&"e' !% 0%!+)#

I"te%e*t .!% )e%*!"&' 0&" *$&'' e )%e*+/e( &0&"*t t$!*e )+'c !..ce%* %e*)!"*'e .!%t$e &))%!-&' !. /&".e*t' +"'&6.+', "e+t&'e, !% %%e0+'&% t%&"*&ct!"* !% &ct* t$e !&%(,

)&"e' !% 0%!+) t! 6$c$ t$e e'!"0#

>>72= @# J"!6"0' &))%!-"0 !% 0%&"t"0 &" 'ce"*e, )e%/t, )%-'e0e !% e"e.t " .&-!% !. &"

)e%*!" "!t +&'.e( .!% !% "!t 'e0&'' e"tt'e( t! *+c$ 'ce"*e, )e%/t, )%-'e0e, !%&(-&"t&0e, !% !. /e%e %e)%e*e"t&t-e !% (+// !. !"e 6$! * "!t *! +&'.e( !% e"tt'e(#

# D-+'0"0 -&'+&'e ".!%/&t!" !. & c!".(e"t&' c$&%&cte%, &c+%e( $* !..ce !% $/!" &cc!+"t !. $* !..c&' )!*t!" t! +"&+t$!%e( )e%*!"*, !% %e'e&*"0 *+c$ ".!%/&t!" "&(-&"ce !. t* &+t$!%e( %e'e&*e (&te#

T$e )e%*!" 0-"0 t$e 0.t, )%e*e"t, *$&%e, )e%ce"t&0e !% e"e.t %e.e%%e( t! "

*+)&%&0%&)$* &"( c !% !..e%"0 !% 0-"0 t! t$e )+'c !..ce% t$e e/)'!/e"t /e"t!"e(" *+)&%&0%&)$ ( !% +%0"0 t$e (-+'0"0 !% +"t/e' %e'e&*e !. t$e c!".(e"t&' ".!%/&t!"%e.e%%e( t! " *+)&%&0%&)$ !. t$* *ect!" *$&'', t!0et$e% 6t$ t$e !..e"("0 )+'c !..ce%,

e )+"*$e( +"(e% Sect!" 9 !. t$* Act &"( *$&'' e )e%/&"e"t' !% te/)!%&%' (*+&'.e(, "t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e C!+%t, .%!/ t%&"*&ct"0 +*"e** " &" .!%/ 6t$ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t#

Ot$e% 50$ C%/e* 3 T$e &%e t$!*e !..e"*e* 6$c$ 'e t%e&*!" &"( %e% &%e !. e"!%/!+*0%&-t t$&t t$e *t%e &t t$e -e% '.e !% !%(e%' 6!%"0* !. 0!-e%"/e"t# Re)!%t !. t$e

72



S)ec&' C!//ttee !" t$e I/)e&c$/e"t !. P%e*(e"t E')(! +%"!# W'' t$* "c'+(e"-!'-e/e"t " (%+0 *"(c&te*4 C!"*(e%"0 t$e '' e..ect* !. (%+0* t! *!cet &"( t$e (& t!(& c!//**!" !. (%+03%e'&te( !..e"*e* 6$c$ c!"*+/e t$e t/e, e..!%t, &"( %e*!+%ce* !.!+% 0!-e%"/e"t &"( 6$c$ (e*t%! t$e '-e* !. /&" )e!)'e, e*)ec&'' t$e !+"0, t$e 6''.&'' 6t$" t$e (e."t!" !. $0$ c%/e#

Bet%&&' !. P+'c T%+*t 3 T$* c!-e%* &" &"( &'' !..e"*e* !% &ct* 6$c$ &%e -!'&t!"* !. t$e!&t$ !. !..ce !. t$e /)e&c$&'e !..ce%* &.!%e/e"t!"e(, e-e" . t$e &%e "!t )+"*$&'e

*t&t+te &* )e"&' !..e"*e*, &* '!"0 &* t$e %e"(e% t$e )+'c !..c&' c!"ce%"e( &* +".t t!c!"t"+e " !..ce #e#, t%&""c&' &+*e !. )!6e%, "e;c+*&'e "e0'0e"ce !. (+t, et%&&'!. )+'c "te%e*t, %e&c$ !. !..c&' (+t, c%!"*/, .&-!%t*/ &"( !*t%+ct!" !. @+*tce#

Sect!" ?# 1 T$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* *$&'' $&-e t$e e;c'+*-e )!6e% t! "t&te &'' c&*e*!. /)e&c$/e"t#

2 A -e%.e( c!/)'&"t .!% /)e&c$/e"t /& e .'e( &" Me/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% &" cte" +)!" & %e*!'+t!" !. e"(!%*e/e"t &" Me/e% t$e%e!.,6$c$ *$&'' e "c'+(e( " t$e O%(e% !. B+*"e** 6t$" te" *e**!" (&*, &"( %e.e%%e( t! t$e

)%!)e% C!//ttee 6t$" t$%ee *e**!" (&* t$e%e&.te%# T$e C!//ttee, &.te% $e&%"0, &"( & /&@!%t -!te !. &'' t* Me/e%*, *$&'' *+/t t* %e)!%t t! t$e 5!+*e 6t$" *;t *e**!"(&* .%!/ *+c$ %e.e%%&', t!0et$e% 6t$ t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 %e*!'+t!"# T$e %e*!'+t!" *$&'' ec&'e"(&%e( .!% c!"*(e%&t!" t$e 5!+*e 6t$" te" *e**!" (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!.#

>>721? A -!te !. &t 'e&*t !"e3t$%( !. &'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e *$&'' e "ece**&% et$e% t!

&..%/ & .&-!%&'e %e*!'+t!" 6t$ t$e A%tc'e* !. I/)e&c$/e"t !. t$e C!//ttee, !%!-e%%(e t* c!"t%&% %e*!'+t!"# T$e -!te !. e&c$ Me/e% *$&'' e %ec!%(e(

I" c&*e t$e -e%.e( c!/)'&"t !% %e*!'+t!" !. /)e&c$/e"t * .'e( &t 'e&*t !"e3t$%( !. &''t$e Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e, t$e *&/e *$&'' c!"*tt+te t$e A%tc'e* !. I/)e&c$/e"t, &"( t%&'

t$e Se"&te *$&'' .!%t$6t$ )%!cee(H N! /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0* *$&'' e "t&te( &0&"*t t$e *&/e !..c&' /!%e t$&" !"ce

6t$" & )e%!( !. !"e e&%#< T$e Se"&te *$&'' $&-e t$e *!'e )!6e% t! t% &"( (ec(e &'' c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t# W$e"

*tt"0 .!% t$&t )+%)!*e, t$e Se"&t!%* *$&'' e !" !&t$ !% &..%/&t!"# W$e" t$e P%e*(e"t !.t$e P$'))"e* * !" t%&', t$e C$e. +*tce !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *$&'' )%e*(e, +t *$&'' "!t-!te# N! )e%*!" *$&'' e c!"-cte( 6t$!+t t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t$e Me/e%*!. t$e Se"&te#

7 +(0/e"t " c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t *$&'' "!t e;te"( .+%t$e% t$&" %e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &"(

(*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, +t t$e )&%tc!"-cte( *$&'' "e-e%t$e'e** e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&' &"( )+"*$/e"t&cc!%("0 t! '&6#

8 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!/+'0&te t* %+'e* !" /)e&c$/e"t t! e..ect-e' c&%% !+t t$e )+%)!*e!. t$* *ect!"#

3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e !. /)e&c$/e"t4

7?



A 3 T$e */)'.e( )%!ce(+%e !. /)e&c$/e"t * &* .!''!6*:1# F'"0 !. & c!/)'&"t: T$* *t&%t* t$e )%!cee("0* .!% /)e&c$/e"t#&# T$e c!/)'&"t * .'e( et$e% & /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% &" cte"

+)!" & %e*!'+t!" !. e"(!%*e/e"t &" /e/e% t$e%e!.#

2# C!/)'&"t * %e.e%%e( t! t$e )%!)e% C!//ttee:&# T$e C!//ttee c!"(+ct* (e'e%&t!" !. t$e c!/)'&"t t$&t 6&* .'e(# T$e%e&.te%, t$e

C!//ttee *$!+'( (ec(e 6$et$e% t$e c!/)'&"t * *+..ce"t " .!%/ &"( " *+*t&"ce# # T$e C!//ttee, &.te% $e&%"0, &"( & /&@!%t -!te !. &'' t* Me/e%*, *$&'' *+/t t*

%e)!%t t! t$e 5!+*e 6t$" *;t <= *e**!" (&* .%!/ t$e %e.e%%&' !. t$e c!/)'&"t, t!0et$e%6t$ t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 %e*!'+t!"#

c# T$e %e*!'+t!" *$&'' e c&'e"(&%e( .!% c!"*(e%&t!" t$e 5!+*e 6t$" te" 1= *e**!"(&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!.#

(# A -!te !. &t 'e&*t !"e3t$%( !. &'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e *$&'' e "ece**&% et$e% t!&..%/ & .&-!%&'e %e*!'+t!" 6t$ t$e A%tc'e* !. I/)e&c$/e"t !. t$e C!//ttee, !%!-e%%(e t* c!"t%&% %e*!'+t!"# T$e -!te !. e&c$ Me/e% *$&'' e %ec!%(e(#

>>722?# C!/)'&"t * *e"t t! t$e Se"&te 6$c$ 6'' t% &"( (ec(e c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t:&# I. .'e( &t 'e&*t 1? !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e, t$e *&/e *$&'' c!"*tt+te t$e A%tc'e*

!. I/)e&c$/e"t#

# T%&' &"( C!"-ct!": T$e Se"&te t%e* t$e /)e&c$/e"t &"( c!"-ct* & -!te !. 2? !. &''t$e /e/e%* !. t$e Se"&te#

3 W$! c&" .'e & c!/)'&"t .!% /)e&c$/e"t4A 3 Sect!" ?2, A%tc'e XI, *t&te* t$&t & -e%.e( c!/)'&"t .!% /)e&c$/e"t /& e .'e(

& &" Me/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% &" cte" +)!" & %e*!'+t!" !.e"(!%*e/e"t &" Me/e% t$e%e!.#

3 C&" &" /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 e "t&te( &0&"*t t$e *&/e !..c&' /!%e t$&" !"ce6t$" & )e%!( !. !"e e&%4

A 3 N!# Sect!" ?H )%!-(e* t$&t N! /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0* *$&'' e "t&te( &0&"*t t$e*&/e !..c&' /!%e t$&" !"ce 6t$" & )e%!( !. !"e e&%# T$* * "te"(e( t! )%e-e"t/)e&c$/e"t .%!/ e"0 &" "*t%+/e"t !. /e%e $&%&**/e"t#

3 W$e" * /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0* c!"*(e%e( "t&te(4A 3 T$e%e &%e c!".'ct"0 !)"!"* !" t$* +e*t!" +"t' t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t (ec(e( t$e c&*e !.

ERNESTO B# FRANCISCO, R#, ETC# VS 5OUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ET AL#,(!cete( &* G#R# N!# 1<=2<1, NOVEMBER 1=, 2==?, 6$e%e t$* **+e, &/!"0 !t$e%*, 6&*%e*!'-e(# T$e )e%t"e"t )!%t!" !. t$e (ec*!" !" t$* )!"t * &* .!''!6*: ;;; T$e%e*!'+t!" !. t$* **+e t$+* $"0e* !" t$e "te%)%et&t!" !. t$e te%/ "t&te# Re*!%t t!*t&t+t!% c!"*t%+ct!" *, t$e%e.!%e, " !%(e%# T$&t t$e *)!"*!% !. t$e )%!-*!" !. Sect!"?H !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", C!//**!"e% F'!%e" Re0&'&(!, 6$! e-e"t+&'' ec&/e &"

7



A**!c&te +*tce !. t$* C!+%t, &0%ee( !" t$e /e&""0 !. "t&te &* t! .'e, &* )%!..e%e(&"( e;)'&"e( C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"e% M&&/!"0 (+%"0 t$e C!"*tt+t!"&'C!//**!" )%!cee("0*, 6$c$ $e C!//**!"e% Re0&'&(! &* &/c+* c+%&e &..%/e((+%"0 t$e !%&' &%0+/e"t* !" t$e "*t&"t )ett!"* $e'( !" N!-e/e% H, 2==? &t 6$c$ $e&((e( t$&t t$e &ct !. "t&t"0 "c'+(e( t$e &ct !. t&"0 "t&' &ct!" !" t$e c!/)'&"t,(**)&te* &" (!+t t$&t "(ee( t$e 6!%( "t&te &* t t6ce &))e&%* " A%tc'e XI? &"(H !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" /e&"* t! .'e t$e c!/)'&"t &"( t&e "t&' &ct!" !" t#

>>72?I"t&te !. c!+%*e * +"(e%*t!!( !%("&% /e" t! /e&", &* (ct!"&%e* (!, t! e0",

t! c!//e"ce, !% *et 0!"0# A* We*te%* T$%( Ne6 I"te%"&t!"&' Dct!"&% !. t$e E"0'*$L&"0+&0e c!"c*e' )+t* t, t /e&"* t! )e%.!%/ !% .&c't&te t$e .%*t &ct!", 6$c$ @e* 6t$+*tce Re0&'&(!* )!*t!", &"( t$&t !. F&t$e% Be%"&*, 6$! e'+c(&te( (+%"0 t$e !%&' &%0+/e"t*!. t$e "*t&"t )ett!"* !" N!-e/e% H, 2==? " t$* 6*e:

B%e.' t$e" &" /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 * "!t & *"0'e &ct# It * & c!/'e;+* !. &ct*c!"**t"0 !. & e0"""0, & /(('e &"( &" e"(# T$e e"( * t$e t%&"*/tt&' !. t$e &%tc'e* !./)e&c$/e"t t! t$e Se"&te# T$e /(('e c!"**t* !. t$!*e (e'e%&t-e /!/e"t* 'e&("0 t! t$e

.!%/+'&t!" !. t$e &%tc'e* !. /)e&c$/e"t# T$e e0"""0 !% t$e "t&t!" * t$e .'"0 !. t$ec!/)'&"t &"( t* %e.e%%&' t! t$e C!//ttee !" +*tce# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

B&c0%!+"(:At t$e t/e I 6%!te / %e-e6e% " 2==1, t$* * / !)"!" T$e &+t$!% e'e-e* t$&t .

Sect!" ? 6'' e *t%ct' c!"*t%+e(, t$e *&/e * c!"*(e%e( "t&te( .%!/ t$e t/e t * .'e( & /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% &" cte" +)!" & %e*!'+t!" !. "(!%*e/e"t

&" /e/e% t$e%e!.# It * .%!/ t$&t t/e 6$e" t$e .'"0 !. t$e c!/)'&"t * "t&te( &"(c!//e"ce(# It * &ct+&'' t$e .'"0 t$&t *t&%t* t$e )%!cee("0*# A* t! 6$et$e% !% "!t t$ec!/)'&"t t$&t 6&* .'e( * *+..ce"t !% "*+..ce"t " .!%/ &"( " *+*t&"ce, * &"!t$e% **+e

6$c$, " .&ct, /& !% /& "!t c&+*e t$e .'"0 !. "(!%*e/e"t !. t$e %e*!'+t!" !. /)e&c$/e"t" t$e Se"&te#

T$e )%!'e/ 6t$ t$* "te%)%et&t!", $!6e-e%, * t$&t t /& )%!-(e & '!!)$!'e .!%c!"*tt+t!"&' !..ce%* t! "-!e t .!% t$e% !6" &(-&"t&0e# A" !..ce% c!"ce%"e(, .!% "*t&"ce,6$! "!6* e.!%e$&"( t$&t &" /)e&c$/e"t c!/)'&"t 6'' e !% * &!+t t! e .'e(, /& +*e

)e!)'e !. $* c!".(e"ce t! )%e3e/)t *+c$ &" &ct!", .'"0 & &*e'e** c!/)'&"t &"( '&te% !"t 6'' e e&*e% .!% t$e *&( !..ce% t! !t&" & (*/**&' !. t$e *&/e# I. t$* $&))e"*, t$e *&(!..ce% 6'' e )%!tecte( t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!", t$+*: N! /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0**$&'' e "t&te( &0&"*t t$e *&/e !..c&' /!%e t$&" !"ce 6t$" & )e%!( !. !"e e&%# Sect!"

?H#

3 W$! $&* t$e *!'e )!6e% t! t% &"( (ec(e &'' c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t4A 3 T$e Se"&te *$&'' $&-e t$e *!'e )!6e% t! t% &"( (ec(e &'' c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t# W$e"

*tt"0 .!% t$&t )+%)!*e, t$e Se"&t!%* *$&'' e !" !&t$ !% &..%/&t!"# W$e" t$e P%e*(e"t !.t$e P$'))"e* * !" t%&', t$e C$e. +*tce !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *$&'' )%e*(e, +t *$&'' "!t-!te# N! )e%*!" *$&'' e c!"-cte( 6t$!+t t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t$e Me/e%*!. t$e Se"&te# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e( Sect!" ?<, A%tc'e XI

7H



>>72 3 W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. &" /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("04A 3 +*tce I*&0&" C%+ *&(: I/)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0* &%e " & *e"*e @+(c&' &"( )e"&' "

c$&%&cte%# 5e"ce, t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' %0$t* !. t$e &cc+*e( &* 0+&%&"tee( " A%tc'e III, *+c$ &*t$e %0$t t! (+e )%!ce** &"( &0&"*t *e'.3"c%/"&t!", &%e &-&'&'e " t$e*e )%!cee("0*T$e R+'e* !. C!+%t, 6$'e "!t *t%ct' &))'c&'e &* t$e C!"0%e** * "!t & c!+%t !. @+*tce, &%e"!"et$e'e** !*e%-e( " t$e c!"(+ct !. t$e t%&'# A* " !%("&% c%/"&' &ct!"*, )%!!.

e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t * "ece**&% .!% c!"-ct!"#

O" t$e &** !. t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%&' !. P%e*(e"t !*e)$ E*t%&(&, I &/ /!%e "c'"e( t!*+/t t$&t 6$'e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 * " & *e"*e @+(c&' " c$&%&cte%, t * "!t"ece**&%' )e"&' " c$&%&cte% .!% t * c'e&% t$&t " c&*e !. c!"-ct!" !. P%e*(e"t !*e)$E*t%&(&, $e *$&'' e )+"*$&'e !"' :

1 Re/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &"(2 D*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*# Sect!" ?71,

A%tc'e XI !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"

T$e *&( )e"&'t * /!%e !. & )e"&'t " &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0 t$&" " & c%/"&' )%!cee("0#

Sect!" 7, A%tc'e XI )%!-(e* " .+'':+(0/e"t " c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t *$&'' "!t e;te"( .+%t$e% t$&t %e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &"(

(*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, +t t$e )&%t c!"-cte(*$&'' "e-e%t$e'e** e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&' &"( )+"*$/e"t &cc!%("0 t! '&6

T$e .&ct t$&t t$e '&*t *e"te"ce !. Sect!" 7 )%!-(e* .!% & *t+&t!" 6$e%e & )&%t

c!"-cte( *$&'' e "e-e%t$e'e** '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&', &"( )+"*$/e"t&cc!%("0 t! '&6 (!e* "!t /&e /)e&c$/e"t & c%/"&' )%!cee("0 ec&+*e t * c'e&% t$&t t *!"' " c&*e !. $* c!"-ct!" t$&t P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& *$&'' e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!",t%&', &"( )+"*$/e"t# It * !"' .%!/ t$e%e 6$e" t$e P%e*(e"t 6'' e *+@ect t! & c%/"&'

)%!cee("0#

3 W$&t %+'e* &))' " /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("04A 3 T$e %+'e* !. t$e )%e*e"t Se"&te# T$e R+'e* !. C!+%t *$&'' *+))'e/e"t t$e %+'e* !. t$e Se"&te

6$e"e-e% t * )%&ctc&'e#

>>72H 3 W$&t * t$e +&"t+/ !. e-(e"ce %e+%e( .!% c!"-ct!"4A 3 C!"-ct!" " t$e c%/"&' )%!cee("0 *$!+'( e )%!-e" )%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t

+t c!"-ct!" " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 6'' !"' %e+%e *+*t&"t-e e-(e"ce ec&+*e, &* &'%e&( /e"t!"e(, t$e *&/e * !"' &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0 &"( e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" ?7, A%tc'e XI, @+(0/e"t " c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t *$&'' "!t e;te"(.+%t$e% t$&" %e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c

7<



!. t$e P$'))"e*# T$e *&( )e"&'t t$e%e.!%e (!e* "!t %e+%e /)%*!"/e"t &"( /e%e'c!"*(e%e( &* &(/"*t%&t-e )e"&'t#

3 W$&t * "ee(e( " !%(e% t! c!"-ct & )e%*!" *+@ect !. /)e&c$/e"t4A 3 Sect!" ?< ; ; ; N! )e%*!" *$&'' e c!"-cte( 6t$!+t t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. t6!3t$%(* !.

&'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e Se"&te#

3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. & @+(0/e"t " c&*e !. /)e&c$/e"t4

A 3 1 Sect!" 7?, A%tc'e XI *)ec.e* t$e .!''!6"0 e..ect*:&# Re/!-&' .%!/ !..ce

# D*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*c# I" &((t!", t$e )&%t c!"-cte( *$&'' "e-e%t$e'e** e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&'

&"( )+"*$/e"t &cc!%("0 t! '&6#

3 I. P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& 6&* &c+tte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0, c&" $e e *+*e+e"t'

*+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&', c!"-ct!" &"( )+"*$/e"t " t$e %e0+'&% c!+%t* !. @+*tce4A 3 T$e%e * "! )%ece(e"t et !" t$* +e*t!"# T$e e;&ct 6!%("0 !. Sect!" ?7, A%tc'e XI

6$c$ )%!-(e*, t$+*: +(0/e"t " c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t *$&'' "!t e;te"( .+%t$e% t$&"%e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$eP$'))"e*, +t t$e )&%t c!"-cte( *$&'' "e-e%t$e'e** e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!"t%&', &"( )+"*$/e"t &cc!%("0 t! '&6 U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(, * "te%)%ete( *!/e'&6e%* t! /e&" t$&t t * !"' " c&*e !. $* c!"-ct!", t$&t $e *$&'' e '&'e &"( *+@ect t!

)%!*ec+t!", t%&' &"( )+"*$/e"t# M&" '&6e%*, "c'+("0 /*e'., $!6e-e%, &%e "c'"e( t!t&e t$e -e6 t$&t $e !% &"!( e'*e */'&%' *t+&te( /& *t'' e *+@ect !. & c%/"&'

)%!*ec+t!" .!% t$e .!''!6"0 %e&*!"*: 1 I/)e&c$/e"t * *e)&%&te &"( (*t"ct .%!/ &

c%/"&' )%!cee("0 2 T$e )+%)!*e !. /)e&c$/e"t * t! ."( !+t 6$et$e% t$e !..c&'*+@ect !. /)e&c$/e"t * .t !% +".t t! c!"t"+e $!'("0 !" t! & )!*t!" !. t%+*t, &"( .e-(e"ce *! 6&%%&"t*, t$&t $e*$e * +".t, t! ."( !+t 6$et$e% $e*$e *$&'' e %e/!-e( .%!/!..ce &"( (*+&'.e( t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* ? T$e

)+%)!*e !. & c%/"&' )%!cee("0 * t! ."( !+t . t$e &cc+*e( * 0+'t !% "!t 0+'t !. t$e!..e"*e c$&%0e(# T$e &''e0e( 0+'t *$&'' e )%!-e" )%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t &"(

)%!-e", t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 )e"&'t !. /)%*!"/e"t *$&'' e /)!*e( &0&"*t t$e &cc+*e( T$e e-(e"ce %e+%e( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t c&*e * "!t )%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t +t/e%e *+*t&"t-e e-(e"ce, ec&+*e t$e *&/e * !"' &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0# 5e"ce

t$e )e"&'t t$e%e!. * /e%e' &" &(/"*t%&t-e )e"&'t H F!% &'' t$e .!%e0!"0 %e&*!"*, t$e&c+tt&' " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!ce** /e&"* t$&t . t$e )e%*!" *+@ect !. /)e&c$/e"t *&c+tte(, t$e *&/e * &*e( "!t !" )%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t +t /e%e' !" *+*t&"t-ee-(e"ce, $e"ce, t$e%e * "! &%%e% .!% t$e )e!)'e t! )+%*+e t$e% 0%e-&"ce* " t$e %e0+'&%c!+%t* t! )%!-e t$e% c&*e &*e( !" )%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t# T$e" &"( !"' t$e" 6$e"t$e Pe!)'e !. t$e P$'))"e* &%e +'t/&te' $e&%( &"( *&t*.e( " t$e% +e*t .!% %e(%e** !.0%e-&"ce*#

>>72<

77



3 I. P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& 6&* c!"-cte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 &"( t$e%e&.te% c%/"&'' )%!*ec+te( .!% t$e !..e"*e 6$c$ 6&%%&"te( $* c!"-ct!" !" /)e&c$/e"t, c&" $e )'e&( t$e(e.e"*e !. (!+'e @e!)&%(4

A 3 N!# A* &'%e&( *t&te(, t$e )e"&'t 6$c$ t$e Se"&te /& /)!*e *$&'' e '/te( t! %e/!-&'.%!/ !..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*#T$* )e"&'t * e!"( t$e %e&c$ !. t$e P%e*(e"t* )!6e% !. e;ec+t-e c'e/e"c, +t (!e*"!t )'&ce t$e !..ce% e!"( '&'t t! c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!"# W$e" c%/"&'' )%!*ec+te(,

t$e%e.!%e, .!% t$e !..e"*e 6$c$ 6&%%&"te( $* c!"-ct!" !" /)e&c$/e"t, t$e !..ce% c&""!t )'e&( t$e (e.e"*e !. (!+'e @e!)&%(#

3 I. P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& %e*0"e( e.!%e t$e %e"(t!" !. @+(0/e"t t$e /)e&c$/e"t c!+%t,(!e* $* %e*0"&t!" )'&ce $/ e!"( t$e %e&c$ !. /)e&c$/e"t .!% !..e"*e* c!//tte((+%"0 $* te"+%e4

A 3 N!# REASON: W$'e t * t%+e t$&t $e * &'%e&( %e*0"e( &"( c&" "! '!"0e% e %e/!-e(.%!/ $* !..ce, t$e%e * *t'' & )e"&'t 6$c$ c&" e /)!*e( e-e" &.te% $* %e*0"&t!" &"(t$&t * t$e )e"&'t !. (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e

P$'))"e*#

3 D+%"0 t$e )%!ce** !. t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%&', c&" t$e P%e*(e"t *+@ect !. /)e&c$/e"t e*+*)e"(e( )e"(e"te 'te4

A 3 T$* $&* "! )%ece(e"t " !+% @+%*(ct!"# It * / !)"!" t$&t t$e )e"&'t !. )%e-e"t-e*+*)e"*!" )e"(e"te 'te /& e /)!*e( .!% t$e .!''!6"0 %e&*!"*:

1# A* &.!%e/e"t!"e(, t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%&' * @+(c&' &"( &(/"*t%&t-e " c$&%&cte% ec&+*e )%ec*e' !. t$e )e"&'t )%!-(e( " Sect!" 7, A%tc'e XI

2# T$e )+%)!*e !. *+*)e"*!" )e"(ete 'te * )%ec*e' t! )%e-e"t t$e !..ce% *!+0$t t! e

*+*)e"(e( .%!/ )!**' +*"0 $* ".'+e"ce &0&"*t &" &"( &'' !..c&'* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t&"( t$e%e $e') $/ ".'+e"ce t$e !+tc!/e !. t$e )%!cee("0# It * .!% t$* %e&*!" t$&t*+*)e"*!" )e"(ete 'te /& e @+*t.e(#

>>727 3 I* t$e @+(0/e"t !. C!"0%e** " &" /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 *+@ect t! @+(c&' %e-e64

A 3 A* & %+'e, t * "!t *+@ect t! @+(c&' %e-e6 )%ec*e' ec&+*e !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" t$&t t$e Se"&te $&* t$e *!'e )!6e% t! t%, &"( (ec(e &'' c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t#5!6e-e%, t$e c!+%t* /& &""+' t$e )%!cee("0* . t$e%e * & *$!6"0 !. & 0%&-e &+*e !.

(*c%et!" c!//tte( t$e C!"0%e** !% !. "!"3c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e )%!ce(+%&'%e+%e/e"t* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

E;&/)'e:1# W$e" t$e c$&%0e* &%e "*tt+te( 6t$!+t & -e%.e( c!/)'&"t !% 'e** t$&" !"e3t$%( 1?

!. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% 6$e%e t$e @+(0/e"t !. c!"-ct!" **+))!%te( 'e** t$&" & t6!3t$%(* 2? -!te " t$e Se"&te#

78



3 C&" t$e )e%*!" *+@ect !. c!"-ct!" " t$e /)e&c$/e"t e *+@ect t! t$e )&%(!""0 )!6e%!. t$e P%e*(e"t4

A 3 It * "!t *+@ect t! t$e )&%(!""0 )!6e% !. t$e P%e*(e"t# 5!6e-e%, . t$e c!"-cte( !..c&'* )%!*ec+te( '&te% !" " &" !%("&% c%/"&' &ct!" &"( '&te% !" .!+"( 0+'t, t$e (ec*!"/& e t$e *+@ect !. )&%(!" t$e P%e*(e"t#

3 Sect!" ?<, A%tc'e XI *t&te* t$&t "! )e%*!" *$&'' e c!"-cte( 6t$!+t t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !.

t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e Se"&te# D!e* t$* %e.e% t! t6!3t$%(* !. t6e"t .!+% !%t6!3t$%(* !. t6e"t3t6!4

A 3 T$e C!"*tt+t!" /e%e' *t&te* t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e Se"&te 6t$!+t &"*)ec.c&t!" &* t! 6$et$e% t * t6!3t$%(* !. t$e %e0+'&% /e/e%*$) !. t6e"t3.!+% !% t6!3t$%(* !. t$e )%e*e"t /e/e%* !. t$e Se"&te# T$* 6'' e & te*t c&*e " t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t#5!6e-e%, t$e !'( c&*e !. A-e'"! -*# C+e"c! 0-e* +* & 0+(e !" 6$&t c!"*tt+te* & +!%+/" t$e Se"&te#

I" t$e *&( c&*e !. A-e'"! -*# C+e"c!, t$e" Se"&te P%e*(e"t A-e'"! /!t+3)%!)!

&(@!+%"e( & *e**!" !. t$e Se"&te 'e&-"0 t6e'-e 12 !t$e% Se"&t!%* " t$e *e**!" $&''# T$et6e'-e 12 Me/e%* c!"t"+e( /eet"0 &"( %e)'&ce( Se"&te P%e*(e"t A-e'"! 6t$ Se"&t!%C+e"c! &* &ct"0 P%e*(e"t# Se"&t!% A-e'"! c!"te"(e( t$&t Se"&t!% C+e"c! 6&* "!t -&'('e'ecte( ec&+*e t$e t6e'-e 12 Se"&t!%* (( "!t c!"*tt+te & /&@!%t, !% & +!%+/ !. t$et6e"t3.!+%3/&" Se"&te#

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t t6e'-e 12 Se"&t!%* 6e%e *+..ce"t t! c!"*tt+te & +!%+/t$e%e +*"0 t$e )%"c)'e !. /&@!%t !. t6e"t t$%ee 2?, &"( "!t t6e"t .!+% 2 Se"&t!%*#>>728

T$e %e&*!" 0-e" t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t * t$&t !"e Se"&t!% 6&* t$e" !+t*(e !. t$eP$'))"e* e"0 t$e" " t$e U#S# &"( .!% t$* %e&*!", $e * t$e%e.!%e !+t*(e t$e c!e%c-e

@+%*(ct!" !. t$e */&''e% "+/e% !. Se"&t!%* 6$! c!+'( &(@!+%" .%!/ (& t! (& &"( c!/)e't$e &tte"(&"ce !. &*e"t /e/e%* " *+c$ /&""e% &"( +"(e% *+c$ )e"&'te* &* t$e Se"&te /0$t

)%!-(e# T$e%e * /!%e %e&*!" t! e'e-e t$&t t$* (!ct%"e 6'' e $e'( &))'c&'e ec&+*e+*tce M&%ce'! Fe%%&" * "!t !"' !+t*(e !. P$'))"e te%%t!%# 5e &'%e&( (e( &"( t$e%e.!%e$e c&""!t " &"6& e c&)&'e !. -!t"0 " t$e .%*t )'&ce#

I" t$e c&*e !. G'!%& M&c&)&0&'3A%%!!, *$e 6&* t$e" &'%e&( e'ecte( Vce3P%e*(e"t !.t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( .!% t$* %e&*!" *$e 6&* "! '!"0e% c&)&'e t! )&%tc)&te "t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 &* & Se"&t!% &"( t$e%e.!%e "! '!"0e% c&)&'e t! -!te#T$e &ct+&' %e&'t * t$&t t$e /e/e%*$) !. t$e Se"&te &t t$&t t/e * !"' t6e"t3t6! 22 &"(

t$e%e.!%e t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' %e+%e/e"t !. c!"c+%%e"ce !. t6! t$%(* 2? *$!+'( e t6!t$%(* 2? !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e Se"&te &t t$&t t/e 6$! &%e &ct+&'' )&%tc)&t"0 " t$e/)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0#

A* & /&tte% !. .&ct, !" t$e &** !. t$* *+/**!", t$e &+t$!% e-e" *+/t* t$&t Se"&t!%B&%e%* 6$! * "!t &ct+&'' )&%tc)&t"0 " t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%&' /& "!t e &'e t! e"c'+(e( ec&+*e $e 6&* !+t*(e "!t !"' !. t$e te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" !. t$e Se"&te +t &'*!!+t*(e t$e c!e%c-e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e */&''e% "+/e% !. Me/e%*#

79



3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. t$e @+(0/e"t !. c!"-ct!"4A 3 Sect!" ?7 )%!-(e* t$&t t$e *&( @+(0/e"t *$&'' "!t e;te"( .+%t$e% t$&" %e/!-&' .%!/

!..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*#

3 C&" & )&%t c!"-cte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 e *t'' *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&',&"( )+"*$/e"t &cc!%("0 t! '&64

A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" ?7, t$+*:

Sect!" ?7# +(0/e"t " c&*e* !. /)e&c$/e"t *$&'' "!t e;te"( .+%t$e% t$&" %e/!-&'.%!/ !..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, +t t$e

)&%t c!"-cte( *$&'' "e-e%t$e'e** e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!" t%&', &"( )+"*$/e"t&cc!%("0 t! '&6# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

OSEP5 ESTRADA VS# ANIANO DESIERTO, IN 5IS CAPACIT AS OMBUDSMAN, ETAL#

G#R# NOS# 1<71=31H, MARC5 2, 2==1

FACTS:O" Oct!e% , 2===, I'!c!* S+% G!-e%"!% L+* C$&-t S"0*!", & '!"0 t/e .%e"( !.

t$e )ett!"e%, 6e"t !" &% &"( &cc+*e( t$e )ett!"e%, $* .&/' &"( .%e"(* !. %ece-"0/''!"* !. )e*!* .%!/ @+ete"0 '!%(*# T$e "e;t (&, t$e" Se"&te M"!%t Le&(e% Te!.*t!G+"0!"& (e'-e%e( & .e% )%-'e0e *)eec$# 5e &cc+*e( t$e )ett!"e% !. %ece-"0 *!/e P$)22= /''!" " @+ete"0 /!"e .%!/ G!-e%"!% S"0*!" .%!/ N!-e/e% 1998 t! A+0+*t 2===5e &'*! c$&%0e( t$&t )ett!"e% t!! .%!/ G!-e%"!% S"0*!" P$) 7= /''!" !" e;c*e t&; !"c0&%ette* "te"(e( .!% I'!c!* S+%# T$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* c!"(+cte( t* !6""-e*t0&t!"# T$e 5!+*e C!//ttee !" P+'c O%(e% &"( Sec+%t, t$e" $e&(e( Re)%e*e"t&t-e R!'! G!'e, (ec(e( t! "-e*t0&te t$e e;)!*e !. G!-e%"!% S"0*!"# O" t$e

!t$e% $&"(, Re)%e*e"t&t-e* 5e$e%*!" A'-&%e, E%"e*t! 5e%e%%& &"( Mc$&e' De.e"*!%*)e&%$e&(e( t$e /!-e t! /)e&c$ t$e )ett!"e%# O" Oct!e% 12, t$e" Vce P%e*(e"t G'!%&M&c&)&0&'3A%%!! %e*0"e( &* Sec%et&% !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. S!c&' We'.&%e &"( De-e'!)/e"t&"( '&te% &*e( .!% )ett!"e%* %e*0"&t!"# 5!6e-e%, )ett!"e% *t%e"+!+*' $e'( !" t! $* !..ce&"( %e.+*e( t! %e*0"#>>729

O" N!-e/e% 1?, 5!+*e S)e&e% V''&% t%&"*/tte( t$e A%tc'e* !. I/)e&c$/e"t *0"e( 11H %e)%e*e"t&t-e*, !% /!%e t$&" 1? !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* t!t$e Se"&te#

O" Dece/e% 7, 2===, t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%&' *t&%te(# Se-e%&' 6t"e**e* 6e%e )%e*e"te( t$e )%!*ec+t!", +t t 6&* C'&%**& Oc&/)! &"( Sec%et&% E(0&%(! E*)%t+ 6$! (e'-e%e(t$e /!*t *e%!+* &cc+*&t!"*# C'&%**& Oc&/)! te*t.e( t$&t *$e 6&* !"e .!!t &6& .%!/

)ett!"e% E*t%&(& 6$e" $e &..;e( t$e *0"&t+%e !*e Ve'&%(e !" &cc!+"t (!c+/e"t*"-!'-"0 & P$) H== /''!" "-e*t/e"t &0%ee/e"t 6t$ t$e% &" !" Fe%+&% , 2===#

Sec%et&% E*)%t+ &''e0e( t$&t t$e )ett!"e% @!"t' !6"e( BW Re*!+%ce* C!%)!%&t!"6t$ M%# D&"te T&" 6$! 6&* .&c"0 c$&%0e* !. "*(e% t%&("0#

8=



O" &"+&% 1<, 2==1, !" & -!te !. 1131= T$!*e 6$! -!te( e* t! !)e" t$e e"-e'!)e6e%e: Se"&t!%* P/e"te', G+"0!"&, D%'!", C&et&"!, R!c!, Le0&%(&, M&0*&*&, F'&-e%B&!", &"( O*/e& III# T$!*e 6$! -!te( "! 6e%e Se"&t!%* O)'e, De.e"*!%3S&"t&0!, !$"O*/e&, A+"!3O%et&, C!*ete"0, E"%'e, 5!"&*&", &6!%*, Re-''&, S!tt! III, &"( T&t&( t$e*e"&t!% @+(0e* %+'e( &0&"*t t$e !)e""0 !. t$e *ec!"( e"-e'!)e 6$c$ &''e0e(' c!"t&"e(e-(e"ce *$!6"0 t$&t )ett!"e% $e'( P$) ?#? ''!" " & *ec%et &" &cc!+"t +"(e% t$e "&/e!*e Ve'&%(e# T$e )+'c &"( )%-&te )%!*ec+t!%* 6&'e( !+t " )%!te*t !. t$e %+'"0#

O" &"+&% 17, t$e )+'c )%!*ec+t!%* *+/tte( & 'ette% t! S)e&e% F+e"tee''& te"(e%"0t$e% c!''ect-e %e*0"&t!"# T$e &'*! .'e( t$e% /&".e*t&t!" !. Wt$(%&6&' !. A))e&%&"ce6t$ t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%+"&'#

O" &"+&% 18, 2==1, & 1= '!/ete% '"e !. )e!)'e $!'("0 '0$te( c&"('e* .!%/e( &$+/&" c$&" .%!/ t$e N"! A+"! M!"+/e"t !" A&'& A-e"+e " M&&t Ct t! t$e EDSAS$%"e t! */!'e t$e )e!)'e* *!'(&%t " (e/&"("0 )ett!"e%* %e*0"&t!"# T$* &tt%&cte(/!%e &"( /!%e )e!)'e# T$e%e&.te%, t$e%e 6&* & %e*0"&t!" *!/e c&"et *ec%et&%e*+"(e%*ec%et&%e*, &"( &***t&"t *ec%et&%e* &"( +%e&+ c$e.*# T! *te/ t$e t(e !. %&0e, )ett!"e%&""!+"ce( $e 6&* !%(e%"0 $* '&6e%* t! &0%ee t! t$e !)e""0 !. t$e $0$' c!"t%!-e%*&'

*ec!"( e"-e'!)e# T$e%e 6&* "! t+%""0 &c t$e t(e# T$e t(e $&( ec!/e & t*+"&/#>>7?=

O" &"+&% 2=, &t &!+t 12:== "!!", C$e. +*tce D&-(e &(/"*te%e( t$e !&t$ t!%e*)!"(e"t A%%!! &* P%e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e*# At 2:?= )/, )ett!"e% &"( $* .&/'$+%%e(' 'e.t M&'&c&&"0 P&'&ce# 5e **+e( t$e .!''!6"0 )%e** *t&te/e"t:

2= &"+&% 2==1St&te/e"t .%!/P%e*(e"t !*e)$ E@e%ct! E*t%&(&

At t6e'-e !c'!c "!!" t!(&, Vce P%e*(e"t G'!%& M&c&)&0&'3A%%!! t!! $e% !&t$ &*

P%e*(e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*# W$'e &'!"0 6t$ /&" !t$e% 'e0&' /"(* !. !+%c!+"t%, I $&-e *t%!"0 &"( *e%!+* (!+t* &!+t t$e 'e0&'t &"( c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. $e%

)%!c'&/&t!" &* P%e*(e"t, I (! "!t 6*$ t! e & .&ct!% t$&t 6'' )%e-e"t t$e %e*t!%&t!" !. +"t&"( !%(e% " !+% c-' *!cet#

It * .!% t$* %e&*!" t$&t I "!6 'e&-e M&'&c&&"0 P&'&ce, t$e *e&t !. t$e )%e*(e"c !. t$*c!+"t%, .!% t$e *&e !. )e&ce &"( " !%(e% t! e0" t$e $e&'"0 )%!ce** !. !+% "&t!"# I 'e&-e t$eP&'&ce !. !+% )e!)'e 6t$ 0%&tt+(e .!% t$e !))!%t+"te* 0-e" t! /e .!% *e%-ce t! !+% )e!)'e# I6'' "!t *$% .%!/ &" .+t+%e c$&''e"0e* t$&t /& c!/e &$e&( " t$e *&/e *e%-ce !. !+%c!+"t%#

I c&'' !" &'' / *+))!%te%* &"( .!''!6e%* t! @!" /e " t$e )%!/!t!" !. & c!"*t%+ct-e"&t!"&' *)%t !. %ec!"c'&t!" &"( *!'(&%t#

M& t$e A'/0$t 'e** !+% c!+"t% &"( e'!-e( )e!)'e#MABU5AQ

S0(# OSEP5 EERCITO ESTRADA

It &'*! &))e&%* t$&t !" t$e *&/e (&, &"+&% 2=, 2==1, $e *0"e( t$e .!''!6"0 'ette%:

81



S%:B -%t+e !. t$e )%!-*!"* !. Sect!" 11, A%tc'e VII !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", I &/ $e%e

t%&"*/tt"0 t$* (ec'&%&t!" t$&t I &/ +"&'e t! e;e%c*e t$e )!6e%* &"( (+te* !. / !..ce# B!)e%&t!" !. '&6 &"( t$e C!"*tt+t!", t$e Vce3P%e*(e"t *$&'' e t$e Act"0 P%e*(e"t#

S0(# OSEP5 EERCITO ESTRADA

O" t$e *&/e (&, &"+&% 2=, $e *0"e( t$e .!''!6"0 'ette% &"( *e"t t$e *&/e t! .!%/e%

S)e&e% F+e"tee''& &t 8:?= &#/# A"!t$e% c!) 6&* t%&"*/tte( t! Se"&te P%e*(e"t P/e"te' !"t$e *&/e (& &'t$!+0$ t 6&* %ece-e( !"' &t 9:== )/#

O" &"+&% 22, %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! //e(&te' (*c$&%0e( t$e )!6e%* &"( (+te* !. t$eP%e*(e"c# O" t$e *&/e (&, t$* C!+%t **+e( t$e .!''!6"0 Re*!'+t!" " A(/"*t%&t-eM&tte% N!# =1313=H SC, t! 6t:>>7?1

A#M# N!# =1313=H3SC 3 I" %e: Re+e*t !. Vce P%e*(e"t G'!%& M&c&)&0&'3A%%!! t!T&e $e% O&t$ !. O..ce &* P%e*(e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* e.!%e C$e. +*tce 3Act"0 !" t$e +%0e"t %e+e*t !. Vce P%e*(e"t G'!%& M&c&)&0&'3A%%!! t! e *6!%" " &*

P%e*(e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, &((%e**e( t! t$e C$e. +*tce &"( c!".%/e( &'ette% t! t$e C!+%t, (&te( &"+&% 2=, 2==1, 6$c$ %e+e*t 6&* t%e&te( &* &" &(/"*t%&t-e/&tte% t$e c!+%t Re*!'-e( +"&"/!+*' t! c!".%/ t$e &+t$!%t 0-e" t$e t6e'-e 12/e/e%* !. t$e C!+%t t$e" )%e*e"t t! t$e C$e. +*tce !" &"+&% 2=, 2==1 t! &(/"*te% t$e!&t$ !. !..ce t! Vce P%e*(e"t G'!%& M&c&)&0&'3A%%!! &* P%e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e*, &t"!!" !. &"+&% 2=, 2==1#

T$* %e*!'+t!" * 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t! t$e (*)!*t!" !. &" @+*tc&'e c&*e t$&t /& e.'e( & )%!)e% )&%t#

F%!/ (& t! (& &.te% t$*, %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! &tte"(e( !..c&' .+"ct!"*#

O" Fe%+&% 7, t$e Se"&te )&**e( Re*!'+t!" N!# 8? (ec'&%"0 t$&t t$e /)e&c$/e"tc!+%t * .+"ct+* !..c! &"( $&* ee" te%/"&te(# Se"&t!% M%&/ De.e"*!%3S&"t&0! *t&te( .!%t$e %ec!%( t$&t *$e -!te( &0&"*t t$e c'!*+%e !. t$e /)e&c$/e"t c!+%t !" t$e 0%!+"(* t$&t t$eSe"&te $&( .&'e( t! (ec(e !" t$e /)e&c$/e"t c&*e &"( t$&t t$e %e*!'+t!" 'e.t !)e" t$e+e*t!" !. 6$et$e% E*t%&(& 6&* *t'' +&'.e( t! %+" .!% &"!t$e% e'ect-e )!*t#

A.te% $* .&'' .%!/ t$e )e(e*t&' !. )!6e%, t$e )ett!"e%* 'e0&' )%!'e/* &))e&%e( "c'+*te%*# Se-e%&' c&*e* )%e-!+*' .'e( &0&"*t $/ " t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" 6e%e *et "/!t!"#

A *)ec&' )&"e' !. "-e*t0&t!%* 6&* .!%t$6t$ c%e&te( t$e %e*)!"(e"t O/+(*/&" t!

"-e*t0&te t$e c$&%0e* &0&"*t t$e )ett!"e%# T$+*, t$e *t&0e .!% t$e c&*e* &t &% 6&* *et# O"Fe%+&% H, )ett!"e% .'e( 6t$ t$* C!+%t G#R# N!# 1<71=31H, & )ett!" .!% )%!$t!" 6t$ &

)%&e% .!% & 6%t !. )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!"# It *!+0$t t! e"@!" t$e %e*)!"(e"t O/+(*/&" .%!/c!"(+ct"0 &" .+%t$e% )%!cee("0* " C&*e N!*# OMB =3==31<29, 17H, 17HH, 17H<, 17H7,&"( 17H8 !% " &" !t$e% c%/"&' c!/)'&"t t$&t /& e .'e( " $* !..ce, +"t' &.te% t$e te%/!. )ett!"e% &* P%e*(e"t * !-e% &"( !"' . 'e0&'' 6&%%&"te(# 5e )%&e( .!% @+(0/e"tc!".%/"0 )ett!"e% t! e t$e '&6.+' &"( "c+/e"t P%e*(e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$eP$'))"e* te/)!%&%' +"&'e t! (*c$&%0e t$e (+te* !. $* !..ce, &"( (ec'&%"0 %e*)!"(e"t t!

82



$&-e t&e" $e% !&t$ &* &"( t! e $!'("0 t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t, !"' " &" &ct"0 c&)&ct )+%*+&"t t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"#>>7?2ISSUES:1# W$et$e% t$e )ett!"* )%e*e"t & @+*tc&'e c!"t%!-e%*#2# A**+/"0 t$&t t$e )ett!"* )%e*e"t & @+*tc&'e c!"t%!-e%*, 6$et$e% )ett!"e% E*t%&(& * &

P%e*(e"t !" 'e&-e 6$'e %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! * &" Act"0 P%e*(e"t#

?# W$et$e% c!"-ct!" " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0* * & c!"(t!" )%ece(e"t .!% t$e c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!" !. )ett!"e% E*t%&(&# I" t$e "e0&t-e &"( !" t$e &**+/)t!" t$&t )ett!"e% * *t''P%e*(e"t, 6$et$e% $e * //+"e .%!/ c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!"#

# W$et$e% t$e )%!*ec+t!" !. )ett!"e% E*t%&(& *$!+'( e e"@!"e( !" t$e 0%!+"( !. )%e@+(c&' )+'ct#

5ELD:1# W5ET5ER OR NOT T5E CASES AT BAR INVOLVE A POLITICAL UESTION 3

Re*)!"(e"t* c'&/ t$&t %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! &*ce"(e( t$e )%e*(e"c t$%!+0$ )e!)'e )!6e%

t$&t *$e $&* &'%e&( t&e" $e% !&t$ &* t$e 1t$ P%e*(e"t !. t$e Re)+'c t$&t *$e $&*e;e%c*e( t$e )!6e%* !. t$e )%e*(e"c &"( t$&t *$e $&* ee" %ec!0"e( .!%e0"0!-e%"/e"t*# A'' t$e*e, c!"*tt+te t$e )!'tc&' tcet 6$c$ t$e C!+%t c&""!t e"te%# T$*c'&/ * "!t &))'c&'e &"( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *&(:

; ; ; Nee('e** t! *t&te, t$e c&*e* &t &% )!*e 'e0&' &"( "!t )!'tc&' +e*t!"*# T$e )%"c)&' **+e* .!% %e*!'+t!" %e+%e t$e )%!)e% "te%)%et&t!" !. ce%t&" )%!-*!"* " t$e 1987C!"*tt+t!" "!t&' Sect!" 1 !. A%tc'e II, &"( Sect!" 8 !. A%tc'e VII &"( t$e &''!c&t!" !.0!-e%"/e"t&' )!6e%* +"(e% Sect!" 11 !. A%tc'e VII T$e **+e* 'e6*e c&'' .!% & %+'"0 !"t$e *c!)e !. )%e*(e"t&' //+"t .%!/ *+t# T$e &'*! "-!'-e t$e c!%%ect c&'%&t!" !. t$e%0$t !. )ett!"e% &0&"*t )%e@+(c&' )+'ct# A* e&%' &* t$e 18=? c&*e !. M&%+% -*#

M&(*!", t$e (!ct%"e $&* ee" '&( (!6" t$&t t * e/)$&tc&'' t$e )%!-"ce &"( (+t !. t$e @+(c&' (e)&%t/e"t t! *& 6$&t t$e '&6 *###: T$+*, %e*)!"(e"t* "-!c&t!" !. t$e (!ct%"e !. )!'tc&' +e*t!" * +t & .!%& " t$e (&%# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

2# W5ET5ER OF NOT T5E PETITIONER RESIGNED AS PRESIDENT 3 Pett!"e% (e"e*$e %e*0"e( &* P%e*(e"t !% t$&t $e *+..e%* .%!/ & )e%/&"e"t (*&'t# 5e"ce, $e *+/t*t$&t t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t 6&* "!t -&c&"t 6$e" %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! t!! $e% !&t$ &*P%e*(e"t# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %e@ecte( t$* c'&/ &"( *&(:

; ; ; I" t$e c&*e* &t &%, t$e .&ct* *$!6 t$&t )ett!"e% (( "!t 6%te &" .!%/&' 'ette% !.

%e*0"&t!" e.!%e $e e-&c+&te( M&'&c&&"0 P&'&ce " t$e &.te%"!!" !. &"+&% 2=, 2==1, &.te%t$e !&t$3t&"0 !. %e*)!"(e"t A%%!!# C!"*e+e"t', 6$et$e% !% "!t )ett!"e% %e*0"e( $&* t!

e (ete%/"e( .%!/ $* &ct* &"( !/**!"* e.!%e, (+%"0 &"( &.te% &"+&% 2=, 2==1, !% t$et!t&'t !. )%!%, c!"te/)!%&"e!+* &"( )!*te%!% .&ct* &"( c%c+/*t&"t&' e-(e"ce e&%"0 &/&te%&' %e'e-&"ce !" t$e **+e# U*"0 t$e t!t&'t te*t, 6e $!'( t$&t )ett!"e% %e*0"e( &*P%e*(e"t#>>7??T$e*e c!"te/)!%&"e!+* &"( )!*te%!% .&ct* &"( c%c+/*t&"t&' e-(e"ce &%e &* .!''!6*:

8?



1# T$e )%!)!*&' .!% & *"&) e'ect!" .!% )%e*(e"t " M& 6$e%e $e 6!+'( "!t e c&"((&te * &""(c+/ t$&t )ett!"e% $&( "te"(e( t! 0-e +) t$e )%e*(e"c e-e" &t t$&t t/e#

2# T$e )ett!"e% e;)%e**e( "! !@ect!" t! t$e *+00e*t!" .!% & 0%&ce.+' &"( (0".e( e;t +t*&( $e 6!+'( "e-e% 'e&-e t$e c!+"t%#

?# A0&", 6e "!te t$&t t$e %e*0"&t!" !. )ett!"e% 6&* "!t & (*)+te( )!"t# T$e )ett!"e%c&""!t .e0" 0"!%&"ce !. t$* .&ct#

# T$e *ec!"( %!+"( !. "e0!t&t!" ce/e"t* t$e %e&("0 t$&t t$e )ett!"e% $&* %e*0"e(# It 6''

e "!te( t$&t (+%"0 t$* *ec!"( %!+"( !. "e0!t&t!", t$e %e*0"&t!" !. t$e )ett!"e% 6&*&0&" t%e&te( &* & 0-e" .&ct# T$e !"' +"*ett'e( )!"t* &t t$&t t/e 6e%e t$e /e&*+%e* t! e+"(e%t&e" t$e )&%te* (+%"0 &"( &.te% t$e t%&"*t!" )e%!(#

H# I" *+/, 6e $!'( t$&t t$e %e*0"&t!" !. t$e )ett!"e% c&""!t e (!+te(# It 6&* c!".%/e( $* 'e&-"0 M&'&c&&"0# I" t$e )%e** %e'e&*e c!"t&""0 $* ."&' *t&te/e"t, 1 $e&c"!6'e(0e( t$e !&t$3t&"0 !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t &* P%e*(e"t !. t$e Re)+'c &'et 6t$%e*e%-&t!" &!+t t* 'e0&'t 2 $e e/)$&*e( $e 6&* 'e&-"0 t$e P&'&ce, t$e *e&t !. t$e

)%e*(e"c, .!% t$e *&e !. )e&ce &"( " !%(e% t! e0" t$e $e&'"0 )%!ce** !. !+% "&t!"# 5e(( "!t *& $e 6&* 'e&-"0 t$e P&'&ce (+e t! &" "( !. "&'t &"( t$&t $e 6&* 0!"0 t!

%e3&**+/e t$e )%e*(e"c &* *!!" &* t$e (*&'t (*&))e&%* ? $e e;)%e**e( $* 0%&tt+(et! t$e )e!)'e .!% t$e !))!%t+"t t! *e%-e t$e/# Wt$!+t (!+t, $e 6&* %e.e%%"0 t! t$e )&*t!))!%t+"t 0-e" $/ t! *e%-e t$e )e!)'e &* P%e*(e"t $e &**+%e( t$&t $e 6'' "!t *$%.%!/ &" .+t+%e c$&''e"0e t$&t /& c!/e &$e&( " t$e *&/e *e%-ce !. !+% c!+"t%Pett!"e%* %e.e%e"ce * t! & .+t+%e c$&''e"0e &.te% !cc+)"0 t$e !..ce !. t$e )%e*(e"t6$c$ $e $&* 0-e" +) &"( H $e c&''e( !" $* *+))!%te%* t! @!" $/ " t$e )%!/!t!" !. &c!"*t%+ct-e "&t!"&' *)%t !. %ec!"c'&t!" &"( *!'(&%t# Ce%t&"', t$e "&t!"&' *)%t !.%ec!"c'&t!" &"( *!'(&%t c!+'( "!t e &tt&"e( . $e (( "!t 0-e +) t$e )%e*(e"c# T$e

)%e** %e'e&*e 6&* )ett!"e%* -&'e(ct!%, $* ."&' &ct !. .&%e6e''# 5* )%e*(e"c * "!6 "t$e )&*t te"*e#

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t c!"c'+(e(: Ce%t&"', t$e "&t!"&' *)%t !. %ec!"c'&t!" &"(*!'(&%t c&""!t e &tt&"e( . $e 6'' "!t 0-e +) t$e )%e*(e"c# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

?# W5ET5ER OR NOT T5E PETITIONER IS ONL TEMPORARIL UNABLE TO ACTAS PRESIDENT 3 Pett!"e% )!*t+'&te* t$&t %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! &* Vce P%e*(e"t $&* "!

)!6e% t! &(@+(0e t$e "&'t !. t$e )ett!"e% t! (*c$&%0e t$e )!6e%* &"( (+te* !. t$e )%e*(e"c# 5* *0".c&"t *+/tt&' * t$&t C!"0%e** $&* t$e +'t/&te &+t$!%t +"(e% t$eC!"*tt+t!" t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e P%e*(e"t * "c&)&'e !. )e%.!%/"0 $* .+"ct!"* "

t$e /&""e% )%!-(e( .!% " Sect!" 11 !. A%tc'e VII# T$* c!"te"t!" * t$e ce"te%)ece !. )ett!"e%* *t&"ce t$&t $e * & P%e*(e"t !" 'e&-e &"( %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! * !"' &" Act"0P%e*(e"t#

>>7?T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %e@ecte( t$* c'&/ &"( %+'e(:De*)te t$e '&)*e !. t/e &"( *t'' 6t$!+t &" .+"ct!""0 C&"et, 6t$!+t &"

%ec!0"t!" .%!/ &" *ect!% !. 0!-e%"/e"t, &"( 6t$!+t &" *+))!%t .%!/ t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !.

8



t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$e P$'))"e N&t!"&' P!'ce, t$e )ett!"e% c!"t"+e* t! c'&/ t$&t $*"&'t t! 0!-e%" * !"' /!/e"t&%#

W$&t 'e&)* t! t$e ee .%!/ t$e*e %%e.+t&'e .&ct* * t$&t !t$ $!+*e* !. C!"0%e** $&-e%ec!0"e( %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! &* t$e P%e*(e"t# I/)'ct' c'e&% " t$&t %ec!0"t!" * t$e

)%e/*e t$&t t$e "&'t !. )ett!"e% E*t%&(& * "! '!"0e% te/)!%&%# C!"0%e** $&* c'e&%'%e@ecte( )ett!"e%* c'&/ !. "&'t#

I" ."e, e-e" . t$e )ett!"e% c&" )%!-e t$&t $e (( "!t %e*0", *t'', $e c&""!t *+cce**.+''

c'&/ t$&t $e * & P%e*(e"t !" 'e&-e !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t $e * /e%e' +"&'e t! 0!-e%"te/)!%&%'# T$&t c'&/ $&* ee" '&( t! %e*t C!"0%e** &"( t$e (ec*!" t$&t %e*)!"(e"tA%%!! * t$e (e @+%e P%e*(e"t /&(e & c!e+&' %&"c$ !. 0!-e%"/e"t c&""!t e %e-e6e( t$* C!+%t#

# W5ET5ER OR NOT T5E PETITIONER ENOS IMMUNIT FROM SUIT ASSUMING5E ENOS IMMUNIT, W5AT IS T5E EXTENT OF T5E IMMUNIT 3 1 Pett!"e%/&e* t6! *+/**!"*: .%*t, t$e c&*e* .'e( &0&"*t $/ e.!%e t$e %e*)!"(e"t O/+(*/&"*$!+'( e )%!$te( ec&+*e $e $&* "!t ee" c!"-cte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0*

&0&"*t $/ &"( *ec!"(, $e e"@!* //+"t .%!/ &'' "(* !. *+t, 6$et$e% c%/"&' !%c-'#

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t $e'( t$&t W$e" t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6&* c%&.te(, t* .%&/e%* (("!t %ee"&ct t$e e;ec+t-e //+"t )%!-*!" !. t$e 197? C!"*tt+t!"#

2 We %e@ect $* &%0+/e"t t$&t $e c&""!t e )%!*ec+te( .!% t$e %e&*!" t$&t $e /+*t .%*t ec!"-cte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0*# S"ce t$e I/)e&c$/e"t C!+%t * "!6 .+"ct+*!..c! t * +"te"&'e .!% )ett!"e% t! (e/&"( t$&t $e *$!+'( .%*t e /)e&c$e( &"( t$e"c!"-cte( e.!%e $e c&" e )%!*ec+te(# T$e )'e& . 0%&"te( 6!+'( )+t & )e%)et+&' &% &0&"*t$* )%!*ec+t!"# S+c$ & *+/**!" $&* "!t$"0 t! c!//e"( t*e'. .!% t 6'' )'&ce $/ " &

ette% *t+&t!" t$&" & "!"3*tt"0 P%e*(e"t 6$! $&* "!t ee" *+@ecte( t! /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0* &"( et c&" e t$e !@ect !. & c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!"# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

W$&t * t$e *c!)e !. //+"t t$&t c&" e c'&/e( )ett!"e% &* & "!"3*tt"0P%e*(e"t4 T$e c&*e* .'e( &0&"*t )ett!"e% E*t%&(& &%e c%/"&' " c$&%&cte%# T$e "-!'-e

)'+"(e%, %e%, &"( 0%&.t &"( c!%%+)t!"# B "! *t%etc$ !. t$e /&0"&t!" c&" t$e*e c%/e*e*)ec&'' )'+"(e% 6$c$ c&%%e* t$e (e&t$ )e"&'t, e c!-e%e( t$e &''e0e( /&"t'e !.//+"t !. & "!"3*tt"0 )%e*(e"t# Pett!"e% c&""!t cte &" (ec*!" !. t$* C!+%t 'ce"*"0t$e P%e*(e"t t! c!//t c%/"&' &ct* &"( 6%&))"0 $/ 6t$ )!*t3te"+%e //+"t .%!/'&'t# It 6'' e &"!/&'!+* t! $!'( t$&t //+"t * &" "!c+'&t!" .%!/ '&'t .!% +"'&6.+'

&ct* &"( !/**!"*# T$e %+'e * t$&t +"'&6.+' &ct* !. )+'c !..c&'* &%e "!t &ct* !. t$e St&te &"(t$e !..ce% 6$! &ct* ''e0&'' * "!t &ct"0 &* *+c$ +t *t&"(* " t$e *&/e .!!t"0 &* &" !t$e%t%e*)&**e%#

T$e%e &%e /!%e %e&*!"* "!t t! e */)&t$etc t! &))e&'* t! *t%etc$ t$e *c!)e !. e;ec+t-e//+"t " !+% @+%*(ct!"# O"e !. t$e 0%e&t t$e/e* !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" * t$&t & )+'c!..ce * & )+'c t%+*t#>>7?H

8H



H# W5ET5ER OR NOT T5E PROSECUTION OF PETITIONER ESTRADA S5OULD BEENOINED DUE TO PREUDICIAL PUBLICIT 3 Pett!"e% &'*! c!"te"(* t$&t t$e%e*)!"(e"t O/+(*/&" *$!+'( e *t!))e( .%!/ c!"(+ct"0 t$e "-e*t0&t!" !. t$e c&*e*.'e( &0&"*t $/ (+e t! t$e &%%&0e !. )%e@+(c&' )+'ct !" $* 0+'t# 5e *+/t* t$&t t$e%e*)!"(e"t O/+(*/&" $&* (e-e'!)e( &* &"( * &'' *et t! .'e t$e c%/"&' c&*e* "-!'&t!" !. $* %0$t t! (+e )%!ce**#

T$* * "!t t$e .%*t t/e t$e **+e !. t%&' )+'ct $&* ee" %&*e( " t$* C!+%t t! *t!)

t$e t%&'* !% &""+' c!"-ct!"* " $0$ )%!.'e c%/"&' c&*e*# I" Pe!)'e -*# Tee$&"ee, %#, '&te%%ete%&te( " t$e c&*e !. L&%%&"&0& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, et &'#, 6e '&( (!6" t$e (!ct%"e t$&t:

We c&""!t *+*t&" &))e''&"t* c'&/ t$&t $e 6&* (e"e( t$e %0$t t! /)&%t&' t%&' (+e t! )%e@+(c&' )+'ct# It * t%+e t$&t t$e )%"t &"( %!&(c&*t /e(& 0&-e t$e c&*e &t &% )e%-&*-e )+'ct, @+*t 'e &'' $0$ )%!.'e &"( $0$ *t&e c%/"&' t%&'*# T$e" &"( "!6, 6e %+'e t$&t t$e%0$t !. &" &cc+*e( t! & .&% t%&' * "!t "c!/)&t'e t! & .%ee )%e**# T! e *+%e, %e*)!"*'e%e)!%t"0 e"$&"ce* &" &cc+*e(* %0$t t! & .&% t%&' .!%, &* 6e'' )!"te( !+t, & %e*)!"*'e )%e**$&* &'6&* ee" %e0&%(e( &* t$e $&"(/&(e" !. e..ect-e @+(c&' &(/"*t%&t!", e*)ec&'' "t$e c%/"&' .e'( ; ; ;# T$e )%e** (!e* "!t */)' )+'*$ ".!%/&t!" &!+t t%&'* +t 0+&%(*

&0&"*t t$e /*c&%%&0e !. @+*tce *+@ect"0 t$e )!'ce, )%!*ec+t!%*, &"( @+(c&' )%!ce**e* t!e;te"*-e )+'c *c%+t" &"( c%tc*/#

Pe%-&*-e )+'ct * "!t )e% *e )%e@+(c&' t! t$e %0$t !. &" &cc+*e( t! .&% t%&'# T$e/e%e .&ct t$&t t$e t%&' !. &))e''&"t 6&* 0-e" & (&3t!3(&, 0&-e'3t!30&-e' c!-e%&0e (!e* "!t t*e'. )%!-e t$&t t$e )+'ct *! )e%/e&te( t$e /"( !. t$e t%&' @+(0e &"( /)&%e( $*/)&%t&'t# F!% !"e, t * /)!**'e t! *e&' t$e /"(* !. /e/e%* !. t$e e"c$ .%!/ )%e3t%&'&"( !t$e% !..3c!+%t )+'ct !. *e"*&t!"&' c%/"&' c&*e*# ; ; ; U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

T$e%e * "!t e"!+0$ e-(e"ce t! 6&%%&"t t$* C!+%t t! e"@!" t$e )%e'/"&% "-e*t0&t!"!. t$e )ett!"e% t$e %e*)!"(e"t O/+(*/&"#>>7?<

Sect!" # T$e )%e*e"t &"t30%&.t c!+%t "!6" &* t$e S&"(0&"&&" *$&'' c!"t"+e t!.+"ct!" &"( e;e%c*e t* @+%*(ct!" &* "!6 !% $e%e&.te% /& e )%!-(e( '&6#

Sect!" H# T$e%e * $e%e c%e&te( t$e "(e)e"(e"t O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&", c!/)!*e(!. t$e O/+(*/&" t! e "!6" &* T&"!(&&", !"e !-e%&'' De)+t, &"( &t 'e&*t !"e De)+te&c$ .!% L+!", V*&&* &"( M"(&"&!# A *e)&%&te De)+t .!% t$e /'t&% e*t&'*$/e"t /&'e6*e e &))!"te(#

Sect!" <# T$e !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee* !. t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&", !t$e% t$&" t$eDe)+te*, *$&'' e &))!"te( t$e O/+(*/&" &cc!%("0 t! t$e C-' Se%-ce L&6#

Sect!" 7# T$e e;*t"0 T&"!(&&" *$&'' $e%e&.te% e "!6" &* t$e O..ce !. t$e S)ec&'

P%!*ec+t!%# It *$&'' c!"t"+e t! .+"ct!" &"( e;e%c*e t* )!6e%* &* "!6 !% $e%e&.te% /& e )%!-(e( '&6, e;ce)t t$!*e c!".e%%e( !" t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" c%e&te( +"(e% t$*C!"*tt+t!"#

BRIEF COMPARISON OF T5E SANDIGANBAAN AND T5E OMBUDSMANSANDIGANBAAN1# It * t$e c!+%t t%"0 t$e c&*e* .&''"0 +"(e% t$e A"t3G%&.t &"( C!%%+)t P%&ctce* Act#

8<



2# It * c!/)!*e( !. & P%e*("0 +*tce &"( E0$t A**!c&te +*tce*, 6t$ t$e %&" !. +*tce !.t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*# It *t* " t$%ee ? (-*!"* &"( t$e%e &%e t$%ee /e/e%* " e&c$(-*!"#

?# I" !%(e% t$&t & c&*e /& .&'' +"(e% t$e e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e S&"(0&"&&", t$e.!''!6"0 %e+*te* /+*t c!"c+%:

&# T$e !..e"*e c!//tte( * & -!'&t!" !. Re)+'c Act ?=19, &* &/e"(e(, !t$e%6*e "!6" &*

t$e A"t3G%&.t &"( C!%%+)t P%&ctce* Act# # T$e !..e"(e% * & )+'c !..c&' !% e/)'!ee $!'("0 &" !. t$e )!*t!"* e"+/e%&te( "

)&%&0%&)$ &, Sect!" , Re)+'c Act N!# 829#c# T$e !..e"*e c!//tte( * " %e'&t!" t! t$e !..ce# L&c*!" -*# E;ec+t-e Sec%et&%, G#R# N!#

128=9<, &"+&% 2=, 1999

# I" t$* c!""ect!", t * "!t e"!+0$ t! *t&te " t$e ".!%/&t!" t$&t t$e !..e"*e 6&* c!//tte( &" &cc+*e( )+'c !..ce% " %e'&t!" t! $* !..ce# T$e e;&ct !..e"*e /+*t e *t&te( 6t$ )&%tc+'&%t# I(#

H# T$e S&"(0&"&&" 6&* c%e&te( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 1<=<, &* &/e"(e(#>>7?7OMBUDSMAN1# T$e O/+(*/&" *$&'' e;e%c*e t$e )!6e%* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 1? &"( t * &'*! -e*te( 6t$

)%!*ec+t!%&' .+"ct!"* +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <77=, !t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$e O/+(*/&"Act !. 1987#

2# T$e%e * !"e O/+(*/&" !"e !-e%3&'' De)+t &"( &t 'e&*t !"e (e)+t e&c$ .!% L+!",V*&&* &"( M"(&"&!# A *e)&%&te (e)+t /& e &))!"te( .!% t$e /'t&% e*t&'*$/e"t#

?# T$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te* &%e t$e .!''!6"0:

&# N&t+%&' !%" cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* # At 'e&*t .!%t e&%* !. &0ec# O. %ec!0"e( )%!t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce(# Me/e%* !. t$e P$'))"e B&% &"(e# M+*t "!t $&-e ee" c&"((&te* .!% &" e'ect-e !..ce " t$e //e(&te' )%ece("0 e'ect!"#

# T$e O/+(*/&" /+*t $&-e ee" & @+(0e !% e"0&0e( " t$e )%&ctce !. '&6 .!% te" e&%* !%/!%e#

H# T$e% te%/ !. !..ce * .!% *e-e" e&%* 6t$!+t %e3&))!"t/e"t#

<# T$e% *&'&% *$&'' "!t e (ec%e&*e( (+%"0 t$e% te%/ !. !..ce#7# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( t$e De)+te* &%e &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t .%!/ & '*t !. *; "!/"ee*

)%e)&%e( @+(c&' &"( &% c!+"c', &"( .%!/ & '*t !. &t 'e&*t t$%ee "!/"ee* .!% e-e%-&c&"c t$e%e&.te%#

8# A'' -&c&"ce* /+*t e .''e( " t$%ee /!"t$*#9# T$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" *$&'' e"@! .*c&' &+t!"!/#

3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% )!6e%* !. t$e O/+(*/&"4

87



A 31# P!6e% t! cte .!% c!"te/)t#2# T! e;e%c*e !t$e% )!6e%*, .+"ct!"* &"( (+te* &* t$e '&6 /& )%e*c%e(#?# T! /)!*e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" !" &" !..ce% !% e/)'!ee +"(e% t* &+t$!%t )e"("0 &"

"-e*t0&t!", 6$et$e% *+c$ !..ce% !% e/)'!ee * e/)'!e( " t$e O..ce !. t$eO/+(*/&" !% " &" !t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t &0e"c# B+e"&*e(& -*# F'&-e%, 22< SCRA <H

# I"-e*t0&te c%/"&' !..e"*e* c!//tte( & )+'c !..ce%* 6$c$ $&-e "! %e'&t!" t! t$e%

!..ce# V&*+e -*# A'"!, 271 SCRA <7H# T$e O/+(*/&" /& %e.e% c&*e* "-!'-"0 "!"3/'t&% )e%*!""e' .!% "-e*t0&t!" t$e

De)+t O/+(*/&" .!% M't&% A..&%*# Ac!) -*# O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&", 28 SCRAH<<

3 I* t$e S&"(0&"&&" & c!"*tt+t!"&' c!+%t4A 3 N!# It * & *t&t+t!% c!+%t t$&t *, t * c%e&te( "!t t$e C!"*tt+t!" +t *t&t+te,

&'t$!+0$ t* c%e&t!" * /&"(&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

3 W$&t &%e t$e %e*)ect-e .+"ct!"* !. T&"!(&&" &"( t$e O..ce !. t$e S)ec&' P%!*ec+t!%4A 3 O%0"&'', t$e T&"!(&&" 6&* !t$ & )%!*ec+t!% &"( &" O/+(*/&"# P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee

N!# 187, &* &/e"(e( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 1<=7>>7?8

A* t * "!6, t$e S&"(0&"&&" * t$e c!+%t t%"0 t$e c&*e* .&''"0 +"(e% t$e A"t3G%&.t&"( C!%%+)t P%&ctce* Act# T$e O..ce !. t$e S)ec&' P%!*ec+t!% * t$e O..ce )%!*ec+t"0 t$e*&( c&*e# T$e O/+(*/&" *$&'' e;e%c*e t$e )!6e%* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 1?, &"( t * &'*!-e*te( 6t$ )%!*ec+t!%&' .+"ct!"* +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <77=, !t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$eO/+(*/&" Act !. 1987#

3 W$&t $&))e"e( t! t$e O..ce !. t$e S)ec&' P%!*ec+t!%4A 3 I" K&'(-&% -*# S&"(0&"&&", t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e S)ec&' P%!*ec+t!% 6!+'(

c!"t"+e t! e;e%c*e t$e )!6e%* t$e .!%/e% T&"!(&&" $&( e;ce)t t$!*e 6$c$ &%e )&**e(!" t! t$e O/+(*/&" !% "e6 T&"!(&&"# T$e c!+%t &((e( t$&t *"ce t$e )!6e% t!"-e*t0&te * 0%&"te( Sect!" 1?1 t! t$e O/+(*/&", t$e S)ec&' P%!*ec+t!% c&""et$e% "-e*t0&te "!% )%!*ec+te +"'e** &+t$!%e( t$e O/+(*/&"# 1<= SCRA 8?, 8<1988# T$e &+t$!%t t! c!"(+ct )%e'/"&% "-e*t0&t!" &"( t! (%ect t$e .'"0 !.c%/"&' c&*e* 6t$ t$e S&"(0&"&&" 6&* '!*t e..ect-e Fe%+&% 2, 1987# F%!/ t$&tt/e, $e $&* ee" (-e*te( !. *+c$ &+t$!%t# I(#

Sect!" 8# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* (e)+te* *$&'' e "&t+%&' !%" cte"* !. t$eP$'))"e*, &"( &t t$e t/e !. t$e% &))!"t/e"t, &t 'e&*t .!%t e&%* !'(, !. %ec!0"e )%!t&"( "(e)e"(e"ce, &"( /e/e%* !. t$e P$'))"e B&%, &"( /+*t "!t $&-e ee" c&"((&te* .!%&" e'ect-e !..ce " t$e //e(&te' )%ece("0 e'ect!"# T$e O/+(*/&" /+*t $&-e .!% te"e&%* !% /!%e ee" & @+(0e !% e"0&0e( " t$e )%&ctce !. '&6 " t$e P$'))"e*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e O/+(*/&"4

88



A 3 A'%e&( &"*6e%e(#

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. $* (e)+te*4

A 3 T$e *&/e +&'.c&t!"*, t! 6t:1# At 'e&*t .!%t = e&%* !. &0e#2# O. %ec!0"e( )%!t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce#

?# Me/e%* !. t$e P$'))"e B&%## M+*t "!t $&-e ee" c&"((&te* .!% )+'c !..ce " t$e //e(&te' )%ece("0 e'ect!"#

T$e *$&'' e *+@ect t! t$e *&/e (*+&'.c&t!"* &"( )%!$t!"* " Sect!" 2, A%tc'eIX3A#

Sect!" 9# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te* *$&'' e &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t .%!/ &'*t !. &t 'e&*t *; "!/"ee* )%e)&%e( t$e +(c&' &"( B&% C!+"c', &"( .%!/ & '*t !. t$%ee"!/"ee* .!% e-e% -&c&"c t$e%e&.te%# S+c$ &))!"t/e"t* *$&'' %e+%e "! c!".%/&t!"# A''-&c&"ce* *$&'' e .''e( 6t$" t$%ee /!"t$* &.te% t$e !cc+%#

>>7?9 3 W$! &))!"t* t$e O/+(*/&"4A 3 T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te* *$&'' e &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t#

Sect!" 1=# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te* *$&'' $&-e t$e %&" !. C$&%/&" &"(Me/e%*, %e*)ect-e', !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*, &"( t$e *$&'' %ece-e t$e *&/e*&'&%, 6$c$ *$&'' "!t e (ec%e&*e( (+%"0 t$e% te%/ !. !..ce#

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%Sect!" 11# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te* *$&'' *e%-e .!% & te%/ !. *e-e" e&%*

6t$!+t %e&))!"t/e"t# T$e *$&'' "!t e +&'.e( t! %+" .!% &" !..ce " t$e e'ect!"

//e(&te' *+ccee("0 t$e% ce**&t!" .%!/ !..ce#Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%Sect!" 12# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te*, &* )%!tect!%* !. t$e )e!)'e, *$&'' &ct

)%!/)t' !" c!/)'&"t* .'e( " &" .!%/ !% /&""e% &0&"*t )+'c !..c&'* !% e/)'!ee* !. t$e0!-e%"/e"t, !% &" *+(-*!", &0e"c !% "*t%+/e"t&'t t$e%e!., "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"*, &"( *$&'', " &))%!)%&te c&*e*, "!t. t$e c!/)'&"&"t* !. t$e&ct!" t&e" &"( t$e %e*+'t t$e%e!.#

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#Sect!" 1?# T$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" *$&'' $&-e t$e .!''!6"0 )!6e%*, .+"ct!"*,

&"( (+te*:

1 I"-e*t0&te !" t* !6", !% !" c!/)'&"t &" )e%*!", &" &ct !% !/**!" !. &" )+'c!..c&' e/)'!ee, !..ce !% &0e"c, 6$e" *+c$ &ct !% !/**!" &))e&%* t! e ''e0&', +"@+*t/)%!)e%, !% "e..ce"t#

2 D%ect, +)!" c!/)'&"t !% &t t* !6" "*t&"ce, &" )+'c !..c&' !% e/)'!ee !. t$eG!-e%"/e"t, !% &" *+(-*!", &0e"c !% "*t%+/e"t&'t t$e%e!., &* 6e'' &* !. &"

89



0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!" 6t$ !%0"&' c$&%te%, t! )e%.!%/, &"( c!%%ect&" &+*e !% /)%!)%et " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. (+te*#

? D%ect t$e !..ce% c!"ce%"e( t! t&e &))%!)%&te &ct!" &0&"*t & )+'c !..c&' !% e/)'!ee&t .&+'t &"( %ec!//e"( $* %e/!-&', *+*)e"*!", (e/!t!", ."e, ce"*+%e, !% )%!*ec+t!",&"( e"*+%e c!/)'&"ce t$e%e6t$#

D%ect t$e !..ce% c!"ce%"e(, " &" &))%!)%&te c&*e, &"( *+@ect t! *+c$ '/t&t!"* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6, t! .+%"*$ t 6t$ c!)e* !. (!c+/e"t* %e'&t"0 t! c!"t%&ct* !%

t%&"*&ct!"* e"te%e( "t! $* !..ce "-!'-"0 t$e (*+%*e/e"t !% +*e !. )+'c .+"(* !% )%!)e%te*, &"( %e)!%t &" %%e0+'&%t t! t$e C!//**!" !" A+(t .!% &))%!)%&te &ct!"#

H Re+e*t &" 0!-e%"/e"t &0e"c .!% &***t&"ce &"( ".!%/&t!" "ece**&% " t$e (*c$&%0e!. t* %e*)!"*'te*, &"( t! e;&/"e, . "ece**&%, )e%t"e"t %ec!%(* &"( (!c+/e"t*#

< P+'ce /&tte%* c!-e%e( t* "-e*t0&t!" 6$e" c%c+/*t&"ce* *! 6&%%&"t &"( 6t$ (+e )%+(e"ce#

7 Dete%/"e t$e c&+*e* !. "e..ce"c, %e( t&)e, /*/&"&0e/e"t, .%&+(, &"( c!%%+)t!" " t$eG!-e%"/e"t &"( /&e %ec!//e"(&t!"* .!% t$e% e'/"&t!" &"( t$e !*e%-e !. $0$*t&"(&%(* !. et$c* &"( e..ce"c#

8 P%!/+'0&te t* %+'e* !. )%!ce(+%e &"( e;e%c*e *+c$ !t$e% )!6e%* !% )e%.!%/ *+c$ .+"ct!"*!% (+te* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6#

>>7= 3 W$&t &%e t$e %!&( )!6e%* !. t$e O/+(*/&"4A 3 Sect!" 1? e"+/e%&te* e0$t )!6e%*, .+"ct!"* &"( (+te*# A((e( t! &'' t$e %!&( )!6e%*

0%&"te(, t$e O/+(*/&" c&" "-e*t0&te &" &ct !% !/**!" 6$c$ &))e&%* t! e ''e0&',/)%!)e% !% "e..ce"t# M!%e t$&" t$*, t$e O/+(*/&" c&" "-e*t0&te e-e" . t$e &''e0e(!..e"*e * "!t %e'&te( t! t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. t$e (+te* !. & )+'c !..c&'# De'!*! -*#D!/"0!, 191 SCRA HH, HH= 199=# E-e" &''e0e( c!".(e"t&'t 6'' "!t )%e-e"t t$eO/+(*/&" .%!/ (e/&"("0 t$e )%!(+ct!" !. (!c+/e"t* "ee(e( (+%"0 t$e "-e*t0&t!"

A'/!"te -*# V&*+e, G#R# N!# 9H?<7, M& 2?, 199H

Sect!" 1# T$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" *$&'' e"@! .*c&' &+t!"!/# It* &))%!-e(&""+&' &))%!)%&t!"* *$&'' e &+t!/&tc&'' &"( %e0+'&%' %e'e&*e(

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#Sect!" 1H# T$e %0$t !. t$e St&te t! %ec!-e% )%!)e%te* +"'&6.+'' &c+%e( )+'c

!..c&'* !% e/)'!ee*, .%!/ t$e/ !% .%!/ t$e% "!/"ee* !% t%&"*.e%ee*, *$&'' "!t e &%%e( )%e*c%)t!", '&c$e*, !% e*t!))e'#

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#

Sect!" 1<# N! '!&", 0+&%&"t, !% !t$e% .!%/ !. ."&"c&' &cc!//!(&t!" .!% &" +*"e** )+%)!*e /& e 0%&"te(, (%ect' !% "(%ect', &" 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( &" !%."&"c&' "*tt+t!" t! t$e P%e*(e"t, t$e Vce3P%e*(e"t, t$e Me/e%* !. t$e C&"et, t$eC!"0%e**, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, &"( t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*, t$e O/+(*/&", !% t! &".%/ !% e"tt " 6$c$ t$e $&-e c!"t%!''"0 "te%e*t, (+%"0 t$e% te"+%e#

3 C&" &" !. t$e &!-e3/e"t!"e( !..c&'* !t&" '!&" t! ."&"ce t$e c!"*t%+ct!" !. t$e%%e*(e"t&' $!+*e4

9=



A 3 e*, ec&+*e t$* * "!t c!-e%e( t$e )%!$t!"# T$e '!&" * e"0 !t&"e( .!% & )e%*!"&' )+%)!*e#

>>71Sect!" 17# A )+'c !..ce% !% e/)'!ee *$&'', +)!" &**+/)t!" !. !..ce &"( &* !.te"

t$e%e&.te% &* /& e %e+%e( '&6, *+/t & (ec'&%&t!" +"(e% !&t$ !. $* &**et*, '&'te*&"( "et 6!%t$# I" t$e c&*e !. t$e P%e*(e"t, t$e Vce3P%e*(e"t, t$e Me/e%* !. t$e C&"et, t$eC!"0%e**, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"* &"( !t$e% c!"*tt+t!"&' !..ce*,

&"( !..ce%* !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* 6t$ 0e"e%&' !% .'&0 %&", t$e (ec'&%&t!" *$&'' e (*c'!*e( t!t$e )+'c " t$e /&""e% )%!-(e( '&6#

Sect!" 18# P+'c !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* !6e t$e St&te &"( t$* C!"*tt+t!" &t &'' t/e*,&"( &" )+'c !..ce% !% e/)'!ee 6$! *ee* t! c$&"0e $* cte"*$) !% &c+%e t$e *t&t+* !.&" //0%&"t !. &"!t$e% c!+"t% (+%"0 $* te"+%e *$&'' e (e&'t 6t$ '&6#

MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTION1# W$e" * I/)e&c$/e"t P%!cee("0* c!"*(e%e( "t&te(4A# It * c!"*(e%e( "t&te( .%!/ t$e t/e t$e C!//ttee *+/t* & %e)!%t t! t$e 5!+*e !.

Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, t!0et$e% 6t$ & c!%%e*)!"("0 %e*!'+t!" 6$c$ *$&'' e c&'e"(&%e( .!%c!"*(e%&t!" t$e 5!+*e 6t$" te" 1= *e**!" (&*#

B# It * c!"*(e%e( "t&te( .%!/ t$e t/e & -!te !. &t 'e&*t 1? !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e&ct* !" t$e %e*!'+t!" !. t$e c!//ttee, et$e% "(!%*"0 t$e c!/)'&"t .!% t%&' t$eSe"&te, !% (*/**"0 t$e *&( c!/)'&"t# T$* * )%e/*e( !" t$e %e&*!""0 t$&t t * !"'.%!/ t$&t t/e 6$e" t$e c!/)'&"t t*e'. * .'e( &"( e"(!%*e( t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e* .!% .!%/&' t%&' t$e Se"&te#

C# It * c!"*(e%e( "t&te( .%!/ t$e t/e & c!/)'&"&"t et$e% & cte", e"(!%*e( & /e/e%!. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, !% & /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* t*e'.*0"* &"( -e%.e* $* c!/)'&"t, e-e" . t * "!t et .'e(, !" t$e %e&*!""0 t$&t t * .%!/ t$e

t/e !. t$e )%e)&%&t!", *0""0 &"( -e%.c&t!" !. t$e c!/)'&"t, 6$e" t$e "t&t!" !. t$ec!/)'&"t $&* &ct+&'' c!//e"ce(#

D# T$e *&/e * c!"*(e%e( "t&te( .%!/ t$e t/e t * .'e( & /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% &" cte" +)!" & %e*!'+t!" !. e"(!%*e/e"t !. &" /e/e% t$e%e!.A* t! 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e c!/)'&"t t$&t 6&* .'e( * *+..ce"t !% "*+..ce"t " .!%/ !% "*+*t&"ce, * &"!t$e% **+e 6$c$ " .&ct, /& !% /& "!t c&+*e t$e .'"0 !. e"(!%*e/e"t !.t$e %e*!'+t!" !. /)e&c$/e"t " t$e Se"&te#

>>722# N&t+%e !. I/)e&c$/e"t P%!cee("0

A# It * @+(c&' " c$&%&cte%#B# It * )e"&' " c$&%&cte%#C# It * &(/"*t%&t-e " c$&%&cte%#D# I" & *e"*e, t * @+(c&' " c$&%&cte% +t "!t "ece**&%' )e"&' " c$&%&cte% ec&+*e " c&*e !.

c!"-ct!" !. &" !..c&' *+@ect !. /)e&c$/e"t $e *$&'' e )+"*$&'e %e/!-&' .%!/!..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*#

?# +&"t+/ !. E-(e"ce %e+%e( .!% c!"-ct!" " I/)e&c$/e"t P%!cee("0#

91



A# P%e)!"(e%&"ce !. e-(e"ce#B# P%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t#C# E-(e"ce (ee/e( *+..ce"t 2? !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e Se"&t!% +(0e* 6$! )&%tc)&te( "

t$e /)e&c$/e"t t%&'#D# S+*t&"t-e e-(e"ce ec&+*e /)e&c$/e"t * !"' &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0#

ARTICLE XII

NATIONAL ECONOM AND PATRIMONSect!" 1# T$e 0!&'* !. t$e "&t!"&' ec!"!/ &%e & /!%e e+t&'e (*t%+t!" !.

!))!%t+"te*, "c!/e, &"( 6e&'t$ & *+*t&"e( "c%e&*e " t$e &/!+"t !. 0!!(* &"( *e%-ce* )%!(+ce( t$e "&t!" .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e )e!)'e &"( &" e;)&"("0 )%!(+ct-t &* t$e et! %&*"0 t$e +&'t !. '.e .!% &'', e*)ec&'' t$e +"(e%)%-'e0e(#

T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te "(+*t%&'&t!" &"( .+'' e/)'!/e"t &*e( !" *!+"(&0%c+'t+%&' (e-e'!)/e"t &"( &0%&%&" %e.!%/, t$%!+0$ "(+*t%e* t$&t /&e .+'' &"( e..ce"t+*e !. $+/&" &"( "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, &"( 6$c$ &%e c!/)ett-e " !t$ (!/e*tc &"( .!%e0"/&%et*# 5!6e-e%, t$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect F')"! e"te%)%*e* &0&"*t +".&% .!%e0" c!/)ett!"

&"( t%&(e )%&ctce*#I" t$e )+%*+t !. t$e*e 0!&'*, &'' *ect!%* !. t$e ec!"!/ &"( &'' %e0!"* !. t$e c!+"t%

*$&'' e 0-e" !)t/+/ !))!%t+"t t! (e-e'!)# P%-&te e"te%)%*e*, "c'+("0 c!%)!%&t!"*,c!!)e%&t-e*, &"( */'&% c!''ect-e !%0&"&t!"*, *$&'' e e"c!+%&0e( t! %!&(e" t$e &*e !.t$e% !6"e%*$)#

3 W$&t &%e t$e 0!&'* !. !+% "&t!"&' ec!"!/4A 31# A/!%e e+t&'e (*t%+t!" !. !))!%t+"te*, "c!/e, &"( 6e&'t$2# A *+*t&"e( "c%e&*e " t$e &/!+"t !. 0!!(* &"( *e%-ce* )%!(+ce( t$e "&t!" .!% t$e

e"e.t !. t$e )e!)'e &"(?# A" e;)&"("0 )%!(+ct-t &* t$e e t! %&*"0 t$e +&'t !. '.e .!% &'', e*)ec&'' t$e

+"(e%)%-'e0e(#>>7? 3 5!6 6'' t$!*e 0!&'* e &tt&"e(4A 31# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te "(+*t%&'&t!" &"( .+'' e/)'!/e"t &*e( !" *!+"( &0%c+'t+%&'

(e-e'!)/e"t &"( &0%&%&" %e.!%/, t$%!+0$ "(+*t%e* t$&t /&e .+'' &"( e..ce"t +*e !.$+/&" &"( "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, &"( 6$c$ &%e c!/)ett-e " !t$ (!/e*tc &"( .!%e0"

/&%et*#2# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect F')"! e"te%)%*e* &0&"*t +".&% .!%e0" c!/)ett!" &"( t%&(e

)%&ctce*#?# A'' *ect!%* !. t$e ec!"!/ &"( &'' %e0!"* !. t$e c!+"t% *$&'' e 0-e" !)t/+/ !))!%t+"t

t! (e-e'!)## P%-&te e"te%)%*e*, "c'+("0 c!%)!%&t!"*, c!!)e%&t-e*, &"( */'&% c!''ect-e !%0&"&t!"*,

*$&'' e e"c!+%&0e( t! %!&(e" t$e &*e !. t$e% !6"e%*$)#

92



3 W$&t * !+% "&t!"&' )&t%/!"4A 3 W$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!" *)e&* !. "&t!"&' )&t%/!", t %e.e%* "!t !"' t! t$e "&t+%&'

%e*!+%ce* !. t$e P$'))"e*, &* t$e C!"*tt+t!" c!+'( $&-e -e% 6e'' +*e( t$e te%/ "&t+%&'%e*!+%ce*, +t &'*! t! t$e c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e !. t$e F')"!*# M&"'& P%"ce 5!te' -*# GSIS,M&"'& 5!te' C!%)!%&t!", et &'#

MANILA PRINCE 5OTEL VS# GSIS, MANILA 5OTEL CORPORATION, ETAL#

G#R# NO# 1221H<, FEBRUAR ?, 1997FACTS: P+%*+&"t t! t$e )%-&t&t!" )%!0%&/ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, t$e *$&%e* !. GSIS, !6"e% !.

H1 !. t$e *$&%e* !. M&"'& 5!te' C!%)!%&t!" M5C, 6&* *!'( GSIS t$%!+0$ )+'c (("0# M&"'& P%"ce 5!te' &"( Re"!"0 Be%$&(, & M&'&*&" .%/, )&%tc)&te( " t$e (("0, &"( !t$ !. t$e/ !..e%e( t! + H1 !. M5C *$&%e*# Re"!"0 Be%$&( !..e%e( &$0$e% (# M5C *e"t & c$ec t! /&tc$ t$e ( !. t$e .!%e0" .%/# T! )%e-e"t t$ec!"*+//&t!" !. t$e ( !. Re"!"0 Be%$&(, )ett!"e% .'e( & )ett!" .!% )%!$t!" &"(/&"(&/+*# Pett!"e%* &%0+/e"t* &%e &* .!''!6*:

1# Pett!"e% "-!e* A%tc'e XII, Sect!" 1=2 !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( *+/t* t$&t M&"'&

5!te' $&* ee" (e"t.e( 6t$ t$e F')"! "&t!" &"( $&* )%&ctc&'' ec!/e & $*t!%c&'/!"+/e"t t$&t %e.'ect* t$e -%&"ce !. P$'))"e $e%t&0e &"( c+'t+%e#

2# M&"'& 5!te' $&* ec!/e & "&t!"&' )&t%/!"#?# S"ce M&"'& 5!te' * )&%t !. "&t!"&' )&t%/!" &"( )&%t !. t$e "&t!"&' ec!"!/, )ett!"e%

*$!+'( e )%e.e%%e( &.te% t $&* /&tc$e( t$e !..e% !. t$e M&'&*&" .%/#

Re*)!"(e"t* &%0+e( t$&t A%tc'e XII, Sect!" 1=2 * /e%e' & *t&te/e"t !. )%"c)'e &"( )!'c *"ce t * "!t & *e'.3e;ec+t"0 )%!-*!" &"( %e+%e* /)'e/e"t"0 'e0*'&t!"Re*)!"(e"t* &((e( t$&t e-e" . t$e )%!-*!" * *e'.3e;ec+t"0, t$e $!te' (!e* "!t .&'' +"(e% t$ete%/ "&t!"&' )&t%/!"#

>>7ISSUE:

D!e* M5C .&'' +"(e% t$e te%/ "&t!"&' )&t%/!"4 I* Sect!" 1=2 !. A%tc'e XII *e'.3e;ec+t"04

5ELD:Sect!" 1=, *ec!"( )&%&0%&)$, A%tc'e XII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", * & /&"(&t!%,

)!*t-e c!//&"( 6$c$ * c!/)'ete " t*e'. &"( 6$c$ "ee(* "! .+%t$e% 0+(e'"e* !%/)'e/e"t"0 '&6* !% %+'e* .!% t* e".!%ce/e"t# F%!/ t* -e% 6!%(*, t$e )%!-*!" (!e* "!t

%e+%e &" 'e0*'&t!" t! )+t " !)e%&t!"# It * )e% *e @+(c&'' e".!%ce&'e# W$e" !+%C!"*tt+t!" /&"(&te* t$&t " t$e 0%&"t !. %0$t*, )%-'e0e*, &"( c!"ce**!" c!-e%"0 "&t!"&'ec!"!/ &"( )&t%/!", t$e St&te *$&'' 0-e )%e.e%e"ce t! +&'.e( F')"!*, t /e&"* @+*t t$&t3 +&'.e( F')"!* *$&'' e )%e.e%%e(# A"( 6$e" !+% C!"*tt+t!" (ec'&%e* t$&t & %0$t e;*t* "ce%t&" *)ec.e( c%c+/*t&"ce*, &" &ct!" /& e /&"t&"e( t! e".!%ce *+c$ %0$t"!t6t$*t&"("0 t$e &*e"ce !. &" 'e0*'&t!" !" t$e *+@ect c!"*e+e"t', . t$e%e * "! *t&t+tee*)ec&'' e"&cte( t! e".!%ce *+c$ c!"*tt+t!"&' %0$t, *+c$ %0$t e".!%ce* t*e'. t* !6"

9?



"$e%e"t )!te"c &"( )+**&"ce, &"( .%!/ 6$c$ &'' 'e0*'&t!"* /+*t t&e t$e% e&%"0*# W$e%et$e%e * & %0$t, t$e%e * & %e/e(# U@+* %e/e(+/#

I" t* )'&" &"( !%("&% /e&""0, t$e te%/ )&t%/!" )e%t&"* t! $e%t&0e# W$e" t$eC!"*tt+t!" *)e&* !. "&t!"&' )&t%/!", t %e.e%* "!t !"' t! t$e "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* !. t$eP$'))"e*, &* t$e C!"*tt+t!" c!+'( $&-e -e% 6e'' +*e( t$e te%/ "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, +t &'*! t!t$e c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e !. t$e F')"!*#

M&"'& 5!te' $&* ec!/e & '&"(/&% 3 & '-"0 te*t/!"&' !. P$'))"e $e%t&0e# W$'e

t 6&* %e*t%ct-e' &" A/e%c&" $!te' 6$e" t .%*t !)e"e( " 1912, t //e(&te' e-!'-e( t! et%+' F')"!# F!%/e%' & c!"c!+%*e .!% t$e e'te, t $&* *"ce t$e" ec!/e t$e -e"+e !. -&%!+**0".c&"t e-e"t* 6$c$ $&-e *$&)e( P$'))"e $*t!%# It 6&* c&''e( t$e C+'t+%&' Ce"te% !.9?=# It 6&* t$e *te !. t$e .e*t-te* (+%"0 t$e "&+0+%&t!" !. t$e P$'))"e C!//!"6e&'t$#

D+e( &* t$e O..c&' G+e*t 5!+*e !. t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t, t )'&* $!*t t!(0"t&%e* &"( !..c&' -*t!%* 6$! &%e &cc!%(e( t$e t%&(t!"&' P$'))"e $!*)t&'t#

T$e te%/ +&'.e( F')"!* &* +*e( " !+% C!"*tt+t!" &'*! "c'+(e* c!%)!%&t!"* &t 'e&*t<= !. 6$c$ * !6"e( t$e F')"!*# T$* * -e% c'e&% .%!/ t$e )%!cee("0* !. t$e 198<C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"#

>>7HIt *$!+'( e *t%e**e( t$&t 6$'e t$e M&'&*&" .%/ !..e%e( t$e $0$e% (, t * "!t et t$e

6"""0 ((e%# T$e (("0 %+'e* e;)%e**' )%!-(e t$&t t$e $0$e*t ((e% *$&'' !"' e(ec'&%e( t$e 6"""0 ((e% &.te% t $&* "e0!t&te( &"( e;ec+te( t$e "ece**&% c!"t%&ct*, &"(*ec+%e( t$e %e+*te &))%!-&'*# S"ce t$e F')"! F%*t P!'c )%!-*!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"

e*t!6* )%e.e%e"ce !" +&'.e( F')"!*, t$e /e%e te"("0 !. t$e $0$e*t ( * "!t &"&**+%&"ce t$&t t$e $0$e*t ((e% 6'' e (ec'&%e( t$e 6"""0 ((e%# Re'+ct&"t', %e*)!"(e"t*&%e "!t !+"( t! /&e t$e &6&%( et, "!% &%e t$e +"(e% !'0&t!" t! e"te% "t! !"e 6t$ t$e$0$e*t ((e%# F!% " c$!!*"0 t$e &6&%(ee, %e*)!"(e"t* &%e /&"(&te( t! &(e t$e (ct&te*!. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", t$e )%!-*!"* !. 6$c$ &%e )%e*+/e( t! e "!6" t! &'' t$e ((e%*

&"( !t$e% "te%e*te( )&%te*#T$e F')"! F%*t P!'c * & )%!(+ct !. P$'))"e "&t!"&'*/# It * e/!(e( " t$e

1987 C!"*tt+t!" "!t /e%e' t! e +*e( &* & 0+(e'"e .!% .+t+%e 'e0*'&t!" +t )%/&%' t! ee".!%ce( *! /+*t t e e".!%ce(# T$* C!+%t &* t$e +'t/&te 0+&%(&" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" 6''"e-e% *$+", +"(e% &" %e&*!"&'e c%c+/*t&"ce, t$e (+t !. +)$!'("0 t$e /&@e*t !. t$eC!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ t * t&*e( t! (e.e"(# It * 6!%t$ e/)$&*"0 t$&t t * "!t t$e "te"t!" !.t$* C!+%t t! /)e(e &"( (/"*$, /+c$ 'e** +"(e%/"e, t$e ".'+; !. .!%e0" "-e*t/e"t*# F&%.%!/ t, t$e C!+%t e"c!+%&0e* &"( 6e'c!/e* /!%e +*"e** !))!%t+"te* +t &-!6e('*&"ct!"* t$e )%e.e%e"ce .!% F')"!* 6$e"e-e% *+c$ )%e.e%e"ce * !%(&"e( t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

P%-&t&t!" !. & +*"e** &**et .!% )+%)!*e* !. e"$&"c"0 t* +*"e** -&'t &"( )%e-e"t"0 .+%t$e% '!**e*, %e0&%('e** !. t$e c$&%&cte% !. t$e &**et, *$!+'( "!t t&e )%ece(e"ce!-e% "!"3/&te%&' -&'+e*# A c!//e%c&', "& e-e" & +(0et&%, !@ect-e *$!+'( "!t e )+%*+e(&t t$e e;)e"*e !. "&t!"&' )%(e &"( (0"t# F!% t$e C!"*tt+t!" e"*$%"e* $0$e% &"( "!'e%"!"3/&te%&' -&'+e*# I"(ee(, t$e C!+%t 6'' &'6&* (e.e% t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" " t$e )%!)e%0!-e%"&"ce !. & .%ee *!cet &.te% &'', t$e%e * "!t$"0 *! *&c%!*&"ct " &" ec!"!/c )!'c &*t! (%&6 t*e'. e!"( @+(c&' %e-e6 6$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!" * "-!'-e(#

9



Sect!" 2# A'' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&", 6&te%*, /"e%&'*, c!&', )et%!'e+/, &"( !t$e%/"e%&' !'*, &'' .!%ce* !. )!te"t&' e"e%0, .*$e%e*, .!%e*t* !% t/e%, 6'('.e, .'!%& &"( .&+"&,&"( !t$e% "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* *$&'' "!t e &'e"&te( T$e e;)'!%&t!", (e-e'!)/e"t, &"( +t'&t!"!. "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* *$&'' e +"(e% t$e .+'' c!"t%!' &"( *+)e%-*!" !. t$e St&te# T$e St&te /&(%ect' +"(e%t&e *+c$ &ct-te*, !% t /& e"te% "t! c!)%!(+ct!", @!"t -e"t+%e, !%

)%!(+ct!"3*$&%"0 &0%ee/e"t* 6t$ F')"! cte"*, !% c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t 'e&*t*;t )e% ce"t+/ !. 6$!*e c&)t&' * !6"e( *+c$ cte"*# S+c$ &0%ee/e"t* /& e .!% &

)e%!( "!t e;cee("0 t6e"t3.-e e&%*, %e"e6&'e .!% "!t /!%e t$&" t6e"t3.-e e&%*, &"(+"(e% *+c$ te%/* &"( c!"(t!"* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6# I" c&*e* !. 6&te% %0$t* .!%%%0&t!", 6&te% *+))', .*$e%e*, !% "(+*t%&' +*e* !t$e% t$&" t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. 6&te% )!6e%,

e"e.c&' +*e /& e t$e /e&*+%e &"( '/t !. t$e 0%&"t#>>7<

T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect t$e "&t!"* /&%"e 6e&'t$ " t* &%c$)e'&0c 6&te%*, te%%t!%&' *e&&"( e;c'+*-e ec!"!/c !"e, &"( %e*e%-e t* +*e &"( e"@!/e"t e;c'+*-e' t! F')"!cte"*#

T$e C!"0%e** /&, '&6, &''!6 */&''3*c&'e +t'&t!" !. "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* F')"!

cte"*, &* 6e'' &* c!!)e%&t-e .*$ .&%/"0, 6t$ )%!%t t! *+**te"ce .*$e%/e" &"(.*$6!%e%* " %-e%*, '&e*, &*, &"( '&0!!"*#

T$e P%e*(e"t /& e"te% "t! &0%ee/e"t* 6t$ .!%e0"3!6"e( c!%)!%&t!"* "-!'-"0et$e% tec$"c&' !% ."&"c&' &***t&"ce .!% '&%0e3*c&'e e;)'!%&t!", (e-e'!)/e"t, &"( +t'&t!"/"e%&'*, )et%!'e+/, &"( !t$e% /"e%&' !'* &cc!%("0 t! t$e 0e"e%&' te%/* &"( c!"(t!"*

)%!-(e( '&6, &*e( !" %e&' c!"t%+t!"* t! t$e ec!"!/c 0%!6t$ &"( 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e !. t$ec!+"t%# I" *+c$ &0%ee/e"t*, t$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te t$e (e-e'!)/e"t &"( +*e !. '!c&' *ce"t.c&"( tec$"c&' %e*!+%ce*#

T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!t. t$e C!"0%e** !. e-e% c!"t%&ct e"te%e( "t! " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$t$* )%!-*!", 6t$" t$%t (&* .%!/ t* e;ec+t!"#

3 W$&t * !6"e( t$e St&te4A 31# A'' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&"2# W&te%*?# M"e%&'*# C!&'H# Pet%!'e+/<# Ot$e% /"e%&' !'*

7# A'' .!%ce* !. )!te"t&' e"e%08# F*$e%e*, .!%e*t* !% t/e% 9# W'('.e1=# F'!%& &"( .&+"&11# A"( !t$e% "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*

3 W$&t c&""!t e &'e"&te(4A 3 E;ce)t &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*, &'' !t$e% /"e%&' %e*!+%ce* *$&'' "!t e &'e"&te(#

9H



3 W$! *$&'' $&-e .+'' c!"t%!' &"( *+)e%-*!" " c&*e !. e;)'!%&t!", (e-e'!)/e"t &"(+t'&t!" !. "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*4

A 3 T$e St&te#

3 C&" t$e St&te (! t$e *&/e " @!"t -e"t+%e !% c!3)%!(+ct!" 6t$ !t$e% F')"! )%-&te"(-(+&'* !% c!%)!%&t!"*4

A 3 e*, +t " t$e c&*e !. c!%)!%&t!"* &"( &**!c&t!"*, t c&" !"' (! *! 6t$ c!%)!%&t!"* &"(&**!c&t!" <= !. t$e c&)t&' !. 6$c$ * !6"e( F')"! cte"*#

3 I* t$* *+@ect t! & '/t&t!"4A 3 e*# 1 S&( &0%ee/e"t* /& e .!% & )e%!( "!t e;cee("0 t6e"t3.-e e&%*, %e"e6&'e

.!% "!t /!%e t$&" t6e"t3.-e e&%*, &"( +"(e% *+c$ te%/* &"( c!"(t!"* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6# I" c&*e* !. 6&te% %0$t* .!% %%0&t!", 6&te% *+))', .*$e%e*, !% "(+*t%&'+*e* !t$e% t$&" t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. 6&te% )!6e%, e"e.c&' +*e /& e t$e /e&*+%e &"( '/t!. t$e 0%&"t#

>>77 3 Sect!" 2 * & %ec!0"t!" !. %e0&'&" (!ct%"e# W$&t * t$e %e0&'&" (!ct%"e4A 3 U"(e% t$e %e0&'&" (!ct%"e, 1 &'' &0%c+'t+%&' t/e% &"( /"e%&' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c

(!/&" &%e !6"e( t$e St&te 2 &'' '&"(* "!t !t$e%6*e c'e&%' &))e&%"0 t! e )%-&te'!6"e( &%e )%e*+/e( t! e'!"0 t! t$e St&te#

3 W$&t * t$e /e&""0 !. /)e%+/ &"( (!/"+/4A 3 I/)e%+/ %e.e%* t! t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &+t$!%t )!**e**e( t$e St&te 6$c$ * &))%!)%&te'

e/%&ce( " *!-e%e0"t# D!/"+/ %e.e%* t! t$e c&)&ct !. t$e St&te t! !6" !% &c+%e )%!)e%t, &"( t * " t$* *e"*e, t$&t t$e *&( '&"(* &%e $e'( t$e St&te " t* )%!)%et&%

c$&%&cte%# It * " t$* c&)&ct t$&t t$e St&te /& )%!-(e .!% t$e e;)'!t&t!" &"( +*e !.'&"(* &"( !t$e% "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, "c'+("0 t$e% (*)!*t!", e;ce)t &* '/te( t$eC!"*tt+t!"#

Sect!" ?# L&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" &%e c'&**.e( "t! &0%c+'t+%&', .!%e*t !% t/e%,/"e%&' '&"(*, &"( "&t!"&' )&%*# A0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" /& e .+%t$e%c'&**.e( '&6 &cc!%("0 t! t$e +*e* t! 6$c$ t$e /& e (e-!te(# A'e"&'e '&"(* !. t$e

)+'c (!/&" *$&'' e '/te( t! &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*# P%-&te c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* /&"!t $!'( *+c$ &'e"&'e '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" e;ce)t 'e&*e, .!% & )e%!( "!t e;cee("0

t6e"t3.-e e&%*, %e"e6&'e .!% "!t /!%e t$&" t6e"t3.-e e&%*, &"( "!t t! e;cee( !"et$!+*&"( $ect&%e* " &%e&# Cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* /& 'e&*e "!t /!%e t$&" .-e $+"(%e($ect&%e*, !% &c+%e "!t /!%e t$&" t6e'-e $ect&%e* t$e%e!., )+%c$&*e, $!/e*te&(, !% 0%&"t#

T&"0 "t! &cc!+"t t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. c!"*e%-&t!", ec!'!0, &"( (e-e'!)/e"t, &"(*+@ect t! t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. &0%&%&" %e.!%/, t$e C!"0%e** *$&'' (ete%/"e, '&6, t$e *e !.'&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" 6$c$ /& e &c+%e(, (e-e'!)e(, $e'(, !% 'e&*e( &"( t$ec!"(t!"* t$e%e.!%#

9<



3 W$&t * t$e )%/&% c'&**.c&t!" !. '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&"4A 3 T$e &%e c'&**.e( &*: AG3FO3TI3MI3NAAG3%c+'t+%&' '&"(FO3%e*t '&"(TI3/e% '&"(MI3"e%&' '&"(

NA3t!"&' )&%

>>78 3 W$&t &%e t$e &'e"&'e '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&"4A 3 A'e"&'e '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" *$&'' e '/te( t! &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*# T$e &%e t$e

&0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* 6$c$ /& e (*)!*e( !. t$e St&te et$e% )+%c$&*e, $!/e*te&( !%0%&"t, 'e&*e#

3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* 6$e" *&( '&"(* &%e (*)!*e( !. t$e St&te4A 31# A'e"&'e '&"(* *$&'' e '/te( t! &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*#

2# O"' F')"! cte"* /& &c+%e "!t /!%e t$&" 12 $ect&%e* )+%c$&*e, $!/e*te&( !%0%&"t !% 'e&*e "!t /!%e t$&" H== $ect&%e*#

?# P%-&te c!%)!%&t!"* /& 'e&*e "!t /!%e t$&" 1,=== $ect&%e* .!% 2H e&%*, %e"e6&'e .!%&"!t$e% 2H e&%*#

3 W$&t * t$e *e !. '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" 6$c$ /& e &c+%e(, (e-e'!)e(, $e'(, !%'e&*e( &"( t$e c!"(t!"* t$e%e.!%4

A 3 C!"0%e** *$&'' (ete%/"e t$* '&6 c!"*(e%"0 t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. c!"*e%-&t!", ec!'!0(e-e'!)/e"t &"( &0%&%&" %e.!%/#

3 W$&t * t$e (e."t!" !. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"( +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <<H74A 3 It %e.e%* t! '&"( (e-!te( t! &0%c+'t+%&' &ct-t &* (e."e( " t$e *&( '&6 &"( "!t c'&**.e(

&* MINFORECOIN /"e%&', .!%e*t, %e*(e"t&', c!//e%c&' !% "(+*t%&' '&"(# Sect!" ?Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7

3 W$! $&* t$e )!6e% t! c'&**. *&( )%/&% c'&**.c&t!" !. '&"(*4A 3 T$e P%e*(e"t, +)!" t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e DENR# CA 11 19?< EO 192 1987

3 W$e" &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* &%e .+%t$e% c'&**.e( &cc!%("0 t! t$e +*e* t! 6$c$ t$e /& e

(e-!te(, 6$&t *$&'' e t$e% c'&**.c&t!"4A 3 T$e .+%t$e% c'&**.c&t!" *$&'' e %e.e%%e( t! &* *ec!"(&% c'&**.c&t!"#

3 W$&t c&" e t$e .+%t$e% c'&**.c&t!" !. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*4A 3 T$e c&" e .+%t$e% %e3c'&**.e( &* RE3CO3IN %e*(e"t&', c!//e%c&' !% "(+*t%&'

3 W$! $&* t$e )!6e% t! %e3c'&**. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*4

97



A 3 T$e &+t$!%t t! %e3c'&**. RECOIN * -e*te(, &/!"0 !t$e%*, " cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*#Sect!" 2= !. Re)+'c Act N!# 71<= 1991

3 C&" '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* %e3c'&**. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* "t! .!%e*t c!"*e%-&t!" !"e*4A 3 N!# O"' t$e P%e*(e"t $&* t$e )!6e% t! (! t$*, +)!" t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e DENR

L!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* $&-e "! &+t$!%t !% )!6e% t! /&e )%/&% c'&**.c&t!"*, &"( e*(e*,&" &0%c+'t+%&' '&"( * &'%e&( & )%/&% c'&**.c&t!"#

>>79 3 5!6 &!+t " t$e c&*e !. *ec!"(&% c'&**.c&t!"*, c&" t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t (! t$*4A 3 e*# A* &'%e&( *t&te(, t$e c&" %e3c'&**. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* "t! RE3CO3IN %e*(e"t&',

c!//e%c&' !% "(+*t%&' '&"(*# Sect!" 2=, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=

Sect!" # T$e C!"0%e** *$&'', &* *!!" &* )!**'e, (ete%/"e '&6 t$e *)ec.c '/t* !..!%e*t '&"(* &"( "&t!"&' )&%*, /&%"0 c'e&%' t$e% !+"(&%e* !" t$e 0%!+"(# T$e%e&.te%, *+c$.!%e*t '&"(* &"( "&t!"&' )&%* *$&'' e c!"*e%-e( &"( /& "!t e "c%e&*e( "!% (/"*$e(,e;ce)t '&6# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!-(e, .!% *+c$ )e%!( &* t /& (ete%/"e, /e&*+%e* t!

)%!$t '!00"0 " e"(&"0e%e( .!%e*t* &"( 6&te%*$e( &%e&*#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. C!"0%e** +"(e% Sect!" 4A 3 1 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'', &* *!!" &* )!**'e, (ete%/"e '&6 t$e *)ec.c '/t* !. .!%e*t

'&"(* &"( "&t!"&' )&%*, /&%"0 c'e&%' t$e% !+"(&%e* !" t$e 0%!+"( 2 C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!-(e, .!% *+c$ )e%!( &* t /& (ete%/"e, /e&*+%e* t! )%!$t '!00"0 " e"(&"0e%e(.!%e*t* &"( 6&te%*$e( &%e&*#

Sect!" H# T$e St&te, *+@ect t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$* C!"*tt+t!" &"( "&t!"&'(e-e'!)/e"t )!'ce* &"( )%!0%&/*, *$&'' )%!tect t$e %0$t* !. "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*

t! t$e% &"ce*t%&' '&"(* t! e"*+%e t$e% ec!"!/c, *!c&' &"( c+'t+%&' 6e''3e"0#T$e C!"0%e** /& )%!-(e .!% t$e &))'c&'t !. c+*t!/&% '&6* 0!-e%""0 )%!)e%t

%0$t* !% %e'&t!"* " (ete%/""0 t$e !6"e%*$) &"( e;te"t !. &"ce*t%&' (!/&"#

3 W$&t &%e &"ce*t%&' '&"(*4A 3 A"ce*t%&' '&"(*, &* (e."e( " Sect!" 9 !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7, *$&'' %e.e% t! &"ce*t%&'

'&"( !. e&c$ "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"t 6$c$ *$&'' "c'+(e, +t "!t e '/te( t!, '&"(*" t$e &ct+&', c!"t"+!+* &"( !)e" )!**e**!" &"( !cc+)&t!" !. t$e c!//+"t &"( t*/e/e%* P%!-(e(, t$&t t$e T!%%e"* S*te/ *$&'' e %e*)ecte(# Sect!" 9, .%*t )&%&0%&)$

3 W$&t * t$e )%!tect!" 0-e" Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 t! e&c$ "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&'c!//+"t4

A 3 T$e %0$t !. t$e*e c!//+"te* t! t$e% &"ce*t%&' '&"(* *$&'' e )%!tecte( t! e"*+%e t$e%ec!"!/c, *!c&' &"( c+'t+%&' 6e''3e"0# I" '"e 6t$ t$e )%"c)'e* !. *e'.3(ete%/"&t!"&"( &+t!"!/, t$e **te/* !. '&"( !6"e%*$), '&"( +*e, &"( t$e /!(e* !. *ett'"0 '&"((*)+te* !. &'' t$e*e c!//+"te* /+*t e %ec!0"e( &"( %e*)ecte(# Sect!" 9, 2"(

)&%&0%&)$

98



>>7H=Sect!" <# T$e +*e !. )%!)e%t e&%* & *!c&' .+"ct!", &"( &'' ec!"!/c &0e"t* *$&''

c!"t%+te t! t$e c!//!" 0!!(# I"(-(+&'* &"( )%-&te 0%!+)*, "c'+("0 c!%)!%&t!"*c!!)e%&t-e*, &"( */'&% c!''ect-e !%0&"&t!"*, *$&'' $&-e t$e %0$t t! !6", e*t&'*$, &"(!)e%&te ec!"!/c e"te%)%*e*, *+@ect t! t$e (+t !. t$e St&te t! )%!/!te (*t%+t-e @+*tce &"(t! "te%-e"e 6$e" t$e c!//!" 0!!( *! (e/&"(*#

3 W$&t * t$e /e&""0 !. Sect!" < " %e'&t!" t! A0%&%&" Re.!%/ &* /&"(&te( Re)+'cAct N!# <<H74

A 3 L&"( $&* & *!c&' .+"ct!", $e"ce, t$e%e * & c!"c!/t&"t *!c&' %e*)!"*'t " t*!6"e%*$) &"( *$!+'(, t$e%e.!%e, e (*t%+te( t! t$e &ct+&' t''e%*!cc+)&"t*#

Sect!" 7# S&-e " c&*e* !. $e%e(t&% *+cce**!", "! )%-&te '&"(* *$&'' e t%&"*.e%%e( !%c!"-ee( e;ce)t t! "(-(+&'*, c!%)!%&t!"*, !% &**!c&t!"* +&'.e( t! &c+%e !% $!'( '&"(*!. t$e )+'c (!/&"#

3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" +"(e% Sect!" 7 6$e" '&"(* &%e t%&"*.e%%e( !% c!"-ee(4A 3 S&-e " c&*e* !. $e%e(t&% *+cce**!", "! )%-&te '&"(* *$&'' e t%&"*.e%%e( !% c!"-ee(

e;ce)t t! "(-(+&'*, c!%)!%&t!"*, !% &**!c&t!"* +&'.e( t! &c+%e !% $!'( '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&"#

Sect!" 8# N!t6t$*t&"("0 t$e )%!-*!"* !. Sect!" 7 !. t$* A%tc'e, & "&t+%&'3!%"cte" !. t$e P$'))"e* 6$! $&* '!*t $* P$'))"e cte"*$) /& e & t%&"*.e%ee !. )%-&te'&"(*, *+@ect t! '/t&t!"* )%!-(e( '&6#

3 C&" & F')"! cte" 6$! * '&te% !" "&t+%&'e( &* &" A/e%c&" cte", &c+%e )%-&te

'&"(* " t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 8, *+@ect t! '/t&t!"* )%!-(e( '&6#

3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" )%!-(e( '&64A 3 F!%/e% "&t+%&'3!%" F')"! cte" /& &c+%e +) t! H,=== *+&%e /ete%* !. +%&" '&"(*

&"( ? $ect&%e* !. %+%&' '&"( 6$c$ /& "!t e +*e( .!% +*"e** &"( .!% !t$e% )+%)!*e*Re)+'c Act N!# 8179, &/e"("0 B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 18H# U"(e% B&t&* P&/&"*& B'018H, t$e *&( '&"( /& e +*e( &* %e*(e"ce#

3 C&" A/e%c&" cte"* &"( A/e%c&" !6"e( &"( c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* -&'(' &c+%e )%-&te &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*4

A 3 N!# T$e c&""!t -&'(' &c+%e )%-&te &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* +"(e% t$e P&%t A/e"(/e"t,*"ce t$e e;ce)t!"&' %0$t* 0%&"te( t! t$e/ +"(e% t$e *&( A/e"(/e"t %e.e% !"' t!&0%c+'t+%&', /"e%&' &"( t/e% '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" &"( "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, &"(c!"(+ct &"( !)e%&t!" !. )+'c +t'te* Re)+'c -*# +&*$&, < SCRA 1<=# T$* %+'"06&* $!6e-e% &&"(!"e( Sect!" 11, A%tc'e XVII !. t$e 197? C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ %e&(*:Sect!" 11# T$e %0$t* &"( )%-'e0e* 0%&"te( t! cte"* !. t$e U"te( St&te !% t!

99



c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* !6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( *+c$ cte"* +"(e% t$e O%("&"ce&))e"(e( t! t$e ""etee" $+"(%e( &"( t$%t3.-e C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' &+t!/&tc&'' te%/"&te!" t$e t$%( (& !. +', ""etee" $+"(%e( &"( *e-e"t3.!+% Tt'e* t! P%-&te '&"( &c+%e( *+c$ Pe%*!"* e.!%e *+c$ (&te *$&'' e -&'( &* &0&"*t !t$e% )%-&te )e%*!"* !" E/)$&**S+))'e(# 5e"ce, )%-&te '&"( &c+%e( *&( )e%*!"* e.!%e +' ?, 197? *$&'' e -&'( &*&0&"*t !t$e% )%-&te )e%*!"* !"'#

>>7H1

3 C&" )%-&te '&"(* +"(e% t$e c!"t%!' &"( )!**e**!" !. (*+&'.e( &'e"* e %ec!-e%e(4A 3 T$e St&te c&" "*tt+te &" &ct!" .!% %e-e%*!" !. *&( '&"(* +"(e% t$e P+'c L&"( Act &"(

t$e )!6e% !. t$e St&te t! (! *! * /)%e*c%)t'e# B&0+! -*# Re)+'c, G#R# N!# 119<82&"+&% 21, 1999

3 C&" )%-&te )e%*!"* !% )&%te* "*tt+te *+c$ "( !. &ct!"4A 3 N!# It * t$e St&te &'!"e 6$c$ /& "*tt+te %e-e%*!" )%!cee("0 +"(e% t$e P+'c L&"( Act

U%+&0& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 1278??, &"+&% 22, 1999, !% .'e & *+t .!% t$ec!"-e&"ce# P%-&te )e%*!"* &%e "!t )%!)e% )&%te* t! .'e &" &ct!" .!% %ec!"-e&"ce

T&"! -*# Ce&%, G#R# N!# 1?1277, Fe%+&% 2, 1999

3 C&" t$e St&te e $e'( " e*t!))e' .!% %%e0+'&% &ct* &"( /*t&e* !. t* !..c&'*4A 3 A* & %+'e, e*t!))e' &0&"*t t$e St&te * "!t .&-!%e(# 5!6e-e%, . .!% & '!"0 t/e, t$e St&te

.&'e( t! c!%%ect &"( %ec!-e% &''e0e( "c%e&*e " t$e '&"( &%e& !. t$e tt'e* **+e(, t$* 6''&/!+"t t! '&c$e*, &"( c!"*e+e"t', t$e St&te /& e $e'( " e*t!))e' .!% %%e0+'&% &ct* &"(/*t&e* !. t* !..c&'*# Re)+'c -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 11<11, &"+&% 21, 1999

Sect!" 9# T$e C!"0%e** /& e*t&'*$ &" "(e)e"(e"t ec!"!/c &"( )'&"""0 &0e"c$e&(e( t$e P%e*(e"t, 6$c$ *$&'', &.te% c!"*+'t&t!"* 6t$ t$e &))%!)%&te )+'c &0e"ce*

-&%!+* )%-&te *ect!%*, &"( '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*, %ec!//e"( t! C!"0%e**, &"( /)'e/e"tc!"t"+"0 "te0%&te( &"( c!!%("&te( )%!0%&/* &"( )!'ce* .!% "&t!"&' (e-e'!)/e"t#

U"t' t$e C!"0%e** )%!-(e* !t$e%6*e, t$e N&t!"&' Ec!"!/c &"( De-e'!)/e"tA+t$!%t *$&'' .+"ct!" &* t$e "(e)e"(e"t )'&"""0 &0e"c !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t#

Sect!" 1=# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'', +)!" %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e ec!"!/c &"( )'&"""0&0e"c, 6$e" t$e "&t!"&' "te%e*t (ct&te*, %e*e%-e t! cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* !% t!c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t 'e&*t *;t )e% ce"t+/ !. 6$!*e c&)t&' * !6"e( *+c$cte"*, !% *+c$ $0$e% )e%ce"t&0e &* C!"0%e** /& )%e*c%e, ce%t&" &%e&* !. "-e*t/e"t*# T$eC!"0%e** *$&'' e"&ct /e&*+%e* t$&t 6'' e"c!+%&0e t$e .!%/&t!" &"( !)e%&t!" !. e"te%)%*e*

6$!*e c&)t&' * 6$!'' !6"e( F')"!*#>>7H2

I" t$e 0%&"t !. %0$t*, )%-'e0e*, &"( c!"ce**!"*, c!-e%"0 t$e "&t!"&' ec!"!/ &"( )&t%/!", t$e St&te *$&'' 0-e )%e.e%e"ce t! +&'.e( F')"!*#

T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te &"( e;e%c*e &+t$!%t !-e% .!%e0" "-e*t/e"t* 6t$" t*"&t!"&' @+%*(ct!" &"( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t* "&t!"&' 0!&'* &"( )%!%te*#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. C!"0%e** &"( t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!"* 9 &"( 1=4

1==



A 31 T$e C!"0%e** /& e*t&'*$ &" "(e)e"(e"t )'&"""0 &0e"c $e&(e( t$e P%e*(e"t 6$c$

6'' /)'e/e"t c!"t"+"0 "te0%&te( &"( c!!%("&te( )%!0%&/* &"( )!'ce* .!% "&t!"&'(e-e'!)/e"t# Sect!" 9

2 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'', +)!" %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e ec!"!/c &"( )'&"""0 &0e"c, 6$e" t$e"&t!"&' "te%e*t (ct&te*, %e*e%-e ce%t&" &%e&* !. "-e*t/e"t t! cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* !%t! c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t 'e&*t *;t )e% ce"t+/ !. 6$!*e c&)t&' * !6"e( *+c$

cte"*# Sect!" 1=, .%*t )&%&0%&)$? T$e St&te *$&'' 0-e )%e.e%e"ce t! +&'.e( F')"!* " t$e 0%&"t !. %0$t*, )%-'e0e* &"(

c!"ce**!"* c!-e%"0 t$e "&t!"&' ec!"!/ &"( )&t%/!"# Sect!" 1=, *ec!"( )&%&0%&)$ T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te &"( e;e%c*e &+t$!%t !-e% .!%e0" "-e*t/e"t* 6t$" t* "&t!"&'

@+%*(ct!" &"( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t* "&t!"&' 0!&'* &"( )%!%te*#

Sect!" 11# N! .%&"c$*e, ce%t.c&te, !% &" !t$e% .!%/ !. &+t$!%&t!" .!% t$e !)e%&t!"!. & )+'c +t't *$&'' e 0%&"te( e;ce)t t! cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* !% t! c!%)!%&t!"* !%&**!c&t!"* !%0&"e( +"(e% t$e '&6* !. t$e P$'))"e* &t 'e&*t *;t )e% ce"t+/ !. 6$!*e

c&)t&' * !6"e( *+c$ cte"*, "!% *$&'' *+c$ .%&"c$*e, ce%t.c&te, !% &+t$!%&t!" ee;c'+*-e " c$&%&cte% !% .!% & '!"0e% )e%!( t$&" ..t e&%*# Net$e% *$&'' &" *+c$ .%&"c$*e !%%0$t e 0%&"te( e;ce)t +"(e% t$e c!"(t!" t$&t t *$&'' e *+@ect t! &/e"(/e"t, &'te%&t!", !%%e)e&' t$e C!"0%e** 6$e" t$e c!//!" 0!!( *! %e+%e*# T$e St&te *$&'' e"c!+%&0e e+t

)&%tc)&t!" " )+'c +t'te* t$e 0e"e%&' )+'c# T$e )&%tc)&t!" !. .!%e0" "-e*t!% " t$e0!-e%""0 !( !. &" )+'c +t't e"te%)%*e *$&'' e '/te( t! t$e% )%!)!%t!"&te *$&%e " t*c&)t&', &"( &'' t$e e;ec+t-e &"( /&"&0"0 !..ce%* !. *+c$ c!%)!%&t!" !% &**!c&t!" /+*t ecte"* !. t$e P$'))"e*#>>7H? 3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" +"(e% Sect!" 114

A 31 F%&"c$*e, ce%t.c&te, !% &" !t$e% .!%/ !. &+t$!%&t!" .!% t$e !)e%&t!" !. )+'c +t't

*$&'' e 0%&"te( !"' t! cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* !% t! c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"*!%0&"e( +"(e% t$e '&6* !. t$e P$'))"e* &t 'e&*t <= !. 6$!*e c&)t&' * F')"! !6"e(#

2 S&( .%&"c$*e, ce%t.c&te, !% &+t$!%&t!" *$&'' e e;c'+*-e " c$&%&cte%, -&'( .!% "!t /!%et$&" H= e&%*#

? S&( .%&"c$*e !% %0$t *$&'' e 0%&"te( +"(e% t$e c!"(t!" t$&t t *$&'' e *+@ect t!&/e"(/e"t, &'te%&t!", !% %e)e&' t$e C!"0%e** 6$e" t$e c!//!" 0!!( *! %e+%e*#

3 I* Pet%!" & )+'c +t't4A 3 N!# T$e%e * t$e%e.!%e "! /e%t t! t$e c!"te"t!" !. t$e )ett!"e% t$&t t$e *&'e !. t$e '!c

!. *$&%e* t! A%&/c! -!'&te( Sect!" 11, A%tc'e XII !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"# A )+'c +t't *!"e !%0&"e( .!% $%e !% c!/)e"*&t!" t! *e%-e t$e )+'c, &"( t$e )+'c, " t+%", $&* t$e%0$t t! (e/&"( t* *e%-ce# Pet%!" * "!t e"0&0e( " !' %e.""0 .!% $%e !% c!/)e"*&t!" t!

)%!ce** t$e !' !. !t$e% )&%te*#

3 A%e %&(! &"( te'e-*!" c!/)&"e*, t$e !6"e%* !. &%6&-e* &"( .%e+e"ce*4

1=1



A 3 N!# T$e &%e /e%e' 0-e" t$e te/)!%&% )%-'e0e !. +*"0 t$e/#

Sect!" 12# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te t$e )%e.e%e"t&' +*e !. F')"! '&!%, (!/e*tc/&te%&'* &"( '!c&'' )%!(+ce( 0!!(*, &"( &(!)t /e&*+%e* t$&t $e') /&e t$e/ c!/)ett-e#

Sect!" 1?# T$e St&te *$&'' )+%*+e & t%&(e )!'c t$&t *e%-e* t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e &"(+t'e* &'' .!%/* &"( &%%&"0e/e"t* !. e;c$&"0e !" t$e &** !. e+&'t &"( %ec)%!ct#

Sect!" 1# T$e *+*t&"e( (e-e'!)/e"t !. & %e*e%-!% !. "&t!"&' t&'e"t* c!"**t"0 !.

F')"! *ce"t*t*, e"t%e)%e"e+%*, )%!.e**!"&'*, /&"&0e%*, $0$3'e-e' tec$"c&' /&")!6e% &"(*''e( 6!%e%* &"( c%&.t*/e" " &'' .e'(* *$&'' e )%!/!te( t$e St&te# T$e St&te *$&''e"c!+%&0e &))%!)%&te tec$"!'!0 &"( %e0+'&te t* t%&"*.e% .!% t$e "&t!"&' e"e.t#

T$e )%&ctce !. &'' )%!.e**!"* " t$e P$'))"e* *$&'' e '/te( t! F')"! cte"*, *&-e" c&*e* )%e*c%e( '&6#

Sect!" 1H# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' c%e&te &" &0e"c t! )%!/!te t$e -&'t &"( 0%!6t$ !.c!!)e%&t-e* &* "*t%+/e"t* .!% *!c&' @+*tce &"( ec!"!/c (e-e'!)/e"t#

Sect!" 1<# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' "!t, e;ce)t 0e"e%&' '&6, )%!-(e .!% t$e .!%/&t!",!%0&"&t!", !% %e0+'&t!" !. )%-&te c!%)!%&t!"*# G!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e(

c!%)!%&t!"* /& e c%e&te( !% e*t&'*$e( *)ec&' c$&%te%* " t$e "te%e*t !. t$e c!//!"0!!( &"( *+@ect t! t$e te*t !. ec!"!/c -&'t#>>7H 3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!"* 12, 1?, &"( 14A 31 T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te t$e )%e.e%e"t&' +*e !. F')"! '&!%, (!/e*tc /&te%&'* &"( '!c&''

)%!(+ce( 0!!(*, &"( &(!)t /e&*+%e* t$&t $e') /&e t$e/ c!/)ett-e# Sect!" 122 T$e St&te *$&'' )+%*+e & t%&(e )!'c t$&t *e%-e* t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e &"( +t'e* &'' .!%/*

&"( &%%&"0e/e"t* !. e;c$&"0e !" t$e &** !. e+&'t &"( %ec)%!ct# Sect!" 1?? T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te *+*t&"e( (e-e'!)/e"t !. & %e*e%-!% !. "&t!"&' t&'e"t* c!"**t"0

!. F')"! *ce"t*t*, e"t%e)%e"e+%*, )%!.e**!"&'*, /&"&0e%*, $0$3'e-e' tec$"c&' /&")!6e%&"( *''e( 6!%e%* &"( c%&.t*/e" " &'' .e'(*# T$e St&te *$&'' e"c!+%&0e &))%!)%&tetec$"!'!0 &"( %e0+'&te t* t%&"*.e% .!% t$e "&t!"&' e"e.t# Sect!" 1

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. C!"0%e** +"(e% Sect!"* 1H &"( 1<4A 31 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' c%e&te &" &0e"c t! )%!/!te t$e -&'t &"( 0%!6t$ !. c!!)e%&t-e* &*

"*t%+/e"t* .!% *!c&' @+*tce &"( ec!"!/c (e-e'!)/e"t# Sect!" 1H2 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' "!t, e;ce)t 0e"e%&' '&6, )%!-(e .!% t$e .!%/&t!", !%0&"&t!", !%

%e0+'&t!" !. )%-&te c!%)!%&t!"*# Sect!" 1<

3 I* t$e )%&ctce !. &'' )%!.e**!"* " t$e P$'))"e* '/te( !"' t! F')"! cte"*4A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 1, *ec!"( )&%&0%&)$, e;ce)t " c&*e* )%e*c%e(

'&6#

Sect!" 17# I" t/e* !. "&t!"&' e/e%0e"c, 6$e" t$e )+'c "te%e*t *! %e+%e*, t$e St&te/&, (+%"0 t$e e/e%0e"c &"( +"(e% %e&*!"&'e te%/* )%e*c%e t, te/)!%&%' t&e !-e% !%

1=2



(%ect t$e !)e%&t!" !. &" )%-&te' !6"e( )+'c +t't !% +*"e** &..ecte( 6t$ )+'c"te%e*t#

3 C&" t$e St&te te/)!%&%' t&e !-e% !% (%ect t$e !)e%&t!" !. &" )%-&te' !6"e( )+'c+t't !% +*"e** &..ecte( 6t$ )+'c "te%e*t4

A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 17, +t t$e *&/e c&" !"' e (!"e 1 " t/e* !."&t!"&' e/e%0e"c 2 6$e" t$e )+'c "te%e*t *! %e+%e*#

Sect!" 18# T$e St&te /&, " t$e "te%e*t !. "&t!"&' 6e'.&%e !% (e.e"*e, e*t&'*$ &"(!)e%&te -t&' "(+*t%e* &"(, +)!" )&/e"t !. @+*t c!/)e"*&t!", t%&"*.e% t! )+'c !6"e%*$)+t'te* &"( !t$e% )%-&te e"te%)%*e* t! e !)e%&te( t$e G!-e%"/e"t#>>7HH 3 M& t$e St&te e*t&'*$ &"( !)e%&te -t&' "(+*t%e* &"( t%&"*.e% t$e/ t! )+'c !6"e%*$)

+t'te*4A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 18, +t t$e *&/e c&" !"' e (!"e " t$e "te%e*t !.

"&t!"&' "te%e*t !% (e.e"*e#

Sect!" 19# T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te !% )%!$t /!"!)!'e* 6$e" t$e )+'c "te%e*t *!%e+%e*# N! c!/"&t!"* " %e*t%&"t !. t%&(e !% +".&% c!/)ett!" *$&'' e &''!6e(#

3 C&" t$e St&te %e0+'&te !% )%!$t /!"!)!'e*4A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 19, +t t c&" !"' e (!"e 6$e" t$e )+'c "te%e*t *!

%e+%e*# P%-&te /!"!)!'e* &%e "!t t$e%e.!%e &*!'+te' )%!$te(# 5e"ce, t$e &6&%( !.*te-e(!%"0 &"( &%%&*t%e *e%-ce* t! !"' !"e c!%)!%&t!" * -&'(# N!%t$e%" Ce/e"tC!%)!%&t!" -*# I"te%/e(&te A))e''&te C!+%t, 1H8 SCRA =8

3 I* Re)+'c Act N!# 818= 6$c$ )%!-(e* .!% t$e (e%e0+'&t!" !. t$e !' "(+*t%c!"*tt+t!"&'4

A 3 Re)+'c Act N!# 818= 6&* (ec'&%e( +"c!"*tt+t!"&' .!% t$%ee %e&*!"*: 1 It 0&-e /!%e )!6e% t! &" &'%e&( )!6e%.+' !' !'0!)!' 2 It '!ce( t$e e"t% !. e..ect-e c!/)ett!%*&"( ? t 6'' *%e &" e-e" /!%e )!6e%.+' !'0!)!' 6$!*e +"c$ece( )!6e% 6'' )%e@+(cet$e "te%e*t !. t$e c!"*+/e%* &"( c!/)%!/*e t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e# T$e (ec*!" )%ec*e''e-e'* t$e )'&"0 .e'( !. "-e*t!%*#

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *&(:

F"&'', )+'c %e*)!"(e"t* %&*e t$e *c&%ec%!6 &%0+/e"t t$&t !+% Dec*!" 6'' (%-e&6& .!%e0" "-e*t!%*# I" %e*)!"*e t! t$* !..c&' %e)e%t!%e, *+..ce t t! *t&te t$&t !+% Dec*!"

)%ec*e' 'e-e'* t$e )'&"0 .e'( .!% .!%e0!"0 "-e*t!%* &* &0&"*t t$e t$%ee (!/"&"t !'!'0!)!'*t# N! 'e** t$&" t$e ".'+e"t&' P$'))"e C$&/e% !. C!//e%ce &"( I"(+*t% 6$!*e/!t-e * e!"( +e*t!", *t&te( t$%+ t* Act"0 P%e*(e"t &/e L&(&! t$&t ; ; ; t$*Dec*!", " .&ct te''* +* t$&t 6e &%e .!% $!"e*t3t!30!!("e** c!/)ett!"# O+% Dec*!" *$!+'(

e & c!".(e"ce3!!*te% t! .!%e0" "-e*t!%* .!% t &**+%e* t$e/ !. &" e..ect-e @+(c&' %e/e(&0&"*t &" +"c!"*tt+t!"&' '&6# T$e%e * "ee( t! &tt%&ct .!%e0" "-e*t/e"t +t t$e )!'c $&*

1=?



"e-e% ee" .!%e0" "-e*t/e"t &t &" c!*t# We c&""!t t%&(e3" t$e C!"*tt+t!" .!% .!%e0""-e*t/e"t# It * "!t ec!"!/c $e%e* t! $!'( t$&t t%&(e3" * "!t & .&% e;c$&"0e#

Sect!" 2=# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' e*t&'*$ &" "(e)e"(e"t ce"t%&' /!"et&% &+t$!%t, t$e/e/e%* !. 6$!*e 0!-e%""0 !&%( /+*t e "&t+%&'3!%" F')"! cte"*, !. "!6" )%!t,"te0%t, &"( )&t%!t*/, t$e /&@!%t !. 6$!/ *$&'' c!/e .%!/ t$e )%-&te *ect!%# T$e *$&''&'*! e *+@ect t! *+c$ !t$e% +&'.c&t!"* &"( (*&'te* &* /& e )%e*c%e( '&6# T$e&+t$!%t *$&'' )%!-(e )!'c (%ect!" " t$e &%e&* !. /!"e, &""0 &"( c%e(t It *$&'' $&-e

*+)e%-*!" !-e% t$e !)e%&t!"* !. &"* &"( e;e%c*e *+c$ %e0+'&t!% )!6e%* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6 !-e% t$e !)e%&t!"* !. ."&"ce c!/)&"e* &"( !t$e% "*tt+t!"* )e%.!%/"0*/'&% .+"ct!"*#>>7H<

U"t' t$e C!"0%e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e*, t$e Ce"t%&' B&" !. t$e P$'))"e*, !)e%&t"0+"(e% e;*t"0 '&6*, *$&'' .+"ct!" &* t$e ce"t%&' /!"et&% &+t$!%t#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. C!"0%e** +"(e% Sect!" 2=4A 3 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' e*t&'*$ &" "(e)e"(e"t ce"t%&' /!"et&% &+t$!%t#

3 W$&t * t$e .+"ct!" !. t$e ce"t%&' /!"et&% &+t$!%t4A 31# It *$&'' )%!-(e )!'c (%ect!" " t$e &%e&* !. /!"e, &""0 &"( c%e(t#2# It *$&'' $&-e *+)e%-*!" !-e% t$e !)e%&t!"* !. ."&"ce c!/)&"e* &"( !t$e% "*tt+t!"*

)e%.!%/"0 */'&% .+"ct!"*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e 0!-e%""0 !&%( !. t$e ce"t%&' /!"et&%&+t$!%t4

A 3

1# N&t+%&'3!%" F')"! cte"*#2# O. "!6" )%!t, "te0%t &"( )&t%!t*/#?# M&@!%t !. t$e /e/e%* *$&'' c!/e .%!/ t$e )%-&te *ect!%#

Sect!" 21# F!%e0" '!&"* /& !"' e "c+%%e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6 &"( t$e %e0+'&t!"!. t$e /!"et&% &+t$!%t# I".!%/&t!" !" .!%e0" '!&"* !t&"e( !% 0+&%&"tee( t$eG!-e%"/e"t *$&'' e /&(e &-&'&'e t! t$e )+'c#

Sect!" 22# Act* 6$c$ c%c+/-e"t !% "e0&te &" !. t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$* A%tc'e *$&'' ec!"*(e%e( "/c&' t! t$e "&t!"&' "te%e*t &"( *+@ect t! c%/"&' &"( c-' *&"ct!"*, &* /&

e )%!-(e( '&6#Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#

MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTIONS1# A'e"&'e '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&"A# A .!%e*t '&"( * &" &'e"&'e '&"(#B# A t/e% '&"( * &" &'e"&'e '&"(#C# A /"e%&' '&"( * &" &'e"&'e '&"(#

1=



D# A'e"&'e '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" *$&'' e '/te( t! &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*#>>7H72# X, & F')"!, 6&* "&t+%&'e( &* &" A/e%c&" Cte"# C&" $e &c+%e & .-e H $ect&%e !.

%ce'&"( " & /!+"t&" &%e& 6$e%e $e 6&* !%"4A# e*, *+@ect t! '/t&t!"* )%!-(e( '&6#B# N!, ec&+*e $e * &'%e&( &" A/e%c&" cte"#C# 5e c&" &c+%e & %+%&' '&"( )%!-(e( t 6'' !"' e +*e( .!% %e*(e"ce#

D# 5e c&" &c+%e "!t /!%e t$&" t$%ee ? $ect&%e* !. %+%&' '&"( 6$c$ /& "!t e +*e( .!% +*"e** &"( !t$e% )+%)!*e* +t 6$c$ c&" e +*e( &* %e*(e"ce#

ARTICLE XIIISOCIAL USTICE AND 5UMAN RIG5TS

Sect!" 1# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' 0-e $0$e*t )%!%t t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !. /e&*+%e* t$&t )%!tect &"( e"$&"ce t$e %0$t !. &'' t$e )e!)'e t! $+/&" (0"t, %e(+ce *!c&', ec!"!/c, &"( )!'tc&' "e+&'te*, &"( %e/!-e c+'t+%&' "e+&'te* e+t&' (..+*"0 6e&'t$ &"( )!'tc&' )!6e% .!% t$e c!//!" 0!!(#

T! t$* e"(, t$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e &c+*t!", !6"e%*$), +*e, &"( (*)!*t!" !. )%!)e%t &"( t* "c%e/e"t#

Sect!" 2# T$e )%!/!t!" !. *!c&' @+*tce *$&'' "c'+(e t$e c!//t/e"t t! c%e&teec!"!/c !))!%t+"te* &*e( !" .%ee(!/ !. "t&t-e &"( *e'.3%e'&"ce#

3 W$ *$!+'( 6e )%!/!te & @+*t &"( ("&/c *!c&' !%(e%4A 3 It * t$e .!+"(&t!" !. & *t%!"0 &"( )%!*)e%!+* "&t!"# P!-e%t &"( "@+*tce &%e t$e %!!t

c&+*e* !. )+'c (*c!"te"t 6$c$ 0-e* %*e t! c$&!* &"( (*!%(e%, &"( '&te%, t! & %e-!'+t!"#

3 W$&t * *!c&' @+*tce4

A 3 It * "et$e% c!//+"*/, "!% &t!/*/, "!% &"&%c$ +t t$e $+/&"&t!" !. '&6* &"( t$ee+&'&t!" !. *!c&' &"( ec!"!/c .!%ce* !. t$e St&te *! t$&t @+*tce " t* %&t!"&' &"(!@ect-e' *ec+'&% c!"ce)t!" /& &t 'e&*t e &))%!;/&te(# S!c&' @+*tce /e&"* t$e

)%!/!t!" !. t$e 6e'.&%e !. &'' t$e )e!)'e, t$e &(!)t!" t$e G!-e%"/e"t !. /e&*+%e*c&'c+'&te( t! "*+%e ec!"!/c *t&'t !. &'' t$e c!/)!"e"t e'e/e"t* !. t$e *!cet, t$%!+0$t$e /&"te"&"ce !. & )%!)e% ec!"!/c &"( *!c&' e+'%+/ " t$e "te%%e'&t!"* !. t$e/e/e%* !. t$e c!//+"t, c!"*tt+t!"&'', t$%!+0$ t$e &(!)t!" !. /e&*+%e* 'e0&''

@+*t.&'e, !% e;t%&3c!"*tt+t!"&'', t$%!+0$ t$e e;e%c*e !. )!6e%* +"(e%'"0 t$e e;*te"ce!. &'' 0!-e%"/e"t* !" t$e t/e3$!"!%e( )%"c)'e !. *&'+* )!)+' e*t *+)%e/& 'e;#

C&'&'&"0 -*# W''&/*, 7= P$'#, 72<>>7H8 3 W$&t, . &", * t$e e;)&"(e( /e&""0 !. *!c&' @+*tce +"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"4

A 3 S!c&' @+*tce +"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" * %!&(e% t$&" t$e c!"ce)t !. *!c&' @+*tce +"(e%t$e 19?H &"( 197? C!"*tt+t!" &"(, " .&ct, %!&(e% t$&" t$e (e."t!" " C&'&'&"0 -*#W''&/*# S!c&' @+*tce +"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" "c'+(e* &'' )$&*e* !. "&t!"&'(e-e'!)/e"t, "*te&( !. e"0 /e%e' '/te( t! t$e %e/!-&' !. *!c!3ec!"!/c "e+te*#

1=H



I" .&ct, A%tc'e XIII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", )%!-(e* .!% t$e .!''!6"0 *)ec.c/&"(&te:

Sect!" 1# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' 0-e $0$e*t )%!%t t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !. /e&*+%e* t$&t )%!tect &"( e"$&"ce t$e %0$t !. &'' t$e )e!)'e t! $+/&" (0"t, %e(+ce *!c&', ec!"!/c, &"( )!'tc&' "e+&'te*, &"( %e/!-e c+'t+%&' "e+&'te* e+t&' (..+*"0 6e&'t$ &"( )!'tc&' )!6e% .!% t$e c!//!" 0!!(#

T! t$* e"(, t$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e &c+*t!", !6"e%*$), +*e &"( (*)!*t!" !. )%!)e%t &"( t* "c%e/e"t*#

Sect!" 2# T$e )%!/!t!" !. *!c&' @+*tce *$&'' "c'+(e t$e c!//t/e"t t! c%e&teec!"!/c !))!%t+"te* &*e( !" .%ee(!/ !. "t&t-e &"( *e'.3%e'&"ce#

Sect!" ?# T$e St&te *$&'' &..!%( .+'' )%!tect!" t! '&!%, '!c&' !-e%*e&*, !%0&"e( &"(+"!%0&"e(, &"( )%!/!te .+'' e/)'!/e"t &"( e+&'t !. e/)'!/e"t !))!%t+"te* .!% &''#

It *$&'' 0+&%&"tee t$e %0$t* !. &'' 6!%e%* t! *e'.3!%0&"&t!", c!''ect-e &%0&""0 &"("e0!t&t!"*, &"( )e&ce.+' c!"ce%te( &ct-te*, "c'+("0 t$e %0$t t! *t%e " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$'&6 T$e *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! *ec+%t !. te"+%e, $+/&"e c!"(t!"* !. 6!%, &"( & '-"0 6&0e#

T$e *$&'' &'*! )&%tc)&te " )!'c &"( (ec*!"3/&"0 )%!ce**e* &..ect"0 t$e% %0$t* &"( e"e.t* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6

T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te t$e )%"c)'e !. *$&%e( %e*)!"*'t et6ee" 6!%e%* &"(e/)'!e%* &"( t$e )%e.e%e"t&' +*e !. -!'+"t&% /!(e* " *ett'"0 (*)+te* "c'+("0c!"c'&t!", &"( *$&'' e".!%ce t$e% /+t+&' c!/)'&"ce t$e%e6t$ t! .!*te% "(+*t%&' )e&ce#

T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e %e'&t!"* et6ee" 6!%e%* &"( e/)'!e%*, %ec!0""0 t$e%0$t !. '&!% t! t* @+*t *$&%e " t$e .%+t* !. )%!(+ct!" &"( t$e %0$t !. e"te%)%*e* t!%e&*!"&'e %et+%"* !" "-e*t/e"t*, &"( t! e;)&"*!" &"( 0%!6t$#>>7H9 3 5!6 c&" *!c&' @+*tce e )%!/!te(4

A 31# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' 0-e $0$e*t )%!%t t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !. /e&*+%e* t$&t )%!tect &"(

e"$&"ce t$e %0$t !. &'' t$e )e!)'e t! $+/&" (0"t, %e(+ce *!c&', ec!"!/c, &"( )!'tc&'"e+&'te*, &"( %e/!-e c+'t+%&' "e+&'te* e+t&' (..+*"0 6e&'t$ &"( )!'tc&'

)!6e% .!% t$e c!//!" 0!!(#2# T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e &c+*t!", !6"e%*$), +*e &"( (*)!*t!" !. )%!)e%t &"( t*

"c%e/e"t*#?# T$e )%!/!t!" !. *!c&' @+*tce *$&'' "c'+(e t$e c!//t/e"t t! c%e&te ec!"!/c

!))!%t+"te* &*e( !" .%ee(!/ !. "t&t-e &"( *e'.3%e'&"ce#

3 I" N&t!"&' Se%-ce C!%)!%&t!" -*# NLRC, et &'#, G#R# N!# <987=, N!-e/e% 29, 1988,ct"0 C+'t !. Le0&'*/ D%# !%0e B!c!!, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *&( t$&t t$e )%"c)'e !.*!c&' @+*tce 6&* "!t "c'+(e( " t$e .+"(&/e"t&' '&6 &* & /e%e )!)+'&% 0e*t+%e# It 6&*/e&"t t! e & -t&', &%tc+'&te &"( c!/)e''"0 )%"c)'e !. )+'c )!'c# D!e* t$* /e&" t$&t*!c&' @+*tce c$&/)!" (-*!" !. )%!)e%t !% e+&'t !. ec!"!/c *t&t+*4

A 3 S!c&' @+*tce (!e* "!t c$&/)!" (-*!" !. )%!)e%t !% e+&'t !. ec!"!/c *t&t+* 6$&t t&"( t$e C!"*tt+t!" (! 0+&%&"tee &%e e+&'t !. !))!%t+"t, e+&'t !. )!'tc&' %0$t*,

1=<



e+&'t e.!%e t$e '&6, e+&'t et6ee" -&'+e* 0-e" &"( %ece-e(, e+t&'e *$&%"0 !. t$e*!c&' &"( /&te%&' 0!!(* !" t$e &** !. e..!%t* e;e%te( " t$e% )%!(+ct!"# It * & c!//&"(t! (e-*e *!c&' /e&*+%e* +t t c&""!t e +*e( t! t%&/)'e +)!" t$e %0$t* !. !t$e%*# G+(!-*# R+%&' P%!0%e** A(/"*t%&t!", G#R# N!# L32=89, Oct!e% ?1, 199

3 I" O"(! -*# I0"&c!, G#R# N!# L3?<9<9, Fe%+&% 28, 1978, t 6&* %+'e( t$&t &* et6ee" &'&!%e%, +*+&'' )!!% &"( +"'ette%e(, &"( t$e e/)'!e%, 6$! $&* %e*!+%ce* t! *ec+%e &'e

'e0&' &(-ce, t$e '&6 $&* %e&*!" t! (e/&"( .%!/ t$e '&tte% *t%cte% c!/)'&"ce# I* t$* "!t &-!'&t!" !. t$e )%"c)'e e"+"c&te( " t$e &.!%e/e"t!"e( c&*e4

A 3 S!c&' @+*tce " t$* c&*e * "!t e+&'t +t )%!tect!" I(## It * c!/)&**!"&te @+*tce !%&" /)'e/e"t&t!" !. t$e )!'c t$&t t$!*e 6$! $&-e 'e** " '.e *$!+'( $&-e /!%e " '&6A''e( I"-e*t0&t!" B+%e&+, I"c# -*# O)'e, et &'#, G#R# N!# L39<78, +"e 29, 1979

3 I* t !"' e+t&'e (..+*!" !. 6e&'t$ t$&t *$!+'( e )%!/!te( t$e )%"c)'e !. *!c&' @+*tce4

A 3 U"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", *!c&' @+*tce c!"te/)'&te* e+t&'e (..+*!" "!t !"' !.

6e&'t$ +t &'*! !. )!'tc&' )!6e%# Sect!" 1, A%tc'e XIII, 1987

3 I* c!/)&**!" .!% t$e )!!% &" /)e%&t-e !. e-e% $+/&" *!cet4A 3 C!/)&**!" .!% t$e )!!% * &" /)e%&t-e !. e-e% $+/&" *!cet +t !"' 6$e" t$e

%ec)e"t * "!t & %&*c&' c'&/"0 &" +"(e*e%-e( )%-'e0e# S!c&' @+*tce c&""!t e )e%/tte(t! e t$e %e.+0e !. *c!+"(%e'* &" /!%e t$&" c&" e+t e &" /)e(/e"t t! t$e )+"*$/e"t!. t$e 0+'t# T$!*e 6$! "-!e *!c&' @+*tce /& (! *! !"' . t$e% $&"(* &%e c'e&" &"(t$e% /!t-e* '&/e'e** &"( "!t */)' ec&+*e t$e $&))e" t! e )!!%# T$* 0%e&t )!'c !.!+% C!"*tt+t!" * "!t /e&"t .!% t$e )%!tect!" !. t$!*e 6$! $&-e t&"te( t$e c&+*e !. '&!%6t$ t$e 'e/*$e* !. t$e% !6" c$&%&cte%# P$'))"e L!"0 D*t&"ce C!# -*# NLRC, et &'#,

G#R# N!# 8=<=, A+0+*t 2?, 1988 De Ve%& et &'# -*# NLRC, et &'#, G#R# N!# 9?212, N!-e/e% 22, 199= F'!%e* -*# NLRC, et &'#, G#R# N!# 9<9<9, M&%c$ 2, 199?

>>7<= 3 T$e St&te, &"( C!"0%e** )&%tc+'&%', *$&'' 0-e $0$e*t )%!%t t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !.

/e&*+%e* t$&t )%!tect &"( e"$&"ce t$e %0$t !. &'' t$e )e!)'e t! $+/&" (0"t, %e(+ce *!c&',ec!"!/c &"( )!'tc&' "e+&'te* ; ; ; .!% t$e c!//!" 0!!(# D!e* t$* /e&" t$&t t$e0!-e%"/e"t * !'0&te( t! )%!-(e $!+*"0 .!% &'' t$e )!!%, !% . t c&""!t, (!e* t$* /e&"t$&t t$e 0!-e%"/e"t c&" @+*t t!'e%&te *+&tte%* *! t$&t t$e c&" $&-e *$e'te% e.!%e t$e0!-e%"/e"t c!+'( e..ect-e' %e*)!"( t! t$e )%!'e/ &%*"0 .%!/ &c+te $!+*"0 *$!%t&0e4

A 3 N!# W$'e t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t t! $e') " t$e &''e-&t!" !. )!-e%t &"($!+*"0 *$!%t&0e, t $&* &'*! t$e %e*)!"*'t t! )%!tect t%+e, '&6.+' &"( 'e0t/&te !6"e%*!. )%!)e%t 6$! &%e &'*! )%!tecte( +"(e% t$e '' !. %0$t*# M!%e!-e%, t$e 0!-e%"/e"t c!+'("!t e e;)ecte( t! 0-e $!+*e* t! &'' t$e $!/e'e** c!"*(e%"0 t* '/te( .+"(* &"(%e*!+%ce*#

LABOR

1=7



Sect!" ?# T$e St&te *$&'' &..!%( .+'' )%!tect!" t! '&!%, '!c&' &"( !-e%*e&*, !%0&"e(&"( +"!%0&"e(, &"( )%!/!te .+'' e/)'!/e"t &"( e+&'t !. e/)'!/e"t !))!%t+"te* .!%&''#

It *$&'' 0+&%&"tee t$e %0$t* !. &'' 6!%e%* t! *e'.3!%0&"&t!", c!''ect-e &%0&""0 &"("e0!t&t!"*, &"( )e&ce.+' c!"ce%"e( &ct-te*, "c'+("0 t$e %0$t t! *t%e " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$'&6# T$e *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! *ec+%t !. te"+%e, $+/&"e c!"(t!"* !. 6!%, &"( & '-"0 6&0e#T$e *$&'' &'*! )&%tc)&te " )!'c &"( (ec*!"3/&"0 )%!ce**e* &..ect"0 t$e% %0$t* &"(

e"e.t* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6#T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te t$e )%"c)'e !. *$&%e( %e*)!"*'t et6ee" 6!%e%* &"(

e/)'!e%* &"( t$e )%e.e%e"t&' +*e !. -!'+"t&% /!(e* " *ett'"0 (*)+te*, "c'+("0c!"c'&t!", &"( *$&'' e".!%ce t$e% /+t+&' c!/)'&"ce t$e%e6t$ t! .!*te% "(+*t%&' )e&ce#

T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e %e'&t!"* et6ee" 6!%e%* &"( e/)'!e%*, %ec!0""0 t$e%0$t !. '&!% t! t* @+*t *$&%e " t$e .%+t* !. )%!(+ct!" &"( t$e %0$t !. e"te%)%*e* t!%e&*!"&'e %et+%"* !" "-e*t/e"t* &"( t! e;)&"*!" &"( 0%!6t$#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!" ?4

A 3 T$e St&te *$&'' &..!%(:>>7<11# F+'' )%!tect!" t! '&!%, '!c&' &"( !-e%*e&*, !%0&"e( &"( +"!%0&"e(2# P%!/!te .+'' e/)'!/e"t &"( e+&'t !. e/)'!/e"t !))!%t+"te* .!% &''

?# It *$&'' 0+&%&"tee t$e %0$t* !. &'' 6!%e%* t!:& Se'.3!%0&"&t!" C!''ect-e &%0&""0 &"( "e0!t&t!"*c Pe&ce.+' c!"ce%"e( &ct-te*( T$e %0$t t! *t%e " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6#

# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te:& T$e )%"c)'e !. *$&%e( %e*)!"*'t et6ee" 6!%e%* &"( e/)'!e%* P%e.e%e"t&' +*e !. -!'+"t&% /!(e* " *ett'"0 (*)+te*#

H# T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e %e'&t!"* et6ee" 6!%e%* &"( e/)'!e%*, %ec!0""0 t$e %0$t!. '&!% t! t* @+*t *$&%e " t$e .%+t* !. )%!(+ct!" &"( t$e %0$t !. e"te%)%*e* t! %e&*!"&'e%et+%"* !" "-e*t/e"t*#

3 D!e* t$e %0$t !. 0!-e%"/e"t e/)'!ee* t! !%0&"e "c'+(e t$e %0$t t! .!%/ +"!"* !%&**!c&t!"*4

A 3 e*, +t t (!e* "!t "c'+(e t$e %0$t t! *t%e &"( t! e"0&0e " */'&% &ct-te* S!c&'Sec+%t S*te/ E/)'!ee* A**!c&t!"*, I"c# -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 17H SCRA <8<, +'28, 1989# T$* 6&* %ete%&te( " M&"'& P+'c Sc$!!' Te&c$e%* A**!c&t!" MPSTA -*#L&0+%!, %#, 2== SCRA ?2?, A+0+*t <, 1991# A0&" t$* 6&* %ete%&te( " 199? " A''&"ce!. G!-e%"/e"t W!%e%* -*# M"*te% !. L&!% &"( E/)'!/e"t, 12 SCRA 1, A+0+*t ?199?#

1=8



P'e&*e "!te, $!6e-e%, t$&t t$e%e &%e t6! (**e"t"0 !)"!"* !" t$* /&tte%# A't$!+0$ t$e&%e (**e"t"0 !)"!"*, t$e &%0+/e"t* !. +*tce I*&0&" C%+ &"( +*tce 5+0! G+te%%e $&-e

)e%*+&(e( /&" '&6e%*, '&6 *t+(e"t* &"( '&/e" &"( 6$! "!6* t$e /& e t$e /&@!%t-e6 " t$e .+t+%e#

D**e"t"0 !)"!" !. +*tce I*&0&" C%+: Be"0 &" ec!"!/c 6e&)!" t! )%!/!te t$e"te%e*t !. '&!%, t$e (e"&' !. t$e %0$t t! *t%e .%!/ 0!-e%"/e"t e/)'!ee* * & (e%!0&t!" !.

t$e% .%ee(!/ !. e;)%e**!" &"( & -!'&t!" !. t$e e+&' )%!tect!" c'&+*e, e*(e* e"0c!"t%&% t! *!c&' @+*tce#

G!-e%"/e"t 6!%e%*, 6$&te-e% t$e% c&te0!% !% *t&t+*, $&-e &* /+c$ %0$t &* &" )e%*!" " t$e '&"( t! -!ce t$e% )%!te*t* &0&"*t 6$&t t$e e'e-e t! e & -!'&t!" !. t$e%"te%e*t*# T$e .&ct t$&t t$e e'!"0 t! t$e c-' *e%-ce $&* "!t (e)%-e( t$e/ !. t$e% .%ee(!/ !.e;)%e**!", 6$c$ * 0+&%&"tee( t! e-e% "(-(+&' " t$* c!+"t%, "c'+("0 e-e" t$e &'e"# It6!+'( e %(c+'!+* t! e-e" *+00e*t t$&t &cce)t"0 )+'c e/)'!/e"t, t$e /e/e%* !. t$ec-' *e%-ce &+t!/&tc&'' &"( /)'e(' %e"!+"ce t$* &*c 'e%t# T$* .%ee(!/ c&" &t e*t

e %e0+'&te( !"' +t "e-e% c!/)'ete' 6t$(%&6"#

D**e"t"0 !)"!" !. +*tce 5+0! G+te%%e: T! /e, t$e **+e * t$e .%ee(!/ t!e..ect-e' *)e&# W$e" t$e /e/e%* !. & "!'e )%!.e**!" &%e (e/e&"e( '!6 *&'&%e* &"("&tte"t!" t! t$e% "ee(*, *+%e' t$e% .%ee(!/ t! *)e& " & /&""e% &"( &t & t/e &* * /!*te..ect-e .&% !+t6e0$* c!"-e"t!"&' &($e%e"ce t! !%t$!(!; *e%-ce %+'e* !" )%!)e% c!"(+ct &"(

e$&-!%#>>7<2AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM

Sect!" # T$e St&te *$&'', '&6, +"(e%t&e &" &0%&%&" %e.!%/ )%!0%&/ !" t$e %0$t !..&%/e%* &"( %e0+'&% .&%/6!%e%*, 6$! &%e '&"('e**, t! !6" (%ect' !% c!''ect-e' t$e '&"(*t$e t'' !%, " t$e c&*e !. !t$e% .&%/6!%e%*, t! %ece-e & @+*t *$&%e !. t$e .%+t* t$e%e!.# T! t$*

e"(, t$e St&te *$&'' e"c!+%&0e &"( +"(e%t&e t$e @+*t (*t%+t!" !. &'' &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*,*+@ect t! *+c$ )%!%te* &"( %e&*!"&'e %ete"t!" '/t* &* t$e C!"0%e** /& )%e*c%e, t&"0"t! &cc!+"t ec!'!0c&', (e-e'!)/e"t&', !% e+t c!"*(e%&t!"*, &"( *+@ect t! t$e )&/e"t !.

@+*t c!/)e"*&t!"# I" (ete%/""0 %ete"t!" '/t*, t$e St&te *$&'' %e*)ect t$e %0$t* !. */&'''&"(!6"e%*# T$e St&te *$&'' .+%t$e% )%!-(e "ce"t-e* .!% -!'+"t&% '&"(3*$&%"0#

Sect!" H# T$e St&te *$&'' %ec!0"e t$e %0$t !. .&%/e%*, .&%/6!%e%*, &"( '&"(!6"e%*&* 6e'' &* c!!)e%&t-e*, &"( !t$e% "(e)e"(e"t .&%/e%* !%0&"&t!"* t! )&%tc)&te " t$e

)'&"""0, !%0&"&t!", &"( /&"&0e/e"t !. t$e )%!0%&/, &"( *$&'' )%!-(e *+))!%t t!&0%c+'t+%e t$%!+0$ &))%!)%&te tec$"!'!0 &"( %e*e&%c$, &"( &(e+&te ."&"c&' )%!(+ct!",

/&%et"0, &"( !t$e% *+))!%t *e%-ce*#Sect!" <# T$e St&te *$&'' &))' t$e )%"c)'e !. &0%&%&" %e.!%/ !% *te6&%(*$)

6$e"e-e% &))'c&'e " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6, " t$e (*)!*t!" !% +t'&t!" !. !t$e% "&t+%&'%e*!+%ce*, "c'+("0 '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" +"(e% 'e&*e !% c!"ce**!" *+t&'e t!&0%c+'t+%e, *+@ect t! )%!% %0$t*, $!/e*te&( %0$t* !. */&'' *ett'e%*, &"( t$e %0$t* !."(0e"!+* c!//+"te* t! t$e% &"ce*t%&' '&"(*#

T$e St&te /& %e*ett'e '&"('e** .&%/e%* &"( .&%/6!%e%* " t* !6" &0%c+'t+%&' e*t&te*6$c$ *$&'' e (*t%+te( t! t$e/ " t$e /&""e% )%!-(e( '&6#

1=9



>>7<?Sect!" 7# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect t$e %0$t* !. *+**te"ce .*$e%/e", e*)ec&'' !. '!c&'

c!//+"te*, t! t$e )%e.e%e"t&' +*e !. t$e c!//+"&' /&%"e &"( .*$"0 %e*!+%ce*, !t$ "'&"(&"( !..*$!%e# It *$&'' )%!-(e *+))!%t t! *+c$ .*$e%/e" t$%!+0$ &))%!)%&te tec$"!'!0 &"(%e*e&%c$, &(e+&te ."&"c&', )%!(+ct!", &"( /&%et"0 &***t&"ce, &"( !t$e% *e%-ce*# T$e St&te*$&'' &'*! )%!tect, (e-e'!), &"( c!"*e%-e *+c$ %e*!+%ce*# T$e )%!tect!" *$&'' e;te"( t! !..*$!%e.*$"0 0%!+"(* !. *+**te"ce .*$e%/e" &0&"*t .!%e0" "t%+*!"# F*$6!%e%* *$&'' %ece-e &

@+*t *$&%e .%!/ t$e% '&!% " t$e +t'&t!" !. /&%"e &"( .*$"0 %e*!+%ce*#Sect!" 8# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!-(e "ce"t-e* t! '&"(!6"e%* t! "-e*t t$e )%!cee(* !. t$e

&0%&%&" %e.!%/ )%!0%&/ t! )%!/!te "(+*t%&'&t!", e/)'!/e"t c%e&t!", &"( )%-&t&t!" !. )+'c *ect!% e"te%)%*e*# F"&"c&' "*t%+/e"t* +*e( &* )&/e"t .!% t$e% '&"(* *$&'' e $!"!%e(&* e+t " e"te%)%*e* !. t$e% c$!ce#

3 W$&t * &0%&%&" %e.!%/4A 3 A0%&%&" Re.!%/ /e&"* t$e %e(*t%+t!" !. '&"(*, %e0&%('e** !. c%!)* !% .%+t* )%!(+ce(, t!

.&%/e%* &"( %e0+'&% .&%/6!%e%* 6$! &%e '&"('e**, %%e*)ect-e !. te"+%&' &%%&"0e/e"t, t!

"c'+(e t$e t!t&'t !. .&ct!%* &"( *+))!%t *e%-ce* (e*0"e( t! '.t t$e ec!"!/c *t&t+* !. t$e e"e.c&%e* &"( &'' !t$e% &%%&"0e/e"t* &'te%"&t-e t! t$e )$*c&' %e(*t%+t!" !. '&"(*,*+c$ &* )%!(+ct !% )%!.t3*$&%"0, '&!% &(/"*t%&t!", &"( t$e (*t%+t!" !. *$&%e* !.*t!c, 6$c$ 6'' &''!6 e"e.c&%e* t! %ece-e & @+*t *$&%e !. t$e .%+t* !. t$e '&"(* t$e6!%# Sect!" ?, Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7

3 I* Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 c!"*tt+t!"&'4

ASSOCIATION OF SMALL LANDOWNERS IN T5E P5ILIPPINES VS# SECRETAR OFAGRARIAN REFORM

G#R# NO# 7872, UL 1, 1989FACTS:

PD N!# 27, EO N!*# 228 &"( 229, &"( RA N!# <<H7 C!/)%e$e"*-e A0%&%&" Re.!%/P%!0%&/ 6e%e &**&'e( &* -!'&t-e !. (+e )%!ce** &"( t$e%e.!%e +"c!"*tt+t!"&'#

ISSUE:I* Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 c!"*tt+t!"&'4

>>7<5ELD:

T$e t&"0 c!"te/)'&te( * "!t & /e%e '/t&t!" !. t$e +*e !. t$e '&"(# W$&t * %e+%e(* t$e *+%%e"(e% !. t$e '&"( &"( t$e )$*c&' )!**e**!" !. t$e '&"( " e;ce** !. t$e %ete"t!"'/t &"( &'' t$e e"e.c&' %0$t* &cc%+"0 t! t$e !6"e% " .&-!% !. t$e .!%/e% e"e.c&%# T$** 6t$" t$e )!6e% !. t$e *t&te t! t&e &"( %e0+'&te )%-&te )%!)e%t .!% 6$c$ )&/e"t !. @+*tc!/)e"*&t!" * )%!-(e(#

A't$!+0$ t$e )%!cee("0* " Sect!" 1< !. CARL &%e (e*c%e( &* *+//&%, t$e'&"(!6"e%* &"( !t$e% "te%e*te( )&%te* &%e "e-e%t$e'e** &''!6e( &" !))!%t+"t t! *+/te-(e"ce !" t$e %e&' -&'+e !. t$e )%!)e%t# DAR* (ete%/"&t!" !. @+*t c!/)e"*&t!" * "!t

11=



&" /e&"* ."&' &"( c!"c'+*-e +)!" t$e '&"(!6"e% !% &" "te%e*te( )&%t# DAR*(ete%/"&t!" * !"' )%e'/"&% +"'e** &cce)te( &'' )&%te* c!"ce%"e(# Ot$e%6*e, t$e c!+%t!. @+*tce 6'' *t'' $&-e t$e %0$t t! %e-e6 6t$ ."&'t t$e *&( (ete%/"&t!" " t$e e;e%c*e !.6$&t * &(/tte(' & @+(c&' .+"ct!"#

Re0&%("0 Sect!" 18 t$e%e!. 6$c$ %e+%e* t$e !6"e%* !. e;)%!)%&te( )%!)e%te* t!&cce)t @+*t c!/)e"*&t!" " 'e** t$&" /!"e, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *&(: T$* * "!t &" !%("&%e;)%!)%&t!" 6$e%e !"' & *)ec.c )%!)e%t * *!+0$t t! e t&e" t$e *t&te .%!/ t* !6"e%

.!% & *)ec.c &"( )e%$&)* '!c&' )+%)!*e# W5AT WE DEAL WIT5 5ERE IS AREVOLUTIONAR JIND OF EXPROPRIATION#

S+c$ )%!0%&/ 6'' "-!'-e "!t /e%e' /''!"* +t ''!"* !. )e*!*# We &**+/e t$&t t$e.%&/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" 6e%e &6&%e !. t$* (..c+'t 6$e" t$e c&''e( .!% &0%&%&" %e.!%/ &*& t!) )%!@ect !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e%e c&" e "! (!+t t$&t t$e 6e%e &6&%e !. t$e ."&"c&''/t&t!" !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &"( $&( "! ''+*!"* t$&t t$e%e 6!+'( e e"!+0$ /!"e t! )& "c&*$ &"( " .+'' .!% t$e '&"(* t$e 6&"te( t! e (*t%+te( &/!"0 t$e .&%/e%*#

We /& &**+/e t$e% "te"t!" 6&* t! &''!6 *+c$ /&""e% !. )&/e"t &* )%!-(e( t$eCARP L&6 c!"(t!"* t$e t%&"*.e% !. )!**e**!" &"( !6"e%*$) !. t$e '&"( t! t$e 0!-e%"/e"t

+)!" %ece)t t$e '&"(!6"e% !. t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 )&/e"t !% t$e (e)!*t t$e DAR !. t$ec!/)e"*&t!" " c&*$ !% LBP !"(* 6t$ &" &cce**'e &"# U"t' t$e", t$e tt'e %e/&"* 6t$t$e '&"(!6"e%# N! !+t%0$t c$&"0e !. !6"e%*$) * c!"te/)'&te(#

3 W$&t * t$e c!"ce)t !. *te6&%(*$)4

A 3 We &%e /e%e *te6&%(* !. G!( t! 6$&te-e% 6e&'t$, t&'e"t &"( )%!)e%t t$&t 6e $&-e " t$*6!%'(, &"( &t &"t/e, 6e *$&'' et$e% 'e&-e t$e/ !% '!*e t$e/# A* *te6&%(*, !+%%e*)!"*'t * t! t&e c&%e !. t$e/, t! +*e t$e/ 6e'', +t "e-e% t! &+*e t$e/ !% t! +*et$e/ +"@+*t'#

G!( $&* 0-e" +* t6! 0.t* 6t$!+t 6$c$ t *$&'' e /)!**'e .!% +* t! *+%--e &"( t!e"@! /&te%&' 6e&'t$# T$e*e 0.t* &%e 0-e" t! &'' 6t$!+t (*t"ct!" et6ee" t$e %c$ !% )!!%,t$e 6e& !% *t%!"0# A%, .!% !"e, * 0-e" t! &'' !. +* .!% .%ee# W&te% * 0-e" .!% .%ee &'t$!+0$t$e )e!)'e &%e "!6 %e+%e( t! +*e t$e% *'' &"( %e*!+%ce* t! %"0 6&te% .%!/ t$e /!+"t&"* t!t$e +%&" ce"te%*# I. &% &"( 6&te% &%e 0.t* !. G!(, *! &'*! &%e t$e '&"(*, /!+"t&"*, &"( t$e *e&t$&t c'e&"* t$e &% 6e %e&t$e &"( 6$c$ *+))' t$e 6&te% t$&t 6e (%"#>>7<H

N! !"e " )&%tc+'&% !6"* t$e '&"(* .%!/ t$e e0"""0# T$e )&**&0e !. t/e 6'' "!tc$&"0e t$*# O6"e%*$) t$%!+0$ c!"+e*t* &"( 0%&"t* * t$e 6'' !. t$e -ct!% !-e% t$e

-&"+*$e(, +t "e-e% t$e 6'' !. G!(# We c&""!t %"0 -&*t '&"(* 6t$ +* 6$e" 6e (e# O"' & )!%t!" !. t$&t '&"( * "ee(e( t! c!-e% !+% (e&( !(e* &"( !+% c&*et*# F%!/ t$e" !", !+% %!'e&* *te6&%(* * e"(e(# A M'e T! G! F!% Ge"+"e L&"( Re.!%/ " t$e P$'))"e*, S+&%e, )97

3 W$&t * t$e %ete"t!" '/t )%!-(e( .!% Re)+'c Act N!# <<H74

111



A 3 T$e '&"( t! e %et&"e( t$e '&"(!6"e% *$&'' "!t e;cee( .-e H $ect&%e*, +t t$%ee ?$ect&%e* /& e &6&%(e( t! e&c$ c$'( !. t$e '&"(!6"e% *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0+&'.c&t!"*:

& T$&t $e * &t 'e&*t ..tee" 1H e&%* !. &0e &"( T$&t $e * &ct+&'' t''"0 t$e '&"( !% (%ect' /&"&0"0 t$e .&%/#

3 I. t$e '&"(* !. & '&"(!6"e% $&-e &'%e&( ee" c!-e%e( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 27, 6$&t

&%e $* %0$t* +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <<H74

A 3 5e *$&'' $&-e t$e .!''!6"0 %0$t*:& 5e *$&'' e &''!6e( t! ee) t$e &%e& !%0"&'' %et&"e( $/ +"(e% P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!#

27, )%!-(e( t$&t t$e !%0"&' $!/e*te&( 0%&"tee* !% (%ect c!/)+'*!% $e%* 6$! *t'' !6"t$e !%0"&' $!/e*te&( &t t$e t/e !. t$e &))%!-&' !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 *$&'' %et&" t$e*&/e &%e&* &* '!"0 &* t$e c!"t"+e t! c+'t-&te *&( $!/e*te&(# Sect!" <

3 W$&t . t$e &%e& c$!*e" t$e '&"(!6"e% * te"&"te(, 6$&t * t$e !)t!" !. t$e te"&"t4

A 3& 5e c&" %e/&" " t$e '&"(, " 6$c$ c&*e, $e *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( & 'e&*e$!'(e% &"( *$&'' '!*e

$* %0$t &* & e"e.c&% +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7# 5e c&" c$!!*e t! e & e"e.c&% " t$e *&/e !% &"!t$e% &0%c+'t+%&' '&"( 6t$ & */'&% !%

c!/)&%&'e .e&t+%e*# Sect!" <, '&*t )&%&0%&)$

3 I. t$e te"&"t c$!!*e* t! e & e"e.c&% " &"!t$e% &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(, 6$&t * t$ec!"*e+e"ce4

A 3 5e *$&'' '!*e $* %0$t &* & 'e&*e$!'(e% t! t$e '&"( %et&"e( t$e '&"(!6"e%# Sect!" <, '&*t )&%&0%&)$

>>7<< 3 I. t$e te"&"t c$!!*e* t$* !)t!" t! e & e"e.c&% 6$&t * t$e t/e .%&/e 0-e" t! $/

Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 6t$" 6$c$ t! e;e%c*e $* !)t!"4A 3 5e /+*t e;e%c*e t$* !)t!" 6t$" !"e 1 e&% .%!/ t$e t/e t$e '&"(!6"e% /&".e*t* $*

c$!ce !. t$e &%e& t! e %et&"e( $/#

3 U)!" e..ect-t !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7, &" *&'e, (*)!*t!", 'e&*e, /&"&0e/e"t,c!"t%&ct !% t%&"*.e% !. )!**e**!" !. )%-&te '&"(* e;ec+te( t$e !%0"&' '&"(!6"e%, *$&''

e "+'' &"( -!(# S+))!*e t$e%e 6&* & *&'e !. & )%-&te '&"( .%!/ A t! B !" M& 2, 1988, +t

!" &cc!+"t !. t$e% @!* &%!&(, t$e 6e%e "!t &'e t! %e0*te% t$e *&/e " t$e Re0*t% !.Dee(* &"( t$e 6e%e &'e t! c!/e &c !"' " Dece/e%, 1988, t! *)e"( C$%*t/&*-&c&t!" " t$e P$'))"e* &"( t! %e0*te% 6$&t t$e .&'e( t! %e0*te% !" M& 2, 1988# I* t$e*&'e -&'(4

A 3 N!# Sect!" <, '&*t )&%&0%&)$, )%!-(e* t$&t & t%&"*&ct!" #e#, *&'e, t%&"*.e% !. )!**e**!",etc# *$&'' e -&'( !"' 6$e" %e0*te%e( 6t$ t$e Re0*t% !. Dee(* 6t$" & )e%!( !. t$%ee/!"t$* &.te% t$e e..ect-t !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7#

112



3 W$&t * t$e %ete"t!" '/t +"(e% P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 27, E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# 229 &"(Re)+'c Act N!# <<H74

A 3 P#D# N!# 27 3 Rete"t!" '/t * '!6e%e( t! *e-e" 7 $ect&%e*#E#O# N!# 229 3 T$e%e * "! )%!-*!" !" %ete"t!"#R#A# N!# <<H7 3 L&"(!6"e% *$&'' %et&" "!t /!%e t$&" .-e H $ect&%e* !. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(

E&c$ c$'( !. t$e '&"(!6"e% /& e &6&%(e( t$%ee ? $ect&%e* )%!-(e( t$&t $e * &t 'e&*t

..tee" 1H e&%* !'( &"( * &ct+&'' t''"0 t$e '&"(* !% /&"&0"0 t$e .&%/# I" c&*e !.'&"(!6"e%* 6$!*e %ce &"( c!%" '&"(* $&-e ee" )%e-!+*' c!-e%e( P#D# N!# 27, t$ec&" ee) t$e &%e& !%0"&'' %et&"e( t$e/ +"(e% *&( (ec%ee#

3 W$&t &%e t$e %0$t* !. *+**te"ce .*$e%/e" &"( .*$ 6!%e%*4A 31# T$e %0$t* !. *+**te"ce .*$e%/e", e*)ec&'' !. '!c&' c!//+"te*, t! t$e )%e.e%e"t&' +*e

!. t$e c!//+"&' /&%"e &"( .*$"0 %e*!+%ce*, !t$ "'&"( &"( !..*$!%e#2# T$e %0$t !. .*$ 6!%e%* t! %ece-e & @+*t *$&%e .%!/ t$e% '&!% " t$e +t'&t!" !. /&%"e

&"( .*$"0 %e*!+%ce*#

3 W$&t *+))!%t *$&'' e )%!-(e( t$e St&te t! *+c$ .*$e%/e"4A 31# A))%!)%&te tec$"!'!0 &"( %e*e&%c$#2# A(e+&te ."&"c&', )%!(+ct!" &"( /&%et"0 &***t&"ce#?# Ot$e% *e%-ce*## T$e St&te *$&'' &'*! )%!tect, (e-e'!), &"( c!"*e%-e *+c$ %e*!+%ce*#>>7<7URBAN LAND REFORM AND 5OUSING

Sect!" 9# T$e St&te *$&'', '&6, &"( .!% t$e c!//!" 0!!(, +"(e%t&e, " c!!)e%&t!"6t$ t$e )%-&te *ect!%, & c!"t"+"0 )%!0%&/ !. +%&" '&"( %e.!%/ &"( $!+*"0 &"( &*c*e%-ce* t! +"(e%)%-'e0e( &" $!/e'e** cte"* " +%&" ce"te%* &"( %e*ett'e/e"t &%e&*# It *$&''&'*! )%!/!te &(e+&te e/)'!/e"t !))!%t+"te* t! *+c$ cte"*# I" t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !.*+c$ )%!0%&/ t$e St&te *$&'' %e*)ect t$e %0$t* !. */&'' )%!)e%t !6"e%*#

Sect!" 1=# U%&" %+%&' (6e''e%* *$&'' "!t e e-cte( "!% t$e% (6e''"0* (e/!'*$e(,e;ce)t " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6 &"( " & @+*t &"( $+/&"e /&""e%#

N! %e*ett'e/e"t !. +%&" !% %+%&' (6e''e%* *$&'' e +"(e%t&e" 6t$!+t &(e+&tec!"*+'t&t!" 6t$ t$e/ &"( t$e c!//+"te* 6$e%e t$e &%e t! e %e'!c&te(

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!"* 9 &"( 1=4A 31# T! +"(e%t&e, " c!!)e%&t!" 6t$ t$e )%-&te *ect!%, & c!"t"+"0 )%!0%&/ !. +%&" '&"(

%e.!%/ &"( $!+*"0 &"( &*c *e%-ce* t! +"(e%)%-'e0e( & $!/e'e** cte"* " +%&"ce"te%* &"( %e*ett'e/e"t &%e&*# Sect!" 9, )&%&0%&)$ 1

11?



2# It *$&'' &'*! )%!/!te &(e+&te e/)'!/e"t !))!%t+"te* t! *+c$ cte"*# I" t$e/)'e/e"t&t!" !. *+c$ )%!0%&/ t$e St&te *$&'' %e*)ect t$e %0$t* !. */&'' )%!)e%t !6"e%*#Sect!" 9, )&%&0%&)$ 1

?# U%&" %+%&' (6e''e%* *$&'' "!t e e-cte( "!% t$e% (6e''"0* (e/!'*$e(, e;ce)t "&cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6 &"( " & @+*t &"( $+/&"e /&""e%# Sect!" 1=, )&%&0%&)$ 1

# N! %e*ett'e/e"t !. +%&" !% %+%&' (6e''e%* *$&'' e +"(e%t&e" 6t$!+t &(e+&te c!"*+'t&t!"6t$ t$e/ &"( t$e c!//+"te* 6$e%e t$e &%e t! e %e'!c&te(# Sect!" 1=, )&%&0%&)$ 2

3 D!e* t$* /e&" t$&t t$e -&'(t !. t$e (e/!'t!" !% e-ct!" $"0e* " t$e e;*te"ce !. &%e*ett'e/e"t &%e& (e*0"&te( !% e&%/&%e( t$e 0!-e%"/e"t4

A 3 N!# Pe!)'e -*# Le&c$!", G#R# N!# 1=872H, Se)te/e% 2H, 1998

5EALT5Sect!" 11# T$e St&te *$&'' &(!)t &" "te0%&te( &"( c!/)%e$e"*-e &))%!&c$ t! $e&'t$

(e-e'!)/e"t 6$c$ *$&'' e"(e&-!% t! /&e e**e"t&' 0!!(*, $e&'t$ &"( !t$e% *!c&' *e%-ce*&-&'&'e t! &'' t$e )e!)'e &t &..!%(&'e c!*t# T$e%e *$&'' e )%!%t .!% t$e "ee(* !. t$e

+"(e%)%-'e0e( *c, e'(e%', (*&'e(, 6!/e", &"( c$'(%e"# T$e St&te *$&'' e"(e&-!% t! )%!-(e .%ee /e(c&' c&%e t! )&+)e%*#>>7<8

Sect!" 12# T$e St&te *$&'' e*t&'*$ &"( /&"t&" &" e..ect-e .!!( &"( (%+0 %e0+'&t!%**te/ &"( +"(e%t&e &))%!)%&te $e&'t$ /&")!6e% (e-e'!)/e"t &"( %e*e&%c$, %e*)!"*-e t!t$e c!+"t%* $e&'t$ "ee(* &"( )%!'e/*#

Sect!" 1?# T$e St&te *$&'' e*t&'*$ & *)ec&' &0e"c .!% (*&'e( )e%*!"* .!% t$e%%e$&'t&t!", *e'.3(e-e'!)/e"t &"( *e'.3%e'&"ce, &"( t$e% "te0%&t!" "t! t$e /&"*t%e&/ !.*!cet#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!"* 11,12 &"( 1?4A 31# It *$&'' e"(e&-!% t! /&e e**e"t&' 0!!(*, $e&'t$ &"( !t$e% *!c&' *e%-ce* &-&'&'e t! &'' t$e

)e!)'e &t &..!%(&'e c!*t# Sect!" 112# T$e St&te *$&'' e"(e&-!% t! )%!-(e .%ee /e(c&' c&%e t! )&+)e%*, 0-"0 )%!%t .!% t$e "ee(*

!. t$e +"(e%)%-'e0e( *c, e'(e%', (*&'e(, 6!/e", &"( c$'(%e"# Sect!" 11?# T$e St&te *$&'' e*t&'*$ &"( /&"t&" &" e..ect-e .!!( &"( (%+0 %e0+'&t!% **te/ &"(

+"(e%t&e &))%!)%&te $e&'t$ /&")!6e% (e-e'!)/e"t &"( %e*e&%c$, %e*)!"*-e t! t$ec!+"t%* $e&'t$ "ee(* &"( )%!'e/*# Sect!" 12

# T$e St&te *$&'' e*t&'*$ & *)ec&' &0e"c .!% (*&'e( )e%*!"* .!% t$e% %e$&'t&t!", *e'.3(e-e'!)/e"t &"( *e'.3%e'&"ce, &"( t$e% "te0%&t!" "t! t$e /&"*t%e&/ !. *!cet# Sect!"1?

WOMENSect!" 1# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect 6!%"0 6!/e" )%!-("0 *&.e &"( $e&'t$.+'

6!%"0 c!"(t!"*, t&"0 "t! &cc!+"t t$e% /&te%"&' .+"ct!"*, &"( *+c$ .&c'te* &"(

11



!))!%t+"te* t$&t 6'' e"$&"ce t$e% 6e'.&%e &"( e"&'e t$e/ t! %e&'e t$e% .+'' )!te"t&' " t$e*e%-ce !. t$e "&t!"#

3 5!6 *$&'' 6!%"0 6!/e" e )%!tecte( t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!" 14A 3 B )%!-("0 t$e/ *&.e &"( $e&'t$.+' 6!%"0 c!"(t!"* c!"*(e%"0 t$e% /&te%"&'

.+"ct!"*#

ROLE AND RIG5TS OF PEOPLES ORGANIKATIONSSect!" 1H# T$e St&te *$&'' %e*)ect t$e %!'e !. "(e)e"(e"t )e!)'e* !%0&"&t!"* t!

e"&'e t$e )e!)'e t! )+%*+e &"( )%!tect, 6t$" t$e (e/!c%&tc .%&/e6!%, t$e% 'e0t/&te &"(c!''ect-e "te%e*t* &"( &*)%&t!"* t$%!+0$ )e&ce.+' &"( '&6.+' /e&"*#

Pe!)'e* !%0&"&t!"* &%e !"& .(e &**!c&t!"* !. cte"* 6t$ (e/!"*t%&te( c&)&ctt! )%!/!te t$e )+'c "te%e*t &"( 6t$ (e"t.&'e 'e&(e%*$), /e/e%*$), &"( *t%+ct+%e#>>7<9

Sect!" 1<# T$e %0$t !. t$e )e!)'e &"( t$e% !%0&"&t!"* t! e..ect-e &"( %e&*!"&'e )&%tc)&t!" &t &'' 'e-e'* !. *!c&', )!'tc&', &"( ec!"!/c (ec*!"3/&"0 *$&'' "!t e

&%(0e(# T$e St&te *$&'', '&6, .&c't&te t$e e*t&'*$/e"t !. &(e+&te c!"*+'t&t!"/ec$&"*/*#

3 I* t$e %0$t t! @!" & )e!)'e* !%0&"&t!" )&%t &"( )&%ce' !. t$e .%ee(!/ &"( &**e/'4A 3 e*#

3 I* t$e %0$t t! @!" t$e )e!)'e* !%0&"&t!" &*!'+te4A 3 N!# It * *+@ect t! '/t&t!"* /)!*e( '&6 &"( t! t$e (!/"&"t )!'ce )!6e% !. t$e

St&te# It * .!% t$* %e&*!" t$&t Sect!" 1H %e+%e* t$&t t$e 'e0t/&te &"( c!''ect-e "te%e*t*&"( &*)%&t!"* !. )e%*!"* " *&( !%0&"&t!"* *$!+'( e )+%*+e( 6t$" t$e (e/!c%&tc

.%&/e6!%, &"( /+*t e c&%%e( !+t t$%!+0$ )e&ce.+' &"( '&6.+' /e&"*#

5UMAN RIG5TSSect!" 17# 1 T$e%e * $e%e c%e&te( &" "(e)e"(e"t !..ce c&''e( t$e C!//**!" !" 5+/&"

R0$t*#2 T$e C!//**!" *$&'' e c!/)!*e( !. & C$&%/&" &"( .!+% Me/e%* 6$! /+*t e

"&t+%&'3!%" cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( & /&@!%t !. 6$!/ *$&'' e /e/e%* !. t$e B&%#T$e te%/ !. !..ce &"( !t$e% +&'.c&t!"* &"( (*&'te* !. t$e Me/e%* !. t$ec!//**!" *$&'' e )%!-(e( '&6#

? U"t' t$* C!//**!" * c!"*tt+te(, t$e e;*t"0 P%e*(e"t&' C!//ttee !" 5+/&" R0$t**$&'' c!"t"+e t! e;e%c*e t* )%e*e"t .+"ct!"* &"( )!6e%*#

T$e &))%!-e( &""+&' &))%!)%&t!"* !. t$e C!//**!" *$&'' e &+t!/&tc&'' &"( %e0+'&%'%e'e&*e(

Sect!" 18# T$e C!//**!" !" 5+/&" R0$t* *$&'' $&-e t$e .!''!6"0 )!6e%* &"(.+"ct!"*:

11H



1 I"-e*t0&te, !" t* !6" !% !" c!/)'&"t &" )&%t, &'' .!%/* !. $+/&" %0$t* -!'&t!"*"-!'-"0 c-' &"( )!'tc&' %0$t*

2 A(!)t t* !)e%&t!"&' 0+(e'"e* &"( %+'e* !. )%!ce(+%e, &"( .!% t$e c!"te/)t .!% -!'&t!"*t$e%e!. " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t

? P%!-(e &))%!)%&te 'e0&' /e&*+%e* .!% t$e )%!tect!" !. $+/&" %0$t* !. &'' )e%*!"* 6t$"t$e P$'))"e*, &* 6e'' &* F')"!* %e*("0 &%!&(, &"( )%!-(e .!% )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e*&"( 'e0&' &( *e%-ce* t! t$e +"(e%)%-'e0e( 6$!*e $+/&" %0$t* $&-e ee" -!'&te( !% "ee(

)%!tect!">>77= E;e%c*e -*t&t!%&' )!6e%* !-e% @&'*, )%*!"*, !% (ete"t!" .&c'te*H E*t&'*$ & c!"t"+"0 )%!0%&/ !. %e*e&%c$, e(+c&t!", &"( ".!%/&t!" t! e"$&"ce %e*)ect

.!% t$e )%/&c !. $+/&" %0$t*< Rec!//e"( t! t$e C!"0%e** e..ect-e /e&*+%e* t! )%!/!te $+/&" %0$t* &"( t! )%!-(e .!%

c!/)e"*&t!" t! -ct/* !. -!'&t!"* !. $+/&" %0$t*, !% t$e% .&/'e*7 M!"t!% t$e P$'))"e 0!-e%"/e"t* c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e "te%"&t!"&' t%e&t !'0&t!"* !"

$+/&" %0$t*

8 G%&"t //+"t .%!/ )%!*ec+t!" t! &" )e%*!" 6$!*e te*t/!" !% 6$!*e )!**e**!" !.(!c+/e"t* !% !t$e% e-(e"ce * "ece**&% !% c!"-e"e"t t! (ete%/"e t$e t%+t$ " &""-e*t0&t!" c!"(+cte( t !% +"(e% t* &+t$!%t

9 Re+e*t t$e &***t&"ce !. &" (e)&%t/e"t, +%e&+, !..ce, !% &0e"c " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. t*.+"ct!"*

1= A))!"t t* !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6 &"(11 Pe%.!%/ *+c$ !t$e% (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6#

Sect!" 19# T$e C!"0%e** /& )%!-(e .!% !t$e% c&*e* !. -!'&t!"* !. $+/&" %0$t* t$&t*$!+'( .&'' 6t$" t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e C!//**!", t&"0 "t! &cc!+"t t* %ec!//e"(&t!"*#

3 W$&t * t$e c!/)!*t!" !. t$e C!//**!" !" 5+/&" R0$t*4A 3 T$e C!//**!" *$&'' e c!/)!*e( !. & C$&%/&" &"( .!+% Me/e%*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e *&( C!//**!"4A 31# N&t+%&'3!%" cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( & /&@!%t !. 6$!/ *$&'' e /e/e%* !. t$e B&%#

3 I* t$e C!//**!" !" 5+/&" R0$t* & c!+%t !. @+*tce, !% & +&*3@+(c&' &0e"c4

A 3 It * "!t & c!+%t !. @+*tce !% & +&*3@+(c&' &0e"c# It* .+"ct!" * /e%e' t! %ece-ee-(e"ce &"( /&e ."("0* !. .&ct %e0&%("0 $+/&" %0$t* -!'&t!" "-!'-"0 c-' &"(

)!'tc&' %0$t*# C&%"! -*# C!//**!" !" 5+/&" R0$t*, G#R# N!# 9<<81, Dece/e% 2,1991

3 C&" t **+e 6%t !. "@+"ct!" !% & %e*t%&""0 !%(e% &0&"*t *+))!*e( -!'&t!%* !. $+/&"%0$t*4

A 3 N!# It * "!t & c!+%t !. @+*tce#

11<



>>771MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTIONS

1# S!c&' +*tceA# U"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", *!c&' @+*tce $&* *t'' t$e *&/e /e&""0#B# S!c&' +*tce /e&"* t$&t t$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te & @+*t &"( ("&/c *!c&' !%(e% t$&t 6''

e"*+%e t$e )%!*)e%t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce !. t$e "&t!" &"( .%ee t$e )e!)'e .%!/ )!-e%tt$%!+0$ )!'ce* t$&t )%!-(e &(e+&te *!c&' *e%-ce*, )%!/!te .+'' e/)'!/e"t, & %*"0

*t&"(&%( !. '-"0 &"( &" /)%!-e( +&'t !. '.e .!% &''#C# S!c&' +*tce * c!/)&**!"&te @+*tce !t$ .!% t$e )!!% &"( t$e %c$#D# S!c&' +*tce "!6 "c'+(e* &'' )$&*e* !. "&t!"&' (e-e'!)/e"t "*te&( !. e"0 /e%e'

'/te( t! t$e %e/!-&' !. *!c!3ec!"!/c e+te*, "c'+("0 (..+*!" !. 6e&'t$ &"( )!'tc&' )!6e%

2# C!"*tt+t!"&'t !. A0%&%&" Re.!%/ L&6I" A**!c&t!" !. S/&'' L&"(!6"e%* -*# Sec%et&% !. A0%&%&" Re.!%/, t$e

c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 6&* +)$e'(#

A# T$e t&"0 c!"te/)'&te( +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 * "!t & /e%e '/t&t!" !. t$e +*e !.t$e '&"(# W$&t * %e+%e( * t$e *+%%e"(e% !. t$e '&"( &"( t$e )$*c&' )!**e**!" !. t$e '&"(" e;ce** !. t$e %ete"t!" '/t &"( &'' t$e e"e.c&' %0$t*#

B# T$e t&"0 c!"te/)'&te( * c!"*(e%e( &" !%("&% e;)%!)%&t!" 6$e%e & *)ec.c )%!)e%t **!+0$t t! e t&e" t$e St&te .%!/ t* !6"e% .!% & *)ec.c &"( )e%$&)* '!c&' )+%)!*e#

C# T$e )%!cee("0* " Sec# 1< !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H7 * (e*c%e( &* *+//&% &"( t$e'&"(!6"e% c!"ce%"e( * %e+%e( t! *+%%e"(e% $* '&"( &"( t$e )$*c&' )!**e**!" !. t$e'&"( " e;ce** !. t$e %ete"t!" '/t#

D# T$e t&"0 * "!t &" !%("&% e;)%!)%&t!" 6$e%e !"' & *)ec.c )%!)e%t * *!+0$t t! e

t&e" t$e St&te .%!/ t* !6"e% .!% & *)ec.c !% )e%$&)* '!c&' )+%)!*e# W$&t 6e (e&' 6t$$e%e * & %e-!'+t!"&% "( !. e;)%!)%&t!", +t t$e CARP L&6 c!"(t!"* t$e t%&"*.e% !.

)!**e**!" &"( !6"e%*$) !. t$e '&"( t! t$e 0!-e%"/e"t +)!" %ece)t t$e '&"(!6"e% !.t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 )&/e"t !% (e)!*t t$e DAR !. t$e c!/)e"*&t!" " c&*$ !% LBPB!"(* 6t$ &" &cce**'e &"# U"t' t$e", t$e tt'e %e/&"* 6t$ t$e '&"(!6"e%#

>>772ARTICLE XIV

EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TEC5NOLOG, ARTS, CULTURE, AND SPORTSSect!" 1# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect &"( )%!/!te t$e %0$t !. &'' cte"* t! +&'t e(+c&t!"

&t &'' 'e-e'* &"( *$&'' t&e &))%!)%&te *te)* t! /&e *+c$ e(+c&t!" &cce**'e t! &''#

3 W$&t *$&'' t$e St&te )%!tect &"( )%!/!te +"(e% Sect!" 14A 31 T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect &"( )%!/!te t$e %0$t !. &'' cte"* t! +&'t e(+c&t!" &t &'' 'e-e'*2 T$e St&te *$&'' t&e &))%!)%&te *te)* t! /&e *+c$ e(+c&t!" &cce**'e t! &''#

Sect!" 2# T$e St&te *$&'':

117



1 E*t&'*$, /&"t&", &"( *+))!%t & c!/)'ete, &(e+&te, &"( "te0%&te( **te/ !. e(+c&t!"%e'e-&"t t! t$e "ee(* !. t$e )e!)'e &"( *!cet

2 E*t&'*$ &"( /&"t&" & **te/ !. .%ee )+'c e(+c&t!" " t$e e'e/e"t&% &"( $0$ *c$!!''e-e'*# Wt$!+t '/t"0 t$e "&t+%&' %0$t !. )&%e"t* t! %e&% t$e% c$'(%e", e'e/e"t&%e(+c&t!" * c!/)+'*!% .!% &'' c$'(%e" !. *c$!!' &0e

? E*t&'*$ &"( /&"t&" & **te/ !. *c$!'&%*$) 0%&"t*, *t+(e"t '!&" )%!0%&/*, *+*(e*, &"(!t$e% "ce"t-e* 6$c$ *$&'' e &-&'&'e t! (e*e%-"0 *t+(e"t* " !t$ )+'c &"( )%-&te

*c$!!'*, e*)ec&'' t! t$e +"(e%)%-'e0e( E"c!+%&0e "!" .!%/&', ".!%/&', &"( "(0e"!+* 'e&%""0 **te/*, &* 6e'' &* *e'.3'e&%""0,

"(e)e"(e"t, &"( !+t3!.3*c$!!' *t+( )%!0%&/* )&%tc+'&%' t$!*e t$&t %e*)!"( t! c!//+"t"ee(* &"(

H P%!-(e &(+'t cte"*, t$e (*&'e(, &"( !+t3!.3*c$!!' !+t$ 6t$ t%&""0 " c-c*,-!c&t!"&' e..ce"c, &"( !t$e% *''*#

3 W$&t * c!/)+'*!% .!% &'' c$'(%e" !. *c$!!' &0e4A 3 E'e/e"t&% e(+c&t!" * c!/)+'*!% .!% &'' c$'(%e" !. *c$!!' &0e# Sect!" 22

3 W$&t *$&'' e e*t&'*$e( &"( /&"t&"e( t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!" 24A 31 F%ee )+'c e(+c&t!" " t$e e'e/e"t&% &"( $0$ *c$!!' 'e-e'* Sect!" 222 A **te/ !. *c$!'&%*$) 0%&"t*, *t+(e"t '!&" )%!0%&/, *+*(e*, &"( !t$e% "ce"t-e* 6$c$

*$&'' e &-&'&'e t! (e*e%-"0 *t+(e"t* " !t$ )+'c &"( )%-&te *c$!!'*, e*)ec&'' t! t$e+"(e%)%-'e0e( Sect!" 2?

? A c!/)'ete, &(e+&te, &"( "te0%&te( **te/ !. e(+c&t!" %e'e-&"t t! t$e "ee(* !. t$e )e!)'e&"( *!cet# Sect!" 2 1

>>77?

3 I" c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e *&( c!"*tt+t!"&' /&"(&te %e0&%("0 .%ee )+'c e(+c&t!" " t$e$0$ *c$!!' 'e-e', 6$&t '&6 6&* e"&cte( C!"0%e** " 19884

A 3 F%ee P+'c Sec!"(&% Act !. 1988#

3 I* t$e %0$t t! *ec!"(&% e(+c&t!" (e/&"(&'e " &" "*tt+t!" !. $0$e% 'e&%""0 'e t$eU#P#4

A 3 N!# Sec!"(&% e(+c&t!" * "!t t$e /&"(&te( .+"ct!" !. t$e U#P# T$e )+%)!*e !. t$e *&(+"-e%*t, &cc!%("0 t! t* c$&%te%, *$&'' e t! )%!-(e &(-&"ce "*t%+ct!" " 'te%&t+%e,

)$'!*!)$, *ce"ce* &"( &%t*, &"( t! 0-e )%!.e**!"&' &"( &(-&"ce( tec$"c&' t%&""0# T$e

U#P# c&""!t e c!/)e''e( t! )%!-(e .!% *ec!"(&% e(+c&t!"# F!% t$* %e&*!", t$e )ett!"e%*$&-e "! c'e&% 'e0&' %0$t t! (e/&"( *ec!"(&% e(+c&t!" &t t$e U#P# U#P# -*# A*!", 17<SCRA H71, A+0+*t 17, 1989

3 T$e %0$t !. &'' cte"* t! +&'t e(+c&t!" &t &'' 'e-e'*, &* )%!-(e( " Sect!" 1, *$&'' e )%!tecte( &"( )%!/!te( t$e St&te# E;ce)t, $!6e-e%, .!% t$e &''e0e( $+0e +(0et &''!c&te(.!% t$e De)&%t/e"t !. e(+c&t!", +&'t e(+c&t!" * *ee/"0' 0ett"0 $&%(e% t! &tt&" &*e&%* 0! # E-e% e&%, t$e 0!-e%"/e"t c&""!t &..!%( t! +'( /!%e %!!/* &"( '%&%e* t$e

118



*c&%ct " t$e c!+"t%*(e * e-e" /!%e (e)%e**"0 et$e% ec&+*e t$e %!!/* !% t$e *t%+ct+%e*t$e/*e'-e* $&-e "!t ee" %e)&%e(, !% ec&+*e !. '&c !. c'&**%!!/*, t$e te&c$e%* c!"(+ctt$e% c'&**e* +"(e% t$e t%ee* " *c$!!' c!/)!+"( t$e te&c$e%* &%e "!t c!//e"*+%&te' )&(t$e %!&(* 'e&("0 t! t$e *c$!!' " %e/!te t!6"* &"( &%%!* &%e (%t &"( .'!!(e( %!&(* &"(6!%*t, te&c$e%* 6$! $&-e (e(c&te( &"( *&c%.ce( t$e e*t e&%* !. t$e% '-e* te&c$"0 t$e!+"0, $&-e "! &(e+&te )e"*!" &"( $e&'t$ )'&"*, %e"(e%"0 t$e% '-e* /!%e /*e%&'e "t$e% !'( &0e# U"(e% t$e *&( c!"(t!"*, c&" +&'t e(+c&t!" *t'' e & (e/&"(&'e %0$t

.%!/ t$e St&te4A 3 E(+c&t!" * & e t! !+% )%!0%e** &* & "&t!", $e"ce, Sect!" 1 /&e* t t$e c!%%e*)!"("0

(+t !. t$e St&te t! *+))!%t t$e %0$t t! +&'t e(+c&t!"# T$e%e &%e "! .* &"( +t*"*!.&% &* t$e *&( (+t !. t$e St&te * c!"ce%"e(, $e"ce, t * (e/&"(&'e# T$e )e!)'e c&""!t.!%e-e% e -ct/* !. t$e "c!/)ete"ce &"( c!%%+)t!"* " 0!-e%"/e"t 6$c$ * )e%ce-e( t!

e t$e %!!t c&+*e* !. !+% ''* &* & "&t!" &"( &* & )e!)'e# T$e *$!+'( e -0'&"t "(e/&"("0 6$&t * (+e t$e/ ec&+*e t$e ''* t$&t &%e )%e-&'"0 t!(& 6'' e-e" e /!%ec!/)!+"(e( " t$e (&* t! c!/e# T$e .+t+%e !. t$e !+"0 * /!%e &t *t&e t$&" t$!*e 6$!&%e &'%e&( !'( t! e %ec)e"t* !. +&'t e(+c&t!"# A"( "!t !"' .!% t$* %e&*!", t * t$e%

0e"e%&t!" t$&t 6'' /&"&0e t$e &..&%* !. !+% "&t!" " t$e "e&% .+t+%e#>>77Sect!" ?# 1 A'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* *$&'' "c'+(e t$e *t+( !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" &* )&%t !.

t$e c+%%c+'&#2 T$e *$&'' "c+'c&te )&t%!t*/ &"( "&t!"&'*/, .!*te% '!-e !. $+/&"t, %e*)ect .!% $+/&"

%0$t*, &))%ec&t!" !. t$e %!'e !. "&t!"&' $e%!e* " t$e $*t!%c&' (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$ec!+"t%, te&c$ t$e %0$t* &"( (+te* !. cte"*$), *t%e"0t$e" et$c&' &"( *)%t+&' -&'+e*(e-e'!) /!%&' c$&%&cte% &"( )e%*!"&' (*c)'"e, e"c!+%&0e c%tc&' &"( c%e&t-e t$""0,

%!&(e" *ce"t.c &"( tec$"!'!0c&' "!6'e(0e, &"( )%!/!te -!c&t!"&' e..ce"c#? At t$e !)t!" e;)%e**e( " 6%t"0 t$e )&%e"t* !. 0+&%(&"*, %e'0!" *$&'' e &''!6e( t!

e t&+0$t t! t$e% c$'(%e" !% 6&%(* " )+'c e'e/e"t&% &"( $0$ *c$!!'* 6t$" t$e %e0+'&%c'&** $!+%* "*t%+ct!%* (e*0"&te( !% &))%!-e( t$e %e'0!+* &+t$!%te* !. t$e %e'0!"t! 6$c$ t$e c$'(%e" !% 6&%(* e'!"0, 6t$!+t &((t!"&' c!*t t! t$e G!-e%"/e"t#

PART OF T5E CURRICULA 3 W$&t *$&'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* "c'+(e &* )&%t !. t$e c+%%c+'&4A 3 A'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* *$&'' "c'+(e t$e *t+( !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" &* )&%t !. t$e

c+%%c+'&# Sect!" ?1

CONSTITUTIONAL OBECTIVES 3 W$&t &%e t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' !@ect-e*4

A 3 T$e e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* *$&'':1 I"c+'c&te )&t%!t*/ &"( "&t!"&'*/2 F!*te% '!-e !. $+/&"t, %e*)ect .!% $+/&" %0$t*, &))%ec&t!" !. t$e %!'e !. "&t!"&' $e%!e*

" t$e $*t!%c&' (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e c!+"t%? Te&c$ t$e %0$t* &"( (+te* !. cte"*$)

119



St%e"0t$e" et$c&' &"( *)%t+&' -&'+e*H De-e'!) /!%&' c$&%&cte% &"( )e%*!"&' (*c)'"e< E"c!+%&0e c%tc&' &"( c%e&t-e t$""07 B%!&(e" *ce"t.c &"( tec$"!'!0c&' "!6'e(0e &"(8 P%!/!te -!c&t!"&' e..ce"c>>77HOPTIONAL RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION IS ALLOWED SUBECT TO LIMITATIONS

3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"*4A 31# T$e !)t!" /+*t e e;)%e**e( " 6%t"0 t$e )&%e"t* !% 0+&%(&"*2# Re'0!" *$&'' e &''!6e( t! e t&+0$t t! t$e% c$'(%e" !% 6&%(* " )+'c e'e/e"t&% &"(

$0$ *c$!!'* 6t$" t$e %e0+'&% c'&** $!+%* &"(?# Re'0!" *$&'' e t&+0$t "*t%+ct!%* (e*0"&te( !% &))%!-e( t$e %e'0!+* &+t$!%te* !.

t$e %e'0!" t! 6$c$ t$e c$'(%e" !% 6&%(* e'!"0, 6t$!+t &((t!"&' c!*t t! t$eG!-e%"/e"t#

Sect!" # 1 T$e St&te %ec!0"e* t$e c!/)'e/e"t&% %!'e* !. )+'c &"( )%-&te "*tt+t!"* "t$e e(+c&t!"&' **te/ &"( *$&'' e;e%c*e %e&*!"&'e *+)e%-*!" &"( %e0+'&t!" !. &''e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*#

2 E(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*, !t$e% t$&" t$!*e e*t&'*$e( %e'0!+* 0%!+)* &"( /**!" !&%(*, *$&'' e !6"e( *!'e' cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* !% c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t'e&*t *;t )e% ce"t+/ !. t$e c&)t&' !. 6$c$ * !6"e( *+c$ cte"*# T$e C!"0%e** /&$!6e-e%, %e+%e "c%e&*e( F')"! e+t )&%tc)&t!" " &'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*#

T$e c!"t%!' &"( &(/"*t%&t!" !. e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* *$&'' e -e*te( " cte"* !.t$e P$'))"e*#

N! e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!" *$&'' e e*t&'*$e( e;c'+*-e' .!% &'e"* &"( "! 0%!+) !.&'e"* *$&'' c!/)%*e /!%e t$&" !"e3t$%( !. t$e e"%!''/e"t " &" *c$!!' T$e )%!-*!"* !. t$**+*ect!" *$&'' "!t &))' t! *c$!!'* e*t&'*$e( .!% .!%e0" ()'!/&tc )e%*!""e' &"( t$e%(e)e"(e"t* &"(, +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6, .!% !t$e% .!%e0" te/)!%&% %e*(e"t*#

? A'' %e-e"+e* &"( &**et* !. "!"3*t!c, "!"3)%!.t e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* +*e( &ct+&''(%ect', &"( e;c'+*-e' .!% e(+c&t!"&' )+%)!*e* *$&'' e e;e/)t .%!/ t&;e* &"( (+te*#U)!" t$e (**!'+t!" !% ce**&t!" !. t$e c!%)!%&te e;*te"ce !. *+c$ "*tt+t!"*, t$e% &**et**$&'' e (*)!*e( !. " t$e /&""e% )%!-(e( '&6#

P%!)%et&% e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*, "c'+("0 t$!*e c!!)e%&t-e' !6"e(, /& 'e6*e e e"tt'e( t! *+c$ e;e/)t!"* *+@ect t! t$e '/t&t!"* )%!-(e( '&6 "c'+("0 %e*t%ct!"*!" (-(e"(* &"( )%!-*!"* .!% %e"-e*t/e"t#

S+@ect t! c!"(t!"* )%e*c%e( '&6, &'' 0%&"t*, e"(!6/e"t*, (!"&t!"*, !% c!"t%+t!"*+*e( &ct+&'', (%ect', &"( e;c'+*-e' .!% e(+c&t!"&' )+%)!*e* *$&'' e e;e/)t .%!/ t&;#

OWNERS5IP OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

12=



3 W$&t * t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' '/t&t!" "*!.&% &* !6"e%*$) !. &" e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!" *c!"ce%"e(4

A 3 E(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*, !t$e% t$&" t$!*e e*t&'*$e( %e'0!+* 0%!+)* &"( /**!" !&%(*, *$&'' e !6"e( *!'e' cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* !% c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t'e&*t *;t )e% ce"t+/ !. t$e c&)t&' !. 6$c$ * !6"e( *+c$ cte"*# T$e C!"0%e** /&$!6e-e%, %e+%e "c%e&*e( F')"! e+t )&%tc)&t!" " &'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*Sect!" 2, .%*t )&%&0%&)$

>>77< 3 W$&t * t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' '/t&t!" "*!.&% &* c!"t%!' &"( &(/"*t%&t!" !. &" e(+c&t!"&'

"*tt+t!" * c!"ce%"e(4A 3 T$e c!"t%!' &"( &(/"*t%&t!" !. e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* *$&'' e -e*te( " cte"* !. t$e

P$'))"e*# Sect!" 2, 2"( )&%&0%&)$

ALIEN SC5OOLS 3 C&" &" e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!" e e*t&'*$e( e;c'+*-e' .!% &'e"*4A 3 N!, e;)%e** c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" Sect!" 2, ?%( )&%&0%&)$# T$* )%!-*!" (!e*

"!t &))', $!6e-e%, t! *c$!!'* e*t&'*$e( .!% .!%e0" ()'!/&tc )e%*!""e' &"( t$e%(e)e"(e"t* &"(, +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6, .!% !t$e% .!%e0" te/)!%&% %e*(e"t*#

TAX EXEMPTIONS 3 W$&t *$&'' e e;e/)t .%!/ t&;e* &"( (+te*4A 31 A'' %e-e"+e* &"( &**et* !. "!"3*t!c, "!"3)%!.t e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* +*e( &ct+&''

(%ect', &"( e;c'+*-e' .!% e(+c&t!"&' )+%)!*e* *$&'' e e;e/)t .%!/ t&;e* &"( (+te*#U)!" t$e (**!'+t!" !% ce**&t!" !. t$e c!%)!%&te e;*te"ce !. *+c$ "*tt+t!"*, t$e% &**et**$&'' e (*)!*e( !. " t$e /&""e% )%!-(e( '&6#

2 P%!)%et&% e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*, "c'+("0 t$!*e c!!)e%&t-e' !6"e(, /& 'e6*e ee"tt'e( t! *+c$ e;e/)t!"* *+@ect t! t$e '/t&t!"* )%!-(e( '&6 "c'+("0 %e*t%ct!"*!" (-(e"(* &"( )%!-*!"* .!% %e"-e*t/e"t#

? S+@ect t! c!"(t!"* )%e*c%e( '&6, &'' 0%&"t*, e"(!6/e"t*, (!"&t!"*, !% c!"t%+t!"*+*e( &ct+&'', (%ect', &"( e;c'+*-e' .!% e(+c&t!"&' )+%)!*e* *$&'' e e;e/)t .%!/ t&;#

Sect!" H# 1 T$e St&te *$&'' t&e "t! &cc!+"t %e0!"&' &"( *ect!%&' "ee(* &"( c!"(t!"* &"(*$&'' e"c!+%&0e '!c&' )'&"""0 " t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. e(+c&t!"&' )!'ce* &"( )%!0%&/*#

2 Ac&(e/c .%ee(!/ *$&'' e e"@!e( " &'' "*tt+t!"* !. $0$e% 'e&%""0#

? E-e% cte" $&* & %0$t t! *e'ect & )%!.e**!" !% c!+%*e !. *t+(, *+@ect t! .&%, %e&*!"&'e&"( e+t&'e &(/**!" &"( &c&(e/c %e+%e/e"t*#

T$e St&te *$&'' e"$&"ce t$e %0$t !. te&c$e%* t! )%!.e**!"&' &(-&"ce/e"t# N!"3te&c$"0&c&(e/c &"( "!"3&c&(e/c )e%*!""e' *$&'' e"@! t$e )%!tect!" !. t$e St&te

H T$e St&te *$&'' &**0" t$e $0$e*t +(0et&% )%!%t t! e(+c&t!" &"( e"*+%e t$&t te&c$"06'' &tt%&ct &"( %et&" t* %0$t.+' *$&%e !. t$e e*t &-&'&'e t&'e"t* t$%!+0$ &(e+&te%e/+"e%&t!" &"( !t$e% /e&"* !. @! *&t*.&ct!" &"( .+'.''/e"t

>>777

121



RATIONALE OF SECTION HH 3 W$&t * t$e %&t!"&'e .!% 0-"0 t$e $0$e*t +(0et&% )%!%t4A 3 E(+c&t!" * t$e e t! t$e )%!0%e** !. t$e "&t!"# !+"0 /e" &"( 6!/e" 6$! &%e e"0

t%&"e( &"( e(+c&te( t!(& 6'' e t$e .+t+%e 'e&(e%* 6$! 6'' /&"&0e t$e &..&%* !. !+%c!+"t% " t$e e&%* t! c!/e# T$e 6'' c&%% !" t$e +%(e" &"( %e*)!"*'t !. /!'("00!!( 0!-e%"&"ce, e"'0$te"e( &"( %e*)!"*'e cte"%, &"( 6$!, " t$e c!+%*e !. t/e, 6''/)%!-e !+% )%e*e"t +&'t !. e(+c&t!"#

ACADEMIC FREEDOM 3 W$&t * t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' 0+&%&"tee +"(e% Sect!" H24A 3 Ac&(e/c .%ee(!/ *$&'' e e"@!e( " &'' "*tt+t!"* !. $0$e% 'e&%""0#

3 W$&t * &c&(e/c .%ee(!/4A 3 Sect!" H2 /e%e' *t&te* t$&t &c&(e/c .%ee(!/ *$&'' e e"@!e( " &'' "*tt+t!"* !.

$0$e% 'e&%""0# It* /e&""0 c!+'( e -e6e( .%!/ t$e )!"t !. -e6 !. & t$e .%ee(!/ !. &.&c+'t /e/e% &"( !. t$e .%ee(!/ !. &" &c&(e/c "*tt+t!" !. $0$e% 'e&%""0#

3 E;)'&" t$e .%*t &*)ect F%ee(!/ !. & .&c+'t /e/e%A 31# F+'' .%ee(!/ " %e*e&%c$ &"( )+'c&t!" !. t$e *&/e 3 T$* .%ee(!/, $!6e-e%, * *+@ect t!

t$e &(e+&te )e%.!%/&"ce !. $* &c&(e/c (+te*2# F%ee(!/ t! (*c+** $* *+@ect " t$e c'&**%!!/ 3 T$* .%ee(!/, $!6e-e%, * *+@ect t! t$e

%e*)!"*'t "!t t! te&c$ /&tte%* "!t %e'&te( t! $* *+@ect?# F%ee(!/ .%!/ "*tt+t!"&' ce"*!%*$) !% (*c)'"e 3 T$* .%ee(!/, $!6e-e%, * *+@ect t! t$e

%e*)!"*'t t! e &cc+%&te t! %e*)ect t$e !)"!"* !. !t$e%* &"( t! e;e%c*e %e*t%&"t#Be%"&*, ct"0 t$e 19= St&te/e"t !. P%"c)'e* !. t$e A/e%c&" A**!c&t!" !. U"-e%*t

P%!.e**!%*

3 E;)'&" t$e *ec!"( &*)ect F%ee(!/ !% &+t!"!/ !. &" &c&(e/c "*tt+t!" !. $0$e%'e&%""0#

A 3 It * t$e .%ee(!/ !. t$e *c$!!' !% c!''e0e t! (ec(e !" 6$&t t* &/* &"( !@ect-e* 6'' e&"( 6$&t * t$e e*t /&""e% t! &tt&" t$e *&/e# It * .%ee t! (ete%/"e .!% t*e'. !" &c&(e/c0%!+"(* 6$! /& te&c$, 6$&t /& e t&+0$t, $!6 t *$&'' e t&+0$t, &"( 6$! /& e&(/tte( t! *t+(# Ate"e! De M&"'& -*# C&)+'!"0, 222 SCRA <, M& 27, 199?

>>778

3 C&" & *c$!!' !. $0$e% 'e&%""0 e c!/)e''e( t! &(/t *t+(e"t* 6$! (e*%e t! e"%!'' " *&(*c$!!'4

A 3 N!# A *c$!!' !. $0$e% 'e&%""0 $&* t$e (*c%et!" t! &(/t !% "!t t! &(/t *t+(e"t*#A(/**!" * "!t & %0$t +t /e%e' & )%-'e0e# I*&e'!, %# -*# Pe%)et+&' 5e') C!''e0e !.R&', 227 SCRA H91, N!-e/e% 8, 199?

122



3 I* t$e %e+%e/e"t t! )&** t$e N&t!"&' Me(c&' A(/**!" Te*t &* & )%e3c!"(t!" .!%&(/**!" t! t$e /e(c&' *c$!!' & -!'&t!" !. t$e %0$t t! e(+c&t!" 6$c$, &cc!%("0 t!Sect!" 1, A%tc'e XIV !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", *$!+'( e &cce**'e t! &''4

A 3 N!# It * "!t & -!'&t!" !. t$e %0$t t! e(+c&t!"# It e"*+%e* t! )%!tect t$e )+'c .%!/)!te"t&'' (e&(' e..ect* !. "c!/)ete"ce &"( 0"!%&"ce " t$!*e 6$! 6!+'( +"(e%t&e t!t%e&t t$e $+/&" !(e* &"( /"(* .!% (*e&*e !% t%&+/&# T&'&%" -*# G+te%%e, 1H2 SCRA7?=, +' ?1, 1987

3 A.te% .&'"0 " t$e &% e;&/"&t!"* .!% t$%ee t/e*, & &% 5+"e% * %e+%e( t! e"%!'' &0&"" t$e C!''e0e !. L&6 6$e%e $e 6'' *t+( &0&" t$e '&6 *+@ect* $e )%e-!+*' )&**e(# I*t$* & -!'&t!" !. t$e %0$t t! e(+c&t!"4

A 3 N!# A )e%*!" /& $&-e & %0$t t! c$!!*e t$e )%!.e**!" $e 6&"t* +t . $e (!e* "!t $&-e t$ec&)&'t t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e &c&(e/c %e+%e/e"t* &"( +&'.c&t!"* %e+%e( !. & '&6e%,t$* !"' /e&"* t$&t $e * "!t .t t! e !"e# A* +*tce I*&0&" C%+ )+t* t, . !"e 6$! 6&"t*t! e & '&6e% /& )%!-e ette% &* & )'+/e%, $e *$!+'( e *! &(-*e(# O. c!+%*e, $e /&"!t e .!%ce( &* & )'+/e%, +t !" t$e !t$e% $&"(, $e /& "!t .!%ce $* e"t% "t! t$e &%# ; ;

; DECS -*# S&" De0!, 18= SCRA H??, Dece/e% 21, 1989

3 C&" & *c$!!' e c!/)e''e( t! %e3&(/t & *t+(e"t .!% &c&(e/c (e.ce"ce*4A 3 N!# T! (! *! 6'' -!'&te t$e &c&(e/c .%ee(!/ !. t$e *c$!!'# T&"0!"&" -*# P&"!, 1?7

SCRA 2H, +"e 27, 198H

3 I* t$e *&( %+'e 6$c$ &''!6* *c$!!'* & '&tt+(e !. (*c%et!" !" t$e &(/**!" !. *t+(e"t*&*!'+te4

A 3 A* & %+'e, t$e c!+%t* c&""!t "te%.e%e 6t$ t$e &c&(e/c @+(0/e"t !. t$e *c$!!', !. t*.&c+'t &"( t$e )%!)e% &+t$!%te* &* t! t$e c!/)ete"ce &"( .t"e** !. &" &))'c&"t .!%

e"%!''/e"t# T$e !"' e;ce)t!" t! t$* %+'e * . t$e &ct!" !. t$e *c$!!' * t&"te( 6t$&%t%&%"e** G&%c& -*# F&c+'t A(/**!" C!//ttee, L!!'& Sc$!!' !. T$e!'!0, <8SCRA 277, N!-e/e% 28, 197H# I" 1991, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t & *c$!!' * "!t'&'e .!% (&/&0e* .!% %e.+*"0 t! %e3&(/t & $0$ *c$!!' *t+(e"t 6$! .&'e( t! .+'.'' t$e&c&(e/c *t&"(&%(* e*t&'*$e( t$e *c$!!'# S&" Se&*t&" C!''e0e -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*,197 SCRA 1?8, M& 1H, 1991

3 C&" & "+%*"0 *c$!!' e c!/)e''e( t! %e3!)e" &t t$e "*t&"ce !. t$e *t%"0 *t+(e"t*4A 3 N!# C&)t!' Me(c&' Ce"te% -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 178 SCRA 9?

>>779RIG5T OF PRIVATE SC5OOLS TO ADMIT OR REFUSE TO ADMIT STUDENTS 3 W$&t * t$e te%/"&t!" !. c!"t%&ct %+'e4A 3 It /e&"* t$&t 6$e" & *t+(e"t e"%!''* " & 0-e" *c$!!', $e * %e0*te%"0 .!% t$e e"t%e

*e/e*te% &"( &.te% t$e *e/e*te% e"(*, t$e *c$!!' $&* "! (+t t! &cce)t $/ ec&+*e t$ec!"t%&ct * (ee/e( te%/"&te(#

3 C&" & *c$!!' %e.+*e t$e %e3&(/**!" !. *t+(e"t* &*e( !" t$e te%/"&t!" !. c!"t%&ct %+'e4

12?



A 3 e*# A'c+& -*# PSBA, 1<1 SCRA 7, M& 2, 1988

3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% -&'( 0%!+"(* t! (e" %e3&(/**!" !. *t+(e"t*4A 3 1 Ac&(e/c (e.ce"c &"( 2 %e&c$ !. *c$!!'* %e&*!"&'e %+'e* !. c!"(+ct#

3 W$&t &%e t$e /"/+/ *t&"(&%(* !. )%!ce(+%&' (+e )%!ce** 6$e" (*c)'"&% *&"ct!"* &%e/)!*e( t! *t+(e"t* !. & *c$!!'4

A 31 T$e *t+(e"t* /+*t e ".!%/e( " 6%t"0 !. t$e "&t+%e &"( c&+*e !. t$e &cc+*&t!" &0&"*t

t$e/2 T$e *$&'' $&-e t$e %0$t t! &"*6e% t$e c$&%0e* &0&"*t t$e/? T$e *$&'' e ".!%/e( !. t$e e-(e"ce &0&"*t t$e/ &"( T$e e-(e"ce /+*t e (+' c!"*(e%e( t$e "-e*t0&t"0 c!//ttee !% !..c&' (e*0"&te(

t$e *c$!!' &+t$!%te* t! $e&% &"( (ec(e t$e c&*e# G+/&" -*# N&t!"&' U"-e%*t, 12SCRA <99

3 D!e* c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e t$%ee e&% )%!&t!" .!% te&c$e%* %e*+'t t! $* )e%/&"e"t *t&t+*4A 3 N!t "ece**&%'# It * *t'' t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e *c$!!' t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e )e%.!%/&"ce

!. t$e *&( te&c$e% * *&t*.&ct!% !% "!t &"( 6$et$e% t$e *&( te&c$e% $&* /et t* *t&"(&%(*C&0&&" C&)t!' C!''e0e -*# NLRC, 189 SCRA <H8

3 D!e* & +"-e%*t $&-e t$e %0$t t! %e-!e !% 6t$(%&6 t$e $!"!% !% (*t"ct!" t $&*&6&%(e( c!/)&%e( t! & *t+(e"t 6$! &'%e&( 0%&(+&te(4

A 3 e*, . t$e%e * e-(e"ce t$&t *&( $!"!% !% (*t"ct!" 6&* !t&"e( t$%!+0$ .%&+(# U#P#B!&%( !. Re0e"t* -*# W''&/, G#R# N!# 1?<2H, A+0+*t ?1, 1999

3 C&" & /e(c&' *c$!!' e c'!*e( .!% e"0 "&(e+&te4A 3 e*# B!&%( !. Me(c&' E(+c&t!" -*# +(0e A'.!"*!, 17< SCRA ?=>>78=LANGUAGE

Sect!" <# T$e "&t!"&' '&"0+&0e !. t$e P$'))"e* * F')"!# A* t e-!'-e*, t *$&'' e.+%t$e% (e-e'!)e( &"( e"%c$e( !" t$e &** !. e;*t"0 P$'))"e &"( !t$e% '&"0+&0e*#

S+@ect t! )%!-*!"* !. '&6 &"( &* t$e C!"0%e** /& (ee/ &))%!)%&te, t$e G!-e%"/e"t*$&'' t&e *te)* &"( *+*t&" t$e +*e !. F')"! &* & /e(+/ !. !..c&' c!//+"c&t!" &"( &*'&"0+&0e !. "*t%+ct!" " t$e e(+c&t!"&' **te/#

Sect!" 7# F!% )+%)!*e* !. c!//+"c&t!" &"( "*t%+ct!", t$e !..c&' '&"0+&0e* !. t$eP$'))"e* &%e F')"! &"(, +"t' !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6, E"0'*$#

T$e %e0!"&' '&"0+&0e* &%e t$e &+;'&% !..c&' '&"0+&0e* " t$e %e0!"* &"( *$&'' *e%-e&* &+;'&% /e(& !. "*t%+ct!" t$e%e"#

S)&"*$ &"( A%&c *$&'' e )%!/!te( !" & -!'+"t&% &"( !)t!"&' &**#Sect!" 8# T$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' e )%!/+'0&te( " F')"! &"( E"0'*$ &"( *$&'' e

t%&"*'&te( "t! /&@!% %e0!"&' '&"0+&0e*, A%&c &"( S)&"*$#

12



Sect!" 9# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' e*t&'*$ & "&t!"&' '&"0+&0e c!//**!" c!/)!*e( !.%e)%e*e"t&t-e* !. -&%!+* %e0!"* &"( (*c)'"e* 6$c$ *$&'' +"(e%t&e, c!!%("&te, &"(

)%!/!te %e*e&%c$e* .!% t$e (e-e'!)/e"t, )%!)&0&t!", &"( )%e*e%-&t!" !. F')"! &"( !t$e%'&"0+&0e*#

3 W$&t * t$e "&t!"&' '&"0+&0e !. t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 F')"!# Sect!" <

3 W$&t &%e t$e !..c&' '&"0+&0e* !. t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 Sect!" 7 (e*0"&te* F')"! &"( E"0'*$ &* t$e !..c&' '&"0+&0e* !. t$e P$'))"e* .!%

)+%)!*e* !. c!//+"c&t!" &"( "*t%+ct!"#

3 A%e %e0!"&' '&"0+&0e* +*e( .!% )+%)!*e* !. c!//+"c&t!" &"( "*t%+ct!"4A 3 e*, +t t$e 6'' !"' e &+;'&% !..c&' '&"0+&0e* " t$e %e0!"* &"( *$&'' *e%-e &*

&+;'&% /e(& !. "*t%+ct!" t$e%e"#>>781

3 C&" t$e S)&"*$ &"( A%&c '&"0+&0e e +*e(4A 3 T$e &%e "! '!"0e% %e+%e( .!% (e0%ee )+%)!*e* +t t$e *c$!!'* /& c!"t"+e t! %e+%e

t$e/ .!% ce%t&" /&@!% *)ec&'&t!"* !% *)ec&' *t+(e*# T$e C!"*tt+t!" !"' )%!-(e* t$&tt$e *&( '&"0+&0e* *$&'' e )%!/!te( !" & -!'+"t&% &"( !)t!"&' &**#

3 Sect!" 8 )%!-(e* t$&t t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' e )%!/+'0&te( " F')"! &"( E"0'*$ &"(*$&'' e t%&"*'&te( "t! /&@!% %e0!"&' '&"0+&0e*, A%&c &"( S)&"*$# I. t$e%e * & c!".'ct" /e&""0 &/!"0 t$e (..e%e"t te;t, 6$c$ *$&'' )%e-&'4

A 3 T$e C!"*tt+t!" * *'e"t !" t$* )!"t +t t$e '&"0+&0e +*e( (+%"0 t$e (*c+**!"*, .%!/t$e !)e""0 !. t$e e"t%e )%!cee("0* t! t$e te%/"&t!" !. t$e *&/e, 6e%e )%e(!/"&"t' "

E"0'*$# It * *+/tte( t$&t t$e E"0'*$ te;t *$!+'( )%e-&'#

SCIENCE AND TEC5NOLOGSect!" 1=# Sce"ce &"( tec$"!'!0 &%e e**e"t&' .!% "&t!"&' (e-e'!)/e"t &"( )%!0%e**

T$e St&te *$&'' 0-e )%!%t t! %e*e&%c$ &"( (e-e'!)/e"t, "-e"t!", ""!-&t!", &"( t$e%+t'&t!" &"( t! *ce"ce &"( tec$"!'!0 e(+c&t!", t%&""0, &"( *e%-ce*# It *$&'' *+))!%t"(0e"!+*, &))%!)%&te, &"( *e'.3%e'&"t *ce"t.c &"( tec$"!'!0c&' c&)&'te*, &"( t$e%&))'c&t!" t! t$e c!+"t%* )%!(+ct-e **te/* &"( "&t!"&' '.e#

Sect!" 11# T$e C!"0%e** /& )%!-(e .!% "ce"t-e*, "c'+("0 t&; (e(+ct!"*, t!

e"c!+%&0e )%-&te )&%tc)&t!" " )%!0%&/* !. &*c &"( &))'e( *ce"t.c %e*e&%c$Sc$!'&%*$)*, 0%&"t*3"3&(, !% !t$e% .!%/* !. "ce"t-e* *$&'' e )%!-(e( t! (e*e%-"0 *ce"ce*t+(e"t*, %e*e&%c$e%*, *ce"t*t*, "-e"t!%*, tec$"!'!0*t*, &"( e*)ec&'' 0.te( cte"*#

Sect!" 12# T$e St&te *$&'' %e0+'&te t$e t%&"*.e% &"( )%!/!te t$e &(&)t&t!" !. tec$"!'!0.%!/ &'' *!+%ce* .!% t$e "&t!"&' e"e.t# It *$&'' e"c!+%&0e t$e 6(e*t )&%tc)&t!" !. )%-&te0%!+)*, '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t*, &"( c!//+"t3&*e( !%0&"&t!"* " t$e 0e"e%&t!" &"( +t'&t!"!. *ce"ce &"( tec$"!'!0#

12H



Sect!" 1?# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect &"( *ec+%e t$e e;c'+*-e %0$t* !. *ce"t*t*, "-e*t!%*&%t*t*, &"( !t$e% 0.te( cte"* t! t$e% "te''ect+&' )%!)e%t &"( c%e&t!"*, )&%tc+'&%' 6$e"

e"e.c&' t! t$e )e!)'e, .!% *+c$ )e%!( &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6#

3 W$ *$!+'( )%!%t e 0-e" t! %e*e&%c$ &"( (e-e'!)/e"t, "-e"t!", ""!-&t!", &"( t$e%+t'&t!", &"( t! *ce"ce &"( tec$"!'!0 e(+c&t!", t%&""0 &"( *e%-ce*4

A 3 Sce"ce &"( tec$"!'!0 &%e e**e"t&' .!% "&t!"&' (e-e'!)/e"t &"( )%!0%e**# Sect!" 1=

>>782 3 I* t$e )%-&te *ect!% e"c!+%&0e t! )&%tc)&te t$e )%!0%&/* !. &*c &"( &))'e( *ce"t.c

%e*e&%c$4A 3 e*# I" .&ct, C!"0%e** /& )%!-(e .!% "ce"t-e*, "c'+("0 t&; (e(+ct!"*# Sc$!'&%*$)*,

0%&"t*3"3&(, !% !t$e% .!%/* !. "ce"t-e* *$&'' e )%!-(e( t! (e*e%-"0 *ce"ce *t+(e"t*%e*e&%c$e%*, *ce"t*t*, "-e"t!%*, tec$"!'!0e*, &"( *)ec&'' 0.te( cte"*# Sect!" 11

3 W$&t *)ec.c )%!tect!" *$&'' t$e St&te 0-e t! *ce"t*t*, "-e"t!%*, &%t*t*, &"( !t$e% 0.te(cte"* t! t$e% "te''ect+&' )%!)e%t &"( c%e&t!"*4

A 3 T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect &"( *ec+%e t$e e;c'+*-e %0$t* t! t$e% "te''ect+&' )%!)e%t &"(c%e&t!"*#

ARTS AND CULTURESect!" 1# T$e St&te *$&'' .!*te% t$e )%e*e%-&t!", e"%c$/e"t, &"( ("&/c e-!'+t!" !.

& F')"! "&t!"&' c+'t+%e &*e( !" t$e )%"c)'e !. +"t " (-e%*t " & c'/&te !. .%ee &%t*tc&"( "te''ect+&' e;)%e**!"#

Sect!" 1H# A%t* &"( 'ette%* *$&'' e"@! t$e )&t%!"&0e !. t$e St&te# T$e St&te *$&''c!"*e%-e, )%!/!te, &"( )!)+'&%e t$e "&t!"* $*t!%c&' &"( c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e &"( %e*!+%ce* &*6e'' &* &%t*tc c%e&t!"*#

Sect!" 1<# A'Q t$e c!+"t%* &%t*tc &"( $*t!%c 6e&'t$ c!"*tt+te t$e c+'t+%&' t%e&*+%e !.t$e "&t!" &"( *$&'' e +"(e% t$e )%!tect!" !. t$e St&te 6$c$ /& %e0+'&te t* (*)!*t!"#

Sect!" 17# T$e St&te *$&'' %ec!0"e, %e*)ect, &"( )%!tect t$e %0$t* !. "(0e"!+*c+'t+%&' c!//+"te* t! )%e*e%-e &"( (e-e'!) t$e% c+'t+%e*, t%&(t!"*, &"( "*tt+t!"*# It *$&''c!"*(e% t$e*e %0$t* " t$e .!%/+'&t!" !. "&t!"&' )'&"* &"( )!'ce*#

Sect!" 18# 1 T$e St&te *$&'' e"*+%e e+&' &cce** t! c+'t+%&' !))!%t+"te* t$%!+0$ t$ee(+c&t!"&' **te/, )+'c !% )%-&te c+'t+%&' e"tte*, *c$!'&%*$)*, 0%&"t* &"( !t$e%"ce"t-e*, &"( c!//+"t c+'t+%&' ce"te%*, &"( !t$e% )+'c -e"+e*#

2 T$e St&te *$&'' e"c!+%&0e &"( *+))!%t %e*e&%c$e* &"( *t+(e* !" t$e &%t* &"( c+'t+%e#

3 S+//&%e t$e c!"ce%"* !. t$e St&te %e0&%("0 &%t* &"( c+'t+%e Sect!" 1 t! Sect!" 18#A 3 Sect!" 1 3 P%e*e%-&t!", e"%c$/e"t &"( ("&/c e-!'+t!" !. & F')"! "&t!"&' c+'t+%e#>>78?

Sect!" 1H 3 C!"*e%-&t!", )%!/!t!" &"( )!)+'&%&t!" !. t$e "&t!"* $*t!%c&' &"(c+'t+%&' $e%t&0e &"( %e*!+%ce* &* 6e'' &* &%t*tc %e*!+%ce*# Sect!" 1< 3 P%!tect!" !. t$ec!+"t%* &%t*tc &"( $*t!%c 6e&'t$#

12<



Sect!" 17 3 P%e*e%-&t!" &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e %0$t*, c+'t+%e*# t%&(t!"* &"("*tt+t!"* !. "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*#

Sect!" 18 3 E+&' &cce** t! c+'t+%&' !))!%t+"te* t$%!+0$ t$e e(+c&t!"&' **te/#

SPORTSSect!" 19# 1 T$e St&te *$&'' )%!/!te )$*c&' e(+c&t!" &"( e"c!+%&0e *)!%t* 'e&0+e

c!/)ett!"*, &"( &/&te+% *)!%t*, "c'+("0 t%&""0 .!% "te%"&t!"&' c!/)ett!"*, t! .!*te%

*e'.3(*c)'"e, te&/6!%, &"( e;ce''e"ce .!% t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. & $e&'t$ &"( &'e%tcte"%#

2 A'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* *$&'' +"(e%t&e %e0+'&% *)!%t* &ct-te* t$%!+0$!+t t$e c!+"t%" c!!)e%&t!" 6t$ &t$'etc c'+* &"( !t$e% *ect!%*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e c!"ce%"* !. t$e St&te +"(e% Sect!" 194A 31 P%!/!t!" !. )$*c&' e(+c&t!"#2 De-e'!)/e"t !. & $e&'t$ &"( &'e%t cte"%#

? Re0+'&% *)!%t &ct-te* t$%!+0$!+t t$e c!+"t% " c!!)e%&t!" 6t$ &t$'etc c'+* &"( !t$e%*ect!%*#

ARTICLE XVT5E FAMIL

Sect!" 1# T$e St&te %ec!0"e* t$e F')"! .&/' &* t$e .!+"(&t!" !. t$e "&t!"#Acc!%("0', t *$&'' *t%e"0t$e" t* *!'(&%t &"( &ct-e' )%!/!te t* t!t&' (e-e'!)/e"t#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t$%ee %e*)!"*'te* !. t$e St&te 6$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!" *t&te* t$&t T$e St&te%ec!0"e* t$e *&"ctt !. .&/' '.e#4

A 3 T$* %ec!0"t!" c&%%e* 6t$ t t$%ee %e*)!"*'te* !. t$e St&te, t$+*:1# It *$&'' )%!tect &"( *t%e"0t$e" t$e .&/' &* & &*c &+t!"!/!+* *!c&' "*tt+t!"#2# It *$&'' e+&'' )%!tect t$e '.e !. t$e /!t$e% &"( t$e '.e !. t$e +"!%" .%!/ c!"ce)t!"#?# T$e "&t+%&' )%/&% %0$t &"( (+t !. )&%e"t* " t$e %e&%"0 !. t$e !+t$ .!% c-c e..ce"c

&"( t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. /!%&' c$&%&cte% *$&'' %ece-e t$e &( &"( *+))!%t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t#

3 W$ * t$e .&/' c!"*(e%e( &* & &*c &+t!"!/!+* *!c&' "*tt+t!"4A 3 T$e .&/' * & *!c&' "*tt+t!" ec&+*e t .!%/* )&%t !. t$e c!//+"t# Wt$!+t & .&/'

!% & 0%!+) !. .&/'e*, t$e c!//+"t $&* "! !"e t! (e)e"( !" .!% &" )%!@ect t 6*$e* t!c&%% !+t# T$e 0!-e%"/e"t " e-e% c!//+"t * t$e &0e"c !% "*t%+/e"t&'t t$%!+0$6$c$ t$e 6*$e* !. t$e )e!)'e &%e /&(e "!6" &"( /)'e/e"te(# A'' t$e 0!-e%"/e"t*,t&e" t!0et$e%, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*#

>>78Sect!" 2# M&%%&0e, &* &" "-!'&'e *!c&' "*tt+t!", * t$e .!+"(&t!" !. t$e .&/' &"(*$&'' e )%!tecte( t$e St&te#

127



3 W$e" Sect!" 2 )%!-(e* t$&t /&%%&0e * &" "-!'&'e *!c&' "*tt+t!", (!e* t$* /e&"t$&t /&%%&0e c&""!t e &""+''e(4

A 3 N!# P%ec*e', t$e Ne6 F&/' C!(e, A%tc'e H t$e%e!., )%!-(e* t$&t /&%%&0e c&" e&""+''e( !" t$e 0%!+"(* e"+/e%&te( " *&( *ect!" " &((t!" t! t$e 0%!+"( *t&te( "A%tc'e ?< !. t$e F&/' C!(e#

Sect!" ?# T$e St&te *$&'' (e.e"(:

1 T$e %0$t !. *)!+*e* t! .!+"( & .&/' " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e% %e'0!+* c!"-ct!"* &"( t$e(e/&"(* !. %e*)!"*'e )&%e"t$!!(

2 T$e %0$t !. c$'(%e" t! &***t&"ce, "c'+("0 )%!)e% c&%e &"( "+t%t!", &"( *)ec&' )%!tect!" .%!/ &'' .!%/* !. "e0'ect, &+*e, c%+e't, e;)'!t&t!", &"( !t$e% c!"(t!"* )%e@+(c&' t! t$e% (e-e'!)/e"t

? T$e %0$t !. t$e .&/' t! & .&/' '-"0 6&0e &"( "c!/e &"( T$e %0$t !. .&/'e* !% .&/' &**!c&t!"* t! )&%tc)&te " t$e )'&"""0 &"(

/)'e/e"t&t!" !. )!'ce* &"( )%!0%&/* t$&t &..ect t$e/#

Sect!" # T$e .&/' $&* t$e (+t t! c&%e .!% t* e'(e%' /e/e%* +t t$e Se"&te /& &'*!(! *! t$%!+0$ @+*t )%!0%&/* !. *!c&' *ec+%t#

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!tect!" t! e'(e%' /e/e%* !. !+% *!cet4A 3 Sect!" %e+%e* t$&t t$e .&/' $&* t$e (+t t! c&%e .!% t* e'(e%' /e/e%* +t t$e

Se"&te /& &'*! (! *! t$%!+0$ @+*t )%!0%&/* !. *!c&' *ec+%t#

ARTICLE XVIGENERAL PROVISIONS

Sect!" 1# T$e .'&0 !. t$e P$'))"e* *$&'' e %e(, 6$te, &"( '+e, 6t$ & *+" &"( t$%ee

*t&%*, &* c!"*ec%&te( &"( $!"!%e( t$e )e!)'e &"( %ec!0"e( '&6#Sect!" 2# T$e C!"0%e** /&, '&6, &(!)t & "e6 "&/e .!% t$e c!+"t%, & "&t!"&'

&"t$e/, !% & "&t!"&' *e&', 6$c$ *$&'' &'' e t%+' %e.'ect-e &"( */!'c !. t$e (e&'*, $*t!%,&"( t%&(t!"* !. t$e )e!)'e# S+c$ '&6 *$&'' t&e e..ect !"' +)!" t* %&t.c&t!" t$e )e!)'e "& "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/#>>78H 3 W$&t *$&'' e *+/tte( t! t$e )e!)'e " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/ +"(e% Sect!" 24A 3 A '&6 )&**e( C!"0%e** 6$c$ &(!)t* et$e%: 1 & "e6 "&/e .!% t$e c!+"t% 2 & "e6

"&t!"&' &"t$e/ ? !% & "e6 "&t!"&' *e&'#

Sect!" ?# T$e St&te /& "!t e *+e( 6t$!+t t* c!"*e"t#

3 W$&t * t$e %&t!"&'e !. Sect!" ?4A 31 A St&te $&* t$e "$e%e"t %0$t t! e;*t &"( t! )%!tect t*e'. &"( t* cte"* .%!/ &" &ct !%

&ct* 6$c$ 6'' (e.e&t t$e 0%e&te% "te%e*t !. t$e )e!)'e 6$c$ t * !'0&te( t! *e%-e# T$*"c'+(e* t$e %0$t t! )%!tect t*e'. &0&"*t "(*c%/"&te *+t* 6$c$ 6'' "ece**&%' %e+%e

128



t* &tte"t!", t/e &"( %e*!+%ce*# A'' t$e*e c!+'( !t$e%6*e e +*e( /!%e .!% t$e e"e.t &"("te%e*t !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e, " '"e 6t$ t$e )%!-*!"* !. Sect!"* &"( H, A%tc'e II !.t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#

2 At & t/e 6$e" !+% c!+"t% &"( t$e cte"% &%e c!".%!"te( 6t$ *e%!+* )%!'e/* &%*"0"!t !"' .%!/ ec!"!/c (e)%e**!" +t &'*! .%!/ %&/)&"t c%/"&'t, ("&))"0, (%+03%e'&te( c%/e*, /&**&c%e*, &0%&%&" +"%e*t, '&!% *t%e*, &"( /&" !t$e%*, t$e "te%e*t !.

)+'c 6e'.&%e (e/&"(* t$&t t$e t/e &"( %e*!+%ce* !. t$e St&te *$!+'( ette% e +*e( .!%

/!%e )%e**"0 /&tte%* "*te&( !. "(*c%/"&te *+t*#

T! & 0%e&te% "+/e% !. )e!)'e, t$* &** * )e%$&)* /!%e +"(e%*t&"(&'e t$&" 6$&t+*tce 5!'/e* *&( t$&t t$e%e c&" e "! !t$e% 'e0&' %0$t* &0&"*t t$e &+t$!%t 6$c$ /&e*t$e '&6 !" 6$c$ t$e %0$t (e)e"(*#

3 I* t$e (!ct%"e !. St&te //+"t &-&'&'e t! /e/e% St&te* . t$e &%e *!+0$t t! e *+e( "t$e c!+%t !. t$e '!c&' St&te4

A 3 It * "!t c!"(+c-e t! $&%/!" &"( )e&ce " t$e c!//+"t !. "&t!"* . !"e St&te c&" &**e%t

@+%*(ct!" !-e% &"!t$e% St&te# T$e ette% -e6 * t! +)$!'( t$e )%"c)'e !. *!-e%e0"e+&'t !. St&te* +"(e% t$e t/e3$!"!%e( )%"c)'e !. PAR IN PAREM IMPERIUM NON5ABET#

3 C&" t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* e *+e(4 E;)'&"#

A 3 A* & %+'e, t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* c&""!t e *+e( 6t$!+t t*c!"*e"t#

T$e c!"*e"t !. t$e St&te t! e *+e( /& e 0-e" e;)%e**' !% /)'e('# E;)%e** c!"*e"t/& e /&".e*te( et$e% t$%!+0$ & 0e"e%&' '&6 !% *)ec&' '&6#

>>78<W$e" * t$e%e &" e;)%e** c!"*e"t4

T$e%e * e;)%e** c!"*e"t 6$e" & '&6 e;)%e**' 0%&"t* &+t$!%t t! *+e t$e St&te !% &" !.t* &0e"ce*#

A"!t$e% e;&/)'e !. e;)%e** c!"*e"t * t$e *)ec&' '&6 e"&cte( t$e P$'))"eLe0*'&t+%e &+t$!%"0 &" "(-(+&' t! *+e t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t .!% "@+%e* $e $&(*+*t&"e( 6$e" $* /!t!%cc'e c!''(e( 6t$ & 0!-e%"/e"t &/+'&"ce# Me%t -*# G!-e%"/e"t!. t$e P$'))"e I*'&"(*, ? P$'# ?11

W$e" * t$e%e &" /)'e( c!"*e"t41 W$e" t$e St&te e"te%* "t! & )%-&te c!"t%&ct, +"'e** t$e c!"t%&ct * !"' "c(e"t&' t! t$e

)e%.!%/&"ce !. & 0!-e%"/e"t .+"ct!"# S&"t!* -*# S&"t!*, 92 P$'# 2812 W$e" t$e St&te e"te%* "t! &" !)e%&t!" t$&t * e**e"t&'' +*"e** !)e%&t!", +"'e** t$e

+*"e** !)e%&t!" * !"' "c(e"t&' t! t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. & 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!" #e&%%&*t%e *e%-ce# M!' P$'))"e* -*# C+*t!/* A%%&*t%e Se%-ce, 18 SCRA 112= 19<<

? W$e" t$e St&te *+e* & )%-&te )&%t, t$e (e.e"(&"t c&" .'e & c!+"te%c'&/ &0&"*t t$e St&te,+"'e** t$e *+t * e"te%e( "t! !"' t! %e**t & c'&/# L/ -*# B%!6"e'', 1=7 P$'# ? 19<9

129



3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e t! )%!*ec+te t$e c'&/ !. 0!-e%"/e"t4A 3 U"(e% C#A# N!# ?27, &* &/e"(e( P#D# N!# 1H, & c'&/ &0&"*t t$e 0!-e%"/e"t /+*t

.%*t e .'e( 6t$ t$e C!//**!" !" A+(t, 6$c$ /+*t &ct +)!" t 6t$" *;t (&*# I. t$ec'&/ * %e@ecte(, t$e c'&/&"t * &+t$!%e( t! e'e-&te t$e /&tte% t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !"ce%t!%&% &"( " e..ect *+e t$e St&te 6t$ t* c!"*e"t# P#D# N!# 1H, Sect!"* 93H=

3 C&" t$e e;)%e** c!"*e"t !. t$e St&te e 0-e" & /e%e c!+"*e' !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t4A 3 I" Re)+'c -*# P+%*/& 78 SCRA 7=, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e 6&-e% /&(e

t$e '&6e% !. t$e Rce &"( C!/ A(/"*t%&t!" * "!t "("0 +)!" t$e St&te# T$e e;)%e**c!"*e"t !. t$e St&te t! e *+e( *$!+'(, t$e%e.!%e, e )%!-(e( '&6#

3 C&" t$e &0e"ce* !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* e *+e(4A 3 It (e)e"(* !" 6$et$e% t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &0e"c t! e *+e( * "c!%)!%&te( !% +""c!%)!%&te(#

I. t * "c!%)!%&te(, t$e %+'e * t$&t t * *+&'e . t* c$&%te% *&* *! &"( %e0&%('e** !. t$e.+"ct!"* t * )e%.!%/"0# I. t * +""c!%)!%&te(, t$e %+'e * t$&t t * *+&'e . t *

)e%.!%/"0 )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"*, &"( "!t *+&'e . t * )e%.!%/"0 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*#>>787

N!te: T$e !'( c&*e* &%e Me%tt -*# G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e I*'&"(*, ? P$'# ?11 R!*ette-*# A+(t!%&' Ge"e%&', 81 P$'# H? &"( P&'&.!; -*# I'!c!* N!%te#

3 B%e.', 6$&t * t$e (ec*!" !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " t$e *&( c&*e*4

A 3 I" Me%tt -*# G!-e%"/e"t, t$e (%-e% !. t$e &/+'&"ce !. t$e P$'))"e Ge"e%&' 5!*)t&'6&* "!t c!"*(e%e( &* &" &0e"t &"( t$e *&( $!*)t&' * "!t t$e%e.!%e '&'e .!% t$e "e0'0e"ce!. t$e &/+'&"ce (%-e%#

I" R!*ette -*# A+(t!% Ge"e%&', t 6&* $e'( t$&t t$e !..ce%* !. t$e E/e%0e"c C!"t%!'A(/"*t%&t!" (( "!t &ct &* *)ec&' &0e"t* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t " *t!%"0 0&*!'"e " t$e6&%e$!+*e !. t$e E/e%0e"c C!"t%!' A(/"*t%&t!"# 5e"ce, t$e 0!-e%"/e"t * "!t %e*)!"*'e.!% t$e (&/&0e* c&+*e( t$%!+0$ *+c$ & "e0'0e"ce#

I" P&'&.!; -*# P%!-"ce !. I'!c!* N!%te, t$e '&tte% 6&* "!t '&'e .!% t$e &ct* !. t$e (%-e%!. t$e t%+c ec&+*e $e 6&* "!t & *)ec&' &0e"t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &* t$e te%/ 6&* +*e( "A%tc'e 19=? !. t$e S)&"*$ C-' C!(e# T$e @+(0/e"t !. t$e '!6e% c!+%t (*/**"0 t$ec!/)'&"t !. )'&"t..* .&t$e% !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e )%!-"ce 6&* "!t e"0&0e( " "(+*t% &"(t$e%e.!%e "!t '&'e +"(e% A%tc'e 1=? !. t$e Pe"&' C!(e 6$e%e t$e e/)'!e%* '&'t *

*+*(&%, 6&* &..%/e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t#

FONTANILLA VS# MALIAMAN, ET AL#G#R# NO# HH9<?

NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION VS# FONTANILLA, ETAL#G#R# NO# <1=3H, DECEMBER 1, 1989

FACTS:

1?=



NIA, & 0!-e%"/e"t &0e"c, !6"* &"( !)e%&te* & )c3+), &"( t * !..c&'' (%-e" 5+0!, t$e !"e e/)'!e( NIA &* t* %e0+'&% (%-e%# S&( )c3+) +/)e( & cc'e %((e" F%&"c*c!, *!" !. )ett!"e%*# Bec&+*e !. t$e /)&ct, F%&"c*c! 6&* t$%!6" H= /ete%* &6&.%!/ t$e )!"t !. /)&ct, 6$'e Re*tt+t!, &"!t$e% )&**e"0e%, 6&* t$%!6" & 'tt'e t .+%t$e%#F%&"c*c! (e(#

5+0! 6&* & 'ce"*e( )%!.e**!"&' (%-e% &"( $e )&**e( t$e 6%tte" &"( !%&' e;&/"&t!"*!" t%&..c %+'e* &"( /&"te"&"ce 0-e" NIA# T$e )&%e"t* !. F%&"c*c! *+e( NIA .!%

(&/&0e*#

NIA* c!"te"t!": NIA &''e0e( t$&t t (!e* "!t )e%.!%/ *!'e' !% )%/&%' )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"*, &"( t$&t t

* &" &0e"c !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t t&*e( 6t$ 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*# It c&""!t t$e%e.!%e e $e'('&'e .!% (&/&0e* .!% "@+%e* c&+*e( t* e/)'!ee* t! & t$%( )e%*!"#>>788ISSUE:

I* NIA '&'e .!% (&/&0e*4

5ELD:T$e NIA * &" &0e"c !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t e;e%c*"0 )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"*, e;)%e**

)%!-*!" !. Re)+'c Act N!# ?<=1# I"(+t&', t * & 0!-e%"/e"t c!%)!%&t!" 6t$ @+%(c&' )e%*!"&'t &"( "!t & /e%e &0e"c !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t# S"ce t * & c!%)!%&te !( )e%.!%/"0"!"30!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*, t "!6 ec!/e* '&'e .!% t$e (&/&0e c&+*e( t$e &cc(e"t%e*+'t"0 .%!/ t$e t!%t!+* &ct !. t* (%-e%3e/)'!ee# I" t$* c&*e, t$e NIA &**+/e* t$e%e*)!"*'t !. &" !%("&% e/)'!ee &"( &* *+c$, t ec!/e* &"*6e%&'e .!% (&/&0e*#

T$* &**+/)t!" !. '&'t, $!6e-e%, * )%e(c&te( +)!" t$e e;*te"ce !. "e0'0e"ce !.*+)e%-*!"# T$e /&tte% !. (+e ('0e"ce !" t$e )&%t !. NIA * & c%+c&' **+e " (ete%/""0 t*

'&'t *"ce t * & 0!-e%"/e"t &0e"c )e%.!%/"0 )%!)%et&% .+"ct!"* &"( &* *+c$ &**+/e*t$e )!*t+%e !. &" !%("&% e/)'!e% 6$c$, +"(e% )&%&0%&)$ H !. A%tc'e 218=, * %e*)!"*'e.!% t$e (&/&0e* c&+*e( t* e/)'!ee* )%!-(e( t$&t t $&* .&'e( t! !*e%-e !% e;e%c*e (+e('0e"ce " t$e *e'ect!" &"( *+)e%-*!" !. t$e (%-e%#

E-(e"t', t$e%e 6&* "e0'0e"ce " t$e *+)e%-*!" !. t$e (%-e% .!% t$e %e&*!" t$&t t$e6e%e t%&-e'"0 &t & $0$ *)ee( 6t$" t$e ct '/t* &"( et t$e *+)e%-*!% !. t$e 0%!+) .&'e( t!c&+t!" &"( /&e t$e (%-e% !*e%-e t$e )%!)e% &"( &''!6e( *)ee( 6t$" t$e ct# U"(e% t$e*t+&t!", *+c$ "e0'0e"ce * &00%&-&te( t$e% (e*%e t! %e&c$ t$e% (e*t"&t!" 6t$!+t e-e"c$ec"0 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e -e$c'e *+..e%e( (&/&0e .%!/ t$e !@ect t +/)e(, t$+* *$!6"0

/)%+(e"ce &"( %ec'e**"e** !" t$e )&%t !. !t$ t$e (%-e% &"( t$e 0%!+) *+)e%-*!%#T$e%e.!%e, NIA /& e $e'( '&'e .!% (&/&0e* c&+*e( t$e "e0'0e"t &ct !. t* (%-e%

6$! 6&* "!t t* *)ec&' &0e"t#

3 C&" & )+'c !..ce% e *+e( " $* !..c&' c&)&ct 6t$!+t !t&""0 .%*t t$e c!"*e"t !. t$eSt&te t! e *+e(4

A 3 T$* * &''!6e( " c&*e* 6$e%e *&( )+'c !..ce% * /e%e' e"0 %e+%e( t! (! !% )e%.!%/& (+t 6$c$ * %e+%e( '&6, !% . $e * /e%e' e"0 %e*t%&"e( t! (! !% )e%.!%/ &" &ct

1?1



6$c$ * &''e0e( t! e ''e0&' !% +"c!"*tt+t!"&', !% . $e * e"0 *+e( t! e &'e t! %ec!-e%.%!/ $/ t$e )!**e**!" !. & )%!)e%t 6$c$ * +"(e% $* c+*t!( " $* !..c&' c&)&ct &* &

)+'c !..ce%# 5!6e-e%, . " t$e e".!%ce/e"t !. & @+(0/e"t %e"(e%e( " c!""ect!" 6t$*&( c&*e*, &" &))%!)%&t!" !. )+'c .+"(* 6'' e "ee(e( t! *&t*. t$e @+(0/e"t, t$e St&te*$!+'( e "c'+(e( " t$e *+t &* )&%t (e.e"(&"t# I" !t$e% 6!%(*, t$e St&te "ee( "!t e &

)&%t (e.e"(&"t . *+c$ c'&/ c&" e *&t*.e( &"( c!/)'e( 6t$ t$e *&( )+'c !..ce%#>>789

3 C&" & )+'c !..ce% 6$! c'&/* t! $&-e e;e%c*e( &" &ct " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. $* !..c&'(+te* "c+% )e%*!"&' '&'t4

A 3 It * "!t e"!+0$ t$&t & )+'c !..ce% c!/)'e* 6t$ $* !..c&' (+te*# 5e *$!+'( )e%.!%/ $*(+te* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6 &"( $e *$!+'( &ct 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. $* &+t$!%t &"(

@+%*(ct!"# 5e"ce, . & )+'c !..ce% &ct* 6t$!+t @+%*(ct!" !% " e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!"&" "@+% c&+*e( $/ * $* )e%*!"&' '&'t &"( c&""!t e /)+te( t! t$e St&te#

3 W$e" t$e St&te 0-e* t* c!"*e"t t! e *+e(, (!e* t &'*! c!"*e"t t! t$e e;ec+t!" !. t$e @+(0/e"t &0&"*t t4

A 3 T$* +e*t!" 6&* %&*e( " Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* -*# V''&*!% H SCRA 8# I" t$*c&*e, & 6%t !. e;ec+t!" 6&* **+e( t$e c!+%t &0&"*t t$e .+"(* !. t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !.t$e P$'))"e* t! *&t*. & @+(0/e"t %e"(e%e( &0&"*t t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t# It 6&*%+'e( t$&t )+'c .+"(* c&""!t e t$e !@ect !. 0&%"*$/e"t )%!cee("0* e-e" . t$e c!"*e"tt! e *+e( $&( ee" )%e-!+*' 0%&"te( &"( e-e" . t$e St&te '&'t $&* ee" &(@+(0e(T$* %+'"0 +)$!'(* t$e -e6 t$&t 6$e" t$e St&te 0-e t* c!"*e"t t! e *+e( )%-&te

)&%te*, et$e% 0e"e%&' !% *)ec&' '&6, t /& '/t c'&/&"t* &ct!" !"' +) t! t$ec!/)'et!" )%!cee("0* &"te%!% t! t$e *t&0e !. e;ec+t!" &"( t$&t t$e )!6e% !. C!+%t* e"(*6$e" t$e @+(0/e"t * %e"(e%e(# I" !t$e% 6!%(*, @+(0/e"t * !"e t$"0 &"( (*+%*e/e"t !.

)+'c .+"(* t! *&t*. t$e *&( @+(0/e"t * &"!t$e%# T$e .%*t * 6e'' 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e

)!6e% &"( &+t$!%t !. t$e c!+%t# T$e *ec!"(* (e)e"(* !" 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e%e * &c!%%e*)!"("0 &))%!)%&t!", &* %e+%e( '&6, t! *&t*. t$e @+(0/e"t !. t$e c!+%t#

3 A%e t$e%e "*t&"ce* 6$e" .+"(* e'!"0"0 t! 0!-e%"/e"t c!%)!%&t!"* &"( (e)!*te( " & &", 6e%e 0&%"*$e(4

A 3 I" P$'))"e* N&t!"&' B&" -*# P&&'&" 8? SCRA H9H, & 6%t !. e;ec+t!" 6&* **+e(&0&"*t PVTA P$'))"e V%0"& T!&cc! A(/"*t%&t!"# It* .+"(* !" (e)!*t 6t$ PNB6e%e 0&%"*$e(# 5e%e t$e .+"(* e'!"0 t! & 0!-e%"/e"t c!%)!%&t!" 6$!*e c$&%te% )%!-(e*

t$&t t c&" *+e &"( e *+e(#I" N&t!"&' 5!+*"0 A+t$!%t -*# 5e%* !. +%e'!"(!, G#R# N!# 1H11, +"e 19, 2==?

t 6&* $e'( t$&t .+"(* e'!"0 t! & 0!-e%"/e"t !6"e( !% )+'c c!%)!%&t!" 6$c$ * c'!t$e(6t$ & )e%*!"&'t !. t* !6", $e"ce, t$e *&/e &%e "!t e;e/)t .%!/ 0&%"*$/e"t# 5e%e, t$e N5A6&* c!"*(e%e( 'e &" !t$e% c!%)!%&t!" ec&+*e t $&* e"te%e( "t! & c!//e%c&' t%&"*&ct!",&"( .!% 6$c$ %e&*!", t $&* &&"(!"e( t* *!-e%e0" c&)&ct#>>79=

1?2



T$e%e * &"!t$e% c&*e 6$e%e t$e Ct G!-e%"/e"t &))%!-e( &"( )&**e( &" !%("&"ce,&''!c&t"0 & ce%t&" &/!+"t t! e &'e t! )& &c *&'&%e*# 5e%e, t$e%e * &'%e&( &"&))%!)%&te( &/!+"t "te"(e( t! e +*e( &"( t! *&t*. t$e *&( !'0&t!"# Ct !. C&'!!c&"-*# A''&%(e, G#R# N!# 1=7271, Se)te/e% 1=, 2==?#

3 S+))!*e t$e%e * &'%e&( & ."&' /!"e @+(0e/e"t &0&"*t & /+"c)&'t +t (e*)te t$*,t$e '&te% *t'' .&'* &"( %e.+*e* t! )& t$e *&/e, 6$&t c!e%c-e /e&*+%e, . &", c&" e &-&'e(

!. t! c!/)e' t$e )&/e"t !. t$e *&( @+(0/e"t4A 3 T$e c'&/&"t /& .'e & )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* t! c!/)e' t$e e"&ct/e"t &"( &))%!-&' !. t$e

"ece**&% &))%!)%&t!" !%("&"ce &"( t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 (*+%*e/e"t !. /+"c)&' .+"(*#M+"c)&'t !. M&&t -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 19= SCRA 2=<

Sect!" # T$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. t$e P$'))"e* *$&'' e c!/)!*e( !. & cte" &%/e(.!%ce 6$c$ *$&'' +"(e%0! /'t&% t%&""0 &"( *e%-e, &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6# It *$&'' ee)& %e0+'&% .!%ce "ece**&% .!% t$e *ec+%t !. t$e St&te#

Sect!" H# 1 A'' /e/e%* !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* *$&'' t&e &" !&t$ !% &..%/&t!" t! +)$!'( &"((e.e"( t$* C!"*tt+t!"#

2 T$e St&te *$&'' *t%e"0t$e" t$e )&t%!tc *)%t &"( "&t!"&'*t c!"*c!+*"e** !. t$e /'t&%&"( %e*)ect .!% )e!)'e* %0$t* " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. t$e% (+t#

? P%!.e**!"&'*/ " t$e &%/e( .!%ce* &"( &(e+&te %e/+"e%&t!" &"( e"e.t* !. t* /e/e%**$&'' e & )%/e c!"ce%" !. t$e St&te# T$e &%/e( .!%ce* *$&'' e "*+'&te( .%!/ )&%t*&"

)!'tc*# N! /e/e% !. t$e /'t&% *$&'' e"0&0e (%ect' !% "(%ect' " &" )&%t*&" )!'tc&'

&ct-t, e;ce)t t! -!te#

N! /e/e% !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* " t$e &ct-e *e%-ce *$&'', &t &" t/e, e &))!"te( !%(e*0"&te( " &" c&)&ct t! & c-'&" )!*t!" " t$e G!-e%"/e"t "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* !% &" !. t$e% *+*(&%e*#

H L&6* !" %et%e/e"t !. /'t&% !..ce%* *$&'' "!t &''!6 e;te"*!" !. t$e% *e%-ce#< T$e !..ce%* &"( /e" !. t$e %e0+'&% .!%ce !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* *$&'' e %ec%+te(

)%!)!%t!"&te' .%!/ &'' )%!-"ce* &"( cte* &* .&% &* )%&ctc&'e#7 T$e t!+% !. (+t !. t$e C$e. !. St&.. !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* *$&'' "!t e;cee( t$%ee e&%*#

5!6e-e%, " t/e* !. 6&% !% !t$e% "&t!"&' e/e%0e"c (ec'&%e( t$e C!"0%e**, t$e

P%e*(e"t /& e;te"( *+c$ t!+% !. (+t#>>791 3 W$&t * %e+%e( &"( e;)ecte( !. t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. t$e P$'))"e*4A 31 A'' /e/e%* !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* *$&'' t&e &" !&t$ !% &..%/&t!" t! +)$!'( &"( (e.e"( t$*

C!"*tt+t!"#2 T$e &%/e( .!%ce* *$&'' e "*+'&te( .%!/ )&%t*&" )!'tc*#

1??



? N! /e/e% !. t$e /'t&% *$&'' e"0&0e (%ect' !% "(%ect' " &" )&%t*&" )!'tc&'&ct-t, e;ce)t t! -!te#

N! /e/e% !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* " t$e &ct-e *e%-ce *$&'', &t &" t/e, e &))!"te( !%(e*0"&te( " &" c&)&ct t! & c-'&" )!*t!" " t$e G!-e%"/e"t "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* !% &" !. t$e% *+*(&%e*#

3 C&" t$e%e e '&6 6$c$ 6'' &''!6 e;te"*!" !. *e%-ce !. /'t&% !..ce%*4

A 3 L&6* !" %et%e/e"t !. /'t&% !..ce%* *$&'' "!t &''!6 e;te"*!" !. t$e% *e%-ce#

3 C&" t$e t!+% !. (+t !. t$e C$e. !. St&.. !. t$e A%/e( .!%ce* e;cee( t$%ee e&%*4A 3 T$e t!+% !. (+t !. t$e C$e. !. St&.. !. t$e A%/e( F!%ce* *$&'' "!t e;cee( t$%ee e&%*

5!6e-e%, " t/e* !. 6&% !% !t$e% "&t!"&' e/e%0e"c (ec'&%e( t$e C!"0%e**, t$eP%e*(e"t /& e;te"( *+c$ t!+% !. (+t#

Sect!" <# T$e St&te *$&'' e*t&'*$ &"( /&"t&" !"e )!'ce .!%ce, 6$c$ *$&'' e "&t!"&'" *c!)e &"( c-'&" " c$&%&cte%, t! e &(/"*te%e( &"( c!"t%!''e( & "&t!"&' )!'ce

c!//**!"# T$e &+t$!%t !. '!c&' e;ec+t-e* !-e% t$e )!'ce +"t* " t$e% @+%*(ct!" *$&'' e )%!-(e( '&6#

3 W$! $&* c!"t%!' &"( &(/"*t%&t!" !-e% &'' )!'ce +"t* " t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 T$e N&t!"&' P!'ce C!//**!"#

3 W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. !+% )!'ce .!%ce4A 3 We *$&'' $&-e !"e )!'ce .!%ce, 6$c$ *$&'' e "&t!"&' " *c!)e &"( c-'&" " c$&%&cte%#

Sect!" 7# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!-(e //e(&te &"( &(e+&te c&%e, e"e.t*, &"( !t$e% .!%/*

!. &***t&"ce t! 6&% -ete%&"* &"( -ete%&"* !. /'t&% c&/)&0"*, t$e% *+%--"0 *)!+*e* &"(!%)$&"*# F+"(* *$&'' e )%!-(e( t$e%e.!% &"( (+e c!"*(e%&t!" *$&'' e 0-e" t$e/ " t$e(*)!*t!" !. &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" &"(, " &))%!)%&te c&*e*, " t$e +t'&t!"!. "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*#

Sect!" 8# T$e St&te *$&'', .%!/ t/e t! t/e, %e-e6 t! +)0%&(e t$e )e"*!"* &"( !t$e% e"e.t* (+e t! %et%ee* !. !t$ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &"( t$e )%-&te *ect!%*#>>792

Sect!" 9# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!tect c!"*+/e%* .%!/ t%&(e /&')%&ctce* &"( .%!/*+*t&"(&%( !% $&&%(!+* )%!(+ct*#

Sect!" 1=# T$e St&te *$&'' )%!-(e t$e )!'c e"-%!"/e"t .!% t$e .+'' (e-e'!)/e"t !.F')"! c&)&'t &"( t$e e/e%0e"ce !. c!//+"c&t!" *t%+ct+%e* *+t&'e t! t$e "ee(* &"(&*)%&t!"* !. t$e "&t!" &"( t$e &'&"ce( .'!6 !. ".!%/&t!" "t!, !+t !., &"( &c%!** t$ec!+"t%, " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ & )!'c t$&t %e*)ect* t$e .%ee(!/ !. *)eec$ &"( !. t$e )%e**#

Sect!" 11# 1 T$e !6"e%*$) &"( /&"&0e/e"t !. /&** /e(& *$&'' e '/te( t! cte"* !. t$eP$'))"e*, !% t! c!%)!%&t!"*, c!!)e%&t-e* !% &**!c&t!"*, 6$!''3!6"e( &"( /&"&0e( *+c$ cte"*#

1?



T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' %e0+'&te !% )%!$t /!"!)!'e* " c!//e%c&' /&** /e(& 6$e" t$e )+'c "te%e*t *! %e+%e*# N! c!/"&t!"* " %e*t%&"t !. t%&(e !% +".&% c!/)ett!" t$e%e"*$&'' e &''!6e(#

2 T$e &(-e%t*"0 "(+*t% * /)%e**e( 6t$ )+'c "te%e*t, &"( *$&'' e %e0+'&te( '&6 .!%t$e )%!tect!" !. c!"*+/e%* &"( t$e )%!/!t!" !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e#

O"' F')"! cte"* !% c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t 'e&*t *e-e"t )e% ce"t+/ !. t$e

c&)t&' !. 6$c$ * !6"e( *+c$ cte"* *$&'' e &''!6e( t! e"0&0e " t$e &(-e%t*"0"(+*t%#

T$e )&%tc)&t!" !. .!%e0" "-e*t!%* " t$e 0!-e%""0 !( !. e"tte* " *+c$ "(+*t%*$&'' e '/te( t! t$e% )%!)!%t!"&te *$&%e " t$e c&)t&' t$e%e!., &"( &'' t$e e;ec+t-e &"(/&"&0"0 !..ce%* !. *+c$ e"tte* /+*t e cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' '/t&t!"* %e0&%("0 !6"e%*$) &"( /&"&0e/e"t !. /&**/e(&4

A 3

1 It *$&'' e '/te( t! cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e*, !% t! c!%)!%&t!"*, c!!)e%&t-e* !%&**!c&t!"*, 6$!''3!6"e( &"( /&"&0e( *+c$ cte"*#

2 T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' %e0+'&te !% )%!$t /!"!)!'e* " c!//e%c&' /&** /e(& 6$e" t$e )+'c "te%e*t *! %e+%e*# N! c!/"&t!"* " %e*t%&"t !. t%&(e !% +".&% c!/)ett!"t$e%e" *$&'' e &''!6e(#

? T$e &(-e%t*"0 "(+*t% * /)%e**e( 6t$ )+'c "te%e*t, &"( *$&'' e %e0+'&te( '&6 .!%t$e )%!tect!" !. c!"*+/e%* &"( t$e )%!/!t!" !. t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e#

O"' F')"! cte"* !% c!%)!%&t!"* !% &**!c&t!"* &t 'e&*t *e-e"t )e% ce"t+/ !. t$ec&)t&' !. 6$c$ * !6"e( *+c$ cte"* *$&'' e &''!6e( t! e"0&0e " t$e &(-e%t*"0"(+*t%#

H T$e )&%tc)&t!" !. .!%e0" "-e*t!%* " t$e 0!-e%""0 !( !. e"tte* " *+c$ "(+*t% *$&'' e '/te( t! t$e% )%!)!%t!"&te *$&%e " t$e c&)t&' t$e%e!., &"( &'' t$e e;ec+t-e &"(/&"&0"0 !..ce%* !. *+c$ e"tte* /+*t e cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e*#

>>79?Sect!" 12# T$e C!"0%e** /& c%e&te & c!"*+'t&t-e !( t! &(-*e t$e P%e*(e"t !"

)!'ce* &..ect"0 "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*,

MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTIONSI# I//+"t !. &0e"ce* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*

C&" &0e"ce* !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* e *+e(4

A# T$e c&" e *+e( . t$e 0-e t$e% c!"*e"t t! e *+e(#B# T$e c&""!t e *+e( . t$e &%e )e%.!%/"0 & 6!% " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t&'

.+"ct!"#C# T$e c&""!t e *+e( ec&+*e t$e &%e /e%e' &0e"t* !. t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t &"( t * t$e

'&tte% t$&t *$!+'( e *+e(#

1?H



D# It (e)e"(* !" 6$et$e% 0!-e%"/e"t t! e *+e( * "c!%)!%&te( !% +""c!%)!%&te(# I. t *"c!%)!%&te(, t$e %+'e * t$&t t * *+&'e . t* c$&%te% *&* *! &"( %e0&%('e** !. t$e .+"ct!"*t * )e%.!%/"0# I. t * +""c!%)!%&te(, t$e %+'e * t * *+&'e . t * )e%.!%/"0 )%!)%et&%.+"ct!"* &"( "!t *+&'e . t * )e%.!%/"0 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*#

2# E".!%ce/e"t !. @+(0/e"t &0&"*t & /+"c)&' 0!-e%"/e"tA c!/)'&"t .!% *+/ !. /!"e 6t$ (&/&0e* 6&* .'e( &0&"*t X M+"c)&'t "

c!""ect!" 6t$ & c!"*t%+ct!" )%!@ect e"te%e( "t! &"( et6ee" *&( /+"c)&'t &"(St%!"0 C!"t%&ct!%*, I"c# A.te% t%&' &"( $e&%"0, @+(0/e"t 6&* %e"(e%e( &0&"*t X M+"c)&'t&"( *+*e+e"t', & 6%t !. e;ec+t!" 6&* **+e( t$e c!+%t t! e".!%ce @+(0/e"t#

A# T$e /!"e !6"e( X M+"c)&'t &"( (e)!%te( " R&' B&" c&" e 0&%"*$e( t! *&t*.t$e @+(0/e"t#

B# T$e )!6e% !. t$e c!+%t* &"( 6$e" t$e @+(0/e"t * %e"(e%e( &"( t$e 6%t !. e;ec+t!" !%0&%"*$/e"t c&""!t e e".!%ce(#

C# P+'c .+"(* c&""!t e t$e !@ect !. 0&%"*$/e"t )%!cee("0* e-e" . t$e c!"*e"t t! e *+e(

$&* ee" )%e-!+*' 0%&"te( !" &cc!+"t !. t$e c!"t%&ct#D# It * 6t$" t$e )!6e% !. t$e c!+%t t! %e"(e% +(0/e"t +t t$e )!6e% t! (*+%*e )+'c .+"(*

t! *&t*. t$e @+(0/e"t 6'' (e)e"( !" 6$et$e% t$e%e * & c!%%e*)!"("0 &))%!)%&t!", &*%e+%e( '&6#

>>79ARTICLE XVII

AMENDMENTS OR REVISIONSect!" 1# A" &/e"(/e"t t!, !% %e-*!" !., t$* C!"*tt+t!"&' /& e )%!)!*e( :& T$e C!"0%e**, +)!" & -!te !. t$%ee3.!+%t$* !. &'' t* Me/e%* !% A c!"*tt+t!"&' c!"-e"t!"#

CAN T5E 1987 CONSTITUTION BE C5ANGED4 IF SO, 5OW CAN IT BE C5ANGED4e*# B e;)%e** C!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!"# It c&" e c$&"0e( et$e% &/e"(/e"t !%

%e-*!"#

DISTINCTION BETWEEN REVISION AND AMENDMENTRe-*!" * t$e %e6%t"0 !% !-e%$&+'"0 !. t$e e"t%e "*t%+/e"t# A/e"(/e"t * & c$&"0e

!% &'te%&t!" .!% t$e ette%, &" &/e"(/e"t !% c$&"0e 6t$" t$e '"e* !. t$e !%0"&' "*t%+/e"t6$c$ 6'' %"0 &!+t /)%!-e/e"t#

STEPS REUIRED IN T5E REVISION OR AMENDMENT OF T5E CONSTITUTIONT$e%e &%e t6! 2 *te)* %e+%e( " t$e )%!ce** !. %e-*"0 !% &/e"("0 t$e C!"*tt+t!"

"&/e': & P%!)!*&' &"( R&t.c&t!"#

& PROPOSAL# P%!)!*&' * t$e /!t!" !. "t&t"0 *+00e*t!"* !% )%!)!*&'* !" t$e&/e"(/e"t !% %e-*!" 6$c$ /& et$e% e :

C!"0%e** +)!" & -!te !. t$%ee3.!+%t$* !. &'' t* Me/e%* !%

1?<



A C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!" !% T$e )e!)'e t$%!+0$ "t&t-e#

RATIFICATION# R&t.c&t!" * t$e *!-e%e0" &ct -e*te( " t$e F')"! )e!)'e t! et$e%%e@ect !% &))%!-e t$e )%!)!*&'* t! &/e"( !% %e-*e t$e C!"*tt+t!"# T$e %&t.c&t!% )%!ce*** .!+"( &"( !+t'"e( " Sect!" , A%tc'e XVII !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", t! 6t:

A" &/e"(/e"t t!, !% %e-*!" !., t$* C!"*tt+t!" +"(e% Sect!" 1 $e%e!. *$&'' e

-&'( 6$e" %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte 6$c$ *$&'' e $e'( "!t e&%'e%t$&" *;t <= (&* "!% '&te% t$&" ""et 9= (&* &.te% t$e &))%!-&' !. *+c$ &/e"(/e"t !%%e-*!"#>>79H

A" &/e"(/e"t +"(e% Sect!" 2 $e%e!. *$&'' e -&'( 6$e" %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e-!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte 6$c$ *$&'' e $e'( "!t e&%'e% t$&" *;t <= (&* "!% '&te% t$&" ""et9= (&* &.te% t$e ce%t.c&t!" t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* !. t$e *+..ce"c !. t$e

)ett!"#

5OW MA T5E CONSTITUTION BE REVISED4T$e%e &%e t6! 2 /!(e* !. %e-*"0 t$e C!"*tt+t!", t! 6t:

& B t$e C!"0%e**, +)!" & -!te !. t$%ee3.!+%t$* !. &'' t* Me/e%* !%

B & C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!"#I. C!"0%e** c$!!*e* t! c&'' & C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!" t! %e-*e t$e C!"*tt+t!", t /&

et$e%:

& C&'' & C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!" & -!te !. t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t* Me/e%* !%

S+/t t! t$e e'ect!%&te t$e +e*t!" !% c&''"0 *+c$ & !( & /&@!%t -!te !. &'' t*Me/e%*#

5OW MA T5E CONSTITUTION BE AMENDED4A/e"(/e"t /& e e..ecte(: & B C!"0%e**, +)!" & -!te !. t$e t$%ee3.!+%t$* !. &'' t*

Me/e%* B & C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!" c B Pe!)'e* I"t&t-e#Sect!" 2# A/e"(/e"t* t! t$* C!"*tt+t!" /& 'e6*e e (%ect' )%!)!*e( t$e

)e!)'e t$%!+0$ "t&t-e +)!" & )ett!" !. &t 'e&*t t6e'-e )e% ce"t+/ !. t$e t!t&' "+/e% !.%e0*te%e( -!te%*, !. 6$c$ e-e% 'e0*'&t-e (*t%ct /+*t e %e)%e*e"te( &t 'e&*t t$%ee )e%

ce"t+/ !. t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* t$e%e"# N! &/e"(/e"t +"(e% t$* *ect!" *$&'' e &+t$!%e(6t$" .-e e&%* .!''!6"0 t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!" "!% !.te"e% t$&" !"ce e-e% .-ee&%* t$e%e&.te%#

T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!-(e .!% t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !. t$e e;e%c*e !. t$* %0$t#Sect!" ?# T$e C!"0%e** /&, & -!te !. t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t* Me/e%*, c&'' &

c!"*tt+t!"&' c!"-e"t!", !% & /&@!%t -!te !. &'' t* Me/e%*, *+/t t! t$e e'ect!%&te t$e+e*t!" !. c&''"0 *+c$ & c!"-e"t!"#

1?7



PEOPLES INITIATIVEI"t&t-e * t$e )!6e% !. t$e )e!)'e t! )%!)!*e &/e"(/e"t* t! t$e C!"*tt+t!", !% t!

)%!)!*e &"( e"&ct 'e0*'&t!"* t$%!+0$ &" e'ect!" c&''e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e#>>79<T5REE ? SSTEMS OF INITIATIVE& I"t&t-e !" t$e C!"*tt+t!" 3 6$c$ %e.e%* t! & )ett!" )%!)!*"0 &/e"(/e"t* t! t$e

C!"*tt+t!"#

I"t&t-e !" St&t+te* 3 !"e %e.e%%"0 t! & )ett!" t! e"&ct & "&t!"&' 'e0*'&t!"#c I"t&t-e !" L!c&' Le0*'&t!" 3 t %e.e%* t! & )ett!" )%!)!*"0 t! e"&ct & %e0!"&',

)%!-"c&', ct !% /+"c)&' !% &%&"0& '&6, %e*!'+t!" !% !%("&"ce#

REUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS TO PEOPLES INITIATIVEI"t&t-e t! &/e"( t$e C!"*tt+t!" /& e e..ecte( t$%!+0$ & )ett!", *+@ect t! t$e

.!''!6"0 c!"(t!"*:

& T$e )ett!" /+*t $&-e &t 'e&*t t6e'-e 12 )e% ce"t+/ !. t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. %e0*te%e(

-!te%* &* *0"&t!%e*# O. t$e t6e'-e 12 )e% ce"t+/ t!t&' %e0*te%e( -!te%*, &t 'e&*t e-e% 'e0*'&t-e (*t%ct

/+*t e %e)%e*e"te( t$%ee ? )e% ce"t+/ !. t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* t$e%e"#

T5E LIMITATIONS ON T5E EXERCISE OF SUC5 RIG5T ARE:& T$e )!6e% !. "t&t-e *$&'' e e;e%c*e( .-e e&%* &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987

C!"*tt+t!"# T$e )!6e% /& e e;e%c*e( !"' !"ce e-e% .-e e&%* t$e%e&.te%#

CONTENTS OF T5E PETITION ON INITIATIVE

T$e )ett!" /+*t *t&te t$e .!''!6"0:

& C!"te"t* !% te;t !. t$e )%!)!*e( '&6 *!+0$t t! e e"&cte(, &))%!-e(, !% %e@ecte(, &/e"(e( !%%e)e&'e(, &* t$e c&*e /& e#

T$e )%!)!*t!"#c T$e %e&*!" !% %e&*!"* t$e%e!.#( T$&t t * "!t !"e !. t$e e;ce)t!"* )%!-(e( t$e%e"#e S0"&t+%e* !. t$e )ett!"e%* !% %e0*te%e( -!te%*#. A" &*t%&ct !. *+//&% )%!)!*t!" " "!t /!%e t$&" !"e $+"(%e( 6!%(* 6$c$ *$&'' e

'e0' 6%tte" !% )%"te( &t t$e t!) !. e-e% )&0e !. t$e )ett!"#

Sect!" # A" &/e"(/e"t t!, %e-*!" !., t$* C!"*tt+t!" +"(e% Sect!" 1 $e%e!. *$&'' e -&'( 6$e" %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte 6$c$ *$&'' e $e'( "!te&%'e% t$&" *;t (&* "!% '&te% t$&" ""et (&* &.te% t$e &))%!-&' !. *+c$ &/e"(/e"t !%%e-*!"#

1?8



A" &/e"(/e"t +"(e% Sect!" 2 $e%e!. *$&'' e -&'( 6$e" %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e-!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte 6$c$ *$&'' e $e'( "!t e&%'e% t$&" *;t (&* "!% '&te% t$&" ""et(&* &.te% t$e ce%t.c&t!" t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!" !. t$e *+..ce"c !. t$e )ett!"#>>797RATIFICATION

It * t$e (%ect &))%!-&' !. t$e )e!)'e !. t$e &/e"(/e"t t!, !% %e-*!" !., t$eC!"*tt+t!"#

W5EN S5OULD T5E AMENDMENT TO OR REVISION OF T5E CONSTITUTION BESUBMITTED TO T5E PEOPLE IN A PLEBISCITE4

T$e &/e"(/e"t t! !% %e-*!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" /+*t e *+/tte( t! t$e )e!)'e " & )'e*cte c&''e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e "!t e&%'e% t$&" *;t <= (&* "!% '&te% t$&" ""et 9= (&*&.te% t$e &))%!-&' !. *+c$ &/e"(/e"t !% %e-*!"# A" &/e"(/e"t t! t$e C!"*tt+t!"+"(e%t&e" -%t+e !. t$e )e!)'e* %0$t !" "t&t-e *$&'' e *+/tte( &'*! 6t$" t$e *&/e

)e%!( &.te% t$e ce%t.c&t!" t$e COMELEC !. t$e *+..ce"c !. t$e )ett!"# Sect!" ,P&%&0%&)$ 2, A%tc'e XVII

CAN PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO T5E CONSTITUTION BE SUBMITTED AT APLEBISCITE W5IC5 IS SC5EDULED ON T5E SAME DA AS T5E REGULARELECTIONS4

I" G!"&'e* -*# C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* 21 SCRA 77, t$e )ett!"e% +e*t!"e( t$e-&'(t !. t$e *+/**!" !. *!/e )%!)!*e( &/e"(/e"t* t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" &t & )'e*cte6$c$ * *c$e(+'e( !" t$e *&/e (& &* t$e %e0+'&% e'ect!"*# It 6&* t$e c!"te"t!" !. t$e

)ett!"e% t$&t t e"0 t$e *&/e (& 6$e" t$e %e0+'&% e'ect!"* *$&'' e $e'(, t$e )e!)'e 6!+'($&-e /!%e "te%e*t !" t$e e'ect!" **+e* %&t$e% t$&" !" t$e )%!)!*e( &/e"(/e"t* t! t$eC!"*tt+t!"# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, $!6e-e%, (( "!t +)$!'( t$e *&( c!"te"t!" &"( $e'( t$&t ;

; ; T$e c%c+/*t&"ce t$&t t$e )%e-!+* &/e"(/e"t t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" $&( ee" *+/tte( t!t$e )e!)'e .!% %&t.c&t!" " *)ec&' e'ect!"* /e%e' *$!6* t$&t C!"0%e** (ee/e( t e*t t! (!*! +"(e% t$e c%c+/*t&"ce* t$e" !t&""0# It (!e* "!t "e0&te t* &+t$!%t t! *+/t )%!)!*e(&/e"(/e"t* .!% %&t.c&t!" " 0e"e%&' e'ect!"*#

IS T5E POWER TO AMEND OR REVISE T5E CONSTITUTION INCLUDED IN T5EGENERAL GRANT OF LEGISLATIVE POWER TO CONGRESS4

T$e )!6e% t! &/e"( !% %e-*e t$e C!"*tt+t!" * "!t "c'+(e( " t$e 0e"e%&' 0%&"t !.'e0*'&t-e )!6e% t! C!"0%e**# It * )&%t !. t$e "$e%e"t )!6e%* !. t$e )e!)'e &* t$e %e)!*t!% !.

*!-e%e0"t " & Re)+'c&" St&te# It c&""!t e e;e%c*e( C!"0%e** +"'e** e;)%e**' 0%&"te(t! t " t$e C!"*tt+t!"# C!"0%e** /& )%!)!*e &/e"(/e"t* t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" /e%e' ec&+*et$e *&/e e;)%e**' 0%&"t* *+c$ )!6e%# T$+*, 6$e" e;e%c*"0 t$e *&/e, t * *&( t$&t t$eSe"&t!%* &"( Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* &ct, "!t &* Me/e%* !. C!"0%e**, +t &*c!/)!"e"t e'e/e"t* !. & c!"*tt+e"t &**e/'# W$e" &ct"0 &* *+c$, t$e Me/e%* !. t$eC!"0%e** (e%-e t$e% &+t$!%t .%!/ t$e C!"*tt+t!", +"'e t$e )e!)'e, 6$e" )e%.!%/"0 t$e*&/e .+"ct!", .!% t$e% &+t$!%t (!e* "!t e/&"&te .%!/ t$e C!"*tt+t!" 3 t$e &%e t$e -e%

1?9



*!+%ce !. &'' )!6e%* !. 0!-e%"/e"t, "c'+("0 t$e C!"*tt+t!" t*e'.# G!"&'e* -*C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, 21 SCRA 77>>798IS AN AMENDMENT OR REVISION AND RATIFICATION OF T5E CONSTITUTION A

USTICIABLE UESTION4It * & @+*tc&'e +e*t!"# M&@!%t -e6 " &-e''&"& -*# E;ec+t-e Sec%et&%, et &'#, L3

?<12, M&%c$ ?1, 197?

I" S&"(&( -*# C!/e'ec *+)%&, t$e C!+%t $e'( t$&t t$e &/e"("0 )%!ce**, !t$ &* t! )%!)!*&' &"( %&t.c&t!" %&*e* & @+*tc&'e +e*t!"# S&( t$e C!+%t " S&"(&(:

T$e S!'ct!% Ge"e%&' 6!+'( c!"*(e% t$e +e*t!" &t &% &* & )+%e )!'tc&' !"e, '"0!+t*(e t$e (!/&" !. @+(c&' %e-e6 We (*&0%ee# T$e &/e"("0 )%!ce** !t$ &* t! )%!)!*&'&"( %&t.c&t!", %&*e* & @+(c&' +e*t!"# T$* * *)ec.c&'' t%+e " c&*e* 6$e%e t$e )!6e% !.t$e P%e*(e"t t! "t&te t$e &/e"("0 )%!ce** & )%!)!*&' !. &/e"(/e"t, & .+"ct!" "!%/&''e;e%c*e( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e, * *e%!+*' (!+te(

CAN T5E CONSTITUTION BE VALIDL AMENDED B TRANSPOSITION4

N!# T$e C!"*tt+t!" c&" !"' e -&'(' &/e"(e( t$e t$%ee ? /!(e* e;)'ct'e"+/e%&te( " Sect!"* 1 &"( 2, A%tc'e XVII# A/e"(/e"t t%&"*)!*t!" * "!t !"e !. t$e/,$e"ce, /)e%/**'e# B&+t*t& -*# S&'!"0&, 172 SCRA 1<=, A)%' 1?, 1989

IS IT POSSIBLE T5AT T5E PROCEDURAL REUIREMENTS FOR AMENDMENT ORREVISION OF T5E CONSTITUTION ARE NOT COMPLIED WIT5, AND ET, IT ISCONSIDERED VALIDL RATIFIED4

T$e /&@!%t -e6 " &-e''&"& -*# E;ec+t-e Sec%et&% c!".%/e( t$&t t$* * )!**'eT$e (*)!*t-e )!%t!" !. t$e (ec*!" " t$e *&( c&*e *t&te*:

Acc!%("0', -%t+e !. t$e /&@!%t !. *; < -!te* !. +*tce* M&&'"t&', C&*t%!,

B&%%e(!, M&&*&%, A"t!"! &"( E*0+e%%& 6t$ t$e .!+% (**e"t"0 -!te* !. t$e C$e. +*tce &"(+*tce* K&'(-&% Fe%"&"(! &"( Tee$&"ee, &'' t$e &.!%e/e"t!"e( c&*e* &%e $e%e (*/**e(#T$* e"0 t$e -!te !. t$e /&@!%t# t$e%e * "! .+%t$e% @+(c&' !*t&c'e t! t$e "e6 C!"*tt+t!"

e"0 c!"*(e%e( " .!%ce &"( e..ect# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(>>799

ARTICLE XVIIITRANSITOR PROVISIONS

Sect!" 1# T$e .%*t e'ect!"* !. Me/e%* !. t$e C!"0%e** +"(e% t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' e$e'( !" t$e Sec!"( M!"(& !. M&, 1987#

T$e .%*t '!c&' e'ect!"* *$&'' e $e'( !" & (&te t! e (ete%/"e( t$e P%e*(e"t, 6$c$/& e */+'t&"e!+* 6t$ t$e e'ect!" !. t$e Me/e%* !. t$e C!"0%e**# It *$&'' "c'+(e t$ee'ect!" !. &'' Me/e%* !. t$e ct !% /+"c)&' c!+"c'* " t$e Met%!)!'t&" M&"'& &%e&#

3 W$&t * t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e t%&"*t!% )%!-*!"* )%!-(e( .!% " Sect!"* 1 t! 27 !. A%tc'eXVIII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"4

A 3 T%&"*t!% )%!-*!"* &%e t%&"*e"t !% te/)!%&% " "&t+%e# T$e &%e "te"(e( t! &tt&"*/!!t$ t%&"*t!" .%!/ t$e !'( 0!-e%"/e"t t! t$e "e6 !"e +"(e% t$e "e6 C!"*tt+t!"# T$e

1=



)+%)!*e .!% 6$c$ & t%&"*t!% )%!-*!" * e"&cte( * (ee/e( &cc!/)'*$e( &.te% t$e *&( )%!-*!" * c&%%e( !+t, /)'e/e"te( !% .+'.''e(# T$e%e e"0 "! *)ec.c (&te t$&t * .;e(.!% t$e e;&ct .+'.''/e"t !. t$e *&/e, e;ce)t &* !t$e%6*e "(c&te( " *!/e "*t&"ce*, t$e*$&'' c!"t"+e t! e;*t +"t' t$e )+%)!*e !% )+%)!*e* .!% t$e% e"&ct/e"t &%e &tt&"e( !%.+'.''e(#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t$%ee ? e'ect!"* /e"t!"e( !% %e.e%%e( t! +"(e% Sect!" 14

A 3 T$e%e &%e t$%ee ? e'ect!"* /e"t!"e( " !% %e.e%%e( t! +"(e% Sect!" 1 &"( t$e &%e &*.!''!6*:

1# T$e .%*t e'ect!"* !. /e/e%* !. C!"0%e**3 T$e .%*t e'ect!"* !. Me/e%* !. t$e C!"0%e** +"(e% t$e C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' e $e'( !" t$e

*ec!"( M!"(& !. M&, 1987#

2# T$e .%*t '!c&' e'ect!"*?# E'ect!" !. &'' /e/e%* !. t$e ct !% /+"c)&' c!+"c'* " t$e Met%!)!'t&" &%e&

3 T$e .%*t '!c&' e'ect!"* *$&'' e $e'( !" t$e (&te t! e (ete%/"e( t$e P%e*(e"t 6$c$ /& e */+'t&"e!+* 6t$ t$e e'ect!" !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e C!"0%e**# It *$&'' "c'+(e t$ee'ect!" !. &'' Me/e%* !. t$e Ct !% M+"c)&' c!+"c'* " t$e Met%!)!'t&" M&"'& &%e&#

>>8==Sect!" 2# T$e Se"&t!%*, Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, &"( t$e '!c&' !..c&'*

.%*t e'ecte( +"(e% t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' *e%-e +"t' "!!" !. +"e ?=, 1992#O. t$e Se"&t!%* e'ecte( " t$e e'ect!" " 1992, t$e .%*t t6e'-e !t&""0 t$e $0$e*t

"+/e% !. -!te* *$&'' *e%-e .!% *; e&%* &"( t$e %e/&""0 t6e'-e .!% t$%ee e&%*#

3 W$&t * t$e (e."t!" !. t$e te%/ !. !..ce !. Se"&t!%*, Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !.

Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, &"( t$e '!c&' !..c&'* .%*t e'ecte( +"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"4

A 3 Sect!" 2 (e."e* t$e te%/ !. t$e .!''!6"0:1# Se"&t!%*, Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* 3 T$e *$&'' *e%-e +"t' "!!" !. +"e ?=

1992#2# T$e .%*t t6e'-e 12 *e"&t!%* e'ecte( " t$e 1992 e'ect!" 6$! !t&"e( t$e $0$e*t "+/e%

!. -!te* 3 T$e .%*t t6e'-e Se"&t!%* !t&""0 t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* *$&'' *e%-e .!% *;< e&%*#

?# T$e "e;t t6e'-e *e"&t!%* e'ecte( " t$e 1992 E'ect!" 3 T$e %e/&""0 Se"&t!%* 3 1?t$ t! 2t$

)'&ce 3 *$&'' *e%-e .!% t$%ee ? e&%*#

3 5!6 * *"c$%!"&t!" &tt&"e( 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e te%/ !. P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t4

A 3 T$e .%*t e'ect!"* .!% t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t +"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6&*$e'( !" t$e *ec!"( M!"(& !. M&, 1992, ec&+*e t$e *;3e&% te%/ !. t$e" P%e*(e"tC!%&!" C# A+"! &"( t$e" Vce3P%e*(e"t S&'-&(!% 5# L&+%e' 6$! 6!" " t$e e'ect!" !"

11



Fe%+&% 7, 198<, 6&* e;te"(e(, .!% )+%)!*e* !. *"c$%!"&t!", t! "!!" !. +"e ?=, 1992,&" e;te"*!" !. &!+t .!+% /!"t$*#

F!% t$e .!%e0!"0 %e&*!"*, t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" )&-e* t$e 6& .!% t$e *"c$%!"&t!" !.e'ect!"* .!% '!c&' &"( "&t!"&' !..c&'*, "c'+("0 t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t !. t$eP$'))"e*#

Sect!" ?# A'' e;*t"0 '&6*, (ec%ee*, e;ec+t-e* !%(e%*, )%!c'&/&t!"*, 'ette%* !.

"*t%+ct!"*, &"( !t$e% e;ec+t-e **+&"ce* "!t "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' %e/&"!)e%&t-e +"t' &/e"(e(, %e)e&'e(, !% %e-!e(

3 W$&t * t$e %&t!"&'e !. Sect!" ?4A 3 E;*t"0 '&6*, (ec%ee*, e;ec+t-e !%(e%*, )%!c'&/&t!"*, 'ette%* !. "*t%+ct!"*, &"( !t$e%

e;ec+t-e **+&"ce* *$&'' %e/&" !)e%&t-e +"t' &/e"(e(, %e)e&'e( !% %e-!e(, .!% &* '!"0 &*t$e &%e "!t "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"# I" t$* /&""e%, t$e%e *$&'' e "!(*%+)t!" " t$e !%(e%' !)e%&t!"* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t (+%"0 t$e t%&"*t!" )e%!(# It 6''&'*! "*+%e )%!tect!" &"( %e*)ect .!% -e*te( %0$t* &"( !'0&t!"* (e%-e( +"(e% t$e e;*t"0

*t&t+te* "!t "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$* C!"*tt+t!"#>>8=1

Sect!" # A'' e;*t"0 t%e&te* !% "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t* 6$c$ $&-e "!t ee" %&t.e(*$&'' "!t e %e"e6e( !% e;te"(e( 6t$!+t t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. &t 'e&*t t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t$eMe/e%* !. t$e Se"&te#

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' '/t&t!" 6t$ %e*)ect t! e;*t"0 t%e&te* !% "te%"&t!"&'&0%ee/e"t* 6$c$ $&-e "!t ee" %&t.e(4

A 3 Sect!" %e.e%* t! t%e&te* !% "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t* 6$c$ /& $&-e ee" e"te%e( "t! P%e*(e"t Fe%("&"( E# M&%c!* (+%"0 $* "c+/e"c +t 6$c$ $&-e "!t ee" %&t.e(#

T$e /& c!"t"+e, &* &0%ee( +)!", +t t$e *$&'' "!t e %e"e6e( !% e;te"(e( 6t$!+t t$ec!"c+%%e"ce !. &t 'e&*t 2? !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e Se"&te#

Sect!" H# T$e *;3e&% te%/ !. t$e "c+/e"t P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t e'ecte( "Fe%+&% 7, 198< e'ect!" *, .!% )+%)!*e* !. *"c$%!"&t!" !. e'ect!"*, $e%e e;te"(e( t!"!!" !. +"e ?=, 1992#

T$e .%*t %e0+'&% e'ect!"* .!% t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t +"(e% t$* C!"*tt+t!"*$&'' e $e'( !" t$e *ec!"( M!"(& !. M&, 1992#

3 W$ * t$e te%/ !. P%e*(e"t C!%&!" A+"! &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t S&'-&(!% L&+%e' e;te"(e(t! "!!" !. +"e ?=, 19924

A 3 A* &'%e&( *t&te(, t$e *;3e&% te%/ !. t$e" P%e*(e"t C!%&!" A+"! &"( t$e" Vce3P%e*(e"t S&'-&(!% 5# L&+%e' 6&* e;te"(e( t! "!!" !. +"e ?=, 1992, &" e;te"*!" !. &!+t.!+% /!"t$*# Sect!" H *t&te* t$&t t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e *&( e;te"*!" * t! &tt&"*"c$%!"&t!" !. e'ect!"*#

12



Sect!" <# T$e "c+/e"t P%e*(e"t *$&'' c!"t"+e t! e;e%c*e 'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* +"t' t$e.%*t C!"0%e** * c!"-e"e(#

3 W$&t * t$e )+%)!*e !. Sect!" <4A 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t .%!/ t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" +) t! t$e .!+%t$ M!"(& !.

+' 1987, P%e*(e"t C!%&!" C# A+"! *$&'' c!"t"+e t! e;e%c*e 'e0*'&t-e )!6e%*# T$* *t$e &** !. $e% &+t$!%t t! /)'e/e"t *!/e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" t$&t &%e "!t *e'.3

e;ec+t!%#

Sect!" 7# U"t' & '&6 * )&**e(, t$e P%e*(e"t /& .'' &))!"t/e"t .%!/ & '*t !."!/"ee* t$e %e*)ect-e *ect!%* t$e *e&t* %e*e%-e( .!% *ect!%&' %e)%e*e"t&t!" " )&%&0%&)$1, Sect!" H !. A%tc'e VI !. t$* C!"*tt+t!"#

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#

Sect!" 8# U"t' !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( t$e C!"0%e**, t$e P%e*(e"t /& c!"*tt+te t$eMet%!)!'t&" M&"'& &%e&#

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#>>8=2

Sect!" 9# A *+3)%!-"ce *$&'' c!"t"+e t! e;*t &"( !)e%&te +"t' t * c!"-e%te( "t! &%e0+'&% )%!-"ce !% +"t' t* c!/)!"e"t /+"c)&'te* &%e %e-e%te( t! t$e /!t$e% )%!-"ce#

Sect!" 1=# A'' c!+%t* e;*t"0 &t t$e t/e !. t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&''c!"t"+e t! e;e%c*e t$e% @+%*(ct!", +"t' !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6# T$e )%!-*!"* !. t$ee;*t"0 R+'e* !. C!+%t, @+(c&% &ct*, &"( )%!ce(+%&' '&6* "!t "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$*C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' %e/&" !)e%&t-e +"'e** &/e"(e( !% %e)e&'e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !% t$eC!"0%e**#

Sect!" 11# T$e "c+/e"t Me/e%* !. t$e +(c&% *$&'' c!"t"+e " !..ce +"t' t$e

%e&c$ t$e &0e !. *e-e"t e&%* !% ec!/e "c&)&ct&te( t! (*c$&%0e t$e (+te* !. t$e% !..ce !%&%e %e/!-e( .!% c&+*e#

Sect!" 12# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *$&'', 6t$" !"e e&% &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$*C!"*tt+t!", &(!)t & **te/&tc )'&" t! e;)e(te t$e (ec*!" !% %e*!'+t!" !. c&*e* !% /&tte%

)e"("0 " t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !% t$e '!6e% c!+%t* )%!% t! t$e e..ect-t !. t$* C!"*tt+t!"# A*/'&% )'&" *$&'' e &(!)te( .!% &'' *)ec&' c!+%t* &"( +&*3@+(c&' !(e*#

Sect!" 1?# T$e 'e0&' e..ect !. t$e '&)*e, e.!%e t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!", !. t$e&))'c&'e )e%!( .!% t$e (ec*!" !% %e*!'+t!" !. t$e c&*e* !% /&tte%* *+/tte( .!%&(@+(c&t!" t$e c!+%t*, *$&'' e (ete%/"e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t &* *!!" &* )%&ctc&'e#

3 S/)'. Sect!"* 9, 1=, 11, 12, &"( 1?#

A 3 U"(e% Sect!" 9, & *+3)%!-"ce /& et$e% e c!"-e%te( "t! & %e0+'&% )%!-"ce, !% t*c!/)!"e"t /+"c)&'te* /& e %e-e%te( t! t$e /!t$e% )%!-"ce#

U"(e% Sect!" 1=, &'' c!+%t* e;*t"0 &t t$e t/e !. t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' c!"t"+e t! .+"ct!", +"t' !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6# T$e *&/e t$"0 * t%+e.!% t$e e;*t"0 R+'e* !. C!+%t, @+(c&% &ct* &"( )%!ce(+%&' '&6* "!t "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e

1?



C!"*tt+t!"# T$e *$&'' %e/&" !)e%&t-e +"'e** &/e"(e( !% %e)e&'e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !%t$e C!"0%e**#

Bec&+*e !. t$e /&"(&te " Sect!" 11, &'' )e"("0 %e*0"&t!"* !. "c+/e"t @+(0e* t$e" ec&/e .+"ct+* !..c! +)!" %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#

Sect!" 12 0-e* t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t & )e%!( !. !"e 1 e&% &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6t$" 6$c$ t! &(!)t & **te/&tc )'&" t! e;)e(te t$e (ec*!" !% %e*!'+t!"!. )e"("0 c&*e* "!t !"' " t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +t &'*! " &'' '!6e% c!+%t*, *)ec&' c!+%t* &"(

+&*3@+(c&' !(e*#>>8=?

U"(e% Sect!" 1?, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t * /&"(&te( t! (ete%/"e t$e 'e0&' e..ect !. t$e'&)*e !. t$e &))'c&'e )e%!( .!% t$e (ec*!" !% %e*!'+t!" !. c&*e* !% /&tte%* *+/tte( .!%&(@+(c&t!"#

Sect!" 1# T$e )%!-*!"* !. )&%&0%&)$* ? &"( , Sect!" 1H !. A%tc'e VIII !. t$*C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' &))' t! c&*e* !% /&tte%* .'e( e.!%e t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!",6$e" t$e &))'c&'e )e%!( '&)*e* &.te% *+c$ %&t.c&t!"#

Sect!" 1H# T$e "c+/e"t Me/e%* !. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", t$e C!//**!"!" E'ect!"*, &"( t$e C!//**!" !" A+(t *$&'' c!"t"+e " !..ce .!% !"e e&% &.te% t$e%&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!", +"'e** t$e &%e *!!"e% %e/!-e( .!% c&+*e !% ec!/e"c&)&ct&te( t! (*c$&%0e t$e (+te* !. t$e% !..ce !% &))!"te( t! & "e6 te%/ t$e%e+"(e%# I" "!c&*e *$&'' &" Me/e% *e%-e '!"0e% t$&" *e-e" e&%* "c'+("0 *e%-ce e.!%e t$e %&t.c&t!" !.t$* C!"*tt+t!"#

3 I* t$e %0$t !. t$e /e/e% !. t$%ee C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"* t! c!"t"+e " !..ce .!% !"ee&% &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" &*!'+te4

A 3 T$e% c!"t"+&"c " !..ce * *+@ect !"' t! t$%ee ? %e*t%&"t*, t! 6t:1# U"'e** t$e &%e *!!"e% %e/!-e( .!% c&+*e#2# U"'e** t$e ec!/e "c&)&ct&te( t! (*c$&%0e t$e (+te* !. t$e% !..ce#?# U"'e** t$e &%e &))!"te( t! & "e6 te%/#

Sect!" 1<# C&%ee% c-' *e%-ce e/)'!ee* *e)&%&te( .%!/ t$e *e%-ce "!t .!% c&+*e +t &*& %e*+'t !. t$e %e!%0&"&t!" )+%*+&"t t! P%!c'&/&t!" N!# ? (&te( M&%c$ 2H, 198< &"( t$e%e!%0&"&t!" .!''!6"0 t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! &))%!)%&te*e)&%&t!" )& &"( t! %et%e/e"t &"( !t$e% e"e.t* &cc%+"0 t! t$e/ +"(e% t$e '&6* !. 0e"e%&'

&))'c&t!" " .!%ce &t t$e t/e !. t$e% *e)&%&t!"# I" 'e+ t$e%e!., &t t$e !)t!" !. t$ee/)'!ee*, t$e /& e c!"*(e%e( .!% e/)'!/e"t " t$e G!-e%"/e"t !% " &" !. t**+(-*!"*, "*t%+/e"t&'te*, !% &0e"ce*, "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e(c!%)!%&t!"* &"( t$e% *+*(&%e*# T$* )%!-*!" &'*! &))'e* t! c&%ee% !..ce%* 6$!*e%e*0"&t!", te"(e%e( " '"e 6t$ t$e e;*t"0 )!'c, $&( ee" &cce)te(

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! 2 "(* !. %e!%0&"&t!" c!"te/)'&te( " Sect!" 1<4

1



A 3 Sect!" 1< c!"te/)'&te* !. t6! 2 "(* !. %e!%0&"&t!":1# Re!%0&"&t!" -%t+e !. P%!c'&/&t!" N!# ?#2# Re!%0&"&t!" .!''!6"0 t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#>>8=

I" et$e% c&*e, c&%ee% c-' *e%-ce e/)'!ee* *e)&%&te( .%!/ t$e *e%-ce "!t .!% c&+*e*$&'' e e"tt'e( t! &))%!)%&te *e)&%&t!" )& &"( t! %et%e/e"t &"( !t$e% e"e.t* &cc%+"0 t!t$e/ +"(e% t$e '&6* !. 0e"e%&' &))'c&t!" " .!%ce &t t$e t/e !. t$e% *e)&%&t!"# ; ; ;

Sect!" 17# U"t' t$e C!"0%e** )%!-(e* !t$e%6*e, t$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' %ece-e &" &""+&'*&'&% !. t$%ee $+"(%e( t$!+*&"( )e*!* t$e Vce3P%e*(e"t, t$e P%e*(e"t !. t$e Se"&te, t$eS)e&e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, &"( t$e C$e. +*tce !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, t6!$+"(%e( .!%t t$!+*&"( )e*!* e&c$ t$e Se"&t!%*, t$e Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*,t$e A**!c&te +*tce* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, &"( t$e C$&%/e" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&'C!//**!"*, t6! $+"(%e( .!+% t$!+*&"( )e*!* e&c$ &"( t$e Me/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&'C!//**!"*, !"e $+"(%e( e0$t t$!+*&"( )e*!* e&c$#

Se'.3e;)'&"&t!%#

Sect!" 18# At t$e e&%'e*t )!**'e t/e, t$e G!-e%"/e"t *$&'' "c%e&*e t$e *&'&% *c&'e*!. t$e !t$e% !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee* !. t$e N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t#

Sect!" 19# A'' )%!)e%te*, %ec!%(*, e+)/e"t, +'("0*, .&c'te*, &"( !t$e% &**et* !.&" !..ce !% !( &!'*$e( !% %e!%0&"e( +"(e% P%!c'&/&t!" N!# ? (&te( M&%c$ 2H, 198< !%t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' e t%&"*.e%%e( t! t$e !..ce !% !( t! 6$c$ t* )!6e%*, .+"ct!"*, &"(%e*)!"*'te* *+*t&"t&'' )e%t&"#

Sect!" 2=# T$e .%*t C!"0%e** *$&'' 0-e )%!%t t! t$e (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e )e%!( .!%t$e .+'' /)'e/e"t&t!" !. .%ee )+'c *ec!"(&% e(+c&t!"#

Sect!" 21# T$e C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!-(e e..c&c!+* )%!ce(+%e* &"( &(e+&te %e/e(e* .!%

t$e %e-e%*!" t! t$e St&te !. &'' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" &"( %e&' %0$t* c!""ecte( t$e%e6t$6$c$ 6e%e &c+%e( " -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% t$e )+'c '&"( '&6*, !% t$%!+0$ c!%%+)t

)%&ctce*# N! t%&"*.e% !% (*)!*t!" !. *+c$ '&"(* !% %e&' %0$t* *$&'' e &''!6e( +"t' &.te% t$e'&)*e !. !"e e&% .%!/ t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!"#

Sect!" 22# At t$e e&%'e*t )!**'e t/e, t$e G!-e%"/e"t *$&'' e;)%!)%&te ('e !%&&"(!"e( &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(* &* /& e (e."e( '&6, .!% (*t%+t!" t! t$e e"e.c&%e* !.t$e &0%&%&" %e.!%/ )%!0%&/#

Sect!" 2?# A(-e%t*"0 e"tte* &..ecte( )&%&0%&)$ 2, Sect!" 11 !. A%tc'e XVI !.t$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' $&-e .-e e&%* .%!/ t* %&t.c&t!" t! c!/)' !" & 0%&(+&te( &"(

)%!)!%t!"&te &** 6t$ t$e /"/+/ F')"! !6"e%*$) %e+%e/e"t t$e%e"#Sect!" 2# P%-&te &%/e* &"( !t$e% &%/e( 0%!+)* "!t %ec!0"e( (+' c!"*tt+te(

&+t$!%t *$&'' e (*/&"t'e(# A'' )&%&/'t&% .!%ce* "c'+("0 C-'&" 5!/e De.e"*e F!%ce*"!t c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e cte" &%/e( .!%ce e*t&'*$e( " t$* C!"*tt+t!", *$&'' e (**!'-e( !%6$e%e &))%!)%&te, c!"-e%te( "t! t$e %e0+'&% .!%ce#>>8=H 3 W$&t &%e t$e c!"ce%"* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t " c!""ect!" 6t$ Sect!"* 18, 19, 2=, 21, 22, 2?,

&"( 24

1H



A 3 S&( c!"ce%"* &%e &* .!''!6*:1# I"c%e&*e !. t$e *&'&% *c&'e* !. &'' !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee* !. t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t#

Sect!" 182# P%!)e%te*, %ec!%(*, e+)/e"t, +'("0*, .&c'te* &"( !t$e% &**et* !. &" !..ce &!'*$e( !%

%e!%0&"e( *$&'' e t%&"*.e%%e( t! t$e !..ce !% !( t! 6$c$ t* )!6e%*, .+"ct!"*, &"(%e*)!"*'te* *+*t&"t&'' )e%t&"# Sect!" 19

?# P%!%t t! t$e (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e )e%!( .!% t$e .+'' /)'e/e"t&t!" !. .%ee )+'c*ec!"(&% e(+c&t!"# Sect!" 2=

# Re-e%*!" t! t$e St&te !. &'' '&"(* !. t$e )+'c (!/&" &"( %e&' %0$t* c!""ecte( t$e%e6t$6$c$ 6e%e &c+%e( +"'&6.+''# Sect!" 21

H# E;)%!)%&t!" !. ('e !% &&"(!"e( &0%c+'t+%&' '&"(*# Sect!" 22<# F')"! !6"e%*$) %e+%e/e"t .!% &(-e%t*"0 e"tte*# Sect!" 2?7# D*/&"t'"0 !. )%-&te &%/e* &"( &%/e( 0%!+)*# Sect!" 2

Sect!" 2H# A.te% t$e e;)%&t!" " 1991 !. t$e A0%ee/e"t et6ee" t$e Re)+'c !. t$e

P$'))"e* &"( t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c& c!"ce%""0 M't&% B&*e*, .!%e0" /'t&% &*e*,t%!!)*, !% .&c'te* *$&'' "!t e &''!6e( " t$e P$'))"e* e;ce)t +"(e% & t%e&t (+' c!"c+%%e(" t$e Se"&te &"(, 6$e" t$e C!"0%e** *! %e+%e*, %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t t$e )e!)'e " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/ $e'( .!% t$&t )+%)!*e, &"( %ec!0"e( &* & t%e&t t$e!t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 St&te#

3 W$&t *$&'' "!t e &''!6e( &.te% t$e e;)%&t!" " 1991 !. t$e RP3US M't&% B&*e*A0%ee/e"t4

A 31# F!%e0" /'t&% &*e*

2# F!%e0" t%!!)*?# F!%e0" .&c'te*

E;ce)t!":E;ce)t . t$e%e * t%e&t (+' c!"c+%%e( " t$e Se"&te#

3 I. t$e%e * &'%e&( & t%e&t c!"c+%%e( " t$e Se"&te, (!e* *&( t%e&t *t'' "ee( t$e%&t.c&t!" !. t$e /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t t$e )e!)'e " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/ $e'( .!%t$&t )+%)!*e4

A 3 e*, +t !"' 6$e" C!"0%e** *! %e+%e*#>>8=< 3 I. C!"0%e** %e+%e* %&t.c&t!" &"( t$e *&( t%e&t * &ct+&'' %&t.e( t$e /&@!%t !. t$e

-!te* c&*t " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/ $e'( .!% t$&t )+%)!*e, c&" t e /)'e/e"te( &'%e&(4A 3 N!, ec&+*e *&( t%e&t $&* *t'' t! e %ec!0"e( &* & t%e&t t$e !t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 St&te#

Sect!" 2<# T$e &+t$!%t t! **+e *e+e*t%&t!" !% .%eee !%(e%* +"(e% P%!c'&/&t!" N!? (&te( M&%c$ 2H, 198< " %e'&t!" t! t$e %ec!-e% !. ''30!tte" 6e&'t$ *$&'' %e/&" !)e%&t-e

1<



.!% "!t /!%e t$&" e0$tee" /!"t$* &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!"# 5!6e-e%, " t$e"&t!"&' "te%e*t, &* ce%t.e( t$e P%e*(e"t, t$e C!"0%e** /& e;te"( *&( )e%!(

A *e+e*t%&t!" !% .%eee !%(e% *$&'' e **+e( !"' +)!" *$!6"0 !. & )%/& .&ce c&*eT$e !%(e% &"( t$e '*t !. t$e *e+e*te%e( !% .%!e" )%!)e%te* *$&'' .!%t$6t$ e %e0*te%e( 6t$t$e )%!)e% c!+%t# F!% !%(e%* **+e( e.!%e t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!", t$e c!%%e*)!"("0

@+(c&' &ct!" !% )%!cee("0 *$&'' e .'e( 6t$" *; /!"t$* .%!/ t* %&t.c&t!"# F!% t$!*e**+e( &.te% *+c$ %&t.c&t!", t$e @+(c&' &ct!" !% )%!cee("0 *$&'' e c!//e"ce( 6t$" *;

/!"t$* .%!/ t$e **+&"ce t$e%e!.#T$e *e+e*t%&t!" !% .%eee !%(e% * (ee/e( &+t!/&tc&'' '.te( . "! @+(c&' &ct!" !%

)%!cee("0 * c!//e"ce( &* $e%e" )%!-(e(#

3 W$&t &%e t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' '/t&t!"* .!% **+"0 & %e+e*t !% .%eee !%(e%4

A 3 A *e+e*t%&t!" !% .%eee !%(e% *$&'' e **+e( !"' +)!" *$!6"0 !. & )%/& .&ce c&*e# T$e!%(e% &"( t$e '*t !. t$e *e+e*te%e( !% .%!e" )%!)e%te* *$&'' .!%t$6t$ e %e0*te%e( 6t$t$e )%!)e% c!+%t# F!% !%(e%* **+e( e.!%e t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$* C!"*tt+t!", t$e

c!%%e*)!"("0 @+(c&' &ct!" !% )%!cee("0 *$&'' e .'e( 6t$" *; /!"t$* .%!/ t*%&t.c&t!"# F!% t$!*e **+e( &.te% *+c$ %&t.c&t!", t$e @+(c&' &ct!" !% )%!cee("0 *$&'' ec!//e"ce( 6t$" *; /!"t$* .%!/ t$e **+&"ce t$e%e!.#

T$e *e+e*t%&t!" !% .%eee !%(e% * (ee/e( &+t!/&tc&'' '.te( . "! @+(c&' &ct!" !% )%!cee("0 * c!//e"ce( &* $e%e" )%!-(e(#

AUT5ORIT TO ISSUE SEUESTRATION OR FREEKE ORDERS UNDERPROCLAMATION NO# ? DATED MARC5 2H, 198< IN RELATION TO T5ERECOVER OF ILL3GOTTEN WEALT5

3 5!6 '!"0 *$&'' t e !)e%&t-e4

A 3 It *$&'' %e/&" !)e%&t-e .!% "!t /!%e t$&" e0$tee" /!"t$* &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987C!"*tt+t!"#

>>8=7 3 C&" C!"0%e** e;te"( *&( )e%!(4A 3 I" t$e "&t!"&' "te%e*t, &* ce%t.e( t$e P%e*(e"t, t$e C!"0%e** /& e;te"( *&( )e%!(#

3 W$e" c&" t e **+e(4A 3 A *e+e*t%&t!" !% .%eee !%(e% *$&'' e **+e( !"' +)!" *$!6"0 !. & )%/& .&ce c&*e#

3 W$&t * %e+%e( 6$e" t$e *&( !%(e% * **+e(4A 3 T$e !%(e% &"( t$e '*t !. t$e *e+e*te%e( !% .%!e" )%!)e%te* *$&'' .!%t$6t$ e %e0*te%e(

6t$ t$e )%!)e% c!+%t#

FILING OF CORRESPONDING UDICIAL ACTION OR PROCEEDING 3 W$e" *$&'' t e .'e(4A 3

17



1# F!% !%(e%* **+e( e.!%e t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!": It *$&'' e .'e( 6t$" *;/!"t$* .%!/ t* %&t.c&t!"#

2# F!% !%(e%* **+e( &.te% t$e %&t.c&t!" !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!": It *$&'' e c!//e"ce( 6t$"*; /!"t$* .%!/ t$e **+&"ce !. t$e !%(e%#

CASES 3 I* & *e+e*t%&t!" !%(e% **+e( t$e PCGG T&* F!%ce Re0!"&' 5e&( -&'(4

A 3 N!# REASONS: 1 A 6%t !. *e+e*t%&t!" /& e **+e( !"' +)!" &+t$!%t !. &t 'e&*tt6! PCGG C!//**!"e%* 2 T$e PCGG T&* F!%ce Re0!"&' 5e&( (!e* "!t $&-e*)ec.c &+t$!%t t! &ct !" e$&'. !. t$e c!//**!" &"( ? E-e" &**+/"0 t$&t t$e *&(%e0!"&' $e&( * &+t$!%e(, t$e PCGG /& "!t -&'(' (e'e0&te t* &+t$!%t t! *e+e*te%Re)+'c -*# S&"(0&"&&", 2H8 SCRA <8H

3 C&" t$e PCGG e;e%c*e t$e )%e%!0&t-e* !. !6"e%*$) *+c$ &* t$e *&'e !. )%!)e%t !% t$e*e'ect!" !. )e!)'e 6$! *$!+'( /&"&0e & c!%)!%&t!" +"(e% *e+e*t%&t!"4

A 3 N!, 6t$!+t t$e )e%/**!" !. t$e c!+%t*# Re)+'c -*# S&"(0&"&&", 192 SCRA 7?

199= Re)+'c -*# S&"(0&"&&", 221 SCRA 189 199?

3 D!e* *e+e*t%&t!" &+t!/&tc&'' (e)%-e t$e *t!c$!'(e%* !. t$e% %0$t t! -!te t$e% *$&%e*!. *t!c*4

A 3 N!# T$e te*t !" 6$et$e% t$e%e * %0$t t! -!te *e+e*te%e( *$&%e* !. *t!c* (e)e"(* !" t6!te*t*:

1# W$et$e% t$e%e * )%/& .&ce e-(e"ce t! *$!6 t$&t t$e *&( *$&%e* &%e ''30!tte" !-e% 6$c$t$e 0!-e%"/e"t $&* & 'e0t/&te c'&/ .!% %ec!-e%

2# W$et$e% t$e%e * &" //e(&te (&"0e% !. (**)&t!" c!/)'&"t*, $e"ce, t$e%e * & "ee( .!%

c!"t"+e( *e+e*t%&t!" " -!t"0 t$e PCGG (+%"0 t$e )e"(e"c !. t$e )%"c)&' **+e6t$ t$e S&"(0&"&&"# PCGG -*# C!@+&"c!, G#R# N!# 1??197, &"+&% 22, 1999

>>8=8 3 C&" t$e PCGG e"te% "t! & c!/)%!/*e &0%ee/e"t "-!'-"0 ''30!tte" 6e&'t$ &"( t$e

0%&"t"0 !. //+"t " c-' &"( c%/"&' c&*e* 6t$!+t t$e "ece**t !. )%!% &))%!-&' !.C!"0%e**4

A 3 T$* 6&* &''!6e( " Be"(ct! -*# B!&%( !. A(/"*t%&t!%*, 2=7 SCRA <H9#

3 W$&t &%e t$e -!'&t!"* !. t$e A"t3G%&.t L&6 t$&t &%e 6t$" t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e PCGG t!

"-e*t0&te4A 3 T$e &%e t$!*e -!'&t!"*: 1 6$c$ /+*t %e'&te t! ''30!tte" 6e&'t$ 2 e'!"0"0 t! E;3

P%e*(e"t Fe%("&"( M&%c!*, $* //e(&te .&/', %e'&t-e*, *+!%("&te*, &"( c'!*e&**!c&te* ? 6$! t!! &(-&"t&0e !. t$e% )+'c !..ce &"( !% t$e% )!6e% &+t$!%t,".'+e"ce, c!""ect!"* !% %e'&t!"*$) R!/+&'(e -*# S&"(0&"&&", 2 SCRA 1H2 &"( t$e%e /+*t e & *$!6"0 t$&t t$e &cc+*e( $&* +"'&6.+'' &cc+/+'&te( 6e&'t$ (+e t! t$ec'!*e %e'&t!"*$) 6t$ E;3P%e*(e"t Fe%("&"( E# M&%c!*# C%+ -*# S&"(0&"&&", 19SCRA 7

18



Sect!" 27# T$* C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' t&e e..ect //e(&te' +)!" t* %&t.c&t!" &/&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t " & )'e*cte $e'( .!% t$e )+%)!*e &"( *$&'' *+)e%*e(e &'' )%e-!+*C!"*tt+t!"*#

3 W$e" (( t$e C!"*tt+t!" t&e e..ect4 W&* t !" Fe%+&% 2, 1987, t$e (&te 6$e" t$e )'e*cte 6&* c&''e(, !% !" Fe%+&% 11, 1987, 6$e" t$e %e*+'t* 6e%e /&(e )+'c )+%*+&"t

t! t$e )%e*(e"t&' )%!c'&/&t!"4

A 3 O" Fe%+&% 2, 1987, t$e (&te 6$e" t$e )e!)'e -!te( &"( %&t.e( t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#T$* * t$e /&@!%t -e6#

Re&*!": t$e c&"-&** !. t$e -!te* * /e%e' t$e /ec$&"c&' c!".%/&t!" !. 6$&t 6&* (!"e(+%"0 t$e (&te !. t$e )'e*cte &"( t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e P%e*(e"t * /e%e' t$e !..c&'c!".%/&t!% (ec'&%&t!" !. &" &ct 6$c$ 6&* &ct+&'' (!"e t$e F')"! )e!)'e "&(!)t"0 t$e C!"*tt+t!" 6$e" t$e c&*t t$e% -!te* !" t$e (&te !. t$e )'e*cte#

+*tce S&%/e"t! (**e"te(# 5* -e6 * t! t$e e..ect t$&t t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" ec&/ee..ect-e !" Fe%+&% 11, 1987, &"( "!t !" Fe%+&% 2, 1987, ec&+*e t 6&* !" Fe%+&% 111987 6$e" t$e t%+e &"( *!-e%e0" 6'' !. t$e )e!)'e 6$! %&t.e( t ec&/e !..c&'' &"(

)+'c' "!6" t$%!+0$ t$e **+&"ce !. P%e*(e"t&' P%!c'&/&t!" N!# H8#>>8=9

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEWER GUIDE: AT A GLANCEI# Ge"e%&' )%"c)'e*II# A(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*: T$e% "&t+%e, c%e&t!", e*t&'*$/e"t &"( &!'t!"III# P!6e%* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*:& +&*3'e0*'&t-e !% %+'e /&"0 )!6e% +&*3

@+(c&' )!6e%

A# +&*3'e0*'&t-e !% %+'e /&"0 )!6e% I# J"(* !. &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* !% %e0+'&t!"*II# Re+*te* !. & -&'( &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"III# D*c+** e&c$ %e+*te

IV# Re+*te* !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!" 6t$ & )e"&'t& C&*e*

V# P!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* e;e%c*e( " t$e c!+%*e !. e;e%c*"0 +&*3'e0*'&t-e )!6e% VI# I* "!tce &"( $e&%"0 "ece**&% " t$e )%!/+'0&t!" !. & 0e"e%&' %e0+'&t!" **+e( !% t! e

**+e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e !(4VII# W$e" * t "ece**&%4VIII# C&" 'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* e (e'e0&te(4IX# W$&t * t$e te*t t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% & 0-e" )!6e% $&* ee" -&'(' e;e%c*e( &

)&%tc+'&% (e)&%t/e"t4

19



X# D*t"0+*$ 'e0*'&t-e )!6e% .%!/ +&*3@+(c&' )!6e%#XI# W$&t * t$e 0+(e'"e t! !*e%-e " !%(e% t! e"*+%e t$&t t$e%e * & -&'( &"( '&6.+' (e'e0&t!"

!. )!6e%4XII# W$&t * t$e c'&**.c&t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"*4XIII# D*t"0+*$ 'e0*'&t-e %e0+'&t!"* .%!/ "te%)%et&t-e %e0+'&t!"*#

B# +&*3@+(c&' )!6e%

1# De."t!" !. +&*3@+(c&' )!6e%#2# W$ * +&*3@+(c&' )!6e% 0%&"te( t! &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c4?# W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" t! t$e 'e0*'&t+%e 6$e"e-e% t 0%&"t* +&*3@+(c&' )!6e% t! &"

&(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c4# W$&t * t$e /&" .+"ct!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &"( t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce%* "3

c$&%0e !. *&( !&%(*, +%e&+* &"( !..ce*4H# P!6e%* "c'+(e( " t$e te%/ +&*3@+(c&' 3 1 (ete%/"&t-e )!6e% 2 *+//&% )!6e%#>>81=<# D..e%e"t )!6e%*#

7# W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. t$e )%!cee("0* &%*"0 .%!/ t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e *&( )!6e%*48# W$ (! t$e )&%t&e !. t$e "&t+%e !. @+(c&' )%!cee("0*49# A%e t$e )%!cee("0* e.!%e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &(-e%*&%&' " "&t+%e41=# W$e" &%e )%!cee("0* &(-e%*&%&' &"( 6$e" &%e t$e $e'( e;)&%te411# +%*(ct!"# C'&**.c&t!"* !. @+%*(ct!"#12# S!+%ce !. &+t$!%t &"( @+%*(ct!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e !&%(*, +%e&+* &"( !..ce*#1?# A%e t$e !%(e%* &"( t$e (ec*!"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !&%(*, +%e&+* &"( !..ce* ."&'41# W$e" * &" &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!" c!"*(e%e( %e*@+(c&t&41H# W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. %e*@+(c&t& " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4 & C&*e*

IV# I/)!%t&"t )%"c)'e* " &(/"*t%&t-e '&6

V# Ot$e% &"c''&% )%"c)'e*Re'e. .%!/ 6t$" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c t*e'. Re'e. &.te% t$e %e*!'+t!" !. t$e $0$e*t 'e-e' !. &+t$!%t " t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c

c!"ce%"e(A))e&' .%!/, !% %e-e6 !., (ec*!"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c

Met$!(* !. %e-e6 !. &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!"

& C&*e*A(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* c%e&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!"

DISCUSSIONI# GENERAL PRINCIPLES

3 W$&t * &(/"*t%&t-e '&64

1H=



A 3 A(/"*t%&t-e '&6 * t$e %&"c$ !. )+'c '&6 6$c$ .;e* t$e !%0&"&t!" &"( (ete%/"e*t$e c!/)ete"ce !. &(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te*, &"( "(c&te* t! t$e "(-(+&' %e/e(e* .!% t$e-!'&t!" !. $* %0$t*# G!!("!6, C!/)&%&t-e A(/"*t%&t-e L&6, )# 8

3 W$&t * &(/"*t%&t-e '&6 " &ct+&' )%&ctce " t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 O" t$e &** !. t$e (..e%e"t (e."t!"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e '&6, &"( c!"*(e%"0 $!6

&(/"*t%&t-e '&6 )%e*e"t' !)e%&te* " t$* @+%*(ct!" .%!/ (& t! (&, t * )e%$&)* e&*e%

t! +"(e%*t&"( &(/"*t%&t-e '&6 $&-"0 " /"( t$&t:>>8111 It * & %&"c$ !. )+'c '&62 It (e&'* 6t$ t$e &ct-te* !. e;ec+t-e !% &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*, "!6" &"( %e.e%%e( t! &*

!&%(*, +%e&+*,, c!//**!"*, &+t$!%t, !..ce &"( &(/"*t%&t!"? T$e*e !&%(*, +%e&+*, c!//**!"*, &+t$!%t, !..ce, &"( &(/"*t%&t!" c&"

e;e%c*e +&*3'e0*'&t-e &"( +&*3@+(c&' )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* " t$e *e"*e t$&t t$e c&"**+e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* "!t c!"t%&% t! t$e 0+(e'"e* *et +) '&6 &"( t$e c&" %e*!'-et$e **+e* !% t$e c&*e* *+/tte( t! t$e/

A(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"* &"( )!'ce* e"&cte( &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* t! "te%)%et t$e '&66$c$ t$e &%e e"t%+*te( t! e".!%ce $&-e t$e .!%ce !. '&6 &"( &%e e"tt'e( t! 0%e&t %e*)ectT$e $&-e " t$e% .&-!% & )%e*+/)t!" !. 'e0&'t# G!"&'e* -*# L&"( B&" !. t$eP$'))"e*, G#R# N!# 7<7H, M&%c$ 22, 199=

E;&/)'e:T$e%e * & 'e0&' )%e*+/)t!" t$&t t$e %&te* .;e( t$e N&t!"&' Te'ec!//+"c&t!"*

C!//**!" &%e %e&*!"&'e# It /+*t e c!"ce(e( t$&t t$e .;"0 !. t$e %&te* t$e 0!-e%"/e"tt$%!+0$ t* &+t$!%e( &0e"t "-!'-e* t$e e;e%c*e !. %e&*!"&'e (*c%et!" &"( +"'e** t$e%e * &"&+*e !. t$&t (*c%et!", t$e c!+%t* 6'' "!t "te%.e%e# C!+%t* (! "!t "te%.e%e 6t$ &(/"*t%&t-e

&ct!" )%!% t! t* c!/)'et!" !% ."&'t# R&(! C!//+"c&t!"* !. t$e P$'))"e* -*# NTC,G#R# N!# <<<8?, A)%' 2?, 199=

H I" t$e %e*!'+t!" !. c&*e* !% **+e* )%e*e"te( t! &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* &"( !..ce*, t$e &%e"!t !+"( t$e tec$"c&' %+'e* !. e-(e"ce# St%ct !*e%-&"ce !. t$e *&/e * "!t"(*)e"*&'e " &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e*# D&(+-! -*# CSC, 2 SCAD 7H=, 22? SCRA 77

< A" &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!" /& )%!)e%' e &/e"(e( !% *et &*(e !"' +)!" c'e&% *$!6"0t$&t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..c&' !% t%+"&' $&* &cte( 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"&/!+"t"0 t! '&c !% e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!"# T$e%e * &" &+*e !. (*c%et!" 6$e" t$e *&/e

6&* )e%.!%/e( " & c&)%c!+* !% 6$/*c&' e;e%c*e !. @+(0/e"t 6$c$ * e+-&'e"t t! '&c!. @+%*(ct!"# T$e &+*e !. (*c%et!" /+*t e *! )&te"t &"( 0%!** &* t! &/!+"t t! &"e-&*!" !. )!*t-e (+t !% t! & -%t+&' %e.+*&' t! )e%.!%/ & (+t e"@!"e( '&6, *+c$ &*6$e" t$e )!6e% * e;e%c*e( " &" &%t%&% !% (e*)!tc /&""e% %e&*!" !. )&**!" !.

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>>812

1H1



7 F&ct+&' ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* *$!+'( e &cc!%(e( "!t !"' %e*)ect +t &'*!."&'t . t$e &%e *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce e-e" . "!t !-e%6$e'/"0 !%

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6t$ t & *t%!"0 )%e*+/)t!" !. c!%%ect"e**, "!"et$e'e**, t$e "te%)%et&t!" &"( &))'c&t!" !.'&6* * t$e c!+%t* )%e%!0&t-e# P%+(e"t&' B&" -*# Se%%&"!, G#R# N!# 929? P%+(e"t&'B&" -*# G&)+'t!*, G#R# N!# 18?H, &"+&% 19, 199=

9 A(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* *$!+'( .%*t e e;$&+*te( e.!%e .'"0 & )ett!" .!% %e'e.W&'*t%!/ -*# M&)&, %#, G#R# N!# ?8?87, &"+&% 29, 199=

1= O" )+%e' 'e0&' +e*t!", $!6e-e%, t$e &00%e-e( )&%t "ee( "!t e;$&+*t &(/"*t%&t-e%e/e(e*# REASON: N!t$"0 !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e "&t+%e * t! e (!"e !% c&" e (!"e " t$e&(/"*t%&t-e .!%+/# P%+(e"t&' B&" -*# Se%%&"!, *+)%&

11 I. & c&*e * *+c$ t$&t t* (ete%/"&t!" %e+%e* t$e e;)e%t*e, *)ec&'e( *''* &"("!6'e(0e !. t$e )%!)e% &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* ec&+*e tec$"c&' /&tte%* !% "t%c&te+e*t!"* !. .&ct* &%e "-!'-e(, t$e" %e'e. /+*t .%*t e !t&"e( " &" &(/"*t%&t-e

)%!cee("0 e.!%e & %e/e( 6'' e *+))'e( t$e c!+%t* e-e" t$!+0$ t$e /&tte% * 6t$"

t$e )%!)e% @+%*(ct!" !. & c!+%t I"(+*t%&' E"te%)%*e*, I"c# -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!#88HH=, A)%' 8, 199=# T$* * "!6" &* t$e )%"c)'e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!"#

3 T%&ce t$e !%0" !. &(/"*t%&t-e '&6#

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&(/"*t%&t-e !..ce%* !% c!".("0 t$e )!6e%* &"( (+te* t! e;*t"0 !&%(*,c!//**!"*, !% !..ce%*, t! &/)'., &))', e;ec+te, &"( *+)e%-*e t$e !)e%&t!" !., &"((ete%/"e c!"t%!-e%*e* &%*"0 +"(e% )&%tc+'&% '&6* " t$e e"&ct/e"t !. 6$c$ t$e

'e0*'&t+%e (ec(e( .!% /&tte%* !. c!"-e"e"ce !% .!% +ce% !% /!%e e..ce"t &(/"*t%&t!"t! 6t$$!'( t$e c!"t%!-e%*e*, &t 'e&*t " t$e .%*t "*t&"ce, .%!/ t$e c!+%t* !. '&6#

2# I"c%e&*e !. 0!-e%"/e"t .+"ct!"* &"( c!"ce%"* 3 C!/)'e;te* !. /!(e%" '.e "ece**&%'"c%e&*e t$e .+"ct!"* &"( c!"ce%"* !. 0!-e%"/e"t 6$c$, " t+%", %e+%e* t$e 'e0*'&t+%e t!c%e&te /!%e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* 6$c$ 6'' t&e c$&%0e " &tte"("0 t! /&tte%* t$&t(e/&"( t$e% *)ec&' c!/)ete"ce &"( e;)e%t*e#

>>81??# Nece**t !. 0!-e%"/e"t c!"t%!' &"( %e0+'&t!" 3 T$e 0!-e%"/e"t $&* "te%-e"e( "

c!"t%&ct+&' %e'&t!"* t$&t &%e &..ecte( 6t$ )+'c "te%e*t# A* t * "!6, t$e 0!-e%"/e"t $&*

e;e%c*e( c!"t%!' &"( %e0+'&t!" !. /&" &*)ect* !. +*"e** *+c$ &* +t "!t '/te( t! '&!%&"( /&"&0e/e"t %e'&t!"*, //0%&t!" &"( (e)!%t&t!", &""0, %ec%+t/e"t !. !-e%*e&*6!%e%*, "*+%&"ce, te'ec!//+"c&t!" "(+*t%, 6&te% *e%-ce*, ."&"ce, .!%e0" e;c$&"0e$e&'t$, .!!( &"( (%+0*, %e0+'&t!" !. )%!.e**!", %e0+'&t!" !. *)!%t* &ct-te*, "c'+("0 t$e/!"t!%"0 !. )'&e%* c%e(e"t&'* &"( cte"*$), /!%&'*, "-e*t/e"t, e"e%0 %e0+'&t!".!%e*t (e-e'!)/e"t, /""0, '&"( c!"-e%*!", e'ect!", t&; c!''ect!" &"( &(/"*t%&t!"$+/&" *ett'e/e"t* &"( %e0+'&t!" !. *+(-*!"*, c-' *e%-ce &"( e'0't !. 0!-e%"/e"te/)'!ee*, &"( /&" !t$e% +*"e**e* &"( &ct-te* t$&t &%e /)%e**e( 6t$ )+'c "te%e*t#

1H2



I" t$e c!+%*e !. t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e &!-e3/e"t!"e( .+"ct!"* &"( %e*)!"*'te*, %+'e*,%e0+'&t!"*, (ec*!"* &"( !%(e%* &%e **+e( e-e% "!6 &"( t$e" t$e (..e%e"t &0e"ce* !. t$e0!-e%"/e"t# A'' !. t$e*e, " t+%", c!"t%+te t! t$e 0%!6t$ &"( (e-e'!)/e"t !. &(/"*t%&t-e'&6#

3 W$&t &%e t$e *!+%ce* !. &(/"*t%&t-e '&64

A 3 A(/"*t%&t-e '&6 * (e%-e( .%!/ t$e .!''!6"0 *!+%ce*:1# T$e C!"*tt+t!" #e#, A%tc'e IX, Sect!" 1 !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ )%!-(e* &*

.!''!6*: T$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*, 6$c$ *$&'' e "(e)e"(e"t, &%e t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!", t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, &"( t$e C!//**!" !" A+(t#

2# St&t+te* c%e&t"0 &(/"*t%&t-e !(e*

E;&/)'e:T$e B!&%( !. E"e%0 6&* c%e&te( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 12=8, (&te( Oct!e% <

1977#

T$e P$'))"e O-e%*e&* E/)'!/e"t A(/"*t%&t!" PDEA t!! !-e% t$e .+"ct!"* !.t$e O-e%*e&* E/)'!/e"t De-e'!)/e"t B!&%( OEDB# It 6&* c%e&te( E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!797 (&te( M& 1, 1972#

T$e W!%/e"* C!/)e"*&t!" C!//**!" 6&* &!'*$e( !" M&%c$ ?1, 197<, &"( t6&* %e)'&ce( t$e E/)'!ee* C!/)e"*&t!" C!//**!" &* )%!-(e( A%tc'e 17< !. t$e

Ne6 L&!% C!(e !. t$e P$'))"e*, P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 2, &* &/e"(e(#>>81?# C!+%t (ec*!"* 3 "te%)%et"0 t$e c$&%te%* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &"( (e.""0 t$e%

)!6e%* &"( %e*)!"*'te*#E;&/)'e:

+%*)%+(e"ce '&( (!6" t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t c!"t&""0 "te%)%et&t!"* "-!'-"0 t$e )%"c)'e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!" e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* (+e )%!ce** "&(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*, etc#

# T$e !( !. %+'e*, %e0+'&t!"* &"( !%(e%* **+e( &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*#E;&/)'e*:

R+'e*, %e0+'&t!"*, c%c+'&%* **+e( t$e (..e%e"t &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* !. t$e0!-e%"/e"t#

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!. t$e N&t!"&' L&!% Re'&t!"* C!//**!" !" c!/)'&"t* .'e( e/)'!ee* &0&"*t t$e%e/)'!e%*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* !% &0e"ce* " t$e P$'))"e*4A 31 A(/"*t%&t-e !(e* .!% %e0+'&t!" +"(e% )!'ce )!6e%#

E;&/)'e:& C!//**!" !" I//0%&t!" &"( De)!%t&t!"

1H?



Sec+%te* &"( E;c$&"0e C!//**!"c P%!.e**!"&' Re0+'&t!" C!//**!"( B+%e&+ !. F!!( &"( D%+0e 5!+*"0 &"( L&"( U*e Re0+'&t!% B!&%(. B!&%( !. F!!( I"*)ect!%*0 M!"et&% B!&%($ L&"( T%&"*)!%t&t!" O..ce

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N&t!"&' Te'ec!//+"c&t!"* C!//**!"c B!&%( !. E"e%0( N&t!"&' W&te% &"( Re*!+%ce* C!+"c'e C-' Ae%!"&+tc* B!&%(. B!&%( !. M&%"e I"+%

? A(/"*t%&t-e !(e* t! c&%% !" 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*#

>>81HE;&/)'e:& B+%e&+ !. I"te%"&' Re-e"+e

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A(/"*t%&t-e !(e* t$&t &(@+(c&te* &"( (ec(e* "(+*t%&' c!"t%!-e%*e*#

E;&/)'e:& N&t!"&' L&!% Re'&t!"* C!//**!"

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H A(/"*t%&t-e !(e* /&"0 t$e 0!-e%"/e"t & )%-&te )&%t#E;&/)'e:& C!//**!" !" A+(t

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< A(/"*t%&t-e !(e* t$&t 0%&"t )%-'e0e*#E;&/)'e:& P$'))"e Vete%&"* A..&%* O..ce

B!&%( !. P&%(!"* &"( P&%!'ec B+%e&+ !. L&"(*

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1H



I" t$e c&*e !. PLDT -*# Ct !. B&c!'!( G#R# N!# 19179, +' 1H, 2==H, t$e S+)%e/eC!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e B+%e&+ !. L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t F"&"ce +"(e% t$e De)&%t/e"t !. F"&"ce *

NOT &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c 6$!*e ."("0* !" +e*t!"* !. .&ct* &%e 0-e" 6e0$t t$ec!+%t*#

3 De."e &(/"*t%&t!"#A 3 It * &" &ct-t !. t$e e;ec+t-e !..ce% !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e 0!-e%"/e"t &(/"*te%*

6$e" t &))!"t* &" !..ce%, "*t%+ct* t* ()'!/&tc &0e"t*, &**e**e* &"( c!''ect* t* t&;e*,(%''* t* &%/, "-e*t0&te* & c&*e !. t$e c!//**!" !. c%/e &"( e;ec+te( t$e @+(0/e"t !.c!+%t# W$e"e-e% 6e *ee t$e 0!-e%"/e"t " &ct!" &* !))!*e( t! (e'e%&t!" !% t$e %e"(e%"0!. & @+(c&' (ec*!", t$e%e 6e *& * &(/"*t%&t!"# A(/"*t%&t!" * t$+* t! e .!+"( " &''t$e /&".e*t&t!" !. e;ec+t-e &ct!"# G!!("!6, C!/)&%&t-e A(/"*t%&t-e L&6, )# 12A(/"*t%&t!", &* t * )%e*e"t' +"(e%*t!!(, %e.e%* t! t$e &00%e0&te !. t$!*e )e%*!"* "6$!*e $&"(* t$e %e0"* !. 0!-e%"/e"t &%e .!% t$e t/e e"0# U#S# -*# D!%%, 2 P$'# ??2

>>81< 3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! &*)ect* !. &(/"*t%&t!"4

A 3 T$e%e &%e t6! 2 &*)ect* !. &(/"*t%&t!", "&/e':1# I"te%"&' &(/"*t%&t!" 3 T$* "c'+(e* t$e 'e0&' *t%+ct+%e !% !%0&"&t!" !. )+'c

&(/"*t%&t!" &"( t$e 'e0&' &*)ect* !. e&c$ "*tt+t!"&' &ct-t #e#, )e%*!""e', /&te%&', )$*c&' &"( )'&"""0 &ct-te*#

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3 D*t"0+*$ t$e .!''!6"0: & A(/"*t%&t!" &"( )!'tc* A(/"*t%&t!" &"( '&6 c

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A 3 & A(/"*t%&t!" &"( )!'tc*

ADMINISTRATIONA(/"*t%&t!" $&* *!/et$"0 t! (! 6t$ t$e e;ec+t!" !. t$e )!'ce* !. t$e St&te#E;ec+t!" !. *&( )!'ce* * e"t%+*te( t! t$e !( !. !..ce%*, c&''e( &(/"*t%&t-e

!..ce%*#

POLITICSP!'tc* $&* *!/et$"0 t! (! 6t$ )!'ce* !% e;)%e**!"* !. t$e St&te* 6''#

A(/"*t%&t!" &"( '&6

ADMINISTRATIONA(/"*t%&t!" &c$e-e* )+'c *ec+%t )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e*# It *e'ect* & $e%&%c$ !.

!..c&'* t! e&c$ !. 6$!/ (e."te 6!% * &**0"e(, &"( t * 0!-e%"e( e"(* %&t$e% t$&" %+'e*

1HH



It * )e%*!"&'# 5e"ce, t * !.te" &%t%&% &"( * *+@ect t! t$e &+*e "c(e"t t! )e%*!"&' &*c!"t%&*te( 6t$ /)e%*!"&' !% '&63%e0+'&te( &ct!"#

LAWIt !)e%&te* %e(%e** !% )+"*$/e"t %&t$e% t$&" )%e-e"t!"# I. .!%/+'&te* 0e"e%&' %+'e*

!. &ct!" &"( -*t* ".%&ct!" !. t$e*e %+'e* 6t$ )e"&'te*# It (!e* "!t *+)e%-*e &ct!"# It 'e&-e*"(-(+&'* .%ee t! &ct, +t /)!*e* )&"* !" t$!*e 6$! (! "!t &ct " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e %+'e*

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ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNMENTT$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce%* 6$! &%e c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e &(/"*t%&t!" !. 0!-e%"/e"t

(ete%/"e 6$&t * t$e '&6 t! ."( !+t 6$et$e% t$e &%e c!/)ete"t t! &ct &"( . *!, 6$et$e% t *6*e .!% t$e/ t! &ct#

ADMINISTRATION OF USTICET$e @+(c&' !..ce%* 6$! &%e c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e &(/"*t%&t!" !. @+*tce (ec(e*

c!"t%!-e%*e* et6ee" "(-(+&'* &"( 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce%* &* t! t$e &))'c&'t " t$e c&*e* "& +e*t!" !. & )&%tc+'&% %+'e !. '&6# 5e"ce, t$e (ete%/"e 6$&t '&6 * &))'c&'e t! t$e .&ct*

%!+0$t e.!%e t$e/#

( A(/"*t%&t!" &* &" !%0&"&t!" &"( 0!-e%"/e"t

ADMINISTRATION AS AN ORGANIKATIONA(/"*t%&t!" %e.e%* t! t$&t 0%!+) !. &00%e0&te !. )e%*!"* " 6$!*e $&"(*, t$e %e0"* !.

0!-e%"/e"t &%e .!% t$e t/e e"0 U#S# -*# D!%% 2 P$'# ??2# It "(c&te* t$e e"t%e&(/"*t%&t-e !%0&"&t!" e;te"("0 (!6" .%!/ t$e C$e. E;ec+t-e t! t$e /!*t $+/'e !. $**+!%("&te*# It * t$+* t$e t!t&'t !. t$e e;ec+t-e &"( &(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te*# G!!("!6,!)# ct#, )# H

ADMINISTRATION AS A GOVERNMENTA* &" e'e/e"t !. t$e St&te & 0!-e%"/e"t * (e."e( &* t$&t "*tt+t!" !% &00%e0&te !.

"*tt+t!"* 6$c$ &" "(e)e"(e"t *!cet /&e* &"( c&%%e* !+t t$!*e %+'e* !. &ct!" 6$c$&%e "ece**&% t! e"&'e /e" t! '-e " & *!c&' *t&te, !% 6$c$ &%e /)!*e( +)!" t$e )e!)'e

.!%/"0 t$&t *!cet t$!*e 6$! )!**e** t$e )!6e% !% &+t$!%t !. )%e*c%"0 t$e/# U#S# -*D!%%, 2 P$'# ??2 B&c&" -*# N&t!"&' C!c!"+t C!%)!%&t!", H?=# G# 2798

3 W$&t &%e t$e 6e&"e**e* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!"4A 3 A(/"*t%&t!" *+..e%* .%!/ t$e .!''!6"0 6e&"e**e*:1# Te"(e"c t!6&%(* &%t%&%"e**2# L&c !. 'e0&' "!6'e(0e &"( &ttt+(e " *!+"( @+(c&' tec$"+e

1H<



?# S+*ce)t't t! )!'tc&' &* !% )%e**+%e, !.te" %!+0$t &!+t +"ce%t&"t !. te"+%e &"('&c !. *+..ce"t *&.e0+&%(* .!% "(e)e"(e"ce

# A (*%e0&%( .!% t$e *&.e0+&%(* t$&t "*+%e & .+'' &"( .&% $e&%"0H# A*e"ce !. *t&"(&%( %+'e* !. )%!ce(+%e *+t&'e t! t$e &ct-te* !. e&c$ &0e"c &"(<# A (&"0e%!+* c!/"&t!" !. 'e0*'&t-e, e;ec+t-e, &"( @+(c&' .+"ct!"*# L&6e% !+%"&',

V!'# 7, )# H<= M&c&)&0&', +(c&' S+)%e/&c !-e% A(/"*t%&t-e B!(e*, L&6e%*!+%"&', V!'# 12, ))# ?123?1

>>818II# ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES: T5EIR NATURE, CREATION, ESTABLIS5MENT

AND ABOLITION 3 W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*4A 3 A" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c * &" !%0&" !. 0!-e%"/e"t e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e t&* !. e"&ct"0

*)ec.c %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* t! e..ect+&te t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e *t&t+te c%e&t"0 t# It* .+"ct!"*&"( )!6e%* &%e +&*3'e0*'&t-e !% +&*3@+(c&', !% " *!/e "*t&"ce*, t &ct* &* &" &0e"t !.t$e e;ec+t-e %&"c$ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, " 6$c$ c&*e, t * e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e (+t t!e;e%c*e e;ec+t-e &"( &(/"*t%&t-e .+"ct!"*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! )%"c)&' )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*4

A 3 A(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* $&-e t6! )%"c)&' "(* !. )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* "&/e':1# R+'e3/&"0 )!6e% !% +&*3'e0*'&t-e .+"ct!"#2# P!6e% !. &(@+(c&t!" !% +&*3@+(c&' .+"ct!"# St&*!" C&*e* &"( !t$e% M&te%&'* !"

A(/"*t%&t-e T%+"&'*, 2"( E(#, 71

3 5!6 &%e &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* c%e&te( &"( e*t&'*$e(4A 3 A(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* /& e c%e&te( : 1 t$e C!"*tt+t!" 2 t$e 'e0*'&t+%e "

'e0*'&t-e e"&ct/e"t* !% ? &+t$!%t !. '&6#

3 D!e* t$e 'e0*'&t+%e e;e%c*e c!"t%!' !-e% &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*4

A 3 e*# T$e 'e0*'&t-e %&"c$ !. 0!-e%"/e"t e"&ct* t$e '&6 t$&t c%e&te* &" &(/"*t%&t-e&0e"c: 1 It )%e*c%e* t$e /!(e !. &))!"t/e"t, t$e te%/ !. !..ce &"( t$e c!/)e"*&t!"2 It .;e* t* &+t$!%t &"( )%!ce(+%e ? It (ete%/"e* t$e *e !. t* )e%*!""e' &"( *t&.. It e;e%c*e* c!"t"+"0 *+%-e''&"ce !-e% t* &ct-te* H It /& "-e*t0&te t*!)e%&t!"* .!% %e/e(&'c!%%ect-e 'e0*'&t!"#

At )%e*e"t, t$e Se"&te B'+e R!" C!//ttee &* 6e'' &* t$e &))%!)%&te c!//ttee* "

e&c$ 5!+*e !. C!"0%e** )'& &" /)!%t&"t %!'e " t$e "-e*t0&t!" !. &"!/&'e* &"(%%e0+'&%te* !. t$e (..e%e"t &(/"*t%&t!" !..ce* &"( &0e"ce*#

Le6*e, t$e O/+(*/&", & C!"*tt+t!"&' O..ce !%0&"e( )%ec*e' t! '!! "t! &"("-e*t0&te &" %%e0+'&%t !. 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee*, e;e%c*e &" /)!%t&"t %!'e" .'"0 &))%!)%&te c%/"&' c&*e* &0&"*t e%%"0 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee*#

O. c!+%*e, t$e S&"(0&"&&" t&e* )&%t " t$e t%&' !. c!/)'&"t* .'e( t$eO/+(*/&"#>>819

1H7



III# POWERS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIESA# UASI3LEGISLATIVE OR RULE MAJING POWER

1# DIFFERENT JINDS OF ADMINISTRATIVE RULES AND REGULATIONS& S+))'e/e"t&% !% (et&'e( 'e0*'&t!" 3 T$e &%e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* t! .; t$e (et&'* "

t$e e;ec+t!" &"( e".!%ce/e"t !. & )!'c *et !+t " t$e '&6, e#0#, R+'e* &"( Re0+'&t!"*I/)'e/e"t"0 t$e L&!% C!(e#

I"te%)%et&t-e 'e0*'&t!" 3 T$e &%e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* c!"*t%+"0 !% "te%)%et"0 t$e )%!-*!"* !. & *t&t+te t! e e".!%ce( &"( t$e &%e "("0 !" &'' c!"ce%"e( +"t' t$e &%ec$&"0e(, e#0# BIR C%c+'&%*, CB C%c+'&%*, etc# T$e $&-e t$e e..ect !. '&6 &"( &%e e"tt'e(t! 0%e&t %e*)ect t$e $&-e " t$e% .&-!% t$e )%e*+/)t!" !. 'e0&'t G!"&'e -*# L&"(B&", 18? SCRA H2=# T$e e%%!"e!+* &))'c&t!" !. t$e '&6 )+'c !..ce%* (!e* "!t &%& *+*e+e"t c!%%ect &))'c&t!" !. t$e '&6# M&"'& !ce C'+ -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R#

N!# 1=?H??, Dece/e% 1H, 1998c C!"t"0e"t 'e0*'&t!" 3 T$e &%e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* /&(e &" &(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%t

!" t$e e;*te"ce !. ce%t&" .&ct* !% t$"0* +)!" 6$c$ t$e e".!%ce/e"t !. t$e '&6 (e)e"(*

C%+ -*# !+"0e%0, H< P$'# 2? C!"t"0e"t Re0+'&t!" 3 It * **+e( !" &cc!+"t !. t$ec!"c+%%e"ce !. & ce%t&" c!"t"0e"c, &* (ete%/"e( t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*# O" t$e

&** !. t$e '&tte%* (ete%/"&t!", t$e !)e%&t!" !. & '&6 /& et$e% e e".!%ce( !%*+*)e"(e(

E;&/)'e:A+t$!%t !. t$e G!-e%"!% Ge"e%&' t! '.t t$e )%!$t!" &0&"*t t$e /)!%t&t!" !.

.!%e0" c&tt'e +)!" (ete%/"&t!" t$&t t$e%e 6&* "! '!"0e% & t$%e&t !. c!"t&0!" c&+*e( %+"(e%)e*t e)(e/c, 6&* *+*t&"e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " C%+ -*# !+"0e%0 H< P$'2?#

2# REUISITES OF A VALID ADMINISTRATIVE RULE OR REGULATION 3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+*te* !. & -&'( &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"4

A 3 T$e .!''!6"0 %e+*te* /+*t e c!/)'e( 6t$: CODE: ASAR A+t$!%e( It* )%!/+'0&t!" /+*t e &+t$!%e( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e#Sc!)e !. &+t$!%t It /+*t e 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. t$e &+t$!%t 0-e" t$e 'e0*'&t+%e#Acc!%("0 t! )%e*c%e( )%!ce(+%e It /+*t e )%!/+'0&te( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )%e*c%e(

)%!ce(+%e#

Re&*!"&'e It /+*t e %e&*!"&'e#>>82=DISCUSSION OF EAC5 REUISITE1# A+t$!%t t! )%!/+'0&te &" &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!" 3 T$* * 0%&"te( et$e% t$e c$&%te%

t*e'. !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !(, !% t$e '&6 t * *+))!*e( t! e".!%ce# 5e"ce, &" &"( &''&(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"* **+e( t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c *$!+'( "!t e c!"t%&% t! t$e*&( c$&%te% !% '&6 t$&t c%e&te* t$e/, &"( t$&t t$e *$!+'( e " c!".!%/t 6t$ t$e*t&"(&%(* )%e*c%e( '&6#

1H8



E;)'&"&t!" !. e&c$ %e+*teT$e )%!/+'0&t!" !. t$e *&( %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* /+*t e &+t$!%e( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e 3

T$e &+t$!%t t! )%!/+'0&te &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* * .!+"( " t$e c$&%te% t*e'. !.t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !( !% " t$e '&6 6$c$ t *ee* t! e".!%ce# E;&/)'e:

& I/)'e/e"t"0 %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* %e0&%("0 e/)'!/e"t !. 6!/e" &"( /"!%*

e/)'!/e"t !. $!+*e$e')e%* &"( e/)'!/e"t !. $!/e 6!%e%* 6e%e )%!/+'0&te( t!/)'e/e"t A%tc'e* 1H? t! 1HH !. t$e L&!% C!(e !. t$e P$'))"e*#

I/)'e/e"t"0 %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* t! /)%!-e te'ec!//+"c&t!"* "(+*t% * &+t$!%e(+"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# 792H#

c I/)'e/e"t"0 %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* t! )%!/!te 'e%&'e( .!%e0" "-e*t/e"t * &+t$!%e(+"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# 8179#

2# T$e *&( %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* /+*t e 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. 'e0*'&t-e &+t$!%t 3 R+'e* &"(%e0+'&t!"* 6$c$ &%e e!"( t$e '/t* !. 'e0*'&t-e &+t$!%t &%e "!t -&'( %+'e* &"(

%e0+'&t!"*# It $&* ee" t$e c!"**te"t %+'e !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t t$&t %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"*&%e -&'( !"' 6$e" t$e &%e 6t$" t$e .%&/e6!% !. t$e )!'c 6$c$ t$e 'e0*'&t+%e *ee*t! /)'e/e"t# U#S# -*# B&%&*, 11 P$'# ?27

A(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* /+*t e 0e%/&"e t! t$e !@ect &"( )+%)!*e !. t$e'&6 &"( /+*t c!".!%/ t! t$e *t&"(&%(*, )!'ce* &"( '/t&t!"* )%e*c%e( '&6# De'/&" -*#P$'))"e Vete%&"* A(/"*t%&t!", H1 SCRA ?=>>821

A" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c&""!t &/e"( &" &ct !. C!"0%e**# S&"t!* -*# E*te"!, 1=9P$'# 19

NOTE: I" Pe!)'e -*# M&ce%e", 79 SCRA H=, t$e Sec%et&% !. A0%c+'t+%e e;cee(e( $*&+t$!%t " )e"&'"0 e'ect%!3.*$"0 /e&"* !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !%(e%#

3 C&" t%&..c e".!%ce%* %e/!-e 'ce"*e )'&te* !. ''e0&'' )&%e( -e$c'e*4A 3 N!# T$* 6&* (ec'&%e( ''e0&' " Met%!)!'t&" T%&..c C!//&"( -*# G!"!"0 187 SCRA

?2# T$e &''e0e( @+*t.c&t!" t! t$e )%&ctce !. %e/!-"0 'ce"*e )'&te* !. ''e0&'' )&%e(-e$c'e* 6&* LOI ?, +t &"!t$e% '&6, P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 1<=H, 6&* **+e(, &"( +"(e%t$* '&6, t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e Met%! M&"'& C!//**!" * '/te( !"' t! *+*)e"*!" !%%e-!c&t!" !. t$e 'ce"*e !. t$e (%-e% 6$! -!'&te( t%&..c %+'e*# S&( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee

N!# 1<=H (( "!t "c'+(e t$e &+t$!%t t! %e/!-e 'ce"*e )'&te* !% t$e c!".*c&t!" !. 'ce"*e!. t$e e%%"0 (%-e%#

3 C&" t$e /)!+"("0 !. & -e$c'e e *+*t&"e( +"(e% & 'ette% !. "*t%+ct!" )%!$t"0 )%-&te e;t%& $e&- &"( $e&- -e$c'e* .%!/ +*"0 )+'c *t%eet* !" 6eee"(* &"( $!'(&*4

A 3 N!, &* (ec'&%e( " B&+t*t& -*# +"!, 127 SCRA ?29 !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e /)!+"("0!. & -e$c'e ."(* "! *t&t+t!% @+*t.c&t!", &"( t$e%e.!%e +'t%& -%e*# T$e )%!$t!" t*e'.,

1H9



$!6e-e%, t! *&( -e$c'e* .%!/ +*"0 )+'c *t%eet* !" 6eee"(* &"( $!'(&*, 6&**+*t&"e(#

NEW CASE:METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AUT5ORIT VS# DANTE O# GARIN

G#R# NO# 1?=2?=, APRIL 1H, 2==HT$e%e * "! *''&'e " R#A# N!# 792 t$&t 0%&"t* t$e MMDA )!'ce )!6e%, 'et &'!"e

'e0*'&t-e )!6e%#T$e )!6e% t! c!".*c&te &"( *+*)e"( !% %e-!e (%-e%* 'ce"*e 6t$!+t t$e "ee( !.

'e0*'&t-e e"&ct/e"t * &" +"&+t$!%e( e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e%#>>822FACTS:1# Att# D&"te G&%" )&%e( $* -e$c'e ''e0&'' &'!"0 G&"(&%& St%eet, B"!"(!, M&"'&#2# Att# G&%" *e"t & 'ette% t! P%!*)e%! O%et&, t$e" t$e MMDA C$&%/&" 6t$ t$e*e %e+e*t*:

& t$&t $* (%-e%* 'ce"*e e %et+%"e( t! $/# O" t$e *&/e (&te, $e e;)%e**e( $* )%e.e%e"cet$&t $* c&*e e .'e( " c!+%t#

?# 5e (( "!t %ece-e & %e)'# S+*e+e"t', $e .'e( & c!/)'&"t 6t$ t$e RTC !. P&%&&+eCt# 5* c!"te"t!"* &%e &* .!''!6*:

&# Wt$!+t /)'e/e"t"0 %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"*, Sect!" H. !. Re)+'c Act N!# 792 0%&"t*MMDA t$e +"%('e( (*c%et!" t! (e)%-e e%%"0 /!t!%*t* !. t$e% 'ce"*e*#

# It 6'' )%e3e/)t & @+(c&' (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e -&'(t !. t$e (e)%-&t!", $e"ce, t -!'&te*t$e (+e )%!ce** c'&+*e#

c# S&( '&6 &'*! -!'&te* t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!$t!" &0&"*t +"(+e (e'e0&t!" !. 'e0*'&t-e&+t$!%t#

(# S&( '&6 6'' &'*! &''!6 MMDA t! .; &"( /)!*e +"*)ec.e( &"( t$e%e.!%e +"'/te( ."e*

&"( !t$e% )e"&'te* !" e%%"0 /!t!%*t*#

MMDA, !" t$e !t$e%$&"(, "-!e( t* )!'ce )!6e%#

ISSUE:A%e t$e *&( c!"te"t!"* -&'(4

5ELD:1# T$e%e * "! *''&'e " Re)+'c Act N!# 792 t$&t 0%&"t* t$e MMDA )!'ce )!6e%, 'et &'!"e

'e0*'&t-e )!6e%#2# E-e" t$e Met%! M&"'& C!+"c' $&* "!t ee" (e'e0&te( &" 'e0*'&t-e )!6e%#?# U"'e t$e 'e0*'&t-e !(e* !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*, t$e%e * "! )%!-*!" " Re)+'c

Act N!# 792 t$&t e/)!6e%* t$e MMDA !% t* c!+"c' t! e"&ct !%("&"ce*, &))%!-e%e*!'+t!"* &"( &))%!)%&te .+"(* .!% 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e !. t$e "$&t&"t* !. Met%! M&"'&#T$e MMDA *, &* te%/e( " t$e c$&%te% t*e'., & (e-e'!)/e"t &+t$!%t# It * &" &0e"cc%e&te( .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. '&"0 (!6" )!'ce* &"( c!!%("&t"0 6t$ t$e -&%!+* "&t!"&'0!-e%"/e"t &0e"ce*, )e!)'e* !%0&"&t!" &"( t$e )%-&te *ect!% .!% t$e e..ce"t &"(

1<=



e;)e(t!+* (e'-e% !. &*c *e%-ce* " t$e -&*t /et%!)!'t&" &%e&# A'' t* .+"ct!"* &%e&(/"*t%&t-e " "&t+%e ;;;#

# C'e&%', t$e MMDA * "!t & )!'tc&' +"t !. 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e )!6e% (e'e0&te( t! t$eMMDA * t$&t 0-e" t! t$e Met%! M&"'& C!+"c' t! )%!/+'0&te t* &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"(%e0+'&t!"* " t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !. t$e MMDA* .+"ct!"*#

H# T$e%e * "! 0%&"t !. &+t$!%t t! e"&ct !%("&"ce* &"( %e0+'&t!"* .!% t$e 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e !.t$e "$&t&"t* !. t$e /et%!)!'*#

<# T$e )!6e% t$e%e.!%e t! c!".*c&te &"( *+*)e"( !% %e-!e (%-e%* 'ce"*e 6t$!+t t$e "ee( !.'e0*'&t-e e"&ct/e"t * &" +"&+t$!%e( e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e%#

>>82??# It /+*t e )%!/+'0&te( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ )%e*c%e( )%!ce(+%e# A(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"*

!. 0e"e%&' &))'c&t!" (!e* "!t %e+%e )%e-!+* "!tce &"( $e&%"0 e;ce)t 6$e%e t$e'e0*'&t+%e t*e'. %e+%e* t &"( /&"(&te* t$&t t$e *&/e *$&'' .%*t %e+%e t$e &*ce%t&"/e"t!. .&ct* e'cte( .%!/ &" &))%!)%&te "-e*t0&t!"#

3 W$&t * t$e )%e*c%e( )%!ce(+%e %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e t$%( %e+*te4A 3 T$e )%e*c%e( )%!ce(+%e * "!tce &"( $e&%"0, . t$* * *! %e+%e( '&6, &"(

)+'c&t!", &* %e+%e( E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# 2==#

3 I* )%e-!+* "!tce &"( $e&%"0 &'6&* %e+%e( " t$e )%!/+'0&t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e%e0+'&t!"* !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!"4

A 3 It * "!t %e+%e( +"'e** t$e 'e0*'&t+%e %e+%e* t, !% +"'e** t$e %e0+'&t!" * " e..ect &*ett'e/e"t !. & c!"t%!-e%* et6ee" *)ec.c )&%te* " 6$c$ c&*e t * c!"*(e%e( &* &"&(/"*t%&t-e &(@+(c&t!", $e"ce, t 6'' %e+%e "!tce &"( $e&%"0#

3 Re0&%("0 %&te* )%e*c%e( &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*, 6$e" * )%!% "!tce &"( $e&%"0%e+%e( &"( 6$e" * t "!t %e+%e(4

A 3 W$e" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c )%e*c%e* t$e %&te* " t$e e;e%c*e !. t* 'e0*'&t-e.+"ct!"*, )%!% "!tce &"( $e&%"0 t! t$e &..ecte( )&%te* * "!t & %e+%e/e"t !. (+e )%!ce**#5!6e-e%, 6$e" *&( %&te* &%e )%e*c%e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c " t$e e;e%c*e !. t*+&*3@+(c&' .+"ct!", )%!% "!tce &"( $e&%"0 &%e e**e"t&' t! t$e -&'(t !. *&( %&te*#P$'))"e C!"*+/e%* F!+"(&t!", I"c# -*# Sec%et&% !. E(+c&t!", C+'t+%e &"( S)!%t*, 1H?SCRA <22

3 W$e" &%e %+'e*%&te* **+e( " t$e e;e%c*e !. & 'e0*'&t-e .+"ct!" &"( 6$e" &%e t$e**+e( " t$e e;e%c*e !. & +&*3@+(c&' .+"ct!"4

A 3 W$e" 'e0*'&t-e " c$&%&cte%:W$e" t$e %+'e* !% %&te* **+e( !% )%e*c%e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c &%e /e&"t t!

&))' t! &'' e"te%)%*e* !. & 0-e" "( t$%!+0$!+t t$e ce"t+%, t$e /& )&%t&e !. & 'e0*'&t-ec$&%&cte%#>>82W$e" +&*3@+(c&' " c$&%&cte%:

1<1



W$e%e t$e %+'e* &"( t$e %&te* /)!*e( &))' e;c'+*-e' t! & )&%tc+'&% )&%t, &*e( +)!"& ."("0 !. .&ct, t$e" t* .+"ct!" * +&*3@+(c&' " c$&%&cte%#

EXAMPLE: A De)&%t/e"t O%(e% !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. E(+c&t!" &"( C+'t+%e 6$c$ )%e*c%e(/&;/+/ *c$!!' .ee* t$&t /& e c$&%0e( &'' )%-&te *c$!!'* " t$e c!+"t% .!% *c$!!'e&% 1987 t! 1988#

W&* t$&t !%(e% **+e( " t$e e;e%c*e !. & 'e0*'&t-e .+"ct!" !% +&* @+(c&' .+"ct!"4It 6&* **+e( " t$e e;e%c*e !. 'e0*'&t-e .+"ct!", &cc!%("0 t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t "

P$'))"e C!"*+/e%* F!+"(&t!", I"c# -*# Sec%et&% !. E(+c&t!", C+'t+%e &"( S)!%t*# S+)%&

3 W'' & -!'&t!" !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!" 0-e %*e t! & c%/"&' )%e*ec+t!"4A 3 N!, +"'e** t$e '&6 /&e* t$e -!'&t!" )+"*$&'e &"( )%e*c%e* & )e"&'t#

# T$e &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e !% %e0+'&t!" /+*t e %e&*!"&'e 3 A" &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e !%%e0+'&t!" /+*t e %e&*!"&'e, "!t &%t%&% &"( c&)%c!+*# T$e %e&*!"&'e"e** !. &

%e0+'&t!" (e)e"(* !" t$e %e&*!" !% t$e )+%)!*e .!% 6$c$ & %e0+'&t!" * **+e(#

E;&/)'e:I" A0+*t" -*# E(+, Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" N!# 229 6$c$ %e+%e( t$e +*e !. e&%'

6&%""0 (e-ce* EWD * "!t %e)+0"&"t t! t$e (+e )%!ce** c'&+*e# It 6&* c!"*(e%e( @+*t.e(.!% t%&..c *&.et#

I" T&;c& O)e%&t!%* !. Met%! M&"'& -*# B!&%( !. T%&"*)!%t&t!", & %e0+'&t!" )$&*"0!+t t&;c&* /!%e t$&" *; e&%* !'( 6&* %e&*!"&'e &* t * "te"(e( t! )%!/!te "!t !"' t$e*&.et !. t$e )&**e"0e%* +t &'*! t$e c!/.!%t &"( t$e c!"-e"e"ce !. t$e )&**e"0e%*#

P%!$t!" t! )%-&te e;t%& $e&- &"( $e&- -e$c'e* .%!/ +*"0 )+'c *t%eet* !"

6eee"(* &"( $!'(&* 6&* *+*t&"e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " B&+t*t& -*# +"!# It *&))&%e"t' "te"(e( t! /)%!-e t%&..c c!"(t!"* (+%"0 t$e (e*0"&te( (&*#

I" T&'&%" -*# G+te%%e, MECS O%(e% N!# H2, Se%e* !. 198H, 6$c$ /&"(&te* t$et&"0 &"( )&**"0 !. t$e N&t!"&' Me(&' A(/**!" Te*t NMAT &* & c!"(t!" .!% *ec+%"0ce%t.c&te* !. e'0't .!% &(/**!", 6&* $e'( t! e & -&'( e;e%c*e !. t$e )!'ce )!6e% !.t$e St&te# T$e %&t!"&'e .!% **+"0 t$e *&( !%(e% * t$e /)%!-e/e"t !. t$e )%!.e**!"&' &"(tec$"c&' +&'t !. t$e 0%&(+&te* !. /e(c&' *c$!!'*, +)0%&("0 t$e +&'t !. t$!*e &(/tte(t! t$e *t+(e"t !( !. t$e /e(c&' *c$!!'*#>>82H

AGUSTIN VS# EDU88 SCRA 19H

FACTS:T$e" P%e*(e"t Fe%("&"( E# M&%c!* **+e( Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" N!# 229 %e+%"0 t$e

+*e !. E&%' W&%""0 De-ce* EWD# Pett!"e% c'&/* t$&t t$e +*e !. t$e *&( e&%' 6&%""0(e-ce* * "!t "ece**&% ec&+*e $* c&% * &'%e&( e+))e( 6t$ '""0 '0$t*#

ISSUE:

1<2



I* t$e *&( Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" &%t%&%4

5ELD:It * "!t &%t%&% &"( "!t %e)+0"&"t t! t$e (+e )%!ce** c'&+*e# T$e%e * "!t$"0 " Lette%

!. I"*t%+ct!" N!# 229 6$c$ c!/)e'* c&% !6"e%* t! )+%c$&*e t$e )%e*c%e( e&%' 6&%""0(e-ce# Ve$c'e !6"e%* c&" )%!(+ce t$e (e-ce t$e/*e'-e* 6t$ & 'tt'e "0e"+t#

BAUTISTA VS# UNIO127 SCRA ?29

FACTS:Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" N!# 8<9 * &" e"e%0 c!"*e%-&t!" /e&*+%e 6$c$ )%!$t* t$e +*e

!. $e&- &"( e;t%&3$e&- )%-&te -e$c'e* .%!/ +*"0 )+'c *t%eet* !" 6eee"(* &"( $!'(&*P+%*+&"t t$e%et!, Me/!%&"(+/ C%c+'&% N!# ?9 6&* **+e(, /)!*"0 )e"&'te* !. ."ec!".*c&t!" !. -e$c'e, &"( c&"ce''&t!" !. %e0*t%&t!"#

Pett!"e% c!"te"(* t$&t: 1 *&( 'ette% !. "*t%+ct!" * & -!'&t!" !. $* %0$t t! +*e &"(e"@! )%-&te )%!)e%t &"( !. $* %0$t t! t%&-e', $e"ce, & -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce** &"( 2 t$&t

*&( /e/!%&"(+/ c%c+'&% 6&* 'e6*e +"c!"*tt+t!"&' .!% t -!'&te* t$e (!ct%"e !. +"(+e(e'e0&t!" !. )!6e%#

ISSUE:I* t$e *&( 'ette% !. "*t%+ct!" &"( /e/!%&"(+/ c%c+'&% c!"*tt+t!"&'4 I* t$e

c!".*c&t!" !% /)!+"("0 !. t$e -e$c'e +"(e% Me/!%&"(+/ C%c+'&% +'t%& -%e* !% "!t4>>82<5ELD:

T$e *&( Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" 6&* *+*t&"e( +t t$e c!".*c&t!" !% /)!+"("0 !. t$e-e$c'e 6&* +'t%& -%e* ec&+*e & )e"&'t c&" !"' e /)!*e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )%!ce(+%e

%e+%e( '&6# W$'e t$e /)!*t!" !. & ."e !% t$e *+*)e"*!" !. %e0*t%&t!" * -&'( +"(e%t$e L&"( T%&"*)!%t&t!" &"( T%&..c C!(e, t$e /)!+"("0 !. t$e -e$c'e ."(* "! *t&t+t!%

@+*t.c&t!"#

TABLARIN VS# GUTIERREK1H2 SCRA 7?=

FACTS:P+%*+&"t t! Re)+'c Act N!# 2?82 !% t$e Me(c&' Act !. 19H9, MECS O%(e% N!# H2,

Se%e* !. 198H, 6&* **+e(# It /&"(&te* t$e t&"0 &"( )&**"0 !. t$e N&t!"&' Me(c&'

A(/**!" Te*t NMAT &* & c!"(t!" .!% *ec+%"0 ce%t.c&te* !. e'0't .!% &(/**!"#Pett!"e% &**&'* t$e c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. *&( '&6 &"( MECS O%(e% N!# H2, &"( *!+0$t t!

e &(/tte( t! t$e C!''e0e !. Me(c"e .!% 198731988, 6t$!+t *+cce**.+'' t&"0 t$e NMAT#

ISSUE:A%e t$e *&( '&6 &"( %e0+'&t!" c!"*tt+t!"&'4 W$et$e% t$e%e * *!/e %e&*!"&'e %e'&t!"

et6ee" %e+%e/e"t !. )&**"0 NMAT &* & c!"(t!" .!% &(/**!" t! t$e /e(c&' *c$!!' !"

1<?



e*# T$e Sec%et&% !. A0%c+'t+%e &"( N&t+%&' Re*!+%ce* e;cee(e( t* &+t$!%t "**+"0 F#A#O# N!*# 8 &"( 831 &"( t$&t t$!*e !%(e%* &%e "!t 6&%%&"te( R#A# N!# 8H12# T$e%e&*!" * t$&t t$e F*$e%e* L&6 (!e* "!t e;)%e**' )%!$t e'ect%!3.*$"0# S"ce e'ect%!3.*$"0 * "!t &""e( +"(e% t$e '&6, &"( t$e Sec%et&% * )!6e%'e** t! )e"&'e t, $e"ce, A#O

N!*# 8 &"( 831 &%e (e-!( !. &" 'e0&' &**#5&( t$e '&6/&"0 !( "te"(e( t! )+"*$ e'ect%!3.*$"0, & )e"&' )%!-*!" t! t$&t

e..ect c!+'( $&-e ee" e&*' e/!(e( " t$e O'( F*$e%e* L&6#

>>828T$e '&6/&"0 !( c&""!t (e'e0&te t! &" e;ec+t-e !..c&' t$e )!6e% t! (ec'&%e 6$&t

&ct* *$!+'( c!"*tt+te & c%/"&' !..e"*e# It c&" &+t$!%e t$e **+&"ce !. %e0+'&t!"* &"( t$e/)!*t!" !. t$e )e"&'t )%!-(e( .!% " t$e '&6 t*e'.# B+t & /e%e &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!" *"!t 'e0&'' &(e+&te t! )e"&'e e'ect%!3.*$"0#

A(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"* &(!)te( +"(e% 'e0*'&t-e &+t$!%t & )&%tc+'&% (e)&%t/e"t/+*t e " $&%/!" 6t$ t$e -*!"* !. t$e '&6, &"( *$!+'( e .!% t$e *!'e )+%)!*e !. c&%%"0"t! e..ect t* 0e"e%&' )%!-*!"*# A" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c&""!t &/e"( t$e &ct !. C!"0%e**#T$e %+'e3/&"0 )!6e% /+*t e c!"."e( t! (et&'* .!% %e0+'&t"0 t$e /!(e !% )%!cee("0 t!

c&%% "t! e..ect t$e '&6 &* t $&* ee" e"&cte(# T$e )!6e% c&""!t e e;te"(e( t! &/e"( !%e;)&"( t$e *t&t+t!% %e+%e/e"t* !% t! e/%&ce /&tte%* "!t c!-e%e( t$e *t&t+te# R+'e* t$&t*+-e%t t$e *t&t+te c&""!t e *&"ct!"e(#

PEOPLE VS# UE PO LAH1 O#G# 88H=

FACTS:Ce"t%&' B&" **+e( & c%c+'&% C%c+'&% N!# 2= %e+%"0 t$!*e 6$! $&( .!%e0"

c+%%e"c t! *e'' t$e *&/e t! Ce"t%&' B&"# +e P! L& 6&* &cc+*e( !. -!'&t"0 C%c+'&% N!# 2= +t $e c'&/e( t$&t t$e *&( c%c+'&% $&* "!t et ee" )+'*$e( " t$e O..c&' G&ette e.!%e $*

&''e0e( -!'&t!" !. t$e *&/e &"( $e *$!+'( t$e%e.!%e e &c+tte(#

5ELD:T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *+*t&"e( t$e (e.e"*e &"( $e'( t$&t e.!%e t$e )+'c * !+"( t*

c!"te"t*, & '&6, %e0+'&t!" !% c%c+'&% /+*t .%*t e )+'*$e( *! t$e )e!)'e 6'' e !..c&''".!%/e( !. t$e *&/e, )&%tc+'&%' t$e )e"&'te* .!% -!'&t"0 t$e%e!.#

GIL BALBUENA VS# SECRETAR OF EDUCATION11= P5IL# 1H=, G#R# NO# L3128?

NOVEMBER 21, 19<=FACTS:

Pett!"e%*, /e/e%* !. t$e %e'0!+* *ect e$!-&$* Wt"e**e*, c$&''e"0e( t$ec!"*tt+t!"&'t !. Re)+'c Act N!# 12<H, -%t+e !. 6$c$ t$e Sec%et&% !. E(+c&t!"**+e( De)&%t/e"t O%(e% N!# 8, )%e*c%"0 c!/)+'*!% .'&0 ce%e/!" " &'' *c$!!'* &* &"+"(+e (e'e0&t!" !. 'e0*'&t-e )!6e%# Sect!" 1 !. t$e Act %e+%e* &'' e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"*t! !*e%-e (&' .'&0 ce%e/!", 6$c$ *$&'' e */)'e &"( (0".e( &"( *$&'' "c'+(e t$e

1<H



)'&"0 !% *"0"0 !. t$e P$'))"e N&t!"&' A"t$e/# Sect!" 2 t$e%e!. &+t$!%e* t$e Sec%et&%!. E(+c&t!" t! **+e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* .!% t$e )%!)e% c!"(+ct !. t$e .'&0 ce%e/!"#>>8295ELD:

T$e %e+%e/e"t* c!"*tt+te &" &(e+&te *t&"(&%( t! 6t, */)'ct &"( (0"t !. t$e .'&0ce%e/!" &"( t$e *"0"0 !. t$e "&t!"&' &"t$e/ 3 e*)ec&'' 6$e" c!"t%&*te( 6t$ !t$e%*t&"(&%(* $e%et!.!%e +)$e'( t$e c!+%t* *+c$ &* )+'c "te%e*t, )+'c 6e'.&%e, "te%e*t !.

'&6 &"( !%(e%, @+*tce &"( e+t &"( t$e *+*t&"t&' /e%t* !. t$e c&*e, !% &(e+&te &"(e..ce"t "*t%+ct!"# T$&t t$e 'e0*'&t+%e (( "!t *)ec. t$e (et&'* !. t$e .'&0 ce%e/!" * "!!@ect!" t! t$e -&'(t !. t$e *t&t+te, !% &'' t$&t * %e+%e( !. t * t$e '&"0 (!6" !. *t&"(&%(&"( )!'c t$&t 6'' '/t t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e %e0+'&t!% &0e"c# T! %e+%e t$e *t&t+te t!e*t&'*$ " (et&' t$e /&""e% !. e;e%c*e !. t$e (e'e0&te( )!6e% 6!+'( e t! (e*t%! t$e&(/"*t%&t-e .'e;'t t$&t t$e (e'e0&t!" * "te"(e( t! &c$e-e#

Wt$!+t & (e."te *t&"(&%(, t$e%e 6!+'( e "! %e&*!"&'e /e&"* t! &*ce%t&" 6$et$e% !%"!t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c!"ce%"e( $&* &cte( 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. &+t$!%t &* (ete%/"e(

t$e 'e0*'&t+%e# W$e" t$* $&))e"*, t$e )!6e% !. 'e0*'&t!" 6!+'( e-e"t+&'' e e;e%c*e(

& %&"c$ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !t$e% t$&" t$&t " 6$c$ t * '!(0e( t$e C!"*tt+t!"# V0&"E'ect%c L0$t C!#, I"c# -*# P+'c Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# L3198H=, &"+&% ?=, 19<

REUIREMENT AS TO PUBLICATION OF ALL LAWS AS A CONDITION FOR T5EIREFFECTIVIT

3 W$&t *$!+'( e )+'*$e(4A 31# A'' *t&t+te*, "c'+("0 t$!*e !. '!c&' &))'c&t!" &"( )%-&te '&6*#2# P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee* &"( e;ec+t-e !%(e%* )%!/+'0&te( t$e P%e*(e"t " t$e e;e%c*e !.

'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* 6$e"e-e% t$e *&/e &%e -&'(' (e'e0&te( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e !%, &t )%e*e"t,

(%ect' c!".e%%e( t$e C!"*tt+t!"# T&"&(& -*# T+-e%&, 1< SCRA <

3 5!6 *$!+'( t$e )+'c&t!" e /&(e4A 3 B!%%!6"0 t$e 6!%(* !. +*tce I*&0&" C%+, t$e )+'c&t!" /+*t e " .+'' !% t * "!

)+'c&t!" &t &'' *"ce t* )+%)!*e * t! ".!%/ t$e )+'c !. t$e c!"te"t* !. t$e '&6#

3 W$e%e *$!+'( t$e '&6 e )+'*$e(4A 3 T$e '&6 *$&'' e )+'*$e( " t$e O..c&' G&ette, &"( "!t @+*t " "e6*)&)e%* !. 0e"e%&'

c%c+'&t!"# T&"&(& -*# T+-e%&, I(#

3 W$e" (!e* & '&6 t&e e..ect4A 3 A '&6 t&e* e..ect &.te% ..tee" 1H (&* .!''!6"0 t$e c!/)'et!" !. t$e% )+'c&t!" et$e%

" t$e O..c&' G&ette !% " & "e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!" " t$e P$'))"e*, +"'e** t *!t$e%6*e )%!-(e(# A%t# 2, Ne6 C-' C!(e# A* e"+"c&te( " T&"&(& -*# T+-e%&, $!6e-e%'&6* *$&'' e )+'*$e( " t$e O..c&' G&ette, &"( "!t @+*t " "e6*)&)e%* !. 0e"e%&'c%c+'&t!"#

>>8?=

1<<



3 S$!+'( &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* e )+'*$e(4A 3 It (e)e"(*# I. t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* * t! e".!%ce !%

/)'e/e"t e;*t"0 '&6, t$e /+*t e )+'*$e(# I. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!" * !. 0e"e%&'c%c+'&t!" !% )e"&' " "&t+%e, t *$!+'( e )+'*$e(# I. %e0+'&t!"* &%e /e%e' "te%)%et&t-e!% /e%e' "te%"&' " "&t+%e, t$e "ee( "!t e )+'*$e(#

3 F%!/ 6$&t (& *$&'' t$e ..tee"3(& )e%!( %e+%e( .!% t$e e..ect-t !. & '&6 !%

%e0+'&t!" e c!+"te(4A 3 T$e ..tee"3(& )e%!( * c!+"te( .%!/ t$e (&te !. %e'e&*e .!% c%c+'&t!" !. t$e e(t!" "

t$e O..c&' G&ette, "!t .%!/ t$e (&te !% )%"te( (&te !. t$e e(t!" !. t$e O..c&' G&ette#Pe!)'e -*# Ve%(c&"!, 1?2 SCRA H2?

3 W$&t * t$e /e&""0 !. t$e )$%&*e +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e(4A 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t t$e '&6 t*e'. c&" )%!-(e 6$e" t *$&'' ec!/e e..ect-e# T$e '&6 c&"

)%!-(e t$&t t *$&'' ec!/e e..ect-e t$%t ?= (&*, !% t6e"t 2= (&*, &.te% t* )+'c&t!" " t$e O..c&' G&ette, +t " "! c&*e c&" t )%!-(e t$&t t *$&'' t&e e..ect

//e(&te' &"( 6t$!+t )+'c&t!", . t /)!*e* & )e"&'t, .!''!6"0 t$e %&t!"&'e "T&&(& -*# T+-e%&, Pe*0&" -*# A"0e'e* 129 SCRA 17, &"( Pe!)'e -*# +e P! L& t$&t

e.!%e t$e )+'c * !+"( t* c!"te"t*, e*)ec&'' t* )e"&' )%!-*!"*, & '&6, %e0+'&t!" !%c%c+'&% /+*t .%*t e )+'*$e( &"( t$e )e!)'e !..c&'' ".!%/e( !. *&( c!"te"t* &"( t*

)e"&'te*#

# POWERS AND FUNCTIONS EXERCISED IN T5E COURSE OF EXERCISING UASI3LEGISLATIVE POWERS

A" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c /e%e' e;e%c*e* t$e )!6e% !. *+!%("&te 'e0*'&t!" 6$c$/e&"* t$&t t c&" )%!/+'0&te %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* "te"(e( t! c&%% !+t t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e

'&6 &"( /)'e/e"t 'e0*'&t-e )!'c# I" t$e c!+%*e !. e;e%c*"0 *&( .+"ct!", &"&(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c * -e*te( 6t$ (..e%e"t )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"*, t! 6t:>>8?11# E"&'"0 P!6e%* 3 T$e &%e t$!*e )!6e%* t$&t e"&'e &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c t! (! &" &ct

6$c$ t$e '&6 )%ec*e' e"t%+*t t! t#E;&/)'e:&# T$e L&"( T%&"*)!%t&t!" O..ce, !% LTO, * t$e !"e e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e .+"ct!" !. %e0*te%"0

&'' /!t!% -e$c'e* "c'+("0 (%-e%* 'ce"*e# # T$e 5!+*"0 &"( L&"( U*e Re0+'&t!% B!&%( * t$e !"e e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e .+"ct!" !.

&))%!-"0 &))'c&t!" !. *+(-*!" (e-e'!)e%*#c# T$e C!//**!" !" 50$e% E(+c&t!" !% C5ED * t$e !"e e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e .+"ct!" !.

**+"0 &cc%e(t&t!" !. c!''e0e* " t$e P$'))"e*#

2# S+//&% P!6e%* 3 T$e &%e t$!*e )!6e%* e;e%c*e( &(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te* t! )e%.!%/c!e%c-e /e&*+%e* +)!" )e%*!"* !% t$"0* 6t$!+t t$e "ee( !. *ec+%"0 @+(c&' 6&%%&"t#

E;&/)'e:

1<7



&# A" !%(e% **+e( t$e B+%e&+ !. I//0%&t!" &"( De)!%t&t!" "!t t! &''!6 & F'3A/ )'&e%.%!/ )'&"0 " t$e PBA !" t$e 0%!+"( !. cte"*$)#

# T$e .!%c'e e-&c+&t!" !. )e!)'e .!% %e*("0 6t$" t$e *; < /# %&(+* !. M&!"V!'c&"! t! &-!( '!** !. '-e* &"( )%!)e%te*#

?# E;&/""0 P!6e%* 3 T$* * t$e )!6e% !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c t! e;&/"e &"( "*)ect !!*, )&)e%*, &"( %ec!%(* t! "-e*t0&te t$e &ct-te* !. )e%*!"* +"(e% t* @+%*(ct!"#

E;&/)'e:&# T$e B+%e&+ !. I"te%"&' Re-e"+e, !% BIR, c&" '&6.+'' e;&/"e t$e ."&"c&' *t&te/e"t* &"(

!!* !. &cc!+"t* !. )e%*!"* &"( c!/)&"e*# # T$e B+%e&+ !. I//0%&t!" &"( De)!%t&t!", !% BID, c&" e;&/"e t$e cte"*$) )&)e%* !.

&" F'3A/ )'&e% 6$!*e cte"*$) * +"(e% +e*t!"#c# T$e B+%e&+ !. L&!% St&"(&%( c&" "*)ect +*"e** e*t&'*$/e"t* t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e

c!/)' !% "!t 6t$ !cc+)&t!"&' $e') &"( *&.et *t&"(&%(* &* )%!-(e( .!% t$e L&!%C!(e !. t$e P$'))"e*#

# D*)e"*"0 P!6e% 3 T$* * t$e )!6e% !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce% t! 0%&"t e;e/)t!" .%!/t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. & 0e"e%&' (+t#

E;&/)'e:&# T$e B+%e&+ !. I"te%"&' Re-e"+e c&" e;e/)t *!/e +*"e** e*t&'*$/e"t* .%!/ c!/)'&"ce

6t$ *!/e '&6* !% %+'e* 6$c$ &%e e"t%+*te( t! t .!% e".!%ce/e"t# # T$e M!-e &"( Te'e-*!" Re0+'&t!% &"( C'&**.c&t!" B!&%(, !% MTRCB, c&" 0%&"t

e;e/)t!" !% %e'&; & %+'e !% %+'e* %e0&%("0 t$e *$!6"0 !. & .'/#>>8?2H# NOTICE AND 5EARING 3 I* "!tce &"( $e&%"0 "ece**&% " t$e )%!/+'0&t!" !. & 0e"e%&' %e0+'&t!" **+e( !% t! e

**+e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e !(4A 3 It * "!t "ece**&% 6$e" t$e %+'e* &%e /e%e' 'e0&' !)"!"*# It * "!t &'*! "ece**&% 6$e"

*+*t&"t-e %+'e* &%e e"0 )%e)&%e( &"( 6$e" t$e c'&** t! e &..ecte( * '&%0e &"( t$e+e*t!"* t! e %e*!'-e( "-!'-e( t$e +*e !. (*c%et!" c!//tte( t! t$e %+'e /&"0 !(#

<# W5EN IS IT NECESSAR4A" &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e " t$e "&t+%e !. *+!%("&te 'e0*'&t!" 6$c$ 6'' /)'e/e"t &

'&6 )%!-("0 t* (et&'*, /+*t e $e&%( e.!%e t$e &%e &(!)te(# I" !t$e% 6!%(*, 6$e" & %+'e!% %e0+'&t!" * e"0 **+e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c " t$e e;e%c*e !. t* +&*3'e0*'&t-e

&+t$!%t, t$e %e+%e/e"t !. "!tce, $e&%"0 &"( )+'c&t!" *$&'' e c!/)'e( 6t$#

CRUK VS# CSCG#R# NO# 1<, NOVEMBER 27, 2==1

FACTS:P%-&te "(-(+&' E*te&" 6%!te & 'ette% t! t$e C$&%)e%*!" !. t$e CSC c'&/"0 t$&t

(+%"0 t$e e;&/"&t!"* .!% "!"3)%!.e**!"&' " t$e c&%ee% c-' *e%-ce, P&t/, t$e M+"c)&'

1<8



T%e&*+%e% !. N!%&0&%&, B+'&c&", .&'*e' )%ete"(e( t! e t$e e;&/"ee, C%+, & c!3e/)'!ee "t$e *&( !..ce, &"( t!! t$e e;&/"&t!" .!% t$e '&tte%#

T$e D%ect!% IV !. t$e CSC 6%!te & Me/!%&"(+/ t! t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"e%(ec'&%"0 t$&t &*e( !" t$e %ec!%(, *$e .!+"( & )%/& .&ce c&*e &0&"*t )ett!"e%* P&t/ &"(C%+# A .&ct ."("0 "-e*t0&t!" 6&* c!"(+cte( &"( & F!%/&' C$&%0e .!% D*$!"e*t, G%&-eM*c!"(+ct, &"( C!"(+ct P%e@+(c&' t! t$e Be*t I"te%e*t !. t$e Se%-ce 6&* .'e( &0&"*t

)ett!"e%* e.!%e t$e CSC#

A.te% .'"0 t$e% A"*6e%, )ett!"e%* .'e( & M!t!" t! D*/** &-e%%"0 t$&t . t$e"-e*t0&t!" 6'' c!"t"+e, t$e 6'' e (e)%-e( !. t$e% %0$t t! (+e )%!ce** ec&+*e t$e CSC6&* t$e c!/)'&"&"t, t$e P%!*ec+t!% &"( t$e +(0e, &'' &t t$e *&/e t/e# S&( /!t!" 6&*(e"e( &* 6e'' &* t$e% /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"#

T$e Att!%"e III !. CSC 6&* (%ecte( t! c!"(+ct t$e .!%/&' &(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!"S$e .!+"( )ett!"e% 0+'t !. D*$!"e*t &"( !%(e%e( t$e% (*/**&' .%!/ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t*e%-ce#

T$e CSC t$e%e&.te% **+e( & Re*!'+t!" ."("0 t$e )ett!"e%* 0+'t !. t$e c$&%0e* &"(!%(e%e( t$e% (*/**&' .%!/ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t *e%-ce#

>>8??ISSUE:

W$et$e% )ett!"e%* 6e%e (e"e( (+e )%!ce** ec&+*e t$e CSC &cte( &* t$e "-e*t0&t!%,t$e c!/)'&"&"t, t$e )%!*ec+t!% &"( t$e @+(0e &'' &t t$e *&/e t/e#

RULING: N!# Pett!"e%* 6e%e "!t (e"e( (+e )%!ce**#T$e CSC * /&"(&te( t! $e&% &"( (ec(e &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e* "*tt+te( t !% "*tt+te(

e.!%e t (%ect' !% !" &))e&' "c'+("0 &ct!"* !. t* !..ce%* &"( t$e &0e"ce* &tt&c$e( t! t )+%*+&"t t! B!! V, Tt'e 1, S+tt'e A, C$&)te% ?, Sect!" 12, )&%&0%&)$ 11 !. t$e

A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987 6$c$ *t&te*:11 5e&% &"( (ec(e &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e* "*tt+te( !% %!+0$t e.!%e t (%ect' !% !"

&))e&', "c'+("0 c!"te*te( &))!"t/e"t*, &"( %e-e6 (ec*!"* &"( &ct!"* !. t* !..ce%* &"(!. t$e &0e"ce* &tt&c$e( t! t# ;;;

T$e .&ct t$&t t$e c!/)'&"t 6&* .'e( t$e CSC t*e'. (!e* "!t /e&" t$&t t c!+'( "!t e&" /)&%t&' @+(0e# A* &" &(/"*t%&t-e !(, t* (ec*!" 6&* &*e( !" *+*t&"t&' ."("0*#F&ct+&' ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !(e*, e"0 c!"*(e%e( e;)e%t* " t$e% .e'(, &%e "("0 !"t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t#

Pett!"e%* 6e%e &'*! )%!)e%' ".!%/e( !. t$e c$&%0e*# T$e *+/tte( &" A"*6e% &"(

6e%e 0-e" t$e !))!%t+"t t! (e.e"( t$e/*e'-e*# Pett!"e%* c&""!t, t$e%e.!%e, c'&/ t$&t t$e%e6&* & (e"&' !. (+e )%!ce** /+c$ 'e** t$e '&c !. @+%*(ct!" !" t$e )&%t !. t$e CSC t! t&ec!0"&"ce !. t$e c&*e#

7# CAN LEGISLATIVE POWERS BE DELEGATED4Le0*'&t-e )!6e%* /& e (e'e0&te( " t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e*:

1# W$e" &+t$!%e( t$e C!"*tt+t!" *+c$ &* " t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e*:

1<9



& T$e C!"0%e** /& '&6 0%&"t e/e%0e"c )!6e%* t! t$e P%e*(e"t# Sect!" 2?2, A%tc'eVI

C!"0%e** /& '&6 0%&"t t&%.. )!6e%* t! t$e P%e*(e"t Sect!" 282, A%tc'e VI

2# Le0*'&t-e )!6e%* /& e (e'e0&te( t! '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t*:& P!'ce )!6e% $&* ee" e;)%e**' (e'e0&te( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e t! t$e '!c&' '&63/&"0 !(e* E/"e"t D!/&"#

?# Le0*'&t-e )!6e%* /& e (e'e0&te( t! t$e )e!)'e &t '&%0e:& REFERENDUM 3 & /et$!( !. *+/tt"0 &" /)!%t&"t 'e0*'&t-e /e&*+%e t! & (%ect -!te

!. t$e 6$!'e )e!)'e PLEBISCITE 3 & (e-ce t! !t&" & (%ect )!)+'&% -!te !" & /&tte% !. )!'tc&' /)!%t&"ce#>>8?# Le0*'&t-e )!6e%* /& e (e'e0&te( t! &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* e#0# POEA, LTFRB, CAB

OWWA, BOI, BMI, etc##

8# TEST TO DETERMINE W5ET5ER A GIVEN POWER 5AS BEEN VALIDLEXERCISED B A PARTICULAR DEPARTMENT#

FIRST TEST: T$e .%*t te*t * t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e )!6e% " +e*t!", %e0&%('e** !.t* "&t+%e, * 0%&"te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" t! t$e (e)&%t/e"t 6$c$ *ee* t! e;e%c*e *+c$

)!6e%# I. t * 0%&"te( t$e C!"*tt+t!", t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e )!6e% * *+*t&"e(#SECOND TEST: I. t$e )!6e% *!+0$t t! e e;e%c*e( * "!t e;)%e**' c!".e%%e( t$e

C!"*tt+t!", c&" t$e )!6e% *!+0$t t! e e;e%c*e( e %e&*!"&' ".e%%e( .%!/, !% * t"ece**&% t! t$e )%!)e% e;e%c*e !., t$e e;)%e** )!6e% 0%&"te( t! t$e (e)&%t/e"t *ee"0 t!e;e%c*e *&( )!6e%, $e"ce, @+*t.e( +"(e% t$e DOCTRINE OF IMPLICATION#

W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. /)'c&t!"4T$* /e&"* t$&t e-e" " t$e &*e"ce !. &" e;)%e** c!".e%/e"t, t$e e;e%c*e !. & 0-e"

)!6e% /& e @+*t.e( !% %e&*!"&' ".e%%e( .%!/ t$e e;)%e** )!6e% &'%e&( 0%&"te(, !% t$&t t/& e "ece**&% t! t$e )%!)e% e;e%c*e !. t$e e;)%e** )!6e% 0%&"te( t! t$e (e)&%t/e"t *ee"0t! e;e%c*e t$e *&( )!6e%#

E;&/)'e:1# R+'e* !. )%!ce(+%e )%!/+'0&te( t$e E'ect!%&' C!//**!" 6e%e c$&''e"0e( ec&+*e t$e

6e%e &''e0e(' "!t e;)%e**' &+t$!%e( t$e 19?H C!"*tt+t!"# I" A"0&%& -*# E'ect!%&'

C!//**!", t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +)$e'( t$e )%!/+'0&t!" !. t$e *&( %+'e* !. )%!ce(+%e ec&+*e t$e 6e%e .!+"( !+t t! e "ece**&% t! t$e )%!)e% e;e%c*e !. t$e e;)%e** )!6e% !.t$e E'ect!%&' C!//**!" t! $e&% &"( (ec(e e'ect!" c!"te*t* "-!'-"0 /e/e%* !. t$e'e0*'&t+%e#

2# T$e )!6e% !. C!"0%e** t! c!"(+ct 'e0*'&t-e "-e*t0&t!" /& e /)'e( .%!/ t$e e;)%e** )!6e% !. 'e0*'&t!"# T$* )!6e%, $!6e-e%, * "!6 *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 %e*t%&"t*:

& T$e 'e0*'&t-e "+% /+*t e " &( !. 'e0*'&t!"

17=



T$e c!"(+ct !. t$e "-e*t0&t!" /+*t e *t%ct' " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e %+'e* !. )%!ce(+%et$&t /+*t $&-e ee" )+'*$e( " &(-&"ce .!% t$e ".!%/&t!" &"( )%!tect!" !. t$e6t"e**e*

c T$e %0$t* !. )e%*!"* &))e&%"0 " !% &..ecte( *+c$ "+%e* *$&'' e %e*)ecte(#>>8?HT5IRD TEST: I. t$e )!6e% *!+0$t t! e e;e%c*e( * "!t 0%&"te( t$e C!"*tt+t!", et$e%

e;)%e**' !% /)'e(', c&" t* e;e%c*e e @+*t.e( &* "$e%e"t !% "c(e"t&'4 I. t$e &%e, t$e

e;e%c*e !. t$e *&( )!6e% /& e *+*t&"e(#FOURT5 TEST: A**+/"0 t$&t t$e )!6e% !. t$e &ct *!+0$t t! e )e%.!%/e( * e;)%e**' !%

/)'e(' 0%&"te( t$e C!"*tt+t!", !% t$&t t * @+*t.e( &* "$e%e"t, t$e .!+%t$ * 6$et$e%!% "!t t$e &ct !. )!6e% " +e*t!" $&* ee" )e%.!%/e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e %+'e* '&((!6" t$e C!"*tt+t!"# A 0!!( e;&/)'e * t$e c!/)'&"ce %e+%e( Sect!" 21, A%tc'eVI !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", 6$c$ )%!-(e* t$&t t$e )!6e% t! c!"(+ct 'e0*'&t-e"-e*t0&t!", &'t$!+0$ /)'e( .%!/ t$e )!6e% !. 'e0*'&t!", * "!6 *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0%e*t%&"t*:

& T$e 'e0*'&t-e "+% /+*t e " &( !. 'e0*'&t!" T$e c!"(+ct !. "-e*t0&t!" /+*t e *t%ct' " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e %+'e* !. )%!ce(+%e t$&t

/+*t $&-e ee" )+'*$e( " &(-&"ce .!% t$e ".!%/&t!" &"( )%!tect!" !. t$e 6t"e**e*c T$e %0$t* !. )e%*!"* &))e&%"0 ", &..ecte( *+c$ "+%e*, *$&'' e %e*)ecte(# P%"c)'e*

C!//e"t* &"( C&*e* " C!"*tt+t!"&' L&6 I, F%*t E(t!", S+&%e, ct"0 Sect!" 21,A%tc'e VI, 1987 C!"*tt+t!"

T$e !t$e% e;&/)'e * 6$e" t$e P%e*(e"t e;te"(* &" &))!"t/e"t t! & )e%*!" 6$! (!e*"!t )!**e** t$e )%e*c%e( +&'.c&t!"*# T$e c!+%t* /& e;e%c*e t* )!6e% t! "te%-e"e#

9# DISTINGUIS5 LEGISLATIVE POWER FROM UASI3LEGISLATIVE POWER#Le0*'&t-e )!6e% * t$e )!6e% t! /&e '&6* &"( t$e )!6e% t! .; & 'e0*'&t-e )!'c#

T$* c&""!t e (e'e0&te( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e t! &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*# +&*3'e0*'&t-e )!6e%* &'*! "!6" &* t$e )!6e% !. *+!%("&te 'e0*'&t!"# It * t$e )!6e% !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*t! **+e &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* " !%(e% t! /)'e/e"t t$e '&6 &"( t$e 'e0*'&t-e

)!'c .;e( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e#

1=# W5AT IS T5E GUIDELINE TO OBSERVE IN ORDER TO INSURE T5AT T5ERE ISA VALID AND LAWFUL DELEGATION OF POWER4

T$e 'e0*'&t+%e *$!+'( '& (!6" 1 A )!'c &"( & 2 (e."te *t&"(&%( 6$c$ t$ee;ec+t-e !% &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce% !% !&%( /& e 0+(e( " t$e e;e%c*e !. $* (*c%et!"&%&+t$!%t# I. t$* * !*e%-e(, t$e%e * & -&'( (e'e0&t!" !. 'e0*'&t-e )!6e% Ce%-&"te* -*#A+(t!% Ge"e%&', G#R# N!# L3=?, M& 2<, 19H2# I., !" t$e !t$e% $&"(, t$e *t&t+te .+%"*$e*"! *t&"(&%( &"( t$e !..ce% !% !&%( * 0%&"te( +"c!"t%!''e( !% +"'/te( (*c%et!", *+c$ &*t&t+te * &" +"c!"*tt+t!"&' (e'e0&t!" !. )!6e%#>>8?<

171



1# POLIC 3 T$e (ete%/"&t!" !. 'e0*'&t-e )!'c * -e*te( " t$e 'e0*'&t+%e &"( t$* c&""!t e (e'e0&te( t! t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*# It /+*t e c'e&%' (ec'&%e( " t$e '&"0+&0e !. t$e*t&t+te &"( *$!+'( "!t e 'e.t t! t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e *&( &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*#

2# STANDARD 3 T$e *t&t+te /+*t )%!"!+"ce & (e."te *t&"(&%( 6$c$ 6'' 0+(e t$e&(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c!"ce%"e(# A *t&"(&%( (e."e* t$e )!'c .;e( t$e 'e0*'&t+%e &"(/&%* &"( '/t*#

11# W5AT IS T5E CLASSIFICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS4A" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c /& et$e% e "-!'-e( " t$e t&* !. &(!)t"0 %+'e* &"(

%e0+'&t!"* "te"(e( t! c&%% !+t t$e )%!-*!"* !. & '&6 &"( t! /)'e/e"t 'e0*'&t-e )!'c, !%" t$e t&* !. "te%)%et"0 t$e *t&t+te e"0 &(/"*te%e(#

T$e %+'e* t$e &(!)t t! /)'e/e"t t$e '&6 &"( t$e *&( )!'c &%e c&''e( 'e0*'&t-e %+'e*!% %e0+'&t!"*#

T$e %+'e* &%*"0 .%!/ t$e% "te%)%et&t!" !. t$e '&6 &%e c&''e( "te%)%et&t-e %e0+'&t!"*#

12# DISTINGUIS5 LEGISLATIVE REGULATIONS FROM INTERPRETATIVE

REGULATIONA 3

Le0*'&t-e %e0+'&t!"*W$&t * e/)'!e( " )%!/+'0&t"0 t$* %e0+'&t!" * "!t t$e (*c%et!" t! (ete%/"e 6$&t

t$e '&6 *$&'' e, &* t$* * e;c'+*-e' -e*te( " t$e 'e0*'&t+%e, +t t$e (*c%et!" !" $!6 t$e '&6*$&'' e e".!%ce(#

I"te%)%et&t-e %e0+'&t!"*T$e c!"*tt+te t$e &(/"*t%&t!%* c!"*t%+ct!" !. & *t&t+te &"( t$e &%e -&'( . t$e

c!"*t%+e t$e *t&t+te c!%%ect'# I. "!t, t$e &%e *+@ect t! @+(c&' %e-e6#

MTRCB IS AUT5ORIKED TO ISSUE PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION UNDERPRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO# 198<

MTRCB $&* t$e )!6e% t! *+)e%-*e, %e0+'&te, 0%&"t, (e" !% c&"ce' )e%/t* .!% t$ee;$t!", &"(!% te'e-*!" %!&(c&*t !. &'' /!t!" )ct+%e*, te'e-*!" )%!0%&/* &"( )+'ct/&te%&'*, &"( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$* )!6e%, t$e MTRCB *$&'' *ee t! t t$&t "! *+c$ )ct+%e*,

)%!0%&/* &"( /&te%&'* &* t (ete%/"e* t! e !@ect!"&'e, *$&'' e e;$te( &"( *+@ect !. %!&(c&*t# I" t$e e;e%c*e !. *&( e;)%e** %e0+'&t!% &"( *+)e%-*!% *t&t+t!% /&"(&te, t $&*

t$e )!6e% t! **+e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"# I" !t$e%6!%(*, t$e )!6e% t! (*c)'"e &"( /)!*e )e"&'te*, . 0%&"te(, c&%%e* 6t$ t t$e )!6e% t! "-e*t0&te &(/"*t%&t-e c!/)'&"t*, &"((+%"0 *+c$ "-e*t0&t!", t! )%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"( t$e )e%*!" *+@ect !. t$e c!/)'&"t# S!%&"!-*# L&0+&%(&, G#R# N!# 1<78H, A)%' 29, 2==9>>8?7B# UASI3UDICIAL POWER 1# DEFINE UASI3UDICIAL POWER#

172



+&*3@+(c&' )!6e% * t$e )!6e% !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c t! $e&%, (ete%/"e, &"(/&e ."("0* !. .&ct*, &"( t! %e*!'-e t$e c&*e )%e*e"te( t! t !" t$e &** !. t$e *&( ."("0* !..&ct* &"( !" t$e &** !. t* "te%)%et&t!" !. t$e '&6* &"( @+%*)%+(e"ce c!"ce%""0 t$e **+e* !.t$e c&*e, *+@ect !"' t! t$e )!6e% !. t$e c!+%t* t! %e-e6 &"( *c%+t"e t$e *&/e !" +e*t!"*!. '&6 &"( @+%*(ct!"#

2# W5 IS UASI3UDICIAL POWER GRANTED TO, AN ADMINISTRATIVE

AGENC4+&*3@+(c&' )!6e% * "ee(e( *! t$&t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce%* " t$e (..e%e"t !&%(*,

+%e&+* &"( !..ce* c&" )e%.!%/ t$e% e;ec+t-e (+te* &* 6e'' &* t$e% +&*3@+(c&' &+t$!%tF!% t$* )+%)!*e, t$e 'e0*'&t-e /& 0%&"t t! *+c$ !&%(*, +%e&+* &"( !..ce* +&*3@+(c&'

)!6e%* "-!'-"0 t$e e;e%c*e !. @+(0/e"t &"( (*c%et!" &* &" "c(e"t t! t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !.&(/"*t%&t-e .+"ct!"*#

?# W5AT IS T5E LIMITATION TO T5E LEGISLATURE W5ENEVER IT GRANTSUASI3UDICIAL POWER TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE AGENC4

T$e 'e0*'&t+%e /+*t *t&te t* "te"t!" " e;)%e** te%/* t$&t 6!+'( 'e&-e "! (!+t t$&t t$e )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" e"0 t%&"*.e%%e( &%e "!t t$!*e -e*te( " t$e c!+%t* +t !"' t$!*e )!6e%*&"( @+%*(ct!" 6$c$ &%e "c(e"t&' t! !% " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. &(/"*t%&t-e(+te*# T$e c&*e !. M''e% -*# M&%(!, et &'# S+)%& 6$c$ 6&* cte( e&%'e%, ''+*t%&te* t$*'/t&t!" t! t$e )!6e% !. t$e 'e0*'&t+%e " 0%&"t"0 +&*3@+(c&' )!6e% t! &(/"*t%&t-e&0e"ce*#

# W5AT IS T5E MAIN FUNCTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND T5EADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS INC5ARGE OF SAID BOARDS, BUREAUS ANDOFFICES4

T$e% /&" .+"ct!" * t! e".!%ce t$e '&6 e"t%+*te( t! t$e/ .!% /)'e/e"t&t!"# T$ee;e%c*e !. +&*3@+(c&' )!6e% * !"' "c(e"t&' t! t$e% /&" .+"ct!" !. e".!%c"0 t$e '&6#>>8?8H# POWERS INCLUDED IN T5E TERM UASI3UDICIAL#

T$e .!''!6"0 )!6e%* &%e "c'+(e(: 1 Dete%/"&t-e P!6e%* &"( 2 S+//&% P!6e%*

T6! "(* !. (ete%/"&t-e )!6e%*:& E"&'"0 P!6e%* 3 P!6e%* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* t! &ct, t! 0%&"t !% (e" &))'c&t!"* .!%

'ce"*e* t! e"0&0e " & )&%tc+'&% +*"e** !% !cc+)&t!"# #e#, P!6e% !. t$e L&"(

T%&"*)!%t&t!" O..ce t! 0%&"t )%!.e**!"&' !% "!"3)%!.e**!"&' (%-e%* 'ce"*e# D%ect"0 P!6e%* 3 P!6e%* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* t! *ee t! t t$&t '&6* &"( %e0+'&t!"*

&%e (+' c!/)'e( 6t$# # e#, T$e 5!+*"0 &"( L&"( U*e &"( Re0+'&t!% B!&%( /& %e+%e*+(-*!" (e-e'!)e%* t! *+/t *+(-*!" )'&"* &"( !t$e% %e+%e/e"t* t! *ee t! t t$&tt$e C$e%% V''e "c(e"t " A"t)!'!, R&', /& "!t $&))e" &0&"#

<# DIFFERENT POWERSD%ect"0 )!6e%* &%e .+%t$e% c'&**.e( "t!:

17?



& D*)e"*"0 P!6e%* 3 A+t$!%t t! 0%&"t e;e/)t!", !% e %e'e-e(, .%!/ c!/)'"0 6t$ &'&6 !% %e0+'&t!"# #e#, A+t$!%t !. t$e L&"( T%&"*)!%t&t!" F%&"c$*"0 &"( Re0+'&t!%B!&%( t! %e'e-e *c$!!' +* !)e%&t!%* .%!/ &" e&%'e% %e+%e/e"t t! )&"t t$e% *c$!!' +*e*6t$ e''!6 e-e% e0"""0 !. t$e *c$!!' e&%#

E;&/""0 P!6e%* 3 T$* %e.e%* t! t$e "-e*t0&t!% !% "+*t!%&' )!6e%* !. &(/"*t%&t-e

&0e"ce* 6$c$ "c'+(e* t$e .!''!6"0:#1 P!6e% t! c!"(+ct "*)ect!" !. &cc!+"t*, %ec!%(*, (!c+/e"t*, &"( !t$e% )&)e%* %e'&t-e t!

t* "-e*t0&t!"##2 P!6e% t! !t&" !t$e% ".!%/&t!" 6$c$ t ."(* %e'e-&"t t! & /&tte% e"0 "-e*t0&te(##? P!6e% t! **+e *+)!e"& &"( "!tce*## P!6e% t! *6e&% &"( "te%%!0&te 6t"e**e*##H P!6e% t! "*)ect )%e/*e*##< P!6e% t! %e+%e 6%tte" &"*6e%* t! +e*t!""&%e*##7 P!6e% t! %e+%e )e%!(c !% *)ec&' %e)!%t*#

#8 P!6e% t! %e+%e t$e .'"0 !. *t&te/e"t*# A/# +%# )# ?2?

c S+//&% P!6e%* 3 T$* %e.e%* t! t$e )!6e% !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* t! &))' c!/)+'*!"!% .!%ce &0&"*t & )e%*!" !% )%!)e%t 6t$!+t t$e "ee( !. )%!% @+(c&' 6&%%&"t# #e#,A+t$!%t !. t$e B+%e&+ !. I//0%&t!" &"( De)!%t&t!" t! )%!$t ce%t&" )e%*!"* &"(&"/&'* .%!/ 'e&-"0 t$e NAIA &"( t! !%(e% t$&t t$e e *+@ect .%*t t! +&%&"t"e%e0+'&t!"* &"( )%!ce(+%e*#

>>8?97# W5AT IS T5E NATURE OF T5E PROCEEDINGS ARISING FROM T5E EXERCISE

OF T5E SAID POWERS4

T$e &%e &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0* t$&t )&%t&e !. t$e "&t+%e !. & @+(c&' )%!cee("0$e"ce, t$e &%e (e*c%e( &* & )%!cee("0 !. & +&*3@+(c&' c$&%&cte%# M!%0&" -*# U#S# <8

8# W5 DO T5E PARTAJE OF T5E NATURE OF UDICIAL PROCEEDINGS4T$e )&%t&e !. t$e "&t+%e !. @+(c&' )%!cee("0* ec&+*e t$e "-!'-e t$e t&* !.

$e&%"0, t&"0 &"( e-&'+&t"0 t$e e-(e"ce, &"( t$e /&"0 !. .&ct+&' ."("0* &*e( !" t$ee-(e"ce )%e*e"te(, &"( **+"0 t$e !%(e% !% (ec*!" !" t$e &** !. t$e *&( ."("0* &"( t$e%"te%)%et&t!" !. t$e '&6 e"t%+*te( t! t$e% e".!%ce/e"t, *+@ect !"' t! t$e +'t/&te )!6e% !.t$e c!+%t* t! %e-e6 t$e *&/e !" +e*t!"* !. '&6 &"( @+%*(ct!"#

9# ARE T5E PROCEEDINGS BEFORE ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES ADVERSARIALIN NATURE4

S!/e )%!cee("0* e.!%e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &%e &(-e%*&%&' " "&t+%e &"( *!/e &%e$e'( e;3)&%te#

1=# W5EN ARE PROCEEDINGS ADVERSARIAL AND W5EN ARE T5E 5ELD EX3PARTE4

17



* &* c!"c'+*-e et6ee" t$e *&/e )&%te* 't0&t"0 .!% t$e *&/e c&+*e &* t$!+0$ t$e&(@+(c&t!" $&( ee" /&(e & c!+%t !. 0e"e%&' @+%*(ct!"# 17 SCRA 2H8

1H# W5AT IS T5E DOCTRINE OF RES UDICATA IN ADMINISTRATIVEPROEEDINGS4

T$e (ec*!"* &"( !%(e%* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce*, %e"(e%e( )+%*+&"t t! t$e% +&*3 @+(c&' &+t$!%t, $&-e +)!" t$e% ."&'t, t$e .!%ce &"( "("0 e..ect !. & ."&' @+(0/e"t

B%''&"te* -*# C&*t%!, 99 P$'# 97

ROXAS VS# SAOC2== P5IL# 8

FACTS:T$e )ett!"e% c'&/e( t$&t 6$e" Re)+'c Act N!# <H=, &'*! "!6" &* t$e I/)!%t

C!"t%!' L&6, e;)%e(, t$e C!//**!"e% !. C+*t!/* &'*! '!*t @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c&*e"-!'-"0 t$e .!%.et+%e !. 0!!(* " .&-!% !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e *&( .!%.et+%e 6&* (ec'&%e(

t$e C!''ect!% !. C+*t!/* !" M& 19, 19H? &"( 6&* &..%/e( t$e C!//**!"e% !.

C+*t!/* !" +"e 1<, 19H?#

ISSUE:D( t$e C!//**!"e% !. C+*t!/* %et&" t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e c&*e 6$e" Re)+'c Act

N!# <H= e;)%e( !" +"e 1<, 19H?4

5ELD:T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t $e'( t$&t !"ce t$e C!//**!"e% !. C+*t!/* $&* &c+%e(

@+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c&*e, t$e e;)%&t!" !. Re)+'c Act N!# <H= (( "!t (-e*t *&(C!//**!"e% !. $* @+%*(ct!" (+' &c+%e( 6$'e *&( '&6 6&* " .!%ce#

RCPI VS# BOARD OF COMMUNICATIONS8= SCRA 71

FACTS:T$e%e 6e%e t6! *e)&%&te c!/)'&"t* .!% (&/&0e* t$&t 6e%e .'e( &0&"*t )ett!"e% RCPI,

!"e * BC C&*e N!# 7H3=13C 6$e%e & ce%t&" De0! M!%&'e* &''e0e( t$&t $e .&'e( t! %ece-e &te'e0%&/ *e"t $* (&+0$te% t! $/ t$%!+0$ RCPI !" Oct!e% 1H, 197, ".!%/"0 $/ &!+tt$e (e&t$ !. $* 6.e# 5e )%&e( .!% (&/&0e*# A"!t$e% c&*e * BC C&*e N!# 7H3=83OC 6$e%e &ce%t&" P&c.c! I"!ce"c! &''e0e( t$&t $e &'*! .&'e( t! %ece-e & te'e0%&/ *e"t L!+%(e*

I"!ce"c! t! $/ t$%!+0$ RCPI !" +' 1?, 197H# A* & %e*+'t, $e 6&* "!t &''!6e( t! &tte"( t$e"te%"/e"t !. $* .&t$e% &t M!"c&(&, T&%'&c# 5e &'*! )%&e( .!% (&/&0e*#

T$e B!&%( !. C!//+"c&t!"* /)!*e( & (*c)'"&% ."e !. P2==#== &0&"*t RCPI )+%*+&"t t! Sect!" 21 !. C!//!"6e&'t$ Act N!# 1<, &* &/e"(e( &"( $e'( t$&t RCPI**e%-ce 6&* "&(e+&te &"( +"*&t*.&ct!%# RCPI .'e( t6! )ett!"* t! %e-e6 ce%t!%&%6$c$ 6e%e c!"*!'(&te(#>>8?ISSUE:

177



D!e* t$e B!&%( !. C!//+"c&t!"* $&-e @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e *&( c'&/* .!% (&/&0e*&%*"0 .%!/ t$e .&'+%e t! %ece-e te'e0%&/* t$%!+0$ RCPI* .&c'te*4

5ELD:T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t $e'( t$&t t$e c!/)'&"t* t$&t 6e%e .'e( (! "!t "-!'-e RCPI* .&'+%e

t! c!/)' 6t$ t* ce%t.c&te !. )+'c c!"-e"e"ce !% &" !%(e%, (ec*!" !% %e0+'&t!" !. t$e%e*)!"(e"t B!&%( !. C!//+"c&t!"*#

T$e c'&/ .!% (&/&0e* *$!+'( e -e"t'&te( " t$e )%!)e% c!+%t* &"( "!t " t$e B!&%( !.C!//+"c&t!"*# T$e !"' )!6e% !. t$e '&tte% * t! .; %&te*# It c!+'( "!t t&e t! t&* & %&(!c!/)&" .!% &" "e0'0e"ce !% /*.e&*&"ce# It 6&* "!t -e*te( 6t$ *+c$ &+t$!%t#

T$e c'&/ .!% (&/&0e* *$!+'( e -e"t'&te( " t$e )%!)e% c!+%t* &"( "!t " t$e B!&%( !.C!//+"c&t!"*# T$e !"' )!6e% !. t$e '&tte% * t! .; %&te*# It c!+'( "!t t&e t! t&* & %&(!c!/)&" .!% &" "e0'0e"ce !% /*.e&*&"ce# It 6&* "!t -e*te( 6t$ *+c$ &+t$!%t#

5e"ce, t$e (ec*!"* !. t$e B!&%( !. C!//+"c&t!"* " !t$ c&*e* 6e%e *et &*(e &"("+''.e( .!% '&c !. @+%*(ct!" t! t&e c!0"&"ce !. !t$ c&*e*#

MONTEMAOR VS# ARANETAUNIVERSIT FOUNDATION

77 SCRA ?21FACTS:

O" t6! *e)&%&te !cc&*!"* " 197, & c!/)'&"t 6&* .'e( &0&"*t )ett!"e%, & .+'' t/e )%!.e**!% !. A%&"et& U"-e%*t &"( 6&* *e%-"0 &* $e&( !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. 5+/&"te* &"(P*c$!'!0# T$e .%*t * & c!/)'&"t !. //!%&'t .'e( !" A)%' 17, 197# T$e *ec!"( * &c!/)'&"t .!% c!"(+ct +"ec!/"0 !. & .&c+'t /e/e% 6$c$ 6&* .'e( !" N!-e/e% 8, 197#

O" t$e .%*t c!/)'&"t, &" "-e*t0&t!" 6&* c!"(+cte( & c!//ttee c%e&te( t$eP%e*(e"t# Pett!"e% 6&* &'e t! c%!**3e;&/"e t$e 6t"e**e* &0&"*t $/ &"( $e .'e( &"

&..(&-t t! e;)'&" $* (e.e"*e*# T$e c!//ttee* %ec!//e"(&t!" 6&* t! (e/!te )ett!"e%*%&""0 !"e (e0%ee# T$* 6&* (0e*te( t$e P%e*(e"t &"( '&te% 6&* %e.e%%e( t! t$e B!&%( !.T%+*tee*#>>8

O" t$e *ec!"( c!/)'&"t, &"!t$e% c!//ttee 6&* c%e&te(# A.te% "-e*t0&t!", t$ec!//ttee %ec!//e"(e( $* *e)&%&t!" .%!/ t$e +"-e%*t t$e c$&%0e* &0&"*t $/ $&-"0

ee" e*t&'*$e(# S+*e+e"t', $* (*/**&' 6&* !%(e%e( !" Dece/e% 1=, 197, e..ect-e !" N!-e/e% 1H, 197# O" Dece/e% 12, 197, &" &))'c&t!" .!% c'e&%&"ce t! te%/"&te $/ 6&*.'e(#

Pett!"e% .'e( & c!/)'&"t .!% %e"*t&te/e"t " t$e NLRC !" N!-e/e% 21, 197, 6t$ & )%&e% .!% )&/e"t !. &c *&'&%e* &"( &'' t$e e"e.t* )&&'e t! $/#

T$e NLRC 0%&"te( t$e )ett!" +t t$e U"-e%*t &))e&'e( t! t$e Sec%et&% !. L&!%T$e '&tte% %+'e( t$&t t$e (*/**&' 6&* @+*t.e(# 5e"ce, & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% 6&* .'e( " t$eS+)%e/e C!+%t !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e%e 6&* & (e"&' !. (+e )%!ce**#

ISSUE:I* )ett!"e%* c!"te"t!" te"&'e4

178



5ELD:T$e%e 6&* c!/)'&"ce 6t$ )%!ce(+%&' (+e )%!ce** %e0&%("0 t$e .%*t c!/)'&"t +t t

&))e&%* t$&t t$e $e&%"0 !. t$e c!//ttee !" t$e *ec!"( c!/)'&"t )%!cee(e( (e*)te t$e&*e"ce !. )ett!"e% 6$!, " .&ct .'e( & /!t!" .!% )!*t)!"e/e"t !. t$e $e&%"0 !" N!-e/e%18 &"( 19, 197# T$* (e.ce"c, $!6e-e%, 6&* c+%e( ec&+*e )ett!"e% 6&* &'e t! )%e*e"t $*c&*e &* 6e'' &* $* e-(e"ce e.!%e t$e NLRC# M!%e t$&" t$*, t$e e"t%e %ec!%( !. t$e

)%!cee("0* 6e%e e'e-&te( t! NLRC .!% %e-e6# 5e 6&* t$e%e.!%e &..!%(e( $* (& " c!+%tM!"te/&!%* )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% 6&* (*/**e(#

IV# IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 3 W$&t &%e t$e /)!%t&"t )%"c)'e* " &(/"*t%&t-e '&64A 3 A/!"0 t$e /&" )%"c)'e* (*c+**e( " t$e !!* !. &(/"*t%&t-e '&6, &"( !.te"t/e*

%e.e%%e( t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " c&*e* "-!'-"0 &(/"*t%&t-e '&6, t$e .!''!6"0 &%ec!"*(e%e( t! e /)!%t&"t, t! 6t:

PRINCIPLES OF MAOR IMPORTANCE1 D!ct%"e !. ."&'t !. &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!"*2 D!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*? D!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!" D!ct%"e !. +&'.e( )!'tc&' &0e"cH D!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*< D+e )%!ce** " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*7 Re+*te* !. @+(c&' %e-e6>>8HDISCUSSION OF EAC5 PRINCIPLE

1# DOCTRINE OF FINALIT OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS 3 W$&t * "ece**&% e.!%e & (ec*!" !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !( /& e *+@ect !. @+(c&'

%e-e64A 3 A(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" /+*t $&-e ee" .+'' c!/)'ete( e.!%e & (ec*!" !. &"

&(/"*t%&t-e !( /& e *+@ect !. @+(c&' %e-e6# Ot$e%6*e, t 6'' !"' c&+*e (e'& t!t$e (*)!*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*#

3 I* t$e%e &" "*t&"ce 6$e" t$e c!+%t c&" "te%-e"e )%!% t! t$e c!/)'et!" !. &"&(/"*t%&t-e &ct!"4

A 3 e*, *+c$ &* " t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e*:1# W$e" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce% &**+/e* t! &ct " -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( !t$e%

'&6*2# W$e" & +e*t!"e( !%(e% * "!t %e-e6&'e " &" !t$e% 6&, &"( t$e c!/)'&"&"t 6'' *+..e%

0%e&t &"( !-!+* (&/&0e . t$e !%(e% * c&%%e( !+t, !% 6$e" *+c$ %e'e. * e;)%e**' &''!6e( '&6

179



?# W$e" t$e +e*t!"e( !%(e% * /&(e " e;ce** !. )!6e% &"( t$e%e.!%e & (e)%-&t!" !. & %0$t0%&"te( t$e *t&t+te# 2 A/# +%# 2"(, ))# 232H

3 A%e t$e !%(e%* &"( (ec*!"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !&%(*, +%e&+* &"( !..ce*, ."&'4A 3 A'%e&( &"*6e%e(#

3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4

A 3 A'%e&( &"*6e%e(#

2# DOCTRINE OF EX5AUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES 3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*4A 3 W$e%e t$e e"&'"0 *t&t+te "(c&te* & )%!ce(+%e .!% &(/"*t%&t-e %e-e6, &"( )%!-(e* &

**te/ !. &(/"*t%&t-e &))e&', !% %ec!"*(e%&t!", t$e c!+%t* .!% %e&*!"* !. '&6, c!/t &"(c!"-e"e"ce, 6'' "!t e"te%t&" & c&*e +"'e** &-&'&'e &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* $&-e ee"%e*!%te( t! &"( t$e &))%!)%&te &+t$!%te* $&-e ee" 0-e" !))!%t+"t t! &ct &"( c!%%ecte%%!%* c!//tte( " t$e &(/"*t%&t-e .!%+/# Te!tc! -*# A0e(&, %#, G#R# N!# 87?7, M&

29, 1991>>8<

T$e (!ct%"e !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* c&''* .!% %e*!%t .%*t t! t$e &))%!)%&te&(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te* " t$e %e*!'+t!" !. & c!"t%!-e%* .&''"0 +"(e% t$e% @+%*(ct!"

e.!%e t$e *&/e /& e e'e-&te( t! t$e c!+%t* !. @+*tce .!% %e-e6# S+"-''e '/e% P%!(+ct*,I"c# -*# +(0e A&(, G#R# N!# 8HH=2, Fe%+&% 2, 1991

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*e+e"ce !. t$e "!"3!*e%-&"ce !. t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !.&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*4

A 3 It %e*+'t* " '&c !. & c&+*e !. &ct!" 6$c$ * !"e !. t$e 0%!+"(* &''!6e( " t$e R+'e* !.

C!+%t .!% t$e (*/**&' !. t$e c!/)'&"t# S+"-''e T/e% P%!(+ct*, I"c# -*# +(0e A&(,G#R# N!# 8HH=2, Fe%+&% 2, 1991

3 I* t$e (e.ce"c "!"3!*e%-&"ce !. t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* @+%*(ct!"&'4

A 3 It * "!t @+%*(ct!"&'# F&'+%e t! "-!e t !)e%&te* &* & 6&-e% !. t$e !@ect!" &* & 0%!+"(.!% & /!t!" t! (*/** &"( t$e c!+%t /& t$e" )%!cee( 6t$ t$e c&*e &* . t$e (!ct%"e $&(

ee" !*e%-e(# S+"-''e T/e% P%!(+ct*, I"c# -*# +(0e A&(, G#R# N!# 8HH=2, Fe%+&%2, 1991

3 W$&t &%e t$e %e&*!"* .!% t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*4A 3 U"(e% t$e )%"c)'e !. *e)&%&t!" !. )!6e%*, t$e @+(c&% * e"@!"e( "!t t! "te%.e%e !"

/&tte%* 6$c$ &%e 6t$" t$e c!/)ete"ce !. t$e !t$e% (e)&%t/e"t*# T$e t$e!% * t$&t t$e&(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te* &%e " & ette% )!*t!" t! %e*!'-e +e*t!"* &((%e**e( t! t$e%

)&%tc+'&% e;)e%t*e &"( t$&t e%%!%* c!//tte( *+!%("&te* " t$e% %e*!'+t!" /& e%ect.e( t$e% *+)e%!%* . 0-e" & c$&"ce t! (! *!# S+"-''e T/e% P%!(+ct*, I"c# -*#+(0e A&(, G#R# N!# 8HH=2, Fe%+&% 2, 1991

18=



>>87 3 I* t$e !*e%-&"ce !. t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &*!'+te4

A 3 N!# T$e *&( (!ct%"e e'(* t! t$e .!''!6"0 e;ce)t!"* &* e"+/e%&te( " P&&t -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'* 2<< SCRA 1<7:

1# W$e" t$e%e * -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce**2# W$e" t$e **+e "-!'-e( * )+%e' 'e0&' *ee &'*! D+e"&* -*# SS5A, G#R# N!# 1917, +"e ,

2==?# W$e" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" * )&te"t' ''e0&' &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !% e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!"

*ee &'*! M&"0+&t -*# O*/e&, 1=H P$'# 1?=8# W$e" t$e%e * e*t!))e' !" t$e )&%t !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c!"ce%"e( *ee &'*! T&" -*

Vete%&"* B&c)& C!//**!", 1=H P$'# ?77H# W$e" t$e%e * %%e)&%&'e "@+% *ee &'*! De L&%& -*# P'&%e', 1 SCRA 291<# W$e" t$e %e*)!"(e"t * & (e)&%t/e"t *ec%et&% 6$!*e &ct* &* &" &'te% e0! !. t$e P%e*(e"t

e&%* t$e /)'e( &"( &**+/e( &))%!-&' !. t$e '&tte% *ee &'*! J'+*&"0 B&&" *&P&0''"0!( "0 /0& M&0tt"(& "0 B&0!"0 P&/'$&"0 B&&" "0 M+"t"'+)&, I"c# -*#

D!/"0+e, G#R# N!# 8H?97# W$e" t! %e+%e e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* 6!+'( e +"%e&*!"&'e8# W$e" t 6!+'( &/!+"t t! & "+''.c&t!" !. t$e c'&/9# W$e" t$e *+@ect /&tte% * & )%-&te '&"( " '&"( c&*e )%!cee("0* *ee &'*! M&%c!*! -*#

C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 9<<=H, M& 8, 19921=# W$e" t$e %+'e (!e* "!t )%!-(e & )'&", *)ee( &"( &(e+&te %e/e( *ee &'*! N&t!"&'

De-e'!)/e"t C!# -*# C!''ect!% !. C+*t!/*, 9 SCRA 29 N&t!"&' F!!( A+t$!%t -*# C!+%t!. A))e&'*, G#R# N!*# 11H12132H, <8 SCAD 2<, Fe%+&% 9, 199< &"(

11# W$e" t$e%e &%e c%c+/*t&"ce* "(c&t"0 t$e +%0e"c !. @+(c&' "te%-e"t!"# *ee &'*!A+"! -*# L+"t!, 18 SCRA 177

Ot$e% e;ce)t!"*:1# W$e" t$e c'&/ "-!'-e( * */&'' C)%&"! -*# M&%ce'"!, ? SCRA 2912# W$e" *t%!"0 )+'c "te%e*t * "-!'-e( A%%!6 T%&"*)!%t&t!" C!%)# -*# B!&%( !.

T%&"*)!%t&t!", <? SCRA 19? S*!" -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 12=8<, +"e 2<, 2==<?# I" +! 6&%%&"t! )%!cee("0* C!%)+* -*# C+&(e%"!, SCRA 79 &"(# W$e" t$e **+e * %e"(e%e( /!!t &"( &c&(e/c# L&"( B&" !. t$e P$'))"e* -*# Ce'&(&,

G#R# N!# 1<87<, &"+&% 2?, 2==<

OLD CASES:1# P&*c+&' -*# P%!-"c&' B!&%(, 1=< P$'# <<2# D/&*) -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 1=< P$'# 2?7?# M&"0+&t -*# O*/e&, 1=H P$'# 1?=8# G!"&'e* -*# 5ec$&"!-&, 9 SCRA 2?=H# T&)&'e* -*# P%e*(e"t, 7 SCRA HH?>>88SUBSEUENT CASES:

181



1# J'+*&"0 B&&" *& P&0''"0!( "0 /0& M&0tt"(& "0 B&0!"0 P&/'$&"0 B&&" "0M+"t"'+)&, et &'# -*# D!/"0+e, G#R#N!# 8H?9, &"+&% 1?, 1992

2# B+"e, et &Q# -*# S&"(0&"&&", G#R# N!# 91927, &"+&% 1?, 1992?# 5e%* !. T&"@+&" -*# O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t, et &Q#, G#R# N!# 12<87, Dece/e% , 199<

SUNVILLE TIMBER PRODUCTS, INC# VS# UDGE ABADG#R# NO# 8HH=2, FEBRUAR 2, 1992

FACTS:A T/e% Lce"*e A0%ee/e"t TLA 6&* 0%&"te( t! S+"-''e T/e% P%!(+ct*, I"c# .!% &

)e%!( !. te" 1= e&%* e;)%"0 !" Se)te/e% ?1, 1992# O" +' ?1, 1987, G'!'"0c! .'e( & )ett!" 6t$ t$e DENR )%&"0 .!% t$e c&"ce''&t!" !. t$e *&( TLA !" t$e 0%!+"( !. *e%!+*-!'&t!"* !. t* c!"(t!"*, &"( .!%e*t% '&6* &"( %e0+'&t!"*# T$e *&/e c$&%0e* 6e%e '&te%/&(e " c!/)'&"t .!% "@+"ct!" 6t$ (&/&0e* &0&"*t S+"-''e#

S+"-''e /!-e( .!% t$e (*/**&' !. t$e c&*e !" t$e .!''!6"0 0%!+"(*: 1 T$e c!+%t $&("! @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c!/)'&"t 2 T$e )'&"t..* $&( "!t et e;$&+*te( &(/"*t%&t-e%e/e(e* &"( ? T$e "@+"ct!" 6&* e;)%e**' )%!$te( Sect!" 1 !. P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee

N!# <=H#T$e *&( /!t!" t! (*/** 6&* (e"e( t$e t%&' @+(0e &"( t$* 6&* *+*t&"e( t$e

C!+%t !. A))e&'* !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* "ee( "!t e e;$&+*te( . t$e%e *&" +%0e"t "ee( .!% @+(c&' "te%-e"t!"# T$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* &'*! (ec'&%e( "-&'( Sect!" 1 !.P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# <=H &* t$* * &" e"c%!&c$/e"t !" t$e @+(c&' )!6e% -e*te( " t$eS+)%e/e C!+%t &"( t$e '!6e% c!+%t* A%tc'e VII, Sect!" 1 !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

ISSUE:D!e* t$e &''e0e( +%0e"t "ece**t .!% @+(c&' &ct!" @+*t. t$e c!+%t* "te%-e"t!"

6t$!+t 0-"0 t$e DENR t$e !))!%t+"t t! %+'e .%*t !" t$e &''e0e( +"'&6.+' '!00"0 &ct-te*

!. S+"-''e4

5ELD: N!# T$e c$&%0e "-!'-e* .&ct+&' **+e* c&''"0 .!% t$e )%e*e"t&t!" !. *+))!%t"0

e-(e"ce# S+c$ e-(e"ce * e*t e-&'+&te( .%*t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te* e/)'!"0 t$e%*)ec&'e( "!6'e(0e !. t$e &0%ee/e"t &"( t$e %+'e* &''e0e(' -!'&te( e.!%e t$e c!+%t* /&*te) " t! e;e%c*e t$e% )!6e%* !. %e-e6#>>89

T$e%e * "! "ee( t! (ec'&%e t$e +"c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. Sect!" 1, PD N!# <=H# T$e %+'e *

t$&t & +e*t!" !. +"c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. Sect!" 1, PD N!# <=H# T$e %+'e * t$&t & +e*t!" !.+"c!"*tt+t!"&'t /+*t e &-!(e( 6$e%e t$e c&*e* c&" e (ec(e( !" *!/e !t$e% &-&'&'e0%!+"(# T$e %e*!'+t!" !. t$* +e*t!" /+*t &6&t &"!t$e% c&*e, 6$e%e &'' t$e "(*)e"*&'e%e+*te* !. @+(c&' "+% "t! & c!"*tt+t!"&' +e*t!" &%e *&t*.&ct!%' e*t&'*$e(# I" *+c$&" e-e"t, t 6'' e t/e .!% t$e C!+%t t! /&e t$e $&//e% .&'', &"( $e&-'#

MORCOSO VS# COURT OF APPEALSG#R# NO# 9<<=H, MA 8, 1992

182



FACTS:T%!' c'&/* t! e t$e !6"e% !. & #H $ect&%e* !. '&"( 6& !. "$e%t&"ce .%!/ $*

.&t$e% " 19?=# O" Dece/e% 28, 1979, *$e e"te%e( "t! & 'e&*e &0%ee/e"t 6t$ M!%c!*!,&''!6"0 t$e '&tte% 6t$!+t )&"0 %e"t&' &"( .!% & )e%!( !. *; e&%*, t! (e-e'!) & .*$)!"( " &8H,88= *# /ete%* !. '&"( 6t$" t$e #H $ect&%e* !. '&"(, 6t$ +*+.%+ct+&% %0$t*#

W$'e 6!%"0 !" t$e .*$)!"(, M!%c!*! 6&* ".!%/e( t$e )e%*!""e' !. t$e B+%e&+ !.F*$e%e* &"( A+&tc Re*!+%ce* t$&t *&( )!%t!" !. '&"( 6$c$ T%!' 'e&*e( t! M!%!*c! *

6t$" t$e &'e"&'e &"( )+'c '&"(#Rec!%(* *$!6 t$&t M!%c!*! &))'e( .!% & .*$)!"( )e%/t 6t$ BFAR " 197?, &"( t$&t

M!%!c!*! %e.+*e( t! *+%%e"(e% )!**e**!" !. t$e .*$)!"( t! T%!' " 197< 6$e" t$e te%/ !. t$e'e&*e e;)%e(# It * .!% t$* %e&*!" t$&t T%!' .'e( &" +"'&6.+' (et&"e% c&*e &0&"*t M!%c!*! +tt$e *&/e 6&* (*/**e( .!% "!t $&-"0 ee" .'e( !" t/e#

T$e t%&' c!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e .*$)!"( e'!"0* t! T%!', &"( t$* 6&* *+*t&"e( t$eC!+%t !. A))e&'*# M!%c!*! +e*t!"e( t$e *&( (ec*!" !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e t%&' c!+%t e%%e(" t&"0 c!0"&"ce !. & c!".'ct !. c'&/* "-!'-"0 & )&%ce' !. '&"( +"(e% t$e &(/"*t%&t!"&"( c!"t%!' !. &"!t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t &0e"c#

ISSUE:I* t$e c!"te"t!" !. M!%c!*! c!%%ect4

5ELD: N!# T$e tec$"c&' (e*c%)t!"* !. t$e .*$)!"( *t&te( " t$e 'e&*e c!"t%&ct &"( " t$e

*etc$ )'&" !. t$e BFAR )e%*!""e' 6$! c!"(+cte( &" !c+'&% "*)ect!" !. t$e .*$)!"( &%e&*&))'e( .!% M!%c!*! e;)'ct' *$!6 t$&t t$e '&tte% 6&* t$e *+@ect !. t$e 'e&*e c!"t%&ct

et6ee" T%!' &"( M!%c!*!# T$e .*$)!"( "!t $&-"0 ee" )&%t !. t$e )+'c (!/&", t$e t%&'c!+%t c!%%ect' &(@+(0e( T%!' &* t$e %0$t.+' !6"e% t$e%e!.# 5e"ce, t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!"

!. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* * "!t &))'c&'e, t e"0 c'e&% t$&t t$e *+@ect !. c!"t%!-e%* * & )%-&te '&"(#>>8H=

NATIONAL FOOD AUT5ORIT, ETAL# VS# COURT OF APPEALS, ET AL#G#R# NOS# 11H12132H, <8 SCAD 2<

FEBRUAR 9, 199<FACTS:

P%-&te %e*)!"(e"t* c!"t&ct* 6e%e te%/"&te( " t$e /(*t !. (("0 )%e)&%&t!" &"(t$e% %e)'&ce/e"t* 6e%e $%e( &%e' .-e (&* &.te% t$e te%/"&t!"# M&*&(&, &"!t$e%

%e*)!"(e"t, * & )%e3+&'.e( ((e% 6$! *+/tte( &'' %e+%e/e"t* &"( 6&* )%e)&%"0 .!% t$e )+'c (("0 !"' t! ."( !+t t$&t c!"t%&ct $&( &'%e&( ee" &6&%(e( "e0!t&t!"# Bec&+*e!. t$e +%0e"c !. t$e *t+&t!", t$e )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t* 6e%e c!/)e''e( t! 0! t! c!+%t t! *t!) t$e/)'e/e"t&t!" !. *&( "e0!t&te( *ec+%t c!"t%&ct*#

ISSUE:S$!+'( t$e%e *t'' e &" e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* e.!%e 0!"0 t! c!+%t t!

*t!) /)'e/e"t&t!" !. t$e "e0!t&te( *ec+%t c!"t%&ct*4

18?



5ELD:T$e c&*e * &" e;ce)t!" t! t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*# A"

&))e&' t! t$e NFA B!&%( !. C!+"c' !. T%+*tee* &"( t! t$e Sec%et&% !. A0%c+'t+%e )+%*+&"t t!t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987 6&* "!t )'&", *)ee( &"( &(e+&te %e/e(" t$e !%("&% c!+%*e !. '&6#

ESPIRITU VS# MELGAR G#R# NO# 1==87, FEBRUAR 1?, 1992

FACTS:R&/% G&%"0 .'e( t$%ee c!/)'&"t* &0&"*t M&!% Me'0&% !. N&%@&", O%e"t&' M"(!%!

T$e .%*t * & 'ette%3c!/)'&"t .!% 0%&-e /*c!"(+ct, !))%e**!", &+*e !. &+t$!%t, c+')&'e-!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( c!"(+ct )%e@+(c&' t! t$e e*t "te%e*t !. )+'c *e%-ce, .'e(6t$ t$e Sec%et&% !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. I"te%!% &"( L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t# T$e *&/e 'ette%3c!/)'&"t 6&* .'e( 6t$ t$e P%!-"c&' G!-e%"!% !. M"(!%! %e+e*t"0 t$&t t$e M&!% e

)'&ce( +"(e% )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" )e"("0 "-e*t0&t!"# T$e t$%( c!/)'&"t 6&* .'e( 6t$

t$e P%e*(e"t&' Act!" Ce"te%, O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t, 6$c$ .!%6&%(e( t$e *&/e t! t$eG!-e%"!%#>>8H1

A.te% M&!% Me'0&% *+/tte( $* &"*6e% t! t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&", t$e '&tte%%ec!//e"(e( t! t$e P%!-"c&' G!-e%"!% t$&t t$e M&!% e )%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"(e( .!% .!%t3.-e H (&* )e"("0 t$e "-e*t0&t!" !. t$e c!/)'&"t# M&!% Me'0&% /!-e( t! (*/** t$ec!/)'&"t +t t$e *&/e 6&* (e"e( t$e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&"# Me&"6$'e, G!-e%"!%E*)%t+ )'&ce( M&!% Me'0&% +"(e% )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" !" M& 28, 1991#

U)!" %ece)t !. t$e !%(e% !. *+*)e"*!", M&!% Me'0&% .'e( & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% 6t$P%e'/"&% I"*)ect!" 6t$ )%&e% .!% & %e*t%&""0 !%(e% " t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t 6$c$ 6&*

0%&"te(#

ISSUE:W$et$e% t$e @+(0e !. t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t $&* @+%*(ct!" t! *t!) t$e 0!-e%"!% .%!/

)'&c"0 & /+"c)&' /&!% +"(e% )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" )e"("0 t$e "-e*t0&t!" !.&(/"*t%&t-e c$&%0e* &0&"*t t$e '&tte%4 C&" M&!% Me'0&% 0! t! c!+%t 6t$!+t e;$&+*t"0&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*4

5ELD:

T$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t $&( "! @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e *)ec&' c-' &ct!" &"( 0%&-e'&+*e( t* (*c%et!" " %e.+*"0 t! (*/** t$e c&*e# T$e%e * "!t$"0 /)%!)e% " *+*)e"("0 &"!..ce% e.!%e t$e c$&%0e* &0&"*t $/ &%e $e&%( &"( e.!%e $e * 0-e" &" !))!%t+"t t! )%!-e$* ""!ce"ce# P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" * &''!6e( *! t$&t t$e %e*)!"(e"t /& "!t $&/)e% t$e"!%/&' c!+%*e !. t$e "-e*t0&t!" t$%!+0$ t$e +*e !. $* ".'+e"ce &"( &+t$!%t !-e% )!**'e6t"e**e*# M&!% Me'0&%* (%ect %ec!+%*e t! t$e c!+%t* 6t$!+t e;$&+*t"0 &(/"*t%&t-e%e/e(e* 6&* )%e/&t+%e#

18



NEW CASES: NICANOR T# SANTOS DEVT# CORP# VS# 5ON# SEC#, DAR

G#R# NO# 1H9<H, FEBRUAR 28, 2==<FACTS:

Pett!"e% * & (!/e*tc c!%)!%&t!" 6$c$ !6"* & '&%0e t%&ct !. '&"( "!6" &* t$e S&"t!*F&%/ " T+&, Be"0+et# A )!%t!" !. *&( .&%/, &cc!%("0 t! t$e M+"c)&' A0%&%&" Re.!%/O..ce% MARO !. T+&, Be"0+et, 6!+'( e )'&ce( +"(e% t$e c!-e%&0e !. t$e C!/)%e$e"*-e

A0%&%&" Re.!%/ P%!0%&/ CARP .!% &c+*t!" &"( (*t%+t!" t! )%!*)ect-e e"e.c&%e*#Pett!"e% 6%!te t! t$e DAR Sec%et&% &"( t! t$e MARO t$&t t$e S&"t!* F&%/ *$!+'( e

e;e/)te( .%!/ t$e c!-e%&0e !. t$e CARP )%!0%&/ ec&+*e t$e )%!)e%t * +"te"&"te(/!+"t&"!+* &"( * "!t )'&"te( 6t$ %ce &"( c!%"#>>8H2

T$e DAR Re0!"&' D%ect!% &(-*e( )ett!"e% t! )+%*+e t$e e;e/)t!" !. t$e S&"t!*F&%/ " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e /&"(&te* !. t6! DAR A(/"*t%&t-e O%(e%*# I"*te&(, )ett!"e%.'e( & P%!te*t 6t$ t$e DAR &"( & )%!te*t 'ette% t! t$e DAR Sec%et&% %ete%&t"0 t$e 0%!+"(*.!% t$e e;e/)t!" !. t$e S&"t!* F&%/ .%!/ t$e CARP )%!0%&/#

Pett!"e% &'*! .'e( & C!/)'&"t e.!%e DARAB# DARAB %+'e( t$&t t $&* "! @+%*(ct!" &"( %e.e%%e( t$e C!/)'&"t t! t$e DAR Re0!"&' D%ect!%# T$e C!/)'&"t 6&*(*/**e( .!% e"0 t/e3&%%e( &"( .!% .&'+%e t! !*e%-e )%!)e% .!%/&'te*#

A00%e-e(, )ett!"e% "*tt+te( & Pett!" .!% M&"(&/+* 6t$ t$e CA t! c!/)e' t$eDAR, DARAB, &"( MARO t! &ct !" t* )ett!" .!% e;e/)t!" !. t$e S&"t!* F&%/ .%!/ t$eCARP c!-e%&0e# T$e CA (*/**e( t$e )ett!" .!% '&c !. /e%t &"( .!% e"0 t$e /)%!)e%%e/e(#

ISSUE:W$et$e% )ett!"e% 6&* &'e t! e;$&+*t &'' t$e &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*#

RULING:Pett!"e% 6&* "!t &'e t! e;$&+*t &'' &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* $e"ce t$e CA %0$t.+''

(*/**e( t$e C!/)'&"t#A* & 0e"e%&' %+'e, e.!%e & )&%t /& e &''!6e( t! "-!e t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e c!+%t*

!. @+*tce, $e * e;)ecte( t! $&-e e;$&+*te( &'' /e&"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e(%e**# I" t$e "*t&"tc&*e, t * e!"( (*)+te t$&t )ett!"e% .&'e( t! %e*!%t t! )%!)e% &(/"*t%&t-e %ec!+%*e "%e**t"0 t$e N!tce !. C!-e%&0e **+e( %e*)!"(e"t MARO# U"*+cce**.+' " t* &tte/)t t!!))!*e t$e N!tce !. C!-e%&0e 6$e" t '!(0e( t* )%!te*t 6t$ t$e "c!%%ect &(/"*t%&t-e

!..ce*, )ett!"e% %e*!%te( t! & @+(c&' %e/e(# T$e )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+*, 6$c$ t .'e(,$!6e-e%, 6&* c!%%ect' (e"e( t$e CA# T%+', & )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* * )%e/&t+%e . t$e%e&%e &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &-&'&'e t! )ett!"e%#

T$e%e &%e "*t&"ce* 6$e" @+(c&' &ct!" /& e %e*!%te( t! //e(&te'# A/!"0 t$e*ee;ce)t!"* &%e: 1 6$e" t$e +e*t!" %&*e( * )+%e' 'e0&' 2 6$e" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !( *" e*t!))e'* ? 6$e" t$e &ct c!/)'&"e( !. * )&te"t' ''e0&' 6$e" t$e%e * +%0e"t "ee( .!%

@+(c&' "te%-e"t!" H 6$e" t$e %e*)!"(e"t &cte( " (*%e0&%( !. (+e )%!ce** < 6$e" t$e%e*)!"(e"t * & (e)&%t/e"t *ec%et&% 6$!*e &ct*, &* &" &'te% e0! !. t$e P%e*(e"t, e&% t$e

18H



/)'e( !% &**+/e( &))%!-&' !. t$e '&tte% 7 6$e" %%e)&%&'e (&/&0e 6'' e *+..e%e( 86$e" t$e%e * "! !t$e% )'&", *)ee( &"( &(e+&te %e/e( 9 6$e" *t%!"0 )+'c "te%e*t *"-!'-e( 1= 6$e" t$e *+@ect !. t$e c!"t%!-e%* * )%-&te '&"( &"( 11 " +! 6&%%&"t!

)%!cee("0*#I" t$e c&*e &t &%, "!"e !. t$e*e e;ce)t!"* &%e )%e*e"t# 5e"ce, )ett!"e% *$!+'( $&-e

e;$&+*te( &'' &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* e.!%e $e c&" "-!e t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e c!+%t* !. @+*tce#

>>8H?LAGUNA CATV NETWORJ, INC# VS# MARAAN

G#R# NO# 1?992, NOVEMBER 19, 2==2FACTS:

P%-&te %e*)!"(e"t* .'e( 6t$ t$e De)&%t/e"t !. L&!% &"( E/)'!/e"t, Re0!"&'O..ce N!# IV DOLE Re0!" IV, *e)&%&te c!/)'&"t* .!% +"(e%)&/e"t !. 6&0e* &"( "!"3

)&/e"t !. !t$e% e/)'!ee e"e.t* &0&"*t t$e% e/)'!e%, L&0+"& CATV Net6!%, I"c#, )ett!"e% $e%e"#

DOLE Re0!"&' D%ect!% M&%&&", &.te% & *+//&% "-e*t0&t!", **+e( &" O%(e%

(%ect"0 )ett!"e% t! )& t$e c!"ce%"e( e/)'!ee* t$e% +")&( c'&/*# Pett!"e% .'e( &/!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"# Pett!"e% .&'e( t! c!/)' 6t$ *&( O%(e% *! DOLE Re0!"&'D%ect!% **+e( & 6%t !. e;ec+t!"# Pett!"e% .'e( & /!t!" t! +&*$ +t t$e *&/e 6&* (e"e(#

I"*te&( !. &))e&'"0 t! t$e Sec%et&% !. L&!%, )ett!"e% .'e( 6t$ t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*& /!t!" .!% e;te"*!" !. t/e t! .'e & )ett!" .!% %e-e6# Pett!"e% 6&* !. t$e -e6 t$&t &"&))e&' t! t$e Sec%et&% !. L&!% 6!+'( e &" e;e%c*e " .+t't c!"*(e%"0 t$&t t$e *&(&))e&' 6'' e .'e( 6t$ t$e Re0!"&' O..ce &"( t 6'' *+%e' e (*&))%!-e(# T$e C!+%t !.A))e&'* (e"e( *&( /!t!" %+'"0, &/!"0 !t$e%*, t$&t )ett!"e% .&'e( t! e;$&+*t&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*#

ISSUE:W$et$e% t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* e%%e( " (e""0 t* /!t!" .!% e;te"*!" &"( " (*/**"0

t$e c&*e !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t )ett!"e% .&'e( t! e;$&+*t &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*#

RULING: N!# T$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* 6&* c!%%ect " $!'("0 t$&t )ett!"e% .&'e( t! e;$&+*t &''

&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*#A* )%!-(e( +"(e% A%tc'e 128 !. t$e L&!% C!(e, &* &/e"(e(, &" !%(e% **+e( t$e

(+' &+t$!%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e Sec%et&% !. L&!% /& e &))e&'e( t! t$e '&tte%# T$+*,

)ett!"e% *$!+'( $&-e .%*t &))e&'e( t! t$e Sec%et&% !. L&!% "*te&( !. .'"0 6t$ t$e C!+%t !.A))e&'* & /!t!" .!% e;te"*!" !. t/e t! .'e & )ett!" .!% %e-e6#

T$* C!+%t, " & '!"0 '"e !. c&*e*, $&* c!"**te"t' $e'( t$&t . & %e/e( 6t$" t$e&(/"*t%&t-e /&c$"e% c&" *t'' e %e*!%te( t! 0-"0 t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce% c!"ce%"e(e-e% !))!%t+"t t! (ec(e !" & /&tte% t$&t c!/e* 6t$" $* @+%*(ct!", t$e" *+c$ %e/e(*$!+'( e e;$&+*te( .%*t e.!%e t$e c!+%t* @+(c&' )!6e% c&" e *!+0$t# T$e )&%t 6t$ &"&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e( /+*t "!t /e%e' "t&te t$e )%e*c%e( &(/"*t%&t-e )%!ce(+%e t!!t&" %e'e. +t &'*! )+%*+e t t! t* &))%!)%&te c!"c'+*!" e.!%e *ee"0 @+(c&' "te%-e"t!"

18<



" !%(e% t! 0-e t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c &" !))!%t+"t t! (ec(e t$e /&tte% t*e'. c!%%ect'&"( )%e-e"t +""ece**&% &"( )%e/&t+%e %e*!%t t! t$e c!+%t# T$e +"(e%'"0 )%"c)'e !. t$e %+'e%e*t* !" t$e )%e*+/)t!" t$&t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c, . &..!%(e( & c!/)'ete c$&"ce t! )&**+)!" t$e /&tte% 6'' (ec(e t$e *&/e c!%%ect'# T$e%e.!%e, )ett!"e% *$!+'( $&-e c!/)'ete( t$e&(/"*t%&t-e )%!ce** &))e&'"0 t$e +e*t!"e( O%(e%* t! t$e Sec%et&% !. L&!%#>>8H

CSC -*# DBP

G#R# NO# 1H8791, UL 22, 2==HFACTS:

T$e CSC )ett!"e% -& t$e )%e*e"t )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* *ee* t! c!/)e' t$eDe)&%t/e"t !. B+(0et &"( M&"&0e/e"t %e*)!"(e"t t! %e'e&*e t$e &'&"ce !. t* +(0et .!%.*c&' e&% 2==2# At t$e *&/e t/e, t *ee* & (ete%/"&t!" t$* C!+%t !. t$e e;te"t !. t$ec!"*tt+t!"&' c!"ce)t !. .*c&' &+t!"!/#

Acc!%("0 t! )ett!"e%, t$e &'&"ce 6&* "te"t!"&'' 6t$$e'( %e*)!"(e"t !" t$e &** !. t* "! %e)!%t, "! %e'e&*e )!'c 6$e%e &''!c&t!"* .!% &0e"ce* &%e 6t$$e'( )e"("0t$e% *+/**!" !. (!c+/e"t* /e"t!"e( " t$e N&t!"&' B+(0et C%c+'&% N!# 78# Pett!"e%

c!"te"(* t$&t t$e &))'c&t!" !. t$e "! %e)!%t, "! %e'e&*e )!'c +)!" "(e)e"(e"tc!"*tt+t!"&' !(e* !. 6$c$ t * !"e * & -!'&t!" !. t$e )%"c)'e !. .*c&' &+t!"!/ &"(t$e%e.!%e, +"c!"*tt+t!"&'#

Re*)!"(e"t, &t t$e !+t*et, !))!*e* t$e )ett!" !" )%!ce(+%&' 0%!+"(*# It c!"te"(*, &/!"0!t$e%*, t$&t )ett!"e% (( "!t e;$&+*t &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &* t c!+'( $&-e *!+0$tc'&%.c&t!" .%!/ %e*)!"(e"t* Sec%et&% %e0&%("0 t$e e;te"t !. .*c&' &+t!"!/ e.!%e%e*!%t"0 t! t$* C!+%t#

ISSUE:W$et$e% t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &))'e*#

RULING:T$e %+'e !" e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* "-!e( %e*)!"(e"t &))'e* !"'

6$e%e t$e%e * &" e;)%e** 'e0&' )%!-*!" %e+%"0 *+c$ &(/"*t%&t-e *te) &* & c!"(t!" )%ece(e"t t! t&"0 &ct!" " c!+%t# A* )ett!"e% * "!t /&"(&te( &" '&6 t! *eec'&%.c&t!" .%!/ t$e Sec%et&% !. B+(0et &"( M&"&0e/e"t )%!% t! .'"0 t$e )%e*e"t &ct!", t*.&'+%e t! (! *! (!e* "!t c&'' .!% t$e &))'c&t!" !. t$e %+'e#>>8HH

LAND BANJ OF T5E P5ILIPPINES LBP VS# CELADA

G#R# NO# 1<87<, ANUAR 2?, 2==<FACTS:

T$e De)&%t/e"t !. A0%&%&" Re.!%/ DAR e;)%!)%&te( 1#19?? $ect&%e* !.%e*)!"(e"t Ce'&(&* '&"( " B!$!'# Pett!"e% LBP -&'+e( %e*)!"(e"t* '&"( &t P21,1=<#22 )e%$ect&%e# DAR !..e%e( *&( &/!+"t t! %e*)!"(e"t +t t$e '&tte% %e@ecte( t# Ne-e%t$e'e**, LBP(e)!*te( *&( *+/ " t$e "&/e !. %e*)!"(e"t#

T$e /&tte% 6&* %e.e%%e( t! t$e DAR A(@+(c&t!" B!&%( DARAB .!% *+//&%&(/"*t%&t-e $e&%"0 !" (ete%/"&t!" !. @+*t c!/)e"*&t!"# W$'e t$e c&*e 6&* )e"("0

187



e.!%e t$e DARAB, %e*)!"(e"t .'e( & )ett!" .!% @+(c&' (ete%/"&t!" !. @+*t c!/)e"*&t!"&0&"*t LBP, DAR &"( t$e M+"c)&' A0%&%&" Re.!%/ O..ce% MARO !. C&%/e", B!$!'

e.!%e t$e RTC# Re*)!"(e"t c'&/* t$&t $e% '&"( * 6!%t$ &t 'e&*t P1H,=== )e% $ect&%e#LBP, " t* &"*6e%, %&*e( "!"3e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &"( .!%+/

*$!))"0# It c!"te"(e( t$&t %e*)!"(e"t *$!+'( .%*t &6&t t$e !+tc!/e !. t$e DARAB c&*e e.!%e t&"0 &" @+(c&' %ec!+%*e#

T$e DARAB P%!-"c&' A(@+(c&t!% PARAD **+e( &" !%(e% &..%/"0 t$e -&'+&t!" !.

LBP# T$e%e&.te%, t$e S)ec&' A0%&%&" C!+%t SAC %+'e( t$&t %ec!+%*e t! DARAB * !"' .!% )+%)!*e* !. c!"c'&t!"#

ISSUE:W$et$e% !% "!t t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* * *t'' &))'c&'e

(e*)te t$e !%(e% **+e( &..%/"0 t$e -&'+&t!" /&(e LBP#

RULING:T$e%e * "! /e%t t! )ett!"e%* c!"te"t!" t$&t %e*)!"(e"t .&'e( t! e;$&+*t

&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* 6$e" *$e (%ect' .'e( t$e )ett!" .!% (ete%/"&t!" !. @+*tc!/)e"*&t!" 6t$ t$e SAC e-e" e.!%e t$e DARAB c&*e c!+'( e %e*!'-e(# T$e **+e * "!6/!!t c!"*(e%"0 t$&t t$e -&'+&t!" /&(e )ett!"e% $&( '!"0 ee" &..%/e( t$e DARAB" t* O%(e% (&te( A)%' 12, 2===# A* $e'( " LBP -*# Wc!c!, 19 SCRA <7 2== t$e(!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* * "!t &))'c&'e 6$e" t$e **+e * %e"(e%e(/!!t &"( &c&(e/c, &* " t$e "*t&"t c&*e#

CORSIGA VS# DEFENSOR G#R# NO# 1?9?=2, OCTOBER 28, 2==2

FACTS:

P%-&te %e*)!"(e"t O%t! 6&* t$e Se"!% E"0"ee% B " t$e N&t!"&' I%%0&t!"A(/"*t%&t!" NIA, &'&+%3S+&0+e R-e% I%%0&t!" S*te/, Re0!" VI# Pett!"e% C!%*0&,t$e" Re0!"&' I%%0&t!" M&"&0e% !. NIA, Re0!" VI, %e&**0"e( )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t t! A0&"&"3St&# B&%&%& R-e% I%%0&t!" S*te/# A00%e-e(, )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t 6%!te )ett!"e% %e+e*t"0e;e/)t!" .%!/ t$e )!'c !. %!t&t!"# W$e" )ett!"e% (e"e( t$e *&( %e+e*t, )%-&te%e*)!"(e"t .'e( 6t$ t$e RTC !. I'!'! Ct & c!/)'&"t .!% )%!$t!" &"( "@+"ct!"#

Pett!"e% /!-e( t! (*/** t$e )ett!" .!% '&c !. @+%*(ct!" &"( "!"3e;$&+*t!" !.&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* +t t$e /!t!" 6&* (e"e(# T$e &))e''&te c!+%t &..%/e( t$e t%&' c!+%t*(ec*!" *&"0 t$&t t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* (!e* "!t &))' 6$e%e

t$e c!"t%!-e%te( &ct * )&te"t' ''e0&', &%t%&%, &"( !))%e**-e#>>8H<ISSUE:

W$et$e% )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t $&* & c&+*e !. &ct!" (e*)te $* .&'+%e t! e;$&+*t&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*#

RULING:

188



Be"0 & NIA e/)'!ee c!-e%e( t$e C-' Se%-ce L&6, " !+% -e6, )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t*$!+'( $&-e .%*t c!/)'&"e( t! t$e NIA A(/"*t%&t!%, &"( . "ece**&%, t$e" &))e&' t! t$eC-' Se%-ce C!//**!"# A* %+'e( " Ae3Ae -*# M&"'&, 9= SCRA H2 1979, . & 't0&"t0!e* t! c!+%t 6t$!+t .%*t )+%*+"0 $* &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*, $* &ct!" * )%e/&t+%e, &"( $e$&* "! c&+*e !. &ct!" t! -e"t'&te " c!+%t# 5e"ce, )ett!"e% &**e%t* t$&t )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t*c&*e * "!t %)e .!% @+(c&' (ete%/"&t!"#

T$e%e * "! c!"-"c"0 e-(e"ce !. 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" !" )ett!"e%* )&%t# P%-&te

%e*)!"(e"t* &%0+/e"t* &%e /e%e &''e0&t!" 6$c$ $e .&'e( t! *+*t&"t&te# O..c&' .+"ct!"*&%e )%e*+/e( t! e %e0+'&% +"'e** )%!-e" !t$e%6*e#

T$e%e.!%e, t$e "*t&"t c&*e * "!t &" e;ce)t!" t! t$e 0e"e%&' %+'e !" e;$&+*t!" !.&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*#

?# DOCTRINE OF PRIMAR URISDICTION OR PRIOR RESORT 3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!" !% )%!% %e*!%t4A 3 T$e (!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!" (ct&te* t$&t c!+%t* c&""!t (ete%/"e & (*)+te !" &

+e*t!" %e+%"0 t$e *)ec&' "!6'e(0e &"( e;)e%t*e !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e t%+"&'*

Se)t/! -*# +(0e V''&%&/&, G#R# N!# 1=19?, Fe%+&% 18, 1992# I. t$e c&*e t$e%e.!%e **+c$ t$&t t* (ete%/"&t!" %e+%e* t$e e;)e%t*e, *)ec&'e( *''* &"( "!6'e(0e !. t$e

)%!)e% &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* ec&+*e tec$"c&' /&tte%* !% "t%c&te +e*t!"* !. .&ct* &%e"-!'-e(, t$e" %e'e. /+*t .%*t e !t&"e( " &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0 e.!%e & %e/e(6'' e *+))'e( t$e c!+%t* e-e" t$!+0$ t$e /&tte% * 6t$" t$e @+%*(ct!" !. & c!+%t#I"(+*t%&' E"te%)%*e*, I"c# -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 88HH=, A)%' 18, 199=

3 W$&t $&))e"* 6$e" & c'&/ 6$c$ * !%0"&'' c!0"&'e " c!+%t, %e+%e* t$e %e*!'+t!"!. **+e* 6$c$, +"(e% & %e0+'&t!% *c$e/e, $&-e ee" )'&ce( 6t$" t$e *)ec&' c!/)ete"ce!. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !(4

A 3 I" *+c$ & c&*e, t$e @+(c&' )%!ce** * *+*)e"(e( )e"("0 %e.e%%&' !. *+c$ **+e* t! t$e&(/"*t%&t-e !( .!% t* -e6# I"(+*t%&' E"te%)%*e*, I"c# -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!88HH=, A)%' 18, 199=

>>8H7 3 W$&t * t$e %&t!"&'e e$"( t$e !*e%-&"ce !. t$e (!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!" !% )%!%

%e*!%t4A 31# U".!%/t &"( c!"**te"c " t$e %e0+'&t!" !. +*"e** e"t%+*te( t! &" &(/"*t%&t-e

&0e"c &%e *ec+%e(#

2# T$e '/te( .+"ct!" !. %e-e6 t$e @+(c&% &%e /!%e %&t!"&'' e;e%c*e(, )%e'/"&%%e)!%t, .!% &*ce%t&""0 &"( "te%)%et"0 t$e c%c+/*t&"ce* +"(e%'"0 'e0&' **+e*, t!&0e"ce* t$&t &%e ette% e+))e( t$&" c!+%t* *)ec&'&t!", "*0$t 0&"e( t$%!+0$e;)e%e"ce, &"( /!%e .'e;'e )%!ce(+%e# I(# A"t)!'! Re&'t C!%)# -*# N&t!"&'5!+*"0 A+t$!%t, 1H? SCRA ?99

3 W$&t * t$e )+%)!*e !. t$e (!ct%"e !. )%/&% &(/"*t%&t-e @+%*(ct!"4

189



A 3 T$e )+%)!*e !. t$e (!ct%"e !. )%/&% &(/"*t%&t-e @+%*(ct!", &* e"+"c&te( " D%ect!%!. L&"(* -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'* G#R# N!# 79<8, Fe%+&% 19, 1991, * /!%e " c!"*!"&"ce6t$ %e&'t# It* )+%)!*e, &cc!%("0 t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, * "!t !"' t! 0-e t$e&(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c t$e !))!%t+"t t! (ec(e t$e c!"t%!-e%* t*e'. c!%%ect', +t &'*!t! )%e-e"t +""ece**&% &"( )%e/&t+%e %e*!%t t! c!+%t*#

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" t$e (!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &"(

t$e (!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!"4A 3

D!ct%"e !. e;$&+*t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e*1# T$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c $&* &+t$!%t t! )&** !" e-e% +e*t!" %&*e( & )e%*!"

%e*!%t"0 t! @+(c&' %e'e. &"( e"&'e* t$e c!+%t t! 6t$$!'( t* &( e"t%e' +"t' t$e&(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* $&( ee" e;$&+*te(#

2# T$e c'&/ !% /&tte% * c!0"&'e " t$e .%*t "*t&"ce &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c &'!"e#?# T$e )+%)!*e !. t$e %+'e * t! c!"t%!' t$e t/"0 !. @+(c&' %e'e. .%!/ &(@+(c&t-e &ct!" !.

&" &0e"c#

D!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!"1# B!t$ t$e c!+%t &"( &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c $&-e @+%*(ct!" t! )&** !" & +e*t!" 6$e" &

)&%tc+'&% c&*e * )%e*e"te( t! c!+%t, &* &" !%0"&' /&tte%, %&t$e% t$&" & /&tte% !. %e-e6#2# T$e c'&/ !% /&tte% * c!0"&'e !t$ t$e c!+%t &"( &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c#?# D!ct%"e !. )%/&% @+%*(ct!" * "!t c!"ce%"e( 6t$ @+(c&' %e-e6 +t (ete%/"e* " *!/e

"*t&"ce* 6$et$e% "t&' &ct!" *$!+'( e t&e" & c!+%t !% &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c#>>8H8

N!te: B!t$ )%"c)'e* (! "!t &))' 6$e%e t$e **+e "-!'-e( * & )+%e +e*t!" !. '&6#

# DOCTRINE OF UALIFIED POLITICAL AGENC 3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. +&'.e( )!'tc&' &0e"c4A 3 T$e (!ct%"e !. +&'.e( )!'tc&' &0e"c * & c!%!''&% %+'e t! t$e c!"t%!' )!6e%* !. t$e

P%e*(e"t# U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, 6$c$ %ec!0"e* t$e e*t&'*$/e"t !. & *"0'e e;ec+t-e, &''e;ec+t-e &"( &(/"*t%&t-e !%0&"&t!"* &%e &(@+"ct* !. t$e E;ec+t-e De)&%t/e"t, t$e$e&(* !. t$e -&%!+* e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t* &%e &***t&"t* &"( &0e"t* !. t$e C$e. E;ec+t-e&"(, e;ce)t " c&*e* 6$e%e t$e C$e. E;ec+t-e * %e+%e( C!"*tt+t!" !% '&6 t! &ct "

)e%*!" &* t$e e;0e"ce* !. t$e *t+&t!" (e/&"( t$&t $e &ct )e%*!"&'', t$e /+'t.&%!+*

e;ec+t-e &"( &(/"*t%&t-e .+"ct!"* !. t$e C$e. E;ec+t-e &%e )e%.!%/e( &"( t$%!+0$t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t*, &"( t$e &ct* !. t$e Sec%et&%e* !. *+c$ (e)&%t/e"t*, )e%.!%/e(&"( )%!/+'0&te( " t$e %e0+'&% c!+%*e !. +*"e**, &%e, +"'e** (*&))%!-e( !% %e)%!&te( t$e C$e. E;ec+t-e, )%e*+/)t-e' t$e &ct* !. t$e C$e. E;ec+t-e# C&%)! -*# E;ec+t-eSec%et&%, G#R# N!# 9<=9, Fe%+&% 1, 1992, E" B&"c, P&%&*, #

3 W$&t * t$e e;te"t !. t$e P%e*(e"t* )!6e% !. c!"t%!' !-e% t$e e;ec+t-e %&"c$ !. t$e0!-e%"/e"t4

19=



A 3 T$e )%e*(e"t&' )!6e% !. c!"t%!' !-e% t$e e;ec+t-e %&"c$ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t e;te"(* !-e%&'' e;ec+t-e !..ce%* .%!/ C&"et Sec%et&% t! t$e '!6'e*t c'e% &"( $&* ee" $e'( t! /e&",t$e )!6e% !. t$e P%e*(e"t t! &'te% !% /!(. !% "+''. !% *et &*(e 6$&t & *+!%("&te!..ce% $&( (!"e " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. $* (+te* &"( t! *+*tt+te t$e @+(0/e"t !. t$e.!%/e% 6t$ t$&t !. t$e '&tte%# It * &t t$e -e% $e&%t !. t$e /e&""0 !. C$e. E;ec+t-e#C&%)! -*# E;ec+t-e Sec%et&%, G#R# N!# 9<=9, Fe%+&% 1, 1992, E" B&"c, P&%&*, #

T$e P%e*(e"t* )!6e% !. c!"t%!' * (%ect' e;e%c*e( $/ !-e% t$e /e/e%* !. t$eC&"et, 6$!, " t+%", &"( $* &+t$!%t, c!"t%!' t$e +%e&+* &"( !t$e% !..ce* +"(e% t$e%%e*)ect-e @+%*(ct!"* " t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t# S+)%&

H# DOCTRINE OF RES UDICATA IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. %e*@+(c&t& " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4A 3 T$e (!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& .!%(* t$e %e!)e""0 !. & /&tte% t$&t $&* ee" (ete%/"e(

c!/)ete"t &+t$!%t# T$e )%e-&'"0 %+'e * t$&t t$e (!ct%"e &))'e* t! @+(c&' &"( +&*3 @+(c&' &ct* !. )+'c, e;ec+t-e &"( &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce%* &ct"0 6t$" t$e% @+%*(ct!"

T$e )%"c)'e !. c!"c'+*-e"e** !. )%!% &(@+(c&t!" e;te"(* t! &'' !(e* +)!" 6$!/ @+(c&' )!6e% $&* ee" c!".%/e(#

>>8H9 3 W$&t * t$e &** !. t$e (!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4A 3 T$e @+(0/e"t !. c!+%t* &"( &6&%(* !. +&*3@+(c&' &0e"ce* /+*t ec!/e ."&' &t *!/e

(e."te (&te .;e( '&6# C&%%e!" -*# W C# C#, 77 SCRA 297

3 W$&t &%e t$e "*t&"ce* 6$e" t$e (!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& * "!t &))'c&'e t! &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4

A 3 I" N&*)t L+/e% C!/)&", I"c# -*# NLRC, Sect!" H, R+'e XIII, B!!* !. R+'e* &"(Re0+'&t!"* I/)'e/e"t"0 t$e L&!% C!(e .!% "*t&"ce, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e(!ct%"e !. %e*@+(c&t& (!e* "!t &))' t! '&!% %e'&t!"* )%!cee("0* c!"*(e%"0 t$&tSect!" H, R+'e XIII, B!! V !. t$e R+'e* &"( Re0+'&t!"* I/)'e/e"t"0 t$e L&!% C!(e

)%!-(e* t$&t *+c$ )%!cee("0* &%e "!"3't0!+* &"( *+//&% " "&t+%e 6t$!+t %e0&%( t!'e0&' tec$"c&'te* !t&""0 " c!+%t* !. '&6# S&( )%!"!+"ce/e"t, &((e( t$e C!+%t, * "c!"*!"&"ce 6t$ t$e @+%*)%+(e"t&' (ct+/ t$&t t$e (!ct%"e !. %e*@+(c&t& &))'e* !"' t!

@+(c&' !% +&*3@+(c&' )%!cee("0* &"( "!t t! e;e%c*e !. &(/"*t%&t-e )!6e%*# Net$e% (!e* t$e (!ct%"e &))' t! @+(0/e"t* &*e( !" )%!$te( !% -!( c!"t%&ct*# B#F#

G!!(%c$ P$'))"e*, I"c# -*# W!%/e" C!/)e"*&t!" C!//**!", 1H9 SCRA ?HH

NEW CASE:MONTEMAOR VS# BUNDALIAN

G#R# NO# 19??H, UL 1, 2==?FACTS:

I" & 'ette%3c!/)'&"t &((%e**e( t! t$e P$'))"e C!"*+'&te Ge"e%&' " S&" F%&"c*c!C&'.!%"&, USA, )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t &cc+*e( )ett!"e%, t$e" OIC3Re0!"&' D%ect!%, Re0!"

191



III, !. t$e DPW5, !. &cc+/+'&t"0 +"e;)'&"e( 6e&'t$, " -!'&t!" !. Sect!" 8 !. RA N!?=19# T$e 'ette% 6&* "(!%*e( t! t$e P$'))"e C!//**!" A0&"*t G%&.t &"( C!%%+)t!"PCAGC .!% "-e*t0&t!"#

Pett!"e% )!"te( !+t t$&t t$e c$&%0e &0&"*t $/ 6&* t$e *+@ect !. */'&% c&*e* .'e( e.!%e t$e O/+(*/&"# 5e &tt&c$e( t! $* c!+"te%3&..(&-t t$e C!"*!'(&te( %e)!%t !. t$eO/+(*/&" (*/**"0 */'&% c$&%0e* .!% "*+..ce"c !. e-(e"ce#

Ne-e%t$e'e**, t$e PCAGC c!"(+cte( t* !6" "-e*t0&t!"# B&*e( !" t* ."("0*

PCAGC %ec!//e"(e( )ett!"e%* (*/**&' .%!/ *e%-ce#T$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t, c!"c+%%"0 6t$ t$e ."("0* &"( &(!)t"0 t$e

%ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e PCAGC, **+e( A(/"*t%&t-e O%(e% N!# 12, !%(e%"0 )ett!"e%*(*/**&' .%!/ *e%-ce 6t$ .!%.et+%e !. &'' 0!-e%"/e"t e"e.t*#>>8<=ISSUE:

W$et$e% t$e e&%'e% (*/**&' !. */'&% c&*e* e.!%e t$e O/+(*/&" %e"(e%e( t$e&(/"*t%&t-e c&*e e.!%e t$e PCAGC /!!t &"( &c&(e/c#

RULING: N!# T$e e&%'e% (*/**&' !. */'&% c&*e* e.!%e t$e O/+(*/&" (!e* "!t %e"(e% t$e

&(/"*t%&t-e c&*e e.!%e t$e PCAGC /!!t &"( &c&(e/c#T$e (ec*!" !. t$e O/+(*/&" (!e* "!t !)e%&te &* %e* @+(c&t& " t$e PCAGC c&*e

*+@ect !. t$* %e-e6# T$e (!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& &))'e* !"' t! @+(c&' !% +&*3@+(c&' )%!cee("0*, "!t t! t$e e;e%c*e !. &(/"*t%&t-e )!6e%*# Pett!"e% 6&* "-e*t0&te( t$eO/+(*/&" .!% $* )!**'e c%/"&' '&'t .!% t$e &c+*t!" !. t$e B+%&" )%!)e%t "-!'&t!" !. t$e A"t3G%&.t &"( C!%%+)t P%&ctce* Act &"( t$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e# F!% t$e *&/e&''e0e( /*c!"(+ct, )ett!"e%, &* & )%e*(e"t&' &))!"tee, 6&* "-e*t0&te( t$e PCAGC -%t+e !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e )!6e% &"( c!"t%!' !. t$e P%e*(e"t !-e% $/# A* t$e PCAGC*

"-e*t0&t!" !. )ett!"e% 6&* &(/"*t%&t-e " "&t+%e, t$e (!ct%"e !. %e* @+(c&t& ."(* "!&))'c&t!" " t$e c&*e &t &%#

<# DUE PROCESS IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 3 W$&t * t$e c!//!" %e+%e/e"t !. )%!ce(+%&' (+e )%!ce**, 6$et$e% " @+(c&' !%

&(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4A 3 T$e%e * & c!//!" %e+%e/e"t !. )%!ce(+%&' (+e )%!ce**, 6$et$e% " @+(c&' !%

&(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*, &"( t$* * t$e e'e/e"t !. NOTICE AND OPPORTUNIT TOBE 5EARD# F!% &* '!"0 t$e%e.!%e &* t$e (e.e"(&"t, !% &"!"e */'&%' *t+&te(, * 0-e" &

"!tce &"( &" !))!%t+"t t! e $e&%(, $e c&""!t '&te% !" c!/)'&" t$&t $e 6&* (ec'&%e( "(e.&+'t !% t$&t t$e (ec*!" $&* ee" %e"(e%e( &0&"*t $/ " $* &*e"ce, .!% $e $&* &'%e&(

ee" "!t.e( &"( 0-e" t$e !))!%t+"t t! e $e&%(#

3 W$&t * )%!ce(+%&' (+e )%!ce** &* +"(e%*t!!( " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*4A 3 F!% t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t t! *+*t&" t$e ."("0* !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !( e;e%c*"0 +&*3

@+(c&' .+"ct!"*, *+c$ !( /+*t &(e t$e e'e/e"t&% %+'e* !. (+e )%!ce**# 5!6e-e% )%!ce(+%&' (+e )%!ce** &* +"(e%*t!!( " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0* &cce)t* !. & /!%e

192



.'e;'e *t&"(&%( &* '!"0 &* t$e )%!cee("0 6e%e +"(e%t&e" " &" &t/!*)$e%e !. .&%"e** &"( @+*tce# V&'(e%&/& &"( S!"*, I"c# -*# D%'!", G#R# N!# 78212, &"+&% 22, 1999, F%*tD-*!", G&"c&c! #

3 5!6 c&" &" &t/!*)$e%e !. .&%"e** &"( @+*tce, &* %e.e%%e( t! " V&'(e%&/& &"( S!"*, I"c#-*# D%'!" e &tt&"e(4

A 3 T$e &"*6e% 6!+'( *t'' e t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e c&%("&' %0$t* t! e !*e%-e( "

&(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*, &* )%!"!+"ce( " A"0 T& -*# CIR <9 P$'# <?H &* .!''!6*:>>8<11# T$e %0$t t! & $e&%"0, 6$c$ "c'+(e* t$e %0$t t! )%e*e"t !"e* c&*e &"( *+/t e-(e"ce "

*+))!%t t$e%e!.2# T$e t%+"&' /+*t c!"*(e% t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te(?# T$e (ec*!" /+*t $&-e *!/et$"0 t! *+))!%t t*e'.# T$e e-(e"ce /+*t e *+*t&"t&'H# T$e (ec*!" /+*t e %e"(e%e( !" t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( &t t$e $e&%"0, !% &t 'e&*t c!"t&"e(

" t$e %ec!%( &"( (*c'!*e( t! t$e )&%te* &..ecte(

<# T$e t%+"&' !% !( !% &" !. t* @+(0e* /+*t &ct !" t* !% $* !6" "(e)e"(e"t c!"*(e%&t!"!. t$e '&6 &"( .&ct* !. t$e c!"t%!-e%* &"( "!t */)' &cce)t t$e -e6* !. & *+!%("&te "&%%-"0 &t & (ec*!"

7# T$e !&%( !% !( *$!+'(, " &'' c!"t%!-e%*&' +e*t!"*, %e"(e% t* (ec*!" " *+c$ & /&""e%t$&t t$e )&%te* t! t$e )%!cee("0 c&" "!6 t$e -&%!+* **+e* "-!'-e(, &"( t$e %e&*!" .!%t$e (ec*!" %e"(e%e(#

EXPLANATION OF EAC5 REUISITEFIRST REUISITE: T$e %0$t t! & $e&%"0 3 T$e e'e/e"t !. "!tce &"( !))!%t+"t t! e $e&%(

* )&%t &"( )&%ce' !. (+e )%!ce**, 6$et$e% " @+(c&' !% &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*# I" t$e

&*e"ce !. t$* e'e/e"t, t$e%e c&" e "! .&% )'&#

3 I* "!tce &"( $e&%"0 &'6&* "ece**&% " &(/"*t%&t-e (ete%/"&t!"*4A 3 It * "ece**&% !"' 6$e" *!/e c!"*tt+t!"&' %0$t * c'&/e( t! e "-&(e(#

3 W$e" * "!tce &"( $e&%"0 "!t "ece**&%4

A1# It * "!t "ece**&% . t$e )+%)!*e !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e (ete%/"&t!" * t! (ec(e 6$et$e% &

%0$t !% )%-'e0e 6$c$ &" &))'c&"t (!e* "!t )!**e** *$&'' e 0%&"te( t! $/ !% 6t$$e'( "t$e e;e%c*e !. & (*c%et!" -e*te( *t&t+te#

2# It * "!t &'*! "ece**&% . t$e )!6e% e;e%c*e( * e**e"t&'' &(/"*t%&t-e !% e;ec+t-e &"("!t @+(c&' !% +&*3@+(c&', +"'e** !t$e%6*e %e+%e( '&6#

?# E-e" . t$e )!6e% e;e%c*e( * +&*3@+(c&', "!tce !% $e&%"0 /& "!t e "ece**&% t! (+e )%!ce** !. '&6 . "! )e%*!"&' !% )%!)e%t %0$t* &%e "-!'-e(#

# W$e" )!6e%* !. (ete%/"&t!" &"( &ct!" !. & +&*3@+(c&' c$&%&cte% &%e 0-e" t! !..ce%*e"t%+*te( 6t$ (+te* !. '!c&' !% /+"c)&' &(/"*t%&t!" 6$c$ "!t !. t$e )%!)e%t, +t

19?



t$e '-e* !. "(-(+&'*, /& e &..ecte(, &"( 6$c$, .%!/ t$e% "&t+%e, /+*t e e;e%c*e(6t$!+t & )%!% $e&%"0 !% "!tce t! t$e )&%te* 6$! /& e &..ecte(# 2 A/# +%#, ))# 737H

>>8<2 3 W$&t &%e t$e "*t&"ce* !. -&'( &(/"*t%&t-e (ete%/"&t!"* 6t$!+t )%!% "!tce &"(

$e&%"04

A 3 N+*&"ce )e% *e /& e t$e *+@ect !. *+//&% &&te/e"t# A%tc'e 7=, Ne6 C-' C!(ePe%/t* t! !)e%&te &"( /&"t&" "0$t c'+*, c&&%et, /&**&0e )&%'!%*, (*c!$!+*e*, /&

e %e-!e( 6$e" .!+"( !+t t! e +*e( .!% //!%&' &ct-te* !% .%!"t* !. )%!*tt+t!"# D&%'"0A)t# C!# -*# S)%"0e% 1?7 ALR 8=?

P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" !. 0!-e%"/e"t e/)'!ee* !" &cc!+"t !. 0%&.t c$&%0e*# A"t3G%&.t&"( C!%%+)t P%&ctce* Act

SECOND REUISITE: A t%+"&' /+*t c!"*(e% t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( 3 T$e %0$t !. & )&%tt! )%e*e"t $* !6" c&*e &"( *+/t $* e-(e"ce t! *+))!%t t$e%e!. 6'' e & +*e'e** %0$t .

t$e%e * "! c!%%e*)!"("0 (+t !" t$e )&%t !. &(/"*t%&t-e t%+"&' t! c!"*(e% t$e *&/e#T5IRD REUISITE: T$e (ec*!" /+*t $&-e *!/et$"0 t! *+))!%t t*e'. 3 A (ec*!" 6$c$

(!e* "!t *t&te c'e&%' &"( (*t"ct' t$e .&ct* &"( t$e '&6 !" 6$c$ t * &*e(, (e)%-e* "!t!"' t$e )&%te* +t &'*! t$e )%&ctt!"e%*, )%!.e**!%* &"( *t+(e"t* &* t! t$e .&ct+&' &"( 'e0&'c!"*(e%&t!"* t$&t 0+(e( t$e c!+%t, !% e-e" & +&*3@+(c&' t%+"&', " %e&c$"0 & (ec*!"Dec*!"* !. c!+%t* &"( &(/"*t%&t-e t%+"&'*, )&%tc+'&%' t$e (ec*!"* !. t$e S+)%e/eC!+%t, &%e (*c+**e(, *c%+t"e( &"( cte( '&6e%* &"( "!"3'&6e%* &'e .%!/ t/e t!t/e &"( " t$e e&%* t! c!/e# T$* 0!e* !" &"( !" e-e" &t & t/e 6$e" t$!*e 6$! 6%!tet$e/ $&-e &"*$e( .%!/ t$e %!&( .&ce !. t$e e&%t$# E-e" (**e"t"0 !)"!"* " e*te%e&%*&%e /&(e &* %e.e%e"ce* .!%, " *e-e%&' "*t&"ce*, t$e &))e&% /!%e c!"-"c"0 t! t$e "e;t

0e"e%&t!" !. '&6e%*, @+(0e*, )%!.e**!%*, *c$!'&%* &"( '&6 *t+(e"t*#FOURT5 REUISITE: T$e e-(e"ce /+*t e *+*t&"t&' 3 It * "!t e"!+0$ t$&t t$e%e * &"

e-(e"ce t! *+))!%t & ."("0 !% c!"c'+*!", +t t$e e-(e"ce /+*t e *+*t&"t&'# S+*t&"t&'e-(e"ce * /!%e t$&" & /e%e *c"t''&# It /e&"* *+c$ %e'e-&"t e-(e"ce &* & %e&*!"&'e/"( /0$t &cce)t &* &(e+&te t! *+))!%t & c!"c'+*!"# T$* * )%ec*e' t$e (..e%e"ce

et6ee" &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0 &"( & c%/"&' c&*e 6$e%e t$e e-(e"ce %e+%e( * )%!!. e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t#

3 W$&t /+*t e t$e %e&*!" .!% t$* %+'e4

A 3 T$e !-!+* )+%)!*e !. t$* %+'e * t! .%ee &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* .%!/ t$e c!/)+'*!" !.tec$"c&' %+'e* !. e-(e"ce &"( )%!ce(+%e#

>>8<?FIFT5 REUISITE: T$e (ec*!" /+*t e %e"(e%e( !" t$e &** !. t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( &t

t$e $e&%"0, !% &t 'e&*t c!"t&"e( " t$e %ec!%( &"( (*c'!*e( t! t$e )&%te* &..ecte( 3 A"!t$e% e-(e"ce "!t )%e*e"te( !% (*c'!*e( (+%"0 t$e )%!cee("0* c&""!t e /&(e t$e &** !.t$e (ec*!"# T$e &%e "!t "!6" t! t$e )&%te* &"( "et$e% &%e t$e %!+0$t t! t$e &tte"t!"!. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e t%+"&' /&"0 t$e (ec*!"#

19



It * *+..ce"t, $!6e-e%, t$&t &(/"*t%&t-e ."("0* !. .&ct* &%e *+))!%te( e-(e"ce#S+c$ ."("0 6'' "!t e (*t+%e( *! '!"0 &* t$e &%e *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce, e-e" ."!t !-e%6$e'/"0 !% )%e)!"(e%&"t E&%t$ M"e%&'* E;)'!%&t!", I"c# -*# De)+t E;ec+t-eSec%et&%, C&t&'"! M&c&%&0, G#R# N!# 78H<9, Fe%+&% 11, 1991, 2"( D-, P&%&*, #, &"(e;ce)t 6$e" t$e .!%/e% $&-e &cte( 6t$!+t !% " e;ce** 6t$ t$e% @+%*(ct!", !% 6t$ 0%&-e&+*e !. (*c%et!"# B& "& B&t! M""0 C!/)&" -*# T&"c!, %#, G#R# N!# ?2<7=3<8,&"+&% 2H, 1991, 2"( D-#, P&%&*, #

SIXT5 REUISITE: T$e !&%( !% t* @+(0e* /+*t &ct !" t* !% t$e% !6" "(e)e"(e"tc!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e '&6 &"( .&ct* !. t$e c!"t%!-e%*, &"( "!t */)' &cce)t t$e -e6* !. &*+!%("&te " &%%-"0 &t & (ec*!" 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce% 6$! *e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e (+t t! (ec(e & c&*e, /+*t e t$e !"e t! /&e & (ec*!" &*e( !" t$e.&ct+&' ."("0* '&( !" $* t&'e &"( &*e( !" $* !6" "te%)%et&t!" !. t$e '&6 e"t%+*te( t!$/ .!% /)'e/e"t&t!"# Nece**&%', $e c&""!t e"t%+*t t$e *&/e t! &"!"e " $* !..ce .!%$* (ete%/"&t!" &"( &))%ec&t!" !. t$e .&ct* !. t$e c&*e &"( !. t$e '&6, "-!'-e( *ce%t&"' (..e%e"t .%!/ &"!"e " $* *t&..#

SEVENT5 REUISITE: I" &'' c!"t%!-e%*&' +e*t!"*, t$e (ec*!" /+*t e %e"(e%e( " *+c$ &/&""e% t$&t t$e )&%te* t! t$e )%!cee("0 c&" "!6 t$e -&%!+* **+e* "-!'-e(, &"( t$e%e&*!"* .!% t$e (ec*!" %e"(e%e(# T$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. t$* (+t * "*e)&%&'e .%!/ t$e&+t$!%t c!".e%%e( +)!" t 3 It * & )&%t &"( )&%ce' !. .&% )'& t$&t t$e %e&*!"* "-!'-e(,

)&%tc+'&%' t$e %e&*!"* .!% t$e (ec*!", *$!+'( e *t&te( c'e&%' " t$e (ec*!" *! t$&t t$e )&%te* 6'' "!6 "!t !"' t$e .&ct+&' ."("0* +t &'*! $!6 t$e !"e /&"0 t$e (ec*!"&))%ec&te* t$e t!t&'t !. t$e c%c+/*t&"ce* "-!'-e( " t$e c&*e &"( $* !6" &))%ec&t!" !.6$&t '&6 &))'e* t! t$e .&ct* &"( t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( e.!%e $/#

7# REUISITES OF UDICIAL REVIEW

3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+*te* e.!%e &" &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!" /& e *+@ect !. @+(c&' %e-e64

A 3 Be.!%e &" &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!" /& e *+@ect !. @+(c&' %e-e6, t$e .!''!6"0 %e+*te**$!+'( e c!/)'e( 6t$:

1 T$e &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" $&* &'%e&( ee" .+'' c!/)'ete( &"( $&* t$e%e.!%e ec!/e ."&'T$* * "!6" &* D!ct%"e !. F"&'t !. A(/"*t%&t-e Act!"

2 T$e &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* $&-e ee" e;$&+*te(# T$* * "!6" &* t$e D!ct%"e !.E;$&+*t!" !. A(/"*t%&t-e Re/e(e*

>>8<

3 5!6 c&" & )&%t &))e&' .%!/ & ."&' &6&%(, !%(e% !% (ec*!" !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c, !&%( !% t%+"&'4

A 31# Wt$ %e*)ect t! t$e (ec*!", !%(e%%+'"0* !. t$e t$%ee "(e)e"(e"t c!//**!"* c%e&te(

+"(e% &"( -%t+e !. 1987 C!"*tt+t!", "&/e': 1 C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" 2C!/e'ec &"( ? C!//**!" !" A+(t: T$e &00%e-e( )&%t $&* t! .'e & )ett!" .!%ce%t!%&% 6t$" t$%t ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. *&( (ec*!", !%(e% !% %+'"0# T$* )ett!"* &ct+&'' & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H &"(, t$e%e.!%e, t$e 0%!+"( !% t$e

19H



t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* (e"e* t$e /!t!", t$e )ett!"e% *$&'' )& t$e (!cet"0 &"( !t$e% '&6.+'.ee* &"( (e)!*t .!% c!*t* 6t$" ..tee" 1H (&* .%!/ "!tce !. t$e (e"&'#

?# Re0&%("0 &))e&' ce%t!%&% t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t: Sect!" 1, R+'e H !. t$e 1997 R+'e* !.C-' P%!ce(+%e, &* &/e"(e(, )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: Sect!" 1# F'"0 !. )ett!" 6t$ S+)%e/eC!+%t# 3 A P&%t (e*%"0 t! &))e&' ce%t!%&% .%!/ & @+(0/e"t !% ."&' !%(e% !% %e*!'+t!"!. t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*, t$e S&"(0&"&&", t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !% !t$e% c!+%t*

6$e"e-e% &+t$!%e( '&6, /&, .'e 6t$ t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t & -e%0e( )ett!" .!% %e-e6!" ce%t!%&%# T$e )ett!" *$&'' %&*e !"' +e*t!"* !. '&6 6$c$ /+*t e (*t"ct' *et .!%t$

3 W$&t +e*t!" c&" e %&*e( " &" &))e&' ce%t!%&% t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t4A 3 O"' +e*t!"* !. '&6 /& e %&*e( " t$e )ett!" &"( /+*t e (*t"ct' *et .!%t$# I. "!

%ec!%( !" &))e&' $&* ee" .'e( " t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*, t$e C'e% !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t,+)!" &(/**!" !. t$e )ett!", *$&'' (e/&"( .%!/ t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* t$e e'e-&t!" !. t$e6$!'e %ec!%( !. t$e c&*e#

>>8<<

3 I* t$* /!(e !. &))e&' (..e%e"t .%!/ ce%t!%&% &* & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" +"(e% R+'e <H4A 3 A" &))e&' ce%t!%&% t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +"(e% R+'e H * (..e%e"t .%!/ t$e *)ec&'

&ct!" !. ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H#

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce4A 3

APPEAL B CERTIORARI UNDER RULE H1# T$e )ett!" * &*e( !" +e*t!"* !. '&6 6$c$ t$e &))e''&"t (e*%e* t$e &))e''&te c!+%t t!

%e*!'-e#

2# I"-!'-e* t$e %e-e6 !. t$e @+(0/e"t, &6&%(, !% ."&' !%(e% !" t$e /e%t*#?# M+*t e /&(e 6t$" t$e %e0'e/e"t&% )e%!( .!% &))e&'## St&* 6t$ t$e @+(0/e"t, &6&%(, !% !%(e% &))e&'e( .%!/#H# Pett!"e% &"( %e*)!"(e"t &%e t$e !%0"&' )&%te* t! t$e &ct!", &"( t$e '!6e% c!+%t !% +&*3

@+(c&' &0e"c * "!t t! e /)'e&(e(#<# P%!% .'"0 !. & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" * "!t %e+%e( Sec# 1, R+'e H7# T$e &))e''&te c!+%t * " t$e e;e%c*e !. t* &))e''&te @+%*(ct!" &"( )!6e% !. %e-e6#

SPECIAL CIVIL ACTION FOR CERTIORARI UNDER RULE <H

1# T$e Pett!" %&*e* t$e **+e* &* t! 6$et$e% t$e '!6e% c!+%t &cte( 6t$!+t " e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" !% 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"#

2# M& e (%ecte( &0&"*t &" "te%'!c+t!% !%(e% !. t$e c!+%t )%!% t! &))e&' .%!/ t$e @+(0/e"t!% 6$e%e * t$e%e "!t &))e&' !% !t$e% )'&", *)ee( !% &(e+&te %e/e(#

?# M& e .'e( "!t 'e** t$&" *;t <= .%!/ "!tce !. t$e @+(0/e"t !%(e% !% %e*!'+t!" *!+0$tt! e &**&'e(#

# D!e* "!t *t& t$e c$&''e"0e( )%!cee("0 +"'e** & 6%t !. )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!" !% &te/)!%&% %e*t%&""0 !%(e% *$&'' $&-e ee" **+e(#

197



H# T$e )&%te* &%e t$e &00%e-e( )&%t &0&"*t t$e '!6e% c!+%t !% +&*3@+(c&' &0e"c &"( t$e )%e-&'"0 )&%te*, 6$! t$e%e %e*)ect-e' ec!/e t$e )ett!"e% &"( %e*)!"(e"t*#

<# A /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" * & c!"(t!" )%ece(e"t V''&3Re T%&"*t -*# Be'!, L3189H7A)%' 2?, 19<?

7# T$e 50$e% c!+%t e;e%c*e* !%0"&' @+%*(ct!" +"(e% t )!6e% !. c!"t%!' &"( *+)e%-*!"!-e% t$e )%!cee("0* !. '!6e% c!+%t*# I" Re: Pett!" .!% A***t&"ce " t$e L+(&t!" !. t$eR+%&' B&" !. B!!( -*# BIR, G#R# N!# 1H82<1, Dece/e% 18, 2==<, ct"0 t$e c&*e !. P&&

-*# CA>>8<7 3 C&" & )ett!" e c&te0!%e( &* & )ett!" +"(e% R+'e* <H &"( H !. t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t4A 3 N! &"( "et$e% /& & )ett!"e% !% )ett!"e%* (e'e0&te +)!" t$e c!+%t t$e t&* !.

(ete%/""0 6$c$ %+'e t$e )ett!" *$!+'( .&''# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t +"(e% C%c+'&% N!# 239=, 6%!"0 !% "&))%!)%&te /!(e !. &))e&' /e%t* &" !+t%0$t (*/**&'# See I&e-*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 2H? SCRA H=

3 I" &" &))e&' ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e H, !"' +e*t!"* !. '&6 /& e %&*e(# W$&t * t$e

%e&*!" .!% t$*4A 3 T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t * "!t & t%e% !. .&ct*# T$e %e*!'+t!" !. .&ct+&' **+e* * t$e .+"ct!" !.

'!6e% c!+%t*, 6$!*e ."("0* !" t$e*e /&tte%* &%e %ece-e( 6t$ %e*)ect &"( &%e " .&ct "("0 !" t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *+@ect t! ce%t&" e;ce)t!"*# FNCB -*# E*t&-''!, G#R# N!9??9, Dece/e% 2=, 199=, 192 SCRA H1 U"-e%*&' M!t!%* -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R

N!# L37?2, &"+&% 27, 1992

3 D*t"0+*$ +e*t!"* !. '&6 .%!/ +e*t!"* !. .&ct*#A 3

UESTIONS OF LAWI. t$e .&ct* &%e e*t&'*$e( !% &(/tte(, t$e% 'e0&' e..ect * & +e*t!" !. '&6 .!% t$e c!+%t

t! (ete%/"e#T$e%e * & +e*t!" !. '&6 " & 0-e" c&*e 6$e" t$e (!+t !% (..e%e"ce &%*e* &* t! 6$&t

t$e '&6 * !" & ce%t&" *t&te !. .&ct*# R&/!* -*# Pe)*3C!'& B!tt'"0 C!# !. t$e P#I#, 19 SCRA289

UESTIONS OF FACTSA +e*t!" !. .&ct &%*e* 6$e" t$e%e * & c!".'ct " te*t/!"# T$e +e*t!" /+*t e

%e*!'-e( t$e c!+%t# N! +e*t!" !. .&ct e;*t* . !"' !"e c!"c'+*!" * )!**'e .%!/ t$e .&ct*e*t&'*$e(#

T$e%e * & +e*t!" !. .&ct 6$e" t$e (!+t !% (..e%e"ce &%*e* &* t! t$e t%+t$ !% t$e.&'*e$!!( !. &''e0e( .&ct*# R&/!* -*# Pe)*3C!'& B!tt'"0 C!# !. t$e P#I#, 19 SCRA 289

3 W$&t * t$e te*t !. 6$et$e% & +e*t!" * !"e !. '&6 !% !. .&ct4A 3 W$et$e% t$e &))e''&te c!+%t c&" (ete%/"e t$e **+e %&*e( 6t$!+t %e-e6"0 !% e-&'+&t"0

t$e e-(e"ce, " 6$c$ c&*e, t * & +e*t!" !. '&6 !t$e%6*e, t * & +e*t!" !. .&ct#

198



C%*!*t!/! -*# G&%c&, G#R# N!# 1<787, &"+&% ?1, 2==< Ve'&!3F!"0 -*# S)!+*e*Ve'&!, G#R# 1HH88, Dece/e% <, 2==< LL L&6%e"ce F!!t6e&% I"c# -*# PCI Le&*"0 &"(F"&"ce C!%)#, G#R# N!# 1<=H?1, A+0+*t ?=, 2==H

3 I* t$e ."("0 !. "e0'0e"ce & +e*t!" !. '&6 !% !. .&ct4A 3 T$e ."("0 !. "e0'0e"ce * & +e*t!" !. .&ct# I" t$e *&/e -e", 6$et$e% !"e &cte( " 0!!(

.&t$ !% " &( .&t$ * & +e*t!" !. .&ct# 5e"ce, t$e &%e "!t )%!)e% *+@ect* !. t$e S+)%e/e

C!+%t* (*c%et!"&% )!6e% !. @+(c&' %e-e6 +"(e% R+'e H !. t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t 6$c$ *c!"ce%"e( *!'e' 6t$ +e*t!"* !. '&6# PNB -*# C&/)!*, G#R# N!# 1<727=, +"e ?=, 2==<

>>8<8 3 W$&t &%e t$e e;ce)t!"* t! c!"c'+*-e"e** !. .&ct*4

A1# W$e" t$e c!"c'+*!" * & ."("0 0%!+"(e( e"t%e' !" *)ec+'&t!"*, *+%/*e* !% c!"@ect+%e2# W$e" t$e "te%.e%e"ce /&(e * /&".e*t' &*+%(, /*t&e" !% /)!**'e?# W$e" t$e%e * 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"

# W$e" t$e @+(0/e"t * )%e/*e( !" & /*&))%e$e"*!" !. .&ct*H# W$e" t$e ."("0* !. .&ct* &%e c!".'ct"0<# W$e" t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* " /&"0 t* ."("0*, 6e"t e!"( t$e **+e* !. t$e c&*e &"( t$e

*&/e * c!"t%&% t! t$e &(/**!"* !. !t$ &))e''&"t* &"( &))e''ee*7# W$e" t$e ."("0* !. .&ct &%e c!"t%&% t! t$!*e !. t$e t%&' c!+%t8# W$e" t$e ."("0* !. .&ct &%e c!"c'+*!"* 6t$!+t ct&t!" !. *)ec.c e-(e"ce !" 6$c$ t$e

&%e &*e(9# W$e" t$e .&ct* *et .!%t$ " t$e )ett!" &* 6e'' &* " t$e )ett!"e%* /&" &"( %e)' %e.* &%e

"!t (*)+te( %e*)!"(e"t* &"(1=# W$e" t$e ."("0* !. .&ct !. t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* &%e )%e/*e( !" t$e *+))!*e( &*e"ce !.

e-(e"ce &"( c!"t%&(cte( t$e e-(e"ce !" %ec!%(# O"t/&%e -*# E'e), G#R# N!# 1H922,&"+&% 2=, 2==< Ct&" -*# S&e"&"!, G#R# N!# 1H<1?2, Oct!e% 1<, 2==<

3 Wt$" 6$&t )e%!( c&" & )&%t &))e&' & ce%t!%&% .%!/ & @+(0/e"t !. t$e C!+%t !.A))e&'*4

A 3 T$e )ett!" *$&'' e .'e( 6t$" 1H (&* .%!/ "!tce !. t$e @+(0/e"t !% ."&' !%(e% !%%e*!'+t!" &))e&'e( .%!/, !% !. t$e (e"&' !. t$e )ett!"e%* /!t!" .!% "e6 t%&' !%%ec!"*(e%&t!" .'e( " (+e t/e &.te% "!tce !. t$e @+(0/e"t# O" /!t!" (+' .'e( &"(*e%-e(, 6t$ .+'' )&/e"t !. t$e (!cet &"( !t$e% '&6.+' .ee* &"( t$e (e)!*t .!% c!*t* e.!%e

t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e %e0'e/e"t&% )e%!(, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t /&, .!% @+*t.&'e %e&*!"*,0%&"t &" e;te"*!" !. ?= (&* !"' 6t$" t! .'e t$e )ett!"# Sect!" 2, R+'e H, A))e&' ce%t!%&% t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, C!//e"t* !" t$e 1997 R+'e* !. C-' P%!ce(+%e, &*&/e"(e(

3 Be*(e* t$e .!%e0!"0 %e'e.* &"( %e/e(e*, 6$&t * t$e 0e"e%&' %e'e. t$&t /& &'*! e&-&'e( !. +"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"4

199



A 3 Ge"e%&' %e'e. 6$e" )%!)e%, /& &'*! e &-&'e( !. +"(e% t$e )%!-*!"* !. Sect!" 1,A%tc'e VIII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", 6$c$ )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: T$e @+(c&' )!6e% *$&''

e -e*te( " !"e S+)%e/e C!+%t &"( " *+c$ '!6e% c!+%t* &* /& e e*t&'*$e( '&6#+(c&' )!6e% "c'+(e* t$e (+t !. t$e c!+%t* !. @+*tce t! *ett'e &ct+&' c!"t%!-e%*e*"-!'-"0 %0$t* 6$c$ &%e 'e0&'' (e/&"(&'e &"( e".!%ce&'e, &"( t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% !%"!t t$e%e $&* ee" & 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !% e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" !"t$e )&%t !. &" %&"c$ !% "*t%+/e"t&'t !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

>>8<9NOTE: Ne6 (e."t!" !. @+(c&' )!6e% &* 6e'' &* t$e c&*e !. M&"'& P%"ce 5!te' -*# GSIS,

M&"'& 5!te' C!%)!%&t!", et &'#, G#R# N!# 1221H< $&* &'%e&( ee" (*c+**e( " C$&)te%VI#

3 W$&t &%e t$e /!*t c!//!" %e/e(e* &-&'&'e t! &" &00%e-e( )&%t 6t$ %e*)ect t! &(ec*!" !% !%(e% !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &"( !..ce*4

A 3 T$e c!//!" %e/e(e* &%e t$e .!''!6"0:

1# A *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, Sect!" 1 !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !. C!+%t#2# A )ett!" .!% )%!$t!" /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% Sect!" 2, R+'e <H !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.

C!+%t#?# A )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% R+'e <H, Sect!" ? !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.

C!+%t## A +!36&%%&"t! )%!cee("0 /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% Sect!" 1, R+'e << !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.

C!+%t#H# Pett!" .!% $&e&* c!%)+* /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% Sect!" 1, R+'e 1=2 !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.

C!+%t#

V# OT5ER ANCILLIAR PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% )%"c)'e* !. &(/"*t%&t-e '&64

A 3 T$e &%e t$e .!''!6"0:1# A(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &%e "!t !+"( t$e tec$"c&' %+'e* !. e-(e"ce &"( )%!ce(+%e#2# T$e ."("0* !. .&ct* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* &%e "("0 t! t$e c!+%t* . t$e &%e *+))!%te(

*+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce#?# A(/"*t%&t-e !(e* c&" %e*!'-e +e*t!"* !. '&6 " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e% +&*3@+(c&'

.+"ct!" +t & t$e *&/e * !"' &" "c(e"t t! t$e% )%/&% )!6e% !. %e0+'&t!" &"( t!

)e%.!%/ e;ec+t-e (+te* &"( t$e% %e*!'+t!" * *+@ect t! @+(c&' %e-e6## Re+*te* .!% -&'(t !. &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"*#H# Re+*te* .!% -&'(t !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"* 6t$ )e"&' *&"ct!"*#<# Le0&' .!%ce &"( e..ect* !. &(/"*t%&t-e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"*#7# Le0&' e..ect* !. (+' e;ec+te( &ct* !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e !(#8# Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( N&t!"&' G!-e%"/e"t &%e "!t "te%c$&"0e&'e#>>87=BRIEF EXPLANATION OF EAC5 PRINCIPLE

2==



1# ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES ARE NOT BOUND B T5E TEC5NICAL RULES OFEVIDENCE AND PROCEDURE

A(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e t&* !. &(@+(c&t"0 c!"te*te( c&*e* &%e"ece**&%' "-!'-e( " e;e%c*"0 .+"ct!"* 6$c$ &%e @+(c&' " "&t+%e# T$* (!e* "!t /e&",$!6e-e%, t$&t t$e &%e !+"( t! !*e%-e t$e tec$"c&' %+'e* !. e-(e"ce &"( )%!ce(+%e !*e%-e(

t$e %e0+'&% c!+%t* !. @+*tce#T$e %e&*!" .!% t$* * ec&+*e &(/"*t%&t-e t%+"&'* &%e e;)ecte( t! &(@+(c&te c&*e*

e;)e(t!+*' &"( 6t$!+t +""ece**&% (e'&# T$e /&" .+"ct!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* * )%/&%' t! e".!%ce t$e '&6 e"t%+*te( t! t$e/ .!% /)'e/e"t&t!"# T$e e;e%c*e !. +&*3 @+(c&' )!6e% * !"' "c(e"t&' t! t$e% /&" .+"ct!" !. e".!%c"0 t$e '&6#

AL3AMANA5 ISLAMIC INVESTMENT BANJ OF T5E P5ILIPPINES VS# CIVILSERVICE COMMISSION, ETAL#G#R# NO# 1==H99, APRIL 8, 1992

T$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" * .%ee .%!/ t$e %0(t !. ce%t&" )%!ce(+%&'%e+%e/e"t*#

FACTS:T$e "-e*t0&t"0 c!//ttee .!+"( M&'+" 0+'t !. "e0'ect !. (+t &"( /)!*e( t$e

)e"&'t !. .!%ce( %e0*t%&t!" 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t! %e"*t&te/e"t#T$e Me%t S*te/* P%!tect!" B!&%( &0%ee( 6t$ t$e "-e*t0&t"0 c!//ttee* ."("0*

t$&t t$e%e * "! )%!!. t$&t M&'+" t!'e%&te( t$e &"!/&'e* "!% * t$e%e &" *$!6"0 t$&t $e $&* e"e.te( (%ect' !% "(%ect' .%!/ t$e t%&"*&ct!"* t! t$e (et%/e"t !. t$e B&", &"( *t$e%e.!%e )%e*+/e( t! $&-e &cte( " 0!!( .&t$#

T$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" .!+"( M&'+" 0+'t "!t !"' !. 0%!** "e0'ect !. (+t6$c$ * & 'e** 0%&-e !..e"*e +"(e% C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" Me/!%&"(+/ C%c+'&% N!# 8,

197=, +t &'*! !. G%&-e M*c!"(+ct &"( C!"(+ct P%e@+(c&' t! t$e e*t "te%e*t !. t$eSe%-ce, 6$c$ &%e 0%&-e !..e"*e* +"(e% t$e *&( Me/!%&"(+/ C%c+'&%#>>871

P$'))"e* A'3A'/&"&$ B&" /!-e( t! %ec!"*(e% t$e *&( ."("0 !. t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!" &"( +%0e( t$&t t$e )%e-!+* c!"-ct!" !. M&'+" " 1979, .!% Ne0'ect !. D+t&"( *+*e+e"t *+*)e"*!" .%!/ t$e *e%-ce, *$!+'( e c!"*(e%e( " (ete%/""0 t$e )%!)e%

)e"&'t &0&"*t M&'+"# T$e B&" c!"te"(* t$&t t$e )%!)e% )e"&'t *$!+'( e (*/**&'#T$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" %e.+*e(, $!6e-e%, t! c!"*(e% t$e )%!% c!"-ct!" !.

M&'+" !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$* * "!t & "e6' (*c!-e%e( e-(e"ce &"( t$&t t$e B&" " t$e

e;e%c*e !. t* %e&*!"&'e ('0e"ce c!+'( $&-e (*c!-e%e( &"( )%!(+ce( t$e (!c+/e"t (+%"0t$e $e&%"0 c!"(+cte( !% c!+'( $&-e )%e*e"te( t$e *&/e " t* &))e&' t! t$e Me%t S*te/*P%!tect!" B!&%( &* 6e'' &* " t$e C!//**!"#

ISSUE:I* t$e *&( c!"te"t!" !. C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" c!%%ect4

5ELD:

2=1



N!# T$e )%!% c!"-ct!" *$!+'( $&-e ee" c!"*(e%e( t$e C!//**!" " /)!*"0t$e )%!)e% )e"&'t !" M&'+", &'t$!+0$ t 6&* )%e*e"te( !"' " t$e &"* /!t!" .!%%ec!"*(e%&t!" !% .!% "e6 t%&'#

M&'+"* )%!% c!"-ct!" " 1979 * "!t & "e6' (*c!-e%e( e-(e"ce +t .!%0!tte"e-(e"ce# It &'%e&( e;*te( !% 6&* &'%e&( &-&'&'e e.!%e !% (+%"0 t$e t%&' 6$c$ 6&*"!6" &"( !t&"&'e t$e &" &"( c!+'( $&-e ee" )%e*e"te( 6e%e t "!t .!% t$e !-e%*0$t!% .!%0et.+'"e** !. M&'+"# T$e%e.!%e, &))'"0 %0( tec$"c&' %+'e*, *+c$ (!c+/e"t * "!t

&(/**'e &* e-(e"ce &0&"*t M&'+"#5!6e-e%, &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* 'e t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" e;e%c*"0 +&*3

@+(c&' .+"ct!"* &%e .%ee .%!/ t$e %0(t !. ce%t&" )%!ce(+%&' %e+%e/e"t*# T$e%e.!%e, t$eC!//**!" *$!+'( $&-e &(/tte( t$e (!c+/e"t *$!6"0 t$e )%!% c!"-ct!" !. M&'+",c!"*(e%"0 t$&t t * & )+'c (!c+/e"t &"( 6t$" t$e @+(c&' "!tce !. t$e C!//**!"#

2# T5E FINDINGS OF FACTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES ARE BINDING TO T5ECOURTS IF T5E ARE SUPPORTED B SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

I" V''&"+e-& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'* G#R# N!# 99?H7, &"+&% 27, 1992, t$e S+)%e/e

C!+%t %+'e( &* .!''!6*:

1# F&ct+&' ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &%e &cc!%(e( "!t !"' %e*)ect +t ."&'t, ec&+*e!. t$e *)ec&' "!6'e(0e &"( e;)e%t*e 0&"e( t$e*e +&*3@+(c&' t%+"&'* .%!/$&"('"0 *)ec.c /&tte%* .&''"0 +"(e% t$e% @+%*(ct!"#

2# C!+%t* c&""!t t&e c!0"&"ce !. *+c$ .&ct+&' **+e*#?# I" %e-e6"0 &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!"*, t$e %e-e6"0 c!+%t c&""!t %e3e;&/"e t$e *+..ce"c

!. t$e e-(e"ce#>>872# T$e ."("0* !. .&ct /+*t e %e*)ecte(, &* '!"0 &* t$e &%e *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce#

F&ct+&' ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e !(e* *$!+'( e &cc!%(e( "!t !"' %e*)ect +t e-e"."&'t . t$e &%e *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce e-e" . "!t !-e%6$e'/"0 !%

)%e)!"(e%&"t# C&*& Re&'t F')"! -*# O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"tT$e .&ct+&' ."("0* !. t$e O/+(*/&" &%e c!"c'+*-e !" t$e )&%te* &*e"t &"

*$!6"0 !. 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"# T$e ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* 6$c$ $&-e&c+%e( e;)e%t*e ec&+*e t$e% @+%*(ct!" * c!"."e( t! *)ec.c /&tte%* &%e 0e"e%&''&cc!%(e( "!t !"' %e*)ect +t e-e" ."&'t# Se*%e"! -*# A'&, et &'#, G#R# N!# 9H?9?, &"(Se*%e"! -*# C&$0, et &'#, G#R# N!# 1=?71, M& H, 1992, E" B&"c, P&%&*, #

A(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!"* !" /&tte%* 6t$" t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t

c&" !"' e *et &*(e !" )%!!. !. 0%!** &+*e !. @+%*(ct!", .%&+( !% e%%!% !. '&6# T$e%e e"0"! /!t!" .!% t* %ec!"*(e%&t!", t$e (ec*!" !. t$e Sec%et&% !. A0%c+'t+%e &"( N&t+%&'Re*!+%ce* ec&/e ."&' !" +' ?, 19H9, ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e )&%te* !. t$e c!)e* !. t$e(ec*!"# 5e%* !. P%!ce*! B&+t*t& -*# B&%&, G#R# N!# 791<7, M& 7, 1992, T$%( D-*!",R!/e%!, #

F&ct+&' ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &%e &cc!%(e( "!t !"' %e*)ect +t &'*! e-e"."&'t . t$e &%e *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce# 5!6e-e%, (e-&t!" .%!/ t$* %+'e /+*t e/&(e 6$e" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c'e&%' /*&))%ec&te( t$e .&ct*# I" t$e )%e*e"t c&*e, t$e

2=2



.&ct+&' ."("0* !. t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* &%e &t -&%&"ce 6t$ t$!*e !. t$e Sec%et&% !.A0%c+'t+%e &"( N&t+%&' Re*!+%ce* DANR# Pett!"e%* $&-e "!t *+..ce"t' )%!-e( t$&t t$e."("0* !. .&ct !. t$e

C!+%t !. A))e&'* &%e t!t&'' (e-!( !. *+))!%t " t$e %ec!%(*, !% t$&t t$e &%e *!0'&%"0' e%%!"e!+* &* t! c!"*tt+te *e%!+* &+*e !. (*c%et!"# W$e%e.!%e, t$e ."("0* !. .&ct/&(e t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* &%e c!"c'+*-e &"( "("0 !" t$* C!+%t e-e" . c!"t%&% t! t$!*e!. t$e DANR, *! '!"0 &* *+c$ ."("0* &%e *+))!%te( t$e %ec!%(* !% &*e( !" *+*t&"t&'

e-(e"ce# 3 Me"(&e' -*# A)&!, G#R# N!# 1?18H, Fe%+&% 2=, 2==< NOTE: T$e C!+%t !.A))e&'* $e'( t$&t t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( %e*)!"(e"t* te"( t! (*)%!-e t$e .&ct+&' ."("0*!. &(/"*t%&t-e !(e*#

?# ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES CAN RESOLVE UESTIONS OF LAW IN T5EEXERCISE OF T5EIR UASI3UDICIAL#

>>87?FUNCTION BUT A T5E SAME IS ONL AN INCIDENT TO T5EIR PRIMAR POWER

OF REGULATION AND TO PERFORM EXECUTIVE DUTIES AND B T5EIR

RESOLUTION IS SUBECT TO UDICIAL REVIEWI" t$e e;e%c*e !. +&*3@+(c&' .+"ct!"*, &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* &%e "ece**&%'

"-!'-e( " t$e %e*!'+t!" !. c!"te*te( c&*e* %!+0$t t! t$e% (ete%/"&t!"# O" /&tte%*"-!'-"0 +e*t!"* !. '&6, t$e &+t$!%t -e*te( " &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* * /e%e' t! "te%)%ett$e '&6 e"t%+*te( t! t$e/ .!% /)'e/e"t&t!"# B+t *+c$ "te%)%et&t!", $!6e-e%, * !"'"c(e"t&' t! t$e% )%/&% )!6e% !. %e0+'&t!" &"( t! )e%.!%/ e;ec+t-e (+te*# M!%e t$&" t$*t$e %e*!'+t!" * *+@ect t! @+(c&' %e-e6#

T$* /e&"* t$&t &" &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" !% (ec*!" /& e (*t+%e( !% *et &*(e t$e @+(c&' (e)&%t/e"t . t$e%e * &" e%%!% !. '&6, !% &+*e !. )!6e% !% '&c !. @+%*(ct!" !% 0%&-e&+*e !. (*c%et!" c'e&%' c!".'ct"0 6t$ et$e% t$e 'ette% !% t$e *)%t !. & 'e0*'&t-e

e"&ct/e"t# Pe%&'t& -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 9H8?2, M& 1=, 1992, E" B&"c,P&(''&, #

Be.!%e &" &(/"*t%&t-e (ete%/"&t!" /& e *+@ect !. @+(c&' %e-e6, t * %e+%e(,$!6e-e%:

1# T$&t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" $&* &'%e&( ee" .+'' c!/)'ete( &"( $&* ec!/e ."&' &"(2# T$&t &'' t$e &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* $&-e ee" e;$&+*te(#

T$e .%*t %e+%e/e"t * 6$&t * "!6" &"( %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e P%"c)'e !. F"&'t !.

A(/"*t%&t-e Re+%e/e"t &"( t$e *ec!"( %e+%e/e"t * 6$&t * "!6" &"( %e.e%%e( t! &* t$eD!ct%"e !. E;$&+*t!" !. A(/"*t%&t-e Re/e(e*#

REVIEW OF DECISIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIESDec*!"* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* /& e *+@ect t! %e-e6 &" c!+%t *)ec.e(

t$e *t&t+te, !% " t$e &*e"ce t$e%e!., t * *+@ect t! %e-e6 &" c!+%t !. c!/)ete"t @+%*(ct!" " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )%!-*!" !" -e"+e !. t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t# B!&%( !.C!//**!"e%* -*# +(0e C&)+'!"0, G#R# N!# 9H<12, M& ?1, 1991

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B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 129 (( "!t "te"( t! %&*e &'' +&*3@+(c&' !(e* t! t$e *&/e'e-e' !% %&" !. t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t e;ce)t t$!*e *)ec.c&'' )%!-(e( .!% +"(e% t$e '&6#A* t$e B+%e&+ !. I//0%&t!" * "!t !. e+&' %&" &* t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t, t* (ec*!"* /&

e &))e&'&'e t!, &"( /& e %e-e6e( t$%!+0$ & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% t$eRe0!"&' T%&' C!+%t# Sec# 21, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 129>>87# REUISITES FOR VALIDIT OF ADMINISTRATIVE RULES AND REGULATIONS

A'%e&( (*c+**e(# +*t %e/e/e% t$e /)!%t&"t )!"t*, &* (*c+**e( e&%'e%, t$+*:

1# Re+*te* !. & -&'( &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"2# Re+%e/e"t &* t! )+'c&t!" !. &'' '&6* &* & c!"(t!" .!% t$e% e..ect-t?# Re+*te* .!% -&'(t !. &(/"*t%&t-e %e0+'&t!"* 6t$ )e"&' *&"ct!"*# C&*e*:

O'( C&*e*:& Pe!)'e -*# M&ce%e" 79 SCRA H=

Met%!)!'t&" T%&..c C!//&"( -*# G!"!"0 187 SCRA ?2c B&+t*t& -*# +"! 127 SCRA 2?9( A0+*t" -*# E(+ 88 SCRA 19He T&'&%" -*# G+te%%e 1H2 SCRA 7?=

Ne6 C&*e*:& MMDA -*# D&"te G&%", G#R# N!# 1?=2?=, A)%' 1H, 2==H

VI# IS T5ERE A RELIEF FROM WIT5IN T5E ADMINISTRATIVE AGENC ITSELF4A 3 U"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6 !% e;ec+t-e !%(e%, &" &ct!" !% (ec*!" !. '!6e%

&(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te* /& e &))e&'e( t!, !% %e-e6e( , $0$e% &(/"*t%&t-e&+t$!%te* !% *+)e%!%* 'e t$e De)&%t/e"t 5e&( EO 292, B!! VII, C$&)te% , Sect!"19, !% t! t$e C!//**!" !% B!&%( e" &"c e#0# N&t!"&' L&!% Re'&t!"* C!//**!",Sec+%te* &"( E;c$&"0e C!//**!", N&t!"&' Te'ec!//+"c&t!"* C!//**!"# I" .&ct&" &))e&' "ee( "!t e .'e( &t !"ce# A /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" /& *+..ce t! !t&"(e*%e( c$&"0e* " t$e (ec*!" *! '!"0 &* "! %0$t* $&-e -e*te( " t$e /e&"t/e &"( *! '!"0&* t$e $&-e "!t )&**e( e!"( t$e c!"t%!' !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &+t$!%te*#

A %e*!'+t!" t$e%e.!%e !. & '&!% &%te%, * %e-e6&'e &" !. t$e (-*!"* !. t$e N&t!"&' L&!% Re'&t!"* C!//**!", &"( t$e%e&.te%, 6$!e-e% * t$e &00%e-e( )&%t /&

&))e&' t$e (ec*!" t! t$e C!//**!" E" B&"c# T$e $e%&%c$ !. &+t$!%te* 6t$" t$e.%&/e6!% !. t$e N&t!"&' L&!% Re'&t!"* C!//**!" e"(* $e%e# T$e (ec*!" !. t$eC!//**!" E" B&"c * "!6 &))e&'&'e t! t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*, "!t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t,+"'e e.!%e#>>87HEXAMPLE:

NOTICE OF UDGMENTDECISIONGREETINGS:

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!+ &%e $e%e "!t.e( t$&t !" , UDGMENTDECISION, c!) &tt&c$e(, 6&*%e"(e%e( " t$e &!-e3e"tt'e( c&*e#

U"(e% A%tc'e 2?2 !. t$e L&!% C!(e &* &/e"(e( R#A# N!# <71H &"( )e%t"e"t )%!-*!"* !. t$e Re-*e( R+'e* !. t$e NLRC, "! /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" .%!/ *&( @+(0/e"t *$&'' e e"te%t&"e(, +t !"' &" &))e&', & "!tce !. /e/!%&"(+/ t$e%e!., " Ht)e6%tte" c!)e* /+*t e .'e( e.!%e t$e L&!% A%te% !% t$e E;ec+t-e L&!% A%te% !. t$*O..ce 6t$" 1= c&'e"(&% (&* +)!" %ece)t t$e%e!.#

A" &))e&' *$&'' e (ee/e( )e%.ecte( !"' +)!" t$e )&/e"t !. &" &))e&' .eePROVIDED, t$&t " c&*e !. @+(0/e"t "-!'-"0 & /!"et&% &6&%(, &" &))e&' t$e e/)'!e%/& e )e%.ecte( !"' +)!" t$e )!*t"0 !. c&*$ !% *+%et !"( **+e( & %e)+t&'e &"( (+'&cc%e(te( !"("0 c!/)&", &" &/!+"t e+-&'e"t t! t$e /!"et&% &6&%( " t$e @+(0/e"t&))e&'e( .%!/#

T$e (ec*!" !. t$e L&!% A%te%* %e"*t&t"0 & (*/**e( e/)'!ee, " *! .&% &* t$e%e"*t&te/e"t * c!"ce%"e( *$&'' //e(&te' e e;ec+t!%, e-e" )e"("0 &))e&'# T$e *&/ete%/* &"( c!"(t!"* )%e-&'"0 )%!% t! $* (*/**&' !% *e)&%&t!", &t t$e !)t!" !. t$ee/)'!e%, /e%e' %e"*t&te( " t$e )&%!''#

+e!" Ct, P$'))"e*,

L&!% A%t%&t!" O..ce%

VII# RELIEF AFTER RESOLUTION OF T5E 5IG5EST LEVEL OF AUT5ORIT IN T5EADMINISTRATIVE AGENC CONCERNED

3 W$&t %e'e. * &-&'&'e &* &0&"*t &" &ct!" !% (ec*!" !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e +%e&+, &0e"c,!% !..ce4

A 3 It (e)e"(*# I. t$e '&6 t$&t c%e&te( t$e *&( &(/"*t%&t-e +%e&+, &0e"c !% !..ce )%!-(e*.!% &" &))e&' &* 6e'' &* t$e )%!ce(+%e &"( t$e %e+*te* .!% t&"0 t$&t &))e&', t$e *)ec.c

%e'e. !% %e'e.* )%!-(e( .!% " t$e '&6 t*e'. c&" e !t&"e(# I. t$e '&6 (!e* "!t )%!-(e .!%&" &))e&', !% .!% @+(c&' %e'e. !% %e-e6, t$e +e*t!"e( (ec*!" c&" "e-e%t$e'e** e t$e*+@ect !. @+(c&' %e-e6 +"(e% R+'e <H !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !. C!+%t !" t$e 0%!+"( !. '&c !%

@+%*(ct!", 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !% e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!"#>>87< 3 W$&t * %e+%e( )%!% t! @+(c&' %e-e6 !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!"4A 31# T$&t t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" $&* &'%e&( ee" c!/)'ete( &"(2# T$&t &'' t$e &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* $&-e ee" e;$&+*te(#

3 I* c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e *&( %e+%e/e"t* &*!'+te4

A 3 N!# T$e *&( %e+%e/e"t* "ee( "!t e c!/)'e( 6t$ " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:1# W$e" t$e +e*t!" "-!'-e( * )+%e' 'e0&', !% 6$e%e t$e +e*t!"e( &ct * )&te"t' ''e0&',

&%t%&% !% !))%e*-e J'+*&"0 B&&" *& P&0''"0!( "0 /0& M&0tt"(& "0 B&0!"0P&/'$&"0 B&&" "0 M+"t"'+)&, et &'# -*# D!/"0+e, G#R# N!# 8H?9 B+"e, et &'# -*S&"(0&"&&", G#R# N!# 91927, &"+&% 1?, 1992

2=H



2# W$e" t$e%e * &" +%0e"t "ee( .!% @+(c&' "te%-e"t!" A+"! -*# L+"t!, 18 SCRA 177?# W$e" t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !( * " e*t!))e' T&" -*# Vete%&"* B&c)& C!//**!", 1=H

P$'# ?77# W$e" t$e c'&/ "-!'-e( * */&'' C)%&"! -*# M&%ce'"!, ? SCRA 291H# W$e" %%e)&%&'e (&/&0e 6'' e *+..e%e( De L&%& -*# P'&%e', 1 SCRA 2<9<# W$e" t$e%e * "! !t$e% )'&", *)ee( &"( &(e+&te %e/e( N&t!"&' De-e'!)/e"t C!# -*#

C!''ect!% !. C+*t!/*, 9 SCRA 29

7# W$e" *t%!"0 )+'c "te%e*t * "-!'-e( A%%!6 T%&"*)!%t&t!" C!%)# -*# B!&%( !.T%&"*)!%t&t!", <? SCRA 19? &"(

8# W$e" t$e *+@ect !. c!"t%!-e%* * )%-&te '&"( M!%c!*! -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!9<<=H, M& 8, 1992#

3 C&" t$e %e-e6"0 c!+%t %e3e;&/"e t$e *+..ce"c !. t$e e-(e"ce &"( %ece-e &((t!"&'e-(e"ce t$&t 6&* "!t *+/tte( t! t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c c!"ce%"e(4

A 3 A* & %+'e, .&ct+&' ."("0* !. &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"ce* 6'' "!t e (*t+%e( t$e c!+%t*

e;ce)t " t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e*: A"0 T& -*# CIR, *+)%& A'e@&"(%! -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*191 SCRA 7== Ne*t'e P$'))"e*, I"c# -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 2=? SCRA H= 1991

1# W$e" t * "!t *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce2# W$e" t * -t&te( .%&+(, /)!*t!" !% c!''+*!"?# W$e" t$e )%!ce(+%e 6$c$ 'e( t! t$e .&ct+&' ."("0* * %%e0+'&%# W$e" )&')&'e e%%!%* &%e c!//tte(H# W$e" &+*e !. (*c%et!", &%t%&%"e** !% c&)%c!+*"e** * /&".e*t#>>877 3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% /&tte%* t$&t /& "!t e "te%.e%e( 6t$ t$e c!+%t*4A 3

1# P+%e' &(/"*t%&t-e &"( (*c%et!"&% .+"ct!"* /& "!t e "te%.e%e( t$e c!+%t* e;ce)t. &" &0e"c !% !..c&' c!"ce%"e( $&* &cte( &%t%&%' &"( 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"#Be&+t.!"t -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 1H7 SCRA 81 1988# E;&/)'e: P!6e% 0%&"te( t!LTFRB t! 0%&"t )%!-*!"&' "c%e&*e " t%&"*)!%t&t!" .&%e*#

2# A))e&' t! t$e c!+%t* 6'' "!t 'e .%!/ &" "te%'!c+t!% !%(e%# E;&/)'e: O%(e% !. NLRC t! *et& /!t!" .!% e;ec+t!" .!% $e&%"0 t$e L&!% A%te% & +!#

3 A**+/"0 t$&t &" !%(e% * "te%'!c+t!%, * t$e%e & %e'e. t$&t * &-&'&'e t! & )&%t &00%e-e( t$e *&( "( !. !%(e%4

A 3 e*, & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% * &-&'&'e . t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &0e"c, !&%( !%t%+"&' c!"ce%"e( &cte( 6t$!+t @+%*(ct!", " e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" !% 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !.(*c%et!", !% . )ett!"e%* %0$t t! (+e )%!ce** * (*%e0&%(e(# P$'))"e A%'"e* -*# C-'Ae%!"&+tc B!&%(, 2= SCRA 727 19<7

P5ILIPPINE AIRLINES, INC# VS# CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD2= SCRA 727

FACTS:

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P$'))"e A%'"e* +e*t!"e( t$e )%!-*!"&' )e%/t t! !)e%&te .!+% &%c%&.t* !" t$e.!''!6"0 0%!+"(*: 1 &''e0e( -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce** .!% .&'+%e t! $e&% t* e-(e"ce 2&''e0e( &*e"ce !. .&ct+&' &** .!% 0%&"t"0 *&( )%!-*!"&' )e%/t ? t$e%e * "! )+'c "ee( (!c+/e"t* t! *+))!%t 'e0&'t !. t$e 0%&"t 6e%e "!t (*c'!*e( t! t# CAB c!+"te%e( t$&t

)ett!"e% 6&* "!t.e( &!+t t$e $e&%"0 &"( t 6&* %e)%e*e"te( (+%"0 t$e $e&%"0 6$e" t$e )%!)!*e( *e%-ce &"( .e&*'t !. !)e%&t!"* 6e%e *+@ect !. (*c+**!" &"( (e&te# CAB &"( )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t c'&/e( t$&t t$e )%!/*e( 0%&"t * "te%'!c+t!%#

ISSUE:I* PAL* )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% te"&'e4 I* t$e%e &+*e !. (*c%et!" " 0%&"t"0 t$e *&(

)%!-*!"&' )e%/t t! !)e%&te .!+% &%c%&.t*4>>8785ELD:

PAL* )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% 6&* *+*t&"e( &* & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" 6$c$ &''!6* &"&00%e-e( )&%t t! c!/)'&" &0&"*t &" t%+"&', !&%( !% !..ce% e;e%c*"0 .+"ct!"* @+(c&'" c$&%&cte% 6t$!+t !% " e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" !% 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"#

T$e c'&/, $!6e-e%, t$&t t$e%e 6&* -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce** 6&* "!t *+*t&"e( .!% t$e%e6&* "!tce &"( $e&%"0# Be*(e*, CAB $&* t$e )!6e% t! **+e, (e", &/e"(, %e-*e, &'te%,/!(., c&"ce', *+*)e"( !% %e-!e, " 6$!'e !% " )&%t t$e te/)!%&% )e%/t t $&* **+e(#

VIII# APPEAL FROM, OR REVIEW OF ORDERS, ACTIONS AND DECISIONS OF T5EDIFFERENT EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS, BUREAUS AND OFFICES

OLD CASESP5ILIPPINE MERC5ANT MARINE SC5OOL, INC# VS# COURT OF APPEALS

G#R# NO# 1128, UNE 2, 199H

<1 SCAD 72=A* '!"0 &* t$e )&%te* 6e%e 0-e" !))!%t+"t t! e $e&%( e.!%e t$e @+(0/e"t 6&*

%e"(e%e(, t$e (e/&"(* !. (+e )%!ce** 6e%e *+..ce"t' /et

FACTS:De*)te )%!% (*&))%!-&' !. )ett!"e%* %e+e*t .!% %e"e6&' !. )e%/t t! !)e%&te, t$e

DECS I"te%3A0e"c Tec$"c&' C!//ttee IATCOM %ec!//e"(e( t$e 0%&"t !. )e%/t t! t$e*c$!!' " 1987, )%!-(e( t$&t t /)%!-e* t* +'("0*, '&!%&t!% &"( '%&% .&c'te* e.!%et$e *t&%t !. *c$!!' e&% 198731988# Pett!"e% c!"t"+e( t! .&' t! /)%!-e t*e'. " 1988#

I" 1989, t$e TPME DECS Tec$"c&' P&"e' .!% M&%t/e E(+c&t!" %ec!//e"(e( t$e0%&(+&' )$&*e3!+t !. t$e c!+%*e* " B&c$e'!% !. Sce"ce " M&%"e E(+c&t!" &"( e-e"t+&'c'!*+%e *$!+'( t$e *c$!!' .&' t! /eet /"/+/ *t&"(&%(*#

O" A+0+*t 8, 1989, (e*)te &"!t$e% "*)ect!", t$e "*)ect!" te&/ %ete%&te( t$e%ec!//e"(&t!" .!% t$e 0%&(+&' )$&*e3!+t !. t$e *c$!!' &"( .!% t$e "!"3&cce)t&"ce !. .%e*$/&"

e0"""0 S 199=31991# DECS &))%!-e( &"( /)'e/e"te( t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" &"(&cc!%("0' **+e( t$e )$&*e3!+t !%(e%# Pett!"e% /!-e( .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"# W$e" /!t!" 6&*(e"e(, t &))e&'e( t! t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t# W$'e t$e &))e&' 6&* )e"("0, DECS **+e( &

2=7



c'!*+%e !%(e% (&te( A+0+*t 27, 1991, e..ect-e t$e *ec!"( *e/e*te% !. S 199131992# Pett!"e%/!-e( .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" !. *&( !%(e% !. c'!*+%e# W$'e t$e *&( /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"6&* )e"("0 " t$e DECS, t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t (*/**e( t$e &))e&' .'e( e&%'e%# A0&"

)ett!"e% /!-e( .!% t$e %ec!"*(e%&t!" +t t$e *&/e 6&* (e"e(#>>879

D+e t! t$e (e"&', )ett!"e% .'e( & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% " t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* !" t$e.!''!6"0 0%!+"(*: 1 T$e%e 6&* -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce** ec&+*e t$e &** .!% &..%/&"ce !.

t$e DECS )$&*e3!+t &"( c'!*+%e !%(e%* 6&* "!t *+..ce"t' (*c'!*e( 2 t$&t t $&( )%e*e"te("c!"t%!-e%t'e )%!!. t$&t t $&( "t%!(+ce( *+*t&"t&' /)%!-e/e"t* !" t* .&c'te* .!% t$e

)&*t t6! &"( & $&'. e&%*#T$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* (e"e( t$e )ett!" &* 6e'' &* t$e *+*e+e"t /!t!" .!%

%ec!"*(e%&t!"#5e"ce, & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% 6&* .'e( t$e )ett!"e% t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t .&+'t"0

t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* " "!t *ett"0 &*(e t$e +e*t!"e( %e*!'+t!" 6$c$ 6&* &''e0e('%e"(e%e( 6t$!+t (+e )%!ce** *"ce t * "!t .+'' &..!%(e( !))!%t+"t t! )%e*e"t e-(e"ce, &"(6&* "!t *+..ce"t' ".!%/e( !. t$e &** .!% t$e c'!*+%e !%(e%* 6$c$ 6e%e "!t et ."&' &"(

e;ec+t!%#

ISSUE:W&* t$e%e & -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce**4 I* t$e c'!*+%e !%(e% -&'(4 I* t$e &** !. t$e

&..%/&"ce !. t$e DECS )$&*e3!+t &"( c'!*+%e !%(e%* (*c'!*e( t! t$e )ett!"e%4

5ELD:Be.!%e t$e DECS **+e( t$e )$&*e3!+t &"( c'!*+%e !%(e%*, )ett!"e% 6&* (+' "!t.e(,

6&%"e( &"( 0-e" *e-e%&' !))!%t+"te* t! c!%%ect t* (e.ce"ce* &"( t! c!/)' 6t$ )e%t"e"t!%(e%* &"( %e0+'&t!"*# Pett!"e% $&* 0!"e &'' t$e 6& +) t! t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t t! *ee &

%e-e%*&' !. t$e )$&*e3!+t &"( c'!*+%e !%(e%*# T$e%e * t$+* "! %e&*!" t! c!/)'&" !. '&c !.!))!%t+"t t! e;)'&" t* *(e &* 6e'' &* t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e &''e0e( (e.ce"ce* B!&%( !.Me(c&' E(+c&t!" -*# A'.!"*!, 17< SCRA ?= 1989# A* '!"0 &* t$e )&%te* 6e%e 0-e"!))!%t+"t t! e $e&%( e.!%e t$e @+(0/e"t 6&* %e"(e%e(, t$e (e/&"(* !. (+e )%!ce** 6e%e*+..ce"t' /et L"(! -*# COMELEC, 19 SCRA 2H# It *$!+'( &'*! e "!te( t$&t )ett!"e%$e%e" %e)e&te(' *!+0$t %ec!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e -&%!+* !%(e%* !. %e*)!"(e"t DECS &"( t*/!t!" 6e%e (+' c!"*(e%e( %e*)!"(e"t DECS t! t$e e;te"t !. &''!6"0 &"( 0%&"t"0 t*%e+e*t .!% %e3"*)ect!" !. t* )%e/*e*#

T$e )$&*e3!+t &"( c'!*+%e !%(e%* 6e%e &*e( "!t !"' !" )ett!"e%* (e.ce"ce* &* &

/&%t/e "*tt+t!" +t &'*! !" t* c!"t"+e( !)e%&t!" 6t$!+t t$e %e+*te &+t$!%&t!" .!%t$e DECS &"( &cce)t&"ce !. .%e*$/&" *t+(e"t* " '&t&"t -!'&t!" !. t$e '&tte%* !%(e% &"(!%

)e%**te"t 6&%""0* "!t t! (! *!# Ve%', t$e%e &%e *+..ce"t 0%!+"(* t! +)$!'( t$e )$&*e3!+t&"( c'!*+%e !%(e%* !. t$e DECS 6$c$ 6e%e **+e( c!".!%/&' 6t$ Sec# 28 !. t$e E(+c&t!"Act !. 1982#

I" t$e c&*e &t e"c$, t * "!t t$e .+"ct!" !. t$* C!+%t "!% &" !t$e% c!+%t .!% t$&t /&tte%3 ; ; ; t! %e-e6 t$e (ec*!"* &"( !%(e% !. t$e Sec%et&% !" t$e **+e !. 6$et$e% !% "!t &"e(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!" /eet* t$e *t&"(&%(* %e+%e( .!% )e%/**!" t! !)e%&te &"( t! c!"t"+e

2=8



!)e%&t"0 &* *+c$# O" t$* +e*t!", "! C!+%t $&* t$e )!6e% !% )%e%!0&t-e t! *+*tt+te t*!)"!" .!% t$&t !. t$e Sec%et&%# I"(ee(, t * !-!+*' "!t e;)ecte( t$&t &" c!+%t 6!+'( $&-et$e c!/)ete"ce t! (! *!#>>88=

ILOCOS SUR ELECTRIC CORPORATION, INC# VS# NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONSCOMMISSION

G#R# NO# 1=<1<1, FEBRUAR 1, 199H

H8 SCAD <79U"(e% Sect!" 1= !. P#D# N!# 2<9, &* &/e"(e( P#D# N!# 1<H, t$e N&t!"&'

E'ect%.c&t!" A(/"*t%&t!" $&* "! )!6e% t! $e&% &"( (ec(e te%/"&t!" c&*e* !. e/)'!ee*" e'ect%c c!%)!%&t!"*# T$&t &+t$!%t * -e*te( " t$e L&!% A%te%#

FACTS:E"0%# E0(!" S&!, M&"&0e% !. t$e E"0"ee%"0 De)&%t/e"t !. t$e I'!c!* S+% E'ect%c

C!!)e%&t-e ISECO 6&* (*/**e( !" +' 1, 1989, -%t+e !. ISECO* B!"( Re*!'+t!" N!# <?, S# 1989, (&te( +' 19, 1989# 5e 6&* )'&ce( +"(e% )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" 6t$!+t )&

e..ect-e +' ', 1989#E"0%# S&! .'e( & c!/)'&"t .!% ''e0&' (*/**&' 6t$ (&/&0e* &0&"*t )ett!"e% " t$e

De)&%t/e"t !. L&!%# T$e L&!% A%te% %+'e( " .&-!% !. E"0%# S&! &"( !%(e%e( ISECO t!%e"*t&te t$e '&tte% 6t$ .+'' &c6&0e*# ISECO &))e&'e( t$e (ec*!"#

ISSUE:W$et$e% NLRC $&* @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c&*e !. E"0%# S&!# W$et$e% t$e B!&%( !.

D%ect!%* !. ISECO (*/**e( E"0%# S&! " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6#

5ELD:

U"(e% Sect!" 1= !. P#D# N!# 2<9, &* &/e"(e( P#D# N!# 1<H !"' t$e )!6e% !.*+)e%-*!"* &"( c!"t%!' !-e% e'ect%c c!!)e%&t-e* &"( !t$e% !%%!6e%*, *+)e%-*e( !%c!"t%!''e(, * 0-e" t! t$e NEA# T$e%e * "!t$"0 " *&( '&6 6$c$ )%!-(e* t$&t t$e NEA&(/"*t%&t!" $&* t$e )!6e% t! $e&% &"( (ec(e te%/"&t!" !. e/)'!ee* " e'ect%cc!!)e%&t-e*# T$&t &+t$!%t * -e*te( " t$e L&!% A%te%#

T$e (*/**&' &%!*e .%!/ & )+%e' '&!% (*)+te 6$c$ .&''* 6t$" t$e !%0"&' &"(e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e L&!% A%te%* &"( t$e NLRC#>>881

CONCERNED OFFICIALS OF T5E METROPOLITAN WATERWORJS SSTEM

MWSS VS# VASUEK, ETAL#G#R# NO# 1=911?, ANUAR 2H, 199H,

H8 SCAD =9T$e (ec*!" t! &cce)t !% %e@ect & ( &"( &6&%( c!"t%&ct* * -e*te( " t$e 0!-e%"/e"t

&0e"ce* e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$&t .+"ct!"# Net$e% t$e C!+%t, "!% C!"0%e**, "!% t$e O/+(*/&"*$!+'( "te%.e%e " t$e e;e%c*e !. *&( (*c%et!" 6$c$ * & )!'c (ec*!", +"'e** t * &))&%e"tt$&t t * +*e( &* & *$e'( t! & .%&+(+'e"t &6&%(#

2=9



FACTS:MWSS )+'*$e( t* "-t&t!" .!% )%e3+&'.c&t!" &"( (*# F!+%tee" 1 c!"t%&ct!%*

*+/tte( &))'c&t!"* t! t$e A6&%(* C!//ttee .!% C!"*t%+ct!" Se%-ce* &"( Tec$"c&'E+)/e"t PBAC3CSTE# A.te% e-&'+&t!", !"' 11 6e%e )%e3+&'.e( t! (#

Me&"6$'e, et6ee" Fe%+&% 1= &"( M&%c$ 2, 1992, .!%/e% MWSS A(/"*t%&t!%L+* S*!", **+e( < &((e"(& t! t$e ("0 (!c+/e"t*# t$&t e/!(e( *!/e *+00e*t!"* !.%e*)!"(e"t P$'))"e L&%0e D&/ete% P%e**+%e P)e* M&"+.&ct+%e%* A**!c&t!" PLDPPMA#

A.te% t$e ? '!6e*t ((e%* .!% P%!@ect APM3=1 &"( APM3=2 6e%e "!6", PBAC3CSTE%ec!//e"(e( t$e %e@ect!" !. &'' (* &"( t! c!"(+ct & %e3(("0 ec&+*e !. &/0+t !.A((e"(+/ N!# < !. t$e (("0 (!c+/e"t*, '&c !. )%!-*!" !. /&"te"&"ce%e)&% /&te%&'*.!% ((e%* 6$! !)te( t! +*e .e%0'&** %e".!%ce( ))e*, &"( t$e +*e .!% & .+%t$e% %e-e6 !. t$e

))e (e*0" t$e c!"*+'t&"t, NS#F"&'', !" +"e, 1992, PBAC3CSTE *+/tte( t! ( e-&'+&t!" %e)!%t# It %ec!//e"(e(

t$e *ec!"( '!6e*t +t c!/)'"0 ((e%, FF C%+ &"( C!#, I"c# .!% APM3=1#Me&"6$'e, !" A)%' 7, 1992, PLDPPMA, )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t, t$%!+0$ t* P%e*(e"t, .'e(

& 'ette%3c!/)'&"t 6t$ t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" )%!te*t"0 t$e )+'c (("0 !" APM3=1

&"( APM3=2, c$&%0"0 t$&t t$e%e 6&* &" &))&%e"t )'&" !" t$e )&%t !. MWSS t! .&-!%*+))'e%* !. .e%0'&** ))e*, &"( +%0"0 t$e O/+(*/&" t! "-e*t0&te t$e c!/)'&"t &"( $!'(" &e&"ce t$e &6&%( !. t$e c!"t%&ct*#

T$e O/+(*/&", " t* !%(e% (&te( Oct!e% 19, 1992, (%ecte( t$e B!&%( !. T%+*tee* !.MWSS t! *et &*(e t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. PBAC3CSTE# MWSS /!-e( .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"

+t t 6&* (e"e(#

ISSUE:C&" t$e O/+(*/&" "te%.e%e " t$e &(@+(c&t-e %e*)!"*'t !. t$e MWSS B!&%( !.

T%+*tee*4

>>8825ELD:

T$e MWSS, & 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( &"( c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!" c%e&te( '&6 t$%!+0$R#A# N!# <2?, * c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e c!"*t%+ct!", /&"te"&"ce &"( !)e%&t!" !. 6&te%6!%***te/ t! "*+%e &" +""te%%+)te( &"( &(e+&te *+))' &"( (*t%+t!" !. )!t&'e 6&te%# It * t$e&0e"c t$&t *$!+'( e " t$e e*t )!*t!" t! e-&'+&te t$e .e&*'t !. t$e )%!@ect!" !. t$e

((e%* &"( t! (ec(e 6$c$ ( * c!/)&t'e 6t$ t* (e-e'!)/e"t )'&"*# T$e e;e%c*e !. t$*(*c%et!" * & )!'c (ec*!" t$&t "ece**t&te*, &/!"0 !t$e% t$"0*, )%!% "+%, "-e*t0&t!",c!/)&%*!", e-&'+&t!", &"( (e'e%&t!" 3 /&tte%* t$&t c&" e*t e (*c$&%0e( t# MWSS $&*

)&**e( Re*!'+t!" N!# ?239? t! 'e6*e *$!6 t* &))%!-&' !. t$e tec$"c&' *)ec.c&t!" .!%.e%0'&**# A'' t$e*e *$!+'( (e*e%-e 6e0$t#

NOTE: T$* &..%/* t$e (ec*!" !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " R&!", I"c# -*# PPA 1H1 SCRA2??, t$+*:

; ; ; 6e $&-e *&( t$&t "et$e% t$* C!+%t "!% c!"0%e** &"( "!6 )e%$&)* t$eO/+(*/&", c!+'( e e;)ecte( t! $&-e t$e t/e &"( tec$"c&' e;)e%t*e t! '!! "t! /&tte%* !.t$* "&t+%e# W$'e 6e c&""!t 0! *! .&% &* t! *&, MWSS 6!+'( $&-e t$e /!"!)!' !. tec$"c&'

21=



"!63$!6 " t$e 6&te%6!%* **te/, t$e -e% "&t+%e !. t* .+"ct!"*, $!6e-e%, t !-!+*'/+*t e"@! t$e &(-&"t&0e !-e% !t$e% &0e"ce* !" t$e *+@ect &t $&"(#

Le6*e, t$* &..%/* t$e (ec*!" " Fe')e */&e', %# &"( C!#, I"c# -*# De)+tE;ec+t-e Sec%et&% 19= SCRA <7?

T$e (ec*!" " B+%e&+ Ve%t&* -*# O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t * e/)$&tc# T$e S+)%e/eC!+%t *&(: T$e (*c%et!" t! &cce)t !% %e@ect & ( &"( &6&%( c!"t%&ct* * -e*te( " t$eG!-e%"/e"t &0e"ce* e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$&t .+"ct!"# T$e (*c%et!" 0-e" t! t$e &+t$!%te* !"

t$* /&tte% * !. *+c$ 6(e '&tt+(e t$&t t$e C!+%t* 6'' "!t "te%.e%e t$e%e6t$, +"'e** t * +*e(&* & *$e'( t! & .%&+(+'e"t &6&%(#>>88?

SECRETAR OF 5EALT5, ETAL# VS# COURT OF APPEALS, ETAL#G#R# NO# 1122?, FEBRUAR 2?, 199H, H9 SCAD 27=

+%*(ct!" !"ce &c+%e( & c!+%t !-e% & c&*e %e/&"* 6t$ t +"t' t$e .+''te%/"&t!" !. t$e c&*e, +"'e** t$e '&6 )%!-(e* t$e c!"t%&%#

FACTS:

F!% 0%!** /*c!"(+ct &"( (*$!"e*t, Fe S&''+c&, A(/"*t%&t-e O..ce% III !. t$eP%!-"c&' 5e&'t$ !. C&0&&", 6&* )'&ce( +"(e% & 9= (& )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"# S$e "*tt+te(&" &ct!" t! "+''. t$e *&( !%(e% !. *+*)e"*!" c'&/"0 t$&t 6$e" t$e Ne6 L!c&' G!-e%"/e"tC!(e t!! e..ect !" &"+&% ', 1992, t$e Sec%et&% !. 5e&'t$ $&( '!*t $* (*c)'"&% )!6e% &"(&+t$!%t !-e% $e%, c!"*(e%"0 t$&t *+c$ )!6e% !. t$e )%!-"c&' 5e&'t$ O..ce * "!6 -e*te( "t$e P%!-"c&' G!-e%"!%#

T$e Sec%et&% !. 5e&'t$ /!-e( t! (*/** t$e &ct!" &"( t! +&*$ t$e te/)!%&%%e*t%&""0 !%(e% !t&"e( &"( !))!*e( t$e **+&"ce !. & )%e'/"&% "@+"ct!", c!"te"("0 t$&tt$e )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t $&( .&'e( t! e;$&+*t &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* &"( t$&t t$e Ne6 L!c&'G!-e%"/e"t C!(e (( "!t (-e*t $/ !. $* (*c)'"&% @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t

T$e t%&' c!+%t %+'e( " .&-!% !. S&''+c& &"( **+e( &" !%(e% .!% e;ec+t!" !. @+(0/e"t#Pett!"e%* /!-e( .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" +t 6&* (e"e(# T$e .'e( & N!tce !. A))e&' 6t$

t$e c!+%t & +! &"( /!-e( t! *t& e;ec+t!" !. t$e &**e%te( (ec*!"# B!t$ 6e%e (e"e(#Pett!"e%* .'e( & Pett!" .!% Ce%t!%&% &"( P%!$t!" +"(e% R+'e <H " t$e C!+%t !.

A))e&'* +t t$e *&/e 6&* (*/**e( !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e )ett!" c!+'( "!t e & *+*tt+te .!%& '!*t &))e&'#

ISSUE:I* t$e (ec*!" !. t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* c!%%ect4

5ELD: N!# At t$e t/e !. t$e c!//e"ce/e"t !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!", t$e !)e%&t-e '&6* &%e

t$e A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987 &"( E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# 119# U"(e% t$e *&( '&6*, t$eSec%et&% !. 5e&'t$ e;e%c*e* c!"t%!', (%ect!" &"( *+)e%-*!" !-e% $* *+!%("&te*, 6$c$"c'+(e )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t# C!"*e+e"t', *"ce @+%*(ct!" $&* ee" &c+%e( t$e Sec%et&%!. 5e&'t$ !-e% t$e )e%*!" !. )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t e.!%e t$e e..ect-t !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"tC!(e !" &"+&% 1, 1992, t c!"t"+e* +"t' t$e ."&' DISPOSITION !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e#

211



+%*(ct!" !"ce &c+%e( & c!+%t !-e% & c&*e %e/&"* 6t$ t +"t' t$e .+'' te%/"&t!"!. t$e c&*e, +"'e** & '&6 )%!-(e* t$e c!"t%&%# Re*)!"(e"t, & c-' *e%-&"t, c&""!t +*e t$ec!+%t* !. @+*tce &* & *$e'( t! )%e-e"t t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !. &(/"*t%&t-e *&"ct!"* !.e;ec+t-e &0e"ce* &0&"*t e%%"0 )+'c *e%-&"t*#

NEW CASESAMADORE VS# ROMULO

G#R# NO# 1<1<=8, AUGUST 9, 2==HO"' !"e /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" * &''!6e( t! e .'e( .%!/ & (ec*!", %e*!'+t!" !%

!%(e% !. t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t# A *ec!"( /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" * &''!6e( !"' "e;ce)t!"&'' /e%t!%!+* c&*e*#>>88FACTS:

Pett!"e% A/&(!%e, t$e D%ect!% !. PAGASA e"te%e( "t! & c!"t%&ct 6t$ I"te%3Tec$"c&' P&c.c P$'))"e*, I"c# INTER PAC .!% t$e *+))', (e'-e%, "*t&''&t!", te*t"0&"( c!//**!""0 !. S3B&"( We&t$e% S+%-e''&"ce R&(&% S*te/ &"( Ot$e% Re'&te(

E+)/e"t .!% B&0+! &"( T&"& R&(&% St&t!"*# T$e c!"t%&ct 6&* &))%!-e( t$e" Sec%et&%P&(!'"& !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. Sce"ce &"( Tec$"!'!0 DOST#

T$e c!"ce%"e( e/)'!ee* !. t$e DOST %e)!%te( t$e %&/)&"t 0%&.t &"( c!%%+)t!" " t$eDOST# T$e c$&%0e !. e"te%"0 "t! & c!"t%&ct /&".e*t' &"( 0%!**' (*&(-&"t&0e!+* t! t$e0!-e%"/e"t 6&* .'e( &0&"*t )ett!"e%, D%ect!% Fe%%&%* &"( De)+t D%ect!% A"0e'e*# T$ePCAGC .!+"( t$e/ 0+'t &"( %ec!//e"(e( t$e% (*/**&' .%!/ t$e *e%-ce#

T$e" E;ec+t-e Sec%et&% R!/+'! &))%!-e( t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e PCAGC &"((*/**e( )ett!"e%, De)+t D%ect!% Fe%%&%* &"( De)+t D%ect!% A"0e'e* .%!/ 0!-e%"/e"t*e%-ce# T$e .'e( & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"# T$e c!/)'&"t &0&"*t De)+t D%ect!%Fe%%&%* 6&* (*/**e(, 6$'e De)+t D%ect!% A"0e'e* 6&* *+*)e"(e( .!% *; < /!"t$* &"(

)ett!"e%* (*/**&' .%!/ t$e *e%-ce 6&* &..%/e(#A" +%0e"t /!t!" t! &(/t *ec!"( /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" 6&* .'e( )ett!"e% &"(

De)+t D%ect!% A"0e'e* !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e 6e%e +"&'e t! )%e*e"t (!c+/e"t* 6$c$, .&(/tte(, 6!+'( )%!&' &'te% t$e (ec*!" !. t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t# T$e *ec!"( /!t!".!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" 6&* (e"e( 6t$ ."&'t#

ISSUE:W$et$e% & *ec!"( /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e (ec*!" !. t$e O..ce !. t$e

P%e*(e"t * &''!6e(#

RULING:A *ec!"( /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e (ec*!" !. t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t /&

!"' e &''!6e( " e;ce)t!"&'' /e%t!%!+* c&*e*# A(/"*t%&t-e O%(e% N!# 18, Se%e* !.1987, )%e*c%e* t$e %+'e* &"( %e0+'&t!"* 0!-e%""0 &))e&'* t! t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t !. t$eP$'))"e*# Sect!" 7 &"( 9 %e&( &* .!''!6*:

212



Sec# 7# Dec*!"%e*!'+t!"*!%(e%* !. t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t *$&'', e;ce)t &*!t$e%6*e )%!-(e( .!% *)ec&' '&6*, ec!/e ."&' &.te% t$e '&)*e !. ..tee" 1H (&* .%!/%ece)t !. & c!) t$e%e!. t$e )&%te*, +"'e** & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" t$e%e!. * .'e(6t$" *+c$ )e%!(#>>88H

O"' !"e /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" &" !"e )&%t *$&'' e &''!6e( &"( e"te%t&"e(*&-e " e;ce)t!"&'' /e%t!%!+* c&*e*#

Sec# 9# T$e R+'e* !. C!+%t *$&'' &))' " & *+))'et!% c$&%&cte% 6$e"e-e% )%&ctc&'e#

It * c'e&% .%!/ Sec# 7 !. A(/"*t%&t-e O%(e% N!# 18 t$&t !"' !"e /!t!" .!%%ec!"*(e%&t!" * &''!6e( t! e .'e( .%!/ & (ec*!", %e*!'+t!" !% !%(e% !. t$e O..ce !. t$eP%e*(e"t# A *ec!"( /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" * &''!6e( !"' " e;ce)t!"&'' /e%t!%!+*c&*e*#

I" t$e c&*e !. )ett!"e%, $e, t!0et$e% 6t$ & c!3%e*)!"(e"t, .'e( & *ec!"( /!t!" .!%%ec!"*(e%&t!" c'&/"0 $e 6'' e )%e*e"t"0 e-(e"ce t$&t $e 6&* "!t &'e t! )%e*e"t (+%"0t$e $e&%"0*, 6$c$, . &(/tte(, 6'' )%!&' c$&"0e t$e @+(0/e"t#

SGMC REALT CORPORATION VS# OFFICE OF T5E PRESIDENTG#R# NO# 12<999, AUGUST ?=, 2===

U"'e** !t$e%6*e 0!-e%"e( *)ec&' '&6*, &" &))e&' t! t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' e t&e" 6t$" t$%t ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e &00%e-e( )&%t !. t$e(ec*!"%e*!'+t!"!%(e% c!/)'&"e( !. !% &))e&'e( .%!/#

FACTS:Pett!"e%* .'e( e.!%e t$e 5!+*"0 &"( L&"( U*e Re0+'&t!% B!&%( 5LURB &

c!/)'&"t .!% %e&c$ !. c!"t%&ct, -!'&t!" !. )%!)e%t %0$t* &"( (&/&0e* &0&"*t )%-&te

%e*)!"(e"t*# T$e% c!/)'&"t 6&* (*/**e(#Pett!"e%* t$e" .'e( & )ett!" .!% %e-e6 6t$ t$e B!&%( !. C!//**!"e%* !. t$e

5LURB# T$e )ett!" 6&* (*/**e( *! t$e .'e( &" &))e&' 6t$ )+'c %e*)!"(e"t# P+'c%e*)!"(e"t, 6t$!+t (e'-"0 "t! t$e /e%t* !. t$e c&*e, (*/**e( t$e &))e&' .!% e"0 .'e( !+t!. t/e &"( (e"e( t$e% /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"#

A''e0"0 t$&t )+'c %e*)!"(e"t c!//tte( 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !%e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" " $!'("0 t$&t t$e )e%!( t! &))e&' .%!/ t$e 5LURB t! t$e O..ce !. t$eP%e*(e"t * ..tee" 1H (&* &"( "!t t$%t ?= (&* &* /&"(&te( " t$e 199 R+'e* !.P%!ce(+%e &(!)te( t$e 5LURB, )ett!"e%* .'e( t$e "*t&"t )ett!"#

ISSUE:W$et$e% )+'c %e*)!"(e"t c!//tte( 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" " %+'"0 t$&t t$e

%e0'e/e"t&% )e%!( 6t$" 6$c$ t! &))e&' t$e (ec*!" !. 5LURB t! )+'c %e*)!"(e"t *..tee" (&*#>>88<RULING:

21?



R-e%# T$+*, )ett!"e% *e"t t$e .*$)!"( &(/"*t%&t!% t! (**+&(e %e*)!"(e"t* .%!/ (e*t%!"0$e% )%!)e%t#

De*)te )'e&* .%!/ )ett!"e%, %e*)!"(e"t* !%(e%e( t$e (e*t%+ct!" !. )ett!"e%*.*$)!"(# T$e )%!)e%t 6&* (e/!'*$e( !" 1= Oct!e% 199H ("&/te '&*t"0# Pett!"e%&''e0e( t$&t t$e (e/!'t!" 6&* )+%)!*e' c&%%e( !+t " t$e )%e*e"ce !. /e(& %e)%e*e"t&t-e*&"( !t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&'* t! 0&" /e(& /'e&0e# Pett!"e% /)+te( e-(e"t &( .&t$ !"%e*)!"(e"t* M&!% B&'t&&% &"( Vce3M&!% C&%e%& " &''!6"0 t$e (e*t%+ct!" !. t$e

.*$)!"( (e*)te t$e% )%!% "!6'e(0e !. t$e e;*te"ce !. t$e 'e&*e &0%ee/e"t# S$e &'*! c$&%0e(%e*)!"(e"t* G!-e%"!% L&)( &"( Se"!% S+)e%"te"(e"t Ve"t+%& 6t$ 0%!** "e;c+*&'e"e0'0e"ce .!% !%(e%"0 t$e (e*t%+ct!" !. t$e .*$)!"( 6t$!+t .%*t -e%."0 t* 'e0&'t#

O" 1? M& 199<, t$e O/+(*/&" **+e( &**&'e( Re*!'+t!", (*/**"0 )ett!"e%*c!/)'&"t# T$e (*/**&' 6&* &*e( !" t$e (ec'&%&t!" t$&t t$e .*$)!"( 6&* & "+*&"ce )e% *e&"(, t$+*, /& e &&te( %e*)!"(e"t* " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e )!'ce )!6e% !. t$e St&te#

Pett!"e% *!+0$t %ec!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e Re*!'+t!"# I" t* M& 21, 1997 O%(e%, t$eO/+(*/&" &..%/e( t* e&%'e% Re*!'+t!"#

Pett!"e% e'e-&te( t$e /&tte% t! t$* C!+%t -& & )ett!" .!% %e-e6 !" ce%t!%&% +"(e%

R+'e H !. t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t t! &**&' t$e Re*!'+t!" &"( O%(e% !. t$e O/+(*/&"#

ISSUE:W$et$e% )ett!"e% c&" %e*!%t (%ect' t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t .%!/ & %e*!'+t!" !% !%(e% !.

t$e O/+(*/&"#

RULING:D%ect %e*!%t t! t$e SC .%!/ & %e*!'+t!" !% !%(e% !. t$e O/+(*/&" * "!t *&"ct!"e(

&" %+'e !. )%!ce(+%e#C'e&%', t$* * &" &))e&' .%!/ t$e +e*t!"e( **+&"ce* !. t$e O/+(*/&"# 5!6e-e%

*+c$ (%ect %e*!%t t! t$* C!+%t .%!/ & %e*!'+t!" !% !%(e% !. t$e O/+(*/&" * "!t *&"ct!"e( &" %+'e !. )%!ce(+%e#>>888

Net$e% c&" )ett!"e% &-&' !. Sec# 27 !. RA N!# <77=, !t$e%6*e "!6" &* T$eO/+(*/&" Act !. 1989# T$e )%!-*!" &''!6e( (%ect &))e&'* " &(/"*t%&t-e (*c)'"&%c&*e* .%!/ t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&" t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t# T$e %0$t t! &))e&' * 0%&"te(!"' " %e*)ect t! !%(e%* !% (ec*!"* !. t$e O/+(*/&" " &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e*# T$e )%!-*!"(!e* "!t c!-e% %e*!'+t!"* !. t$e O/+(*/&" " c%/"&' c&*e*# M!%e /)!%t&"t', Sec# 27 !.RA N!# <77= "*!.&% &* t &''!6e( & (%ect &))e&' t! t$* C!+%t 6&* (ec'&%e( +"c!"*tt+t!"&' "

F&&" -*# 5!"# De*e%t! ?H< SCRA 787#5!6e-e%, &" &00%e-e( )&%t " c%/"&' &ct!"* * "!t 6t$!+t &" %ec!+%*e# W$e%e

0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !% e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" t&"t* t$e ."("0* !. t$eO/+(*/&" !" t$e e;*te"ce !. )%!&'e c&+*e, t$e &00%e-e( )&%t /& .'e & )ett!" .!%ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H# T$e %e/e( .%!/ %e*!'+t!"* !. t$e O/+(*/&" " )%e'/"&%"-e*t0&t!"* !. c%/"&' c&*e* * & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, "!t & )ett!" .!%%e-e6 !" ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e H#

21H



B+t " t$* c&*e, )ett!"e% $&* t&e" t$e )!*t!" t$&t t$e O/+(*/&" $&* (ec(e(+e*t!"* !. *+*t&"ce c!"t%&% t! '&6 &"( t$e &))'c&'e (ec*!"* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t# T$&t* & 0%!+"( +"(e% & R+'e H )ett!"# I"(ee(, .%!/ & %e&("0 !. t$e &**0"/e"t !. e%%!%*, t *c'e&% t$&t )ett!"e% (!e* "!t /)+te 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" t! t$e O/+(*/&" " **+"0 t$e&**&'e( Re*!'+t!" &"( O%(e%# R&t$e%, *$e /e%e' +e*t!"* $* ."("0* &"( c!"c'+*!"*# A**t&te( e&%'e%, (%ect &))e&' t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t -& & )ett!" .!% %e-e6 !" ce%t!%&% * "!t*&"ct!"e( &" %+'e !. )%!ce(+%e# B &-&'"0 !. & 6%!"0 %e/e(, t$e )ett!" *$!+'( e

(*/**e( !+t%0$t#

3 S$!+'( &" !%(e% !. )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" e "+''.e( ec&+*e t$e Sec%et&% !. 5e&'t$ '!*t$* (*c)'"&% )!6e% &"( &+t$!%t 6$e" t$e "e6 L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e t!! e..ect !"&"+&% 1, 19924

A 3 N!# T$e @+%*(ct!" &c+%e( t$e Sec%et&% !. 5e&'t$ e.!%e t$e e..ect-t !. t$e L!c&'G!-e%"/e"t C!(e !" &"+&% 1, 1992, c!"t"+e* +"t' t$e ."&' (*)!*t!" !. t$e&(/"*t%&t-e c&*e#

T5E MEC5ANICS OR T5E MANNER OF APPEALING T5E DECISION OF T5ECOMMISSION ON AUDIT IS DIFFERENT BECAUSE IT IS A CONSTITUTIONALBOD

B!t$ +"(e% t$e 197? &"( 1987 C!"*tt+t!"*, &" (ec*!", !%(e% !% %+'"0 !. t$eC!//**!" !" A+(t /& e %!+0$t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !" ce%t!%&% t$e &00%e-e(

)&%t 6t$" ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. & c!) t$e%e!.#T$e *&/e * t%+e 6t$ %e*)ect t! &" (ec*!", !%(e% !% %+'"0 !. t$e C!//**!" !"

E'ect!"* &"( t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"# O%!c! -*# C!//**!" !" A+(t, et &'#, G#R# N!#7H9H9, A+0+*t ?1, 1992 M&"&'&"*&"0 -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 9?H==Fe%+&% H, 1991 V''&"+e-& -*# C!//**!" !" A+(t, G#R# N!# 97=71, Fe%+&% 27, 1992

>>889 3 W$&t * t$e %e'e. &-&'&'e &0&"*t &6&%(* !. *&'e !. '!t* **+e( N5A4A 3 A" &ct!" t! &""+' &6&%(* !. *&'e !. t* '!t* *$!+'( .%*t e .'e( " t$e N&t!"&' 5!+*"0

A+t$!%t# T$e%e&.te%, &" &))e&' /& e .'e( " t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t 6t$" t$%tt$%ee (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. t$e N5A (ec*!" &6&%("0 t$e '!t t! &"!t$e% )&%t# A.te% 6$c$*te), t$e &00%e-e( )&%t c&" 0! t! t$e C!+%t* +"(e% R+'e <H# S6&", et &'# -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 97?19 S6&", et &'# -*# Ae*&/*, G#R# N!# 1=1=H, A+0+*t , 1992

T$e !'( c&*e !. R&/+"(! -*# P55C 11 SCRA 717 $&( t$* %+'"0:

T$e )!6e% t! (*)!*e !. t$e '&"(* )'&ce( +"(e% t$e &(/"*t%&t!" !. P$'))"e5!/e*te &"( 5!+*"0 C!%)!%&t!" * '!(0e( " *&( !(# T$e%e * "! )%!-*!" !. '&6&+t$!%"0 c!+%t* t! %e-e6 (ec*!"* !. %e*)!"(e"t# P55C &"( t! t&e c!0"&"ce !. &ct!"*t! &""+' &6&%(* !. *&'e !% &" !t$e% &ct!"* /&(e t )+%*+&"t t! t$e &+t$!%t 0%&"te( t '&6# I. t$e c!+%t* &%e t! t&e c!0"&"ce !. c&*e* "-!'-"0 e%%!%* !% &+*e !. )!6e% e;e%c*e(

t$e %e*)!"(e"t P55C, t$e %e/e( 6!+'( e /e&"* !. &" &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% !% )%!$t!" t! *et &*(e t$e !%(e%* !. (ec*!"* !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t P55C, &"( "!t & (%ect &ct!"

21<



.!% *)ec.c )e%.!%/&"ce &* t$e !"e "*tt+te( " t$* c&*e# B+t t$* *)ec&' c-' &ct!" 6!+'( "!t'e +"'e** t$e%e * &" &''e0&t!" !. &+*e !. (*c%et!" !. '&c !. @+%*(ct!"#

3 C&" t$e c!+%t* "te%.e%e 6t$ t$e O/+(*/&"* e;e%c*e !. $* (*c%et!" t! (ete%/"e6$et$e% !% "!t t! .'e &" ".!%/&t!" &0&"*t &" &cc+*e(4

A 3 GENERAL RULE

T$e O/+(*/&" $&-"0 &+t$!%e( t$e S)ec&' P%!*ec+t!% t! "-e*t0&te t$e c$&%0e*, &"(6e c&""!t &**+/e t$&t t$e .!%/e% &cte( 6t$!+t &" @+*t.&'e c&+*e, t$e '&tte% * &"( *$!+'(, &tt$* *t&0e, e t$e )%!)e% &(@+(c&t!% !. t$e +e*t!" &* t! t$e e;*te"ce !. & c&*e 6&%%&"t"0 t$e.'"0 !. &" ".!%/&t!" " c!+%t# T! (e" *&( .+"ct!"&% !. t$e !))!%t+"t t! (*c$&%0e *+c$(+t t$%!+0$ t$* )%!$t!% %ec!+%*e, +"(e% t$e !t&""0 c%c+/*t&"ce* $e%e" e.!%ee;)'&"e(, 6!+'( e -!'&t-e !. *ett'e( %+'e* !. c%/"&' )%!ce(+%e &"( 6!+'(, " e..ect 0%&"t&" //+"t &0&"*t e-e" &" "-e*t0&t-e )%!cee("0# Se*%e"! -*# De)+t O/+(*/&", G#R#

N!# 97289, M&%c$ 21, 1991 T&&&3C&"(&"0 -*# V&*+e, G#R# N!# 97127, M&%c$ 21, 1991>>89=

EXCEPTIONE;ce)t . t$e%e * & /*&))%e$e"*!" !. @+*tce &"( t$e c!+%t* $&-e t! *te) " t! )%e-e"t

t$e %e*)!"(e"t* .%!/ +*"0 t$e %!" &%/ !. t$e '&6 t! $&%&**, !))%e**, &"( )e%*ec+te & /e/e%!. t$e (e/!c%&tc !))!*t!" " t$e P$'))"e* &0&"*t 6$!/ &" ".!%/&t!" .!% *+-e%*!" $&(

ee" .'e(# T$e )ett!"e%*, Fe%"&"(! &"( M*!", &%e "! /e&"*, !))!*t!" /e" 6$! "ee( t! e %e*c+e( .%!/ t$e %!" &%/ !. t$e '&6#

IX# MET5ODS OF REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION 3 W$&t &%e t$e /et$!(* !. %e-e6 !. &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!"4

A 3 T$e /et$!(* !. %e-e6 !. &(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" /& e ' St&t+t!% !% N!"3St&t+t!% 2D%ect !% C!''&te%&'#

& St&t+t!% Met$!(* 3 T$e &%e t$!*e t$&t &%e )%!-(e( & *)ec.c *t&t+t!% )%!-*!"# T$e/&""e% &"( e;te"t !. t* e;e%c*e * t$e%e.!%e 0!-e%"e( *t&t+te*#

N!"3St&t+t!% Met$!(* 3 A%e t$!*e /et$!(* 6$c$ &%e "!t e;)%e**' )%!-(e( .!% '&6#t$e &%e %e*!%te( c!+%t* !" &cc!+"t !. t$e% "$e%e"t )!6e% t! %e-e6 *+c$ )%!cee("0*&"( t! (ec(e +e*t!"* !. @+%*(ct!" &"( +e*t!"* !. '&6#

c D%ect P%!cee("0 3 T$* * & )%!cee("0 6$c$ "c'+(e* & )ett!" .!% %e-e6 !% %e'e. .%!/ & @+(0/e"t# T$e )+%)!*e !. 6$c$ * t! *ee %e'e. !t$e% t$&" t! *et &*(e @+(0/e"t, &'t$!+0$ t

/& "-!'-e &" &tt&c !" t$e @+(0/e"t t*e'.#( C!''&te%&' Att&c 3 T$%!+0$ c!''&te%&' &tt&c, t$e%e * &" &tte/)t t! +e*t!" " & *+*e+e"t

)%!cee("0, t$e c!"c'+*-e"e** !% -&'(t !. & )%!% &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!" !" t$e 0%!+"(t$&t t$e (ec*!" !. "-&'( .!% '&c !. @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e )e%*!", !% !-e% t$e *+@ect /&tte%!% ec&+*e t$e (ec*!" &tt&ce( 6&* "!t t$e &ct !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !( c!"ce%"e( 6$c$* -e*te( 6t$ t$e )!6e% t! /&e t$e *&( (ete%/"&t!"#

217



STATUTOR MET5ODS T$e &%e &-&'&'e !" &cc!+"t !. & *)ec.c '&6 t$&t &''!6*t# I. *t&t+t!% /et$!(* .!% %e-e6 &%e &-&'&'e, t$e &%e !%("&%' e;c'+*-e, &"( t$e +*e !."!"3*t&t+t!% /et$!(* 6'' "!t 'e' e )e%/tte(#>>891E;&/)'e:1# +(c&' %e-e6 !. t$e (ec*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*, t$!*e c%e&te( +"(e%

A%tc'e IXA, Sect!" 1 !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, C!//**!"

!" A+(t, &"( C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"U"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( t$* C!"*tt+t!" !% '&6, &" (ec*!", !%(e% !% %+'"0

!. e&c$ C!//**!" /& e %!+0$t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !" ce%t!%&% t$e &00%e-e( )&%t6t$" t$%t ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. & c!) t$e%e!.

2# +(c&' Re-e6 !. (ec*!"* &"( ."&' !%(e%* +"(e% t$e L&!% C!(e !. t$e P$'))"e*+(0/e"t* &"( ."&' !%(e%* **+e( +"(e% t$e L&!% C!(e !. t$e P$'))"e* /& !"' e

%!+0$t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +"(e% R+'e <H# T$e %e'e.* " R+'e <H &%e t$e .!''!6"0:

& Pett!" .!% Ce%t!%&%, Sect!" 1, R+'e <H Pett!" .!% P%!$t!", Sect!" 2, R+'e <H

3 Wt$" 6$&t )e%!( *$&'' t$e )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% e .'e(4A 3 T$e%e * "! %+'e 6$c$ *)ec.e* t$e )e%!( 6t$" 6$c$ & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% *$!+'( e

.'e(# T$e &%(*tc t! /e&*+%e t$e t/e'"e** !. & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% * t$e %e&*!"&'e"e**!. t$e (+%&t!" !. t/e t$&t $&* e;)%e( .%!/ t$e c!//**!" !. t$e &ct c!/)'&"e( !., +) t!t$e "*tt+t!" !. t$e )%!cee("0* t! &""+' t$e *&/e#

NOTE:

1# I" S&" +&" -*# C+e"t! G#R# N!# H=<?, A)%' 1H, 1988, 1<= SCRA 277, t 6&* $e'( t$&t &""te%-&' !. 2 e&%* * t!! '!"0#

2# I" A''e( Le&*"0 C!%)!%&t!" -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'* 197 SCRA 71 1991#?# I" C'&%(&( -*# S&"t!* 12= SCRA 18, 99 (&* " .'"0 ce%t!%&% &.te% %ece)t !. (e"&' !.

t$e /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" 6&* c!"*(e%e( &* &%%e( '&c$e*## I" Pe!)'e -*# M&0&''&"e* G#R# N!# 118=1?, < SCAD 9<8, Oct!e% 11, 199H, ct"0 P$'e;

W!%e%* U"!" -*# !+"0, &"+&% 22, 1992, ? /!"t$* " .'"0 ce%t!%&% &.te% %ece)t !.t$e (e"&' .!% t$e M!t!" .!% Rec!"*(e%&t!" 6&* &cce)te(#

H# T$e )e%!( $&* "!6 ee" *ett'e( t! <= (&*#

NON3STATUTOR MET5ODS I. t$e%e * "! *)ec.c '&6 0%&"t"0 %e-e6, %e'e. *!t&"e( /e&"* !. t$e c!//!" '&6 %e/e(e*, !% t$e )%e%!0&t-e 6%t* !. ce%t!%&%,/&"(&/+*, $&e&* c!%)+*, +!36&%%&"t! !% )%!$t!">>892E;&/)'e:1# A *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, Sect!" 1 !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !. C!+%t#

218



2# A )ett!" .!% )%!$t!" /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% Sect!" 2, R+'e <H !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.C!+%t#

?# A )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% R+'e <H, Sect!" ? !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.C!+%t#

# A +!36&%%&"t! )%!cee("0 /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% Sect!" 1, R+'e << !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.C!+%t#

H# Pett!" .!% $&e&* c!%)+* /& &'*! e .'e( +"(e% Sect!" 1, R+'e 1=2 !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !.

C!+%t#

DIRECT PROCEEDING A(/"*t%&t-e &ct!" * e"0 +e*t!"e( " & *+*e+e"t )%!cee("0 !" &cc!+"t !. '&c !. @+%*(ct!", 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !%e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!"# T$* &'*! "c'+(e* & )ett!" .!% %e-e6 !% & %e'e. .%!/ @+(0/e"t#

E;&/)'e:1# A *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, Sect!" 1 !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !. C!+%t#2# A))e&' +"(e% R+'e ?, Sect!" 1 !. t$e Ne6 R+'e* !. C!+%t#

COLLATERAL ATTACJ T$e c!"c'+*-e"e** !% -&'(t !. & )%!% &(/"*t%&t-e(ec*!" * e"0 +e*t!"e( !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e (ec*!" * "-&'( .!% '&c !. @+%*(ct!"!-e% t$e )e%*!", !% !-e% t$e *+@ect /&tte%, !% ec&+*e t$e (ec*!" &tt&ce( 6&* "!t t$e &ct !.t$e &(/"*t%&t-e !( c!"ce%"e( 6$c$ * -e*te( 6t$ t$e )!6e% t! /&e t$e *&((ete%/"&t!"#

3 C&" t$e cte"*$) !. &" "(-(+&' e &tt&ce( " & c!''&te%&' )%!cee("04A 3 N!# C! -*# 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* E'ect!%&' T%+"&', 199 SCRA <92

3 I* & ce%t.c&te !. tt'e **+e( +"(e% &" &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0 "(e.e&*'e &* & ce%t.c&te!. tt'e **+e( +"(e% & @+(c&' %e0*t%&t!" )%!cee("04

A 3 e*, )%!-(e( t$&t t$e '&"( c!-e%e( *&( ce%t.c&te * & (*)!*&'e )+'c '&"( 6t$" t$ec!"te/)'&t!" !. t$e )+'c '&"( '&6# &e -*# I"te%/e(&te A))e''&te C!+%t, G#R# N!#<8291, M&%c$ <, 1991

3 C&" & (ec%ee !. %e0*t%&t!" &"( t$e ce%t.c&te !. tt'e **+e( )+%*+&"t t$e%et! e &tt&ce( !"t$e 0%!+"( !. &ct+&' .%&+( " & c!''&te%&' )%!cee("04

A 3 N!, *+c$ &tt&c /+*t e (%ect &"( "!t t$%!+0$ & c!''&te%&' )%!cee("0# T$e -&'(t !. t$e

ce%t.c&te !. tt'e " t$* %e0&%( c&" e t$%e*$e( !+t !"' " &" &ct!" e;)%e**' .'e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e# I(#

>>89?X# ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES CREATED B T5E CONSTITUTION 3 W$&t *)ec.c&'' &%e t$e 0+&%&"tee* )%!-(e( t$e C!"*tt+t!" t! *&( c!//**!"*4

A 3 T$e C!"*tt+t!" )%!-(e* .!% t$e .!''!6"0 0+&%&"tee*:

219



1# T$e Me/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"* c&""!t e %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce e;ce)t /)e&c$/e"t# A%tc'e XI, Sect!" 2

2# T$e )!6e%* c!".e%%e( t! e&c$ !. t$e *&( C!//**!"* c&""!t e 6t$(%&6" !% %e(+ce( *t&t+te# A%tc'e IXB, C, &"( D

?# T$e te%/ !. !..ce !. t$e C$&%/&" &"( t$e C!//**!"e%* * *e-e" 7 e&%* 6t$!+t %e3&))!"t/e"t# I(#

# T$e% te%/ !. !..ce &%e *t&00e%e( " !%(e% t$&t t$e /&@!%t !. t$e/ /& "!t e &))!"te(

t$e *&/e P%e*(e"t# I(#H# T$e /& "!t e %e3&))!"te( !% &))!"te( " &" &ct"0 c&)&ct# I(#<# T$e% *&'&%e* &%e .;e( '&6 &"( *$&'' "!t e (ec%e&*e( (+%"0 t$e% te"+%e# Sect!" ?,

A%tc'e IXA7# A'' t$e *&( c!//**!"* /& )%!/+'0&te t* !6" )%!ce(+%&' %+'e*# Sect!" H, I(#8# A'' t$e *&( c!//**!"* /& )%!/+'0&te t* !6" )%!ce(+%&' %+'e*# Sect!" <, I(#9# A'' t$e *&( c!//**!"* c&" &))!"t t$e% !6" !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$

'&6# Sect!" , I(#1=# T$e C$&%/&" &"( /e/e%* !. &'' t$e *&( c!//**!"* &%e *+@ect t! ce%t&"

(*+&'.c&t!"* &"( "$t!"* *! t$e 6'' "!t e (*t%&cte( .%!/ )e%.!%/"0 t$e% (+te*&"( .+"ct!"*# Sect!" 2, I(#

11# A'' t$e *&( c!//**!"* &%e "(e)e"(e"t# Sect!" 1, I(#12# A'' t$e *&( c!//**!"* &%e c%e&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( t$e /& "!t e &!'*$e(

*t&t+te# Sect!" 1, I(#

3 W$&t * t$e /ec$&"c* !. *t&00e%"0 t$e te%/*4A 3 E-e% t6! 2 e&%*, t$e te%/ !. !"e C!//**!"e% e;)%e* 'e&-"0 e$"( t6! e;)e%e"ce(

C!//**!"e%*# I. & -&c&"c !cc+%*, t$e c!//**!"e% *! &))!"te( t! .'' +) t$e -&c&"c*$&'' *e%-e !"' .!% t$e +"e;)%e( te%/ !. t$e )%e(ece**!%#

3 N! /e/e% *$&'' e &))!"te( !% (e*0"&te( " & te/)!%&% !% &ct"0 c&)&ct4A 3 T$e '&*t *e"te"ce !. Sect!" 1 2, A%tc'e IXB *t&te*: I" "! c&*e *$&'' &" /e/e% e

&))!"te( !% (e*0"&te( " & te/)!%&% !% &ct"0 c&)&ct#>>89

U"(e% t$* %+'e, t$e P%e*(e"t /& "!t .'' +) & -&c&"c (e*0"&t"0 !"e !. t$eC!//**!"e%* & te/)!%&% C$&%/&"#

BRILLANTES VS# ORAC

192 SCRA ?H8FACTS:

C!//**!"e% 5&(ee !%&c, t$e" &" A**!c&te C!//**!"e% !. t$e C!//**!" !"E'ect!"*, 6&* (e*0"&te( P%e*(e"t C!%&!" C# A+"! &* Act"0 C$&%)e%*!" !. t$eC!//**!" ec&+*e t$e %e0+'&% c$&%/&" 6&* &))!"te( t! &"!t$e% )!*t!" " t$e 0!-e%"/e"tT$e )ett!"e% c$&''e"0e( t$e (e*0"&t!" "-!"0 t$e )%!$t!" t$&t "! /e/e% /& e&))!"te( !% (e*0"&te( " & te/)!%&% c&)&ct#

22=



ISSUE:I* t$e *&( (e*0"&t!" -&'(4

5ELD:T$e C$&%/&" &"( t$e C!//**!"e%* !. t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* /+*t e e;te"(e(

)e%/&"e"t &))!"t/e"t* t$e P%e*(e"t +t *+c$ &))!"t/e"t* *$&'' $&-e t$e c!"*e"t !. t$eC!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*# T$e P%e*(e"t $&* "! )!6e% t! (e*0"&te & te/)!%&% C$&%/&"

T$* )%e%!0&t-e /& e e;e%c*e( t$e /e/e%* !. t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* .!% t$e/&, & /&@!%t -!te, (e*0"&te !"e !. t$e/ &* te/)!%&% c$&%/&" )e"("0 t$e &))!"t/e"t!. & )e%/&"e"t c$&%/&" t$e P%e*(e"t#

3 Wt$" 6$&t )e%!( /+*t & c&*e !% /&tte% e (ec(e( e&c$ c!//**!"4

A 3 Sect!" 7, A%tc'e IXA &"*6e%* t$* +e*t!", t$+*:Sect!" 7# E&c$ C!//**!" *$&'' (ec(e & /&@!%t -!te !. &'' t* Me/e%* &" c&*e

!% /&tte% %!+0$t e.!%e t 6t$" *;t (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t* *+/**!" .!% (ec*!" !%

%e*!'+t!"# A c&*e !% /&tte% * (ee/e( *+/tte( .!% (ec*!" !% %e*!'+t!" +)!" t$e .'"0 !.t$e '&*t )'e&("0, %e., !% /e/!%&"(+/ %e+%e( t$e %+'e* !. t$e C!//**!" !% t$eC!//**!" t*e'.# U"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( t$* C!"*tt+t!" !% '&6, &" (ec*!",!%(e%, !% %+'"0 !. e&c$ C!//**!" /& e %!+0$t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !" ce%t!%&% t$e&00%e-e( )&%t 6t$" t$%t (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. & c!) t$e%e!.#

3 W$! /&(e t$e *&( (ec*!"*4

A 3 Dec*!"* &%e /&(e t$e *&( c!//**!"*, "!t t$e "(-(+&' /e/e%* !. *&(c!//**!"*# REASON: T$e *&( c!"*tt+t!"&' c!//**!"* &%e c!''e0&' !(e*# T$e c&*e*

)e"("0 " *&( c!//**!"* *$!+'(, t$e%e.!%e, e (ec(e( & /&@!%t -!te !. &'' t*/e/e%* &"( Sect!" 7 .;e* & )e%!( !. *;t <= (&* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t* *+/**!"6t$" 6$c$ t! /&e t$&t (ec*!"#

A0&", t$e *;t <=3(& )e%!( * c!+"te( .%!/ t$e .'"0 !. t$e '&*t )'e&("0, %e. !%/e/!%&"(+/ %e+%e( t$e R+'e* !. t$e C!//**!" !% t$e C!//**!" t*e'.#>>89H 3 5!6 /&" (&* 6t$" 6$c$ t! .'e & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&%4

A 3 T$e &00%e-e( )&%t $&* t! .'e & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% 6t$" t$%t ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t

!. *&( (ec*!", !%(e% !% %+'"0# T$* )ett!" * &ct+&'' & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&%+"(e% R+'e <H &"(, t$e%e.!%e, t$e 0%!+"( !% t$e **+e t! e %!+0$t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t .!%(ec*!" * '/te( t! 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" &/!+"t"0 t! '&c !. @+%*(ct!" !% e;ce** !.

@+%*(ct!"#T$e%e * '&c !. @+%*(ct!" . t$e 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!" 6&* (!"e " & c&)%c!+* !%

6$/*c&' /&""e%# E;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" )%e*+))!*e* t$&t t$e c!+%t $&* @+%*(ct!" +t t $&*!-e%*te))e( t$e )e%/**'e !+"(* " t$e e;e%c*e t$e%e!.# G&'(! -*# C!/e'ec, 9? SCRA 781991 R-e%& -*# C!/e'ec, 199 SCRA 178 1991

221



T$* * c!%%ect# It * "!6 *ett'e( t$&t )%!-("0 t$&t t$e (ec*!"*, !%(e%* &"( %+'"0* !.COMELEC /& e %!+0$t t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !" ce%t!%&%, t$e C!"*tt+t!" " t* A%tc'eIXA, Sect!" 7 /e&"* t$e *)ec&' c-' &ct!" !. ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, Sect!" 1 G&'(!-*# COMELEC, 19? SCRA 78 1991 R-e%& -*# COMELEC, 199 SCRA 178 1991# S"ce &

&*c c!"(t!" .!% %"0"0 *+c$ &ct!" * t$&t Ree* .%*t .'e & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"Re0&'&(!, Re/e(&' L&6, ))# H93<= 1998, t .!''!6* t$&t Ree* .&'+%e t! .'e & /!t!".!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e (ec*!" !. t$e F%*t D-*!" !. t$e COMELEC * .&t&' t! )%e*e"t

&ct!"#Ree* &%0+e* t$&t t$* %e+%e/e"t /& e (*)e"*e( 6t$ ec&+*e t$e !"' +e*t!"

%&*e( " $* )ett!" * & +e*t!" !. '&6# T$* * "!t c!%%ect# T$e +e*t!"* %&*e( Ree*"-!'-e t$e "te%)%et&t!" !. c!"*tt+t!"&' &"( *t&t+t!% )%!-*!"* " t$e '0$t !. t$e .&ct* !.t$* c&*e# T$e +e*t!"* te"(e%e( &%e, t$e%e.!%e, "!t )+%e +e*t!"* !. '&6#>>897

M!%e!-e%, t$&t & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" e.!%e t$e COMELEC E" B&"c * %e+%e(.!% t$e .'"0 !. & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% * c'e&% .%!/ t$e )%!-*!"* !. A%tc'e IXC, Sect!"* 2&"( ? !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"# C!".!%/&' t! t$e*e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", &'' e'ect!"

c&*e*, "c'+("0 )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*e*, /+*t e (ec(e( t$e COMELEC "D-*!"# S$!+'( & )&%t e (**&t*.e( 6t$ t$e (ec*!", $e /& .'e & /!t!" .!%%ec!"*(e%&t!" e.!%e t$e COMELEC E" B&"c# It *, t$e%e.!%e, t$e (ec*!", !%(e% !% %+'"0 !.t$e COMELEC E" B&"c t$&t *, " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ A%tc'e IXA, Sect!" 7, /& e %!+0$tt! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !" ce%t!%&%#

Ree* &'*! &**&'* t$e (ec*!" !. t$e t%&' c!+%t &* $&-"0 ee" %e"(e%e( 6t$!+t @+%*(ct!"# 5e c!"te"(* t$&t t$e e'ect!" )%!te*t !. C!/& 6&* .'e( /!%e t$&" 1= (&* &.te%$* Ree* )%!c'&/&t!"# Ree*, $!6e-e%, * e*t!))e( t! %&*e t$* +e*t!" "!6# 5e (( "!t!"' &))e&' .%!/ t$e (ec*!" !. t$e t%&' c!+%t t! t$e COMELEC %&*"0 t$* +e*t!", +t $e&'*! .'e( & )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* &"( )%!$t!" " t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*# 5&-"0 (ec(e( !"

t$* c!+%*e !. &ct!", $e *$!+'( "!t e &''!6e( t! .'e t$e )%e*e"t )ett!" @+*t ec&+*e $e '!*t "t$!*e c&*e*#

MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTIONS1# T$e '&6, &* )&**e( &"( &))%!-e(, *&( t$&t t* t&e* e..ect !" N!-e/e% 1H, 2=1=#A# T$e *&( '&6 t&e* e..ect ..tee" 1H (&* .!''!6"0 t$e c!/)'et!" !. t* )+'c&t!" et$e%

" t$e !..c&' G&ette !% " & "e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!" " t$e P$'))"e*#B# T$e *&( '&6 t&e* e..ect &.te% ..tee" 1H (&* .!''!6"0 t$e c!/)'et!" !. t$e% )+'c&t!"

et$e% " t$e !..c&' G&ette !% " & "e6*)&)e% !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!" " t$e P$'))"e*#

C# T$e *&( '&6 t&e* e..ect +)!" t* &))%!-&'#D# T$e *&( '&6 *$&'' t&e e..ect !" N!-e/e% 1H, 2=1=#

2# A c&"et *ec%et&% %e*0"e( &t t$e t/e 6$e" c!"0%e** * " *e**!"#C&" t$e )%e*(e"t &))!"t &" &ct"0 *ec%et&% !. $* c$!ce 6$'e c!"0%e** * " *e**!"4A# T$e '&6 (!e* "!t 0-e t$e P%e*(e"t *+c$ )!6e%#

22?



B# T$e P%e*(e"t *$!+'( "!t $&-e /&(e *+c$ &" &))!"t/e"t ec&+*e " c&*e !. & -&c&"c " t$e!..ce !. t$e Sec%et&%, t * !"' t$e U"(e%*ec%et&%, 6$! c&" e (e*0"&te( &* Act"0Sec%et&%#

C# C!"0%e** c&" /)!*e !" t$e P%e*(e"t t$e !'0&t!" t! &))!"t &+t!/&tc&'' t$e+"(e%*ec%et&% &* $e% &'te% e0!#

D# C!"0%e** c&""!t /)!*e !" t$e P%e*(e"t t$e !'0&t!" t! &))!"t &+t!/&tc&'' t$e+"(e%*ec%et&% &* $* &'te% e0!# S"ce t$e (e)&%t/e"t Sec%et&% * t$e &'te% e0! !. t$e

P%e*(e"t, t$e &ct"0 &))!"tee t! t$e !..ce /+*t "ece**&%' $&-e t$e c!".(e"ce !. t$eP%e*(e"t#

>>898LAW OF PUBLIC OFFICES AND PUBLIC OFFICERS

G+(e:1# De."t!" &"( 0e"e%&' )%"c)'e*2# C$&%&cte%*tc* !. & )+'c !..ce?# Re+%e/e"t* .!% )+'c !..ce: & A))!"t/e"t De*0"&t!" c C!//**!"# C'&**.c&t!" !. &))!"t/e"t & Re0+'&% &))!"t/e"t A( I"te%/ &))!"t/e"t c

Pe%/&"e"t &))!"t/e"t ( Te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"tH# D..e%e"t *te)* " t$e )%!ce** !. &))!"t/e"t<# W$&t * t$e e*t e-(e"ce !. &" &))!"t/e"t47# J"(* !. &cce)t&"ce: & E;)%e** I/)'e(8# D*t"ct!", &))!"t/e"t &"( e'ect!"9# W$&t * %e+%e( .!% &" !..ce t! e .''e( +) et$e% &" &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!"4

1=# E'0't &"( +&'.c&t!"& Me&""0 !. t$e te%/ +&'.c&t!" +&'.c&t!"* &%e c!"t"+"0 %e+%e/e"t*

11# D*+&'.c&t!"*: D..e%e"t (*+&'.c&t!"*12# F&'+%e t! +&'.1?# De F&ct! !..ce%* (*t"ct!"*, (e @+%e !..ce% &"( (e .&ct! !..ce% 1# C!//e"ce/e"t !. !..c&' %e'&t!"*

1H# E0$t 8 I/)!%t&"t )%"c)'e*1 A))!"t/e"t2 T!%! -*# CSC

? T$e "e;t3"3%&" %+'e De .&ct!De @+%eH M&tte%* t$&t .&'' 6t$" t$e e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e CSC< J"(* !. Pe%*!""e' Act!"*7 M!(e* !. te%/"&t!" !. !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)8 L&'t !. P+'c O..ce%*>>8991<# E;)'&"&t!" !. e&c$ !. t$e *&( )%"c)'e*

22



17# E0$t 8 !t$e% &"c''&% )%"c)'e* 18# E;)'&"&t!" !. e&c$ &"c''&% )%"c)'e1 P%e.e%e"ce .!% &))!"t/e"t t! "e6 )!*t!"2 C&" & )e%*!" e c!/)e''e( t! &cce)t &" !..ce4? P%e*(e"t&' )!6e% !. &))!"t/e"t A+t$!%t t! (ete%/"e t$e "( !% "&t+%e !. &))!"t/e"tH Re-!c&t!" !. &))!"t/e"t CSC< Me&""0 !. t$e te%/ +&'.c&t!"

7 Dete%/"&t!" t$%!+0$ c!/)ett-e e;&/"&t!"8 5!'( !-e% %+'e

DISCUSSIONLAW OF PUBLIC OFFICES AND PUBLIC OFFICERS

1# DEFINITION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES 3 De."e )+'c !..ce#A 3 It * t$e %0$t, &+t$!%t &"( (+t, c%e&te( &"( c!".e%%e( '&6, 6$c$, .!% & 0-e" )e%!(

et$e% .;e( '&6 !% e"(+%"0 &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e c%e&t"0 )!6e%, &" "(-(+&' *

"-e*te( 6t$ *!/e )!%t!" !. t$e *!-e%e0" .+"ct!"* !. 0!-e%"/e"t, t! e e;e%c*e( t$e"(-(+&' .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e )+'c# Fe%"&"(e -*# St!# T!/&*, 22 SCRA 192

3 W$&t &%e t$e e'e/e"t* !. )+'c !..ce4A 31# It /+*t e c%e&te( '&6 !% !%("&"ce &+t$!%e( '&62# It /+*t )!**e** *!/e *!-e%e0" .+"ct!"* !. 0!-e%"/e"t t! e e;e%c*e( .!% )+'c "te%e*t?# T$e .+"ct!"* /+*t e (e."e(, e;)%e**' !% /)'e(', '&6# T$e .+"ct!"* /+*t e e;e%c*e( &" !..ce% (%ect' +"(e% t$e c!"t%!' !. t$e '&6, "!t +"(e%

t$&t !. & *+)e%!% !..ce%, +"'e** t$e &%e .+"ct!"* c!".e%%e( t$e '&6 +)!" ".e%!%

!..ce%*, 6$!, '&6, &%e +"(e% t$e c!"t%!' !. & *+)e%!%#H# It /+*t $&-e *!/e )e%/&"e"c !% c!"t"+t, "!t te/)!%&% !% !cc&*!"&'# St&te -*

5&6"*, 2H7 P&c# 11, H? A#L# R# H8?

3 5!6 * & )+'c !..ce c%e&te(4A 3 It * c%e&te( et$e% t$e C!"*tt+t!", *t&t+te !% '&6#>>9==E;&/)'e:O..ce* c%e&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" 3 T$e t$%ee "(e)e"(e"t c!//**!"* C!//**!" !"

E'ect!"*, C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", C!//**!" !" A+(t t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&"t$e O..ce !. t$e P%e*(e"t t$e Le0*'&t+%e &"( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t#

St&t+t!% !..ce* 3 Met%! M&"'& De-e'!)/e"t A+t$!%t, N&t!"&' F!!( A+t$!%t, N&t!"&'L&!% Re'&t!"* C!//**!", Ce"t%&' B&" !. t$e P$'))"e*#

O..ce* c%e&te( -%t+e !. -&'(' (e'e0&te( )!6e% 3 T$e P$'))"e O-e%*e&* E/)'!/e"tA(/"*t%&t!" 6&* c%e&te( -%t+e !. E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# 797 (&te( M& 1, 1992#P$'))"e O-e%*e&* E/)'!/e"t A(/"*t%&t!" POEA t!! !-e% t$e .+"ct!"* !. t$e

22H



O-e%*e&* E/)'!/e"t D-*!" B!&%(# I" t+%", E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# 27 (&te( +' 21987, 0%&"te( &((t!"&' )!6e%* &"( .+"ct!"* t! t$e POEA#

T$e P+'c Se%-ce C!//**!" 6&* c%e&te( +"(e% C!//!"6e&'t$ Act N!# 1<# S&(c!//**!" * "!6 "!6" &* t$e B!&%( !. E"e%0 6$c$ 6&* c%e&te( P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee

N!# 12=8 (&te( Oct!e% <, 1977#

3 W$&t * & )+'c !..ce%4

A 3 Ge"e%&'', t %e.e%* t! &" "(-(+&' "-e*te( 6t$ & )+'c !..ce Mec$e/, P+'c O..ce,Sect!" 1# W$e" t * +*e( 6t$ %e.e%e"ce t! & )e%*!" $&-"0 t! (! & )&%tc+'&% &ct !%

)e%.!%/ & )&%tc+'&% .+"ct!" " t$e e;e%c*e !. 0!-e%"/e"t&' )!6e%, t "c'+(e* &"0!-e%"/e"t e/)'!ee, &0e"t !% !( $&-"0 t! (! t$e &ct !% e;e%c*e t$&t .+"ct!"# Sect!"2, A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987

W$e" +*e( +"(e% t$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e, t %e.e%* t! &" )e%*!", 6$!, (%ect )%!-*!" !. t$e '&6, )!)+'&% e'ect!" !% &))!"t/e"t c!/)ete"t &+t$!%t, *$&'' t&e )&%t "

t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. )+'c .+"ct!"* " t$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e* !% )e%.!%/* " *&(G!-e%"/e"t !% " &" !. t* %&"c$e*, )+'c (+te* &* &" e/)'!ee, &0e"t !% *+!%("&te!..c&', !% !. &" %&" !% c'&**#

T$e te%/ )+'c !..ce%, &* t * +"(e%*t!!( +"(e% Sect!" 2, Re)+'c Act N!# ?=19,"c'+(e* e'ect-e &"( &))!"t-e !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee*, )e%/&"e"t !% te/)!%&%, 6$et$e% "t$e c'&**.e(, !% e;e/)t *e%-ce, %ece-"0 c!/)e"*&t!", e-e" "!/"&' .%!/ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t#

3 De."e )+'c !..c&'#A 3 A )+'c !..c&' * &" !..ce% !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t t*e'., &* (*t"0+*$e( .%!/ t$e !..ce%*

&"( e/)'!ee* !. "*t%+/e"t&'t !. 0!-e%"/e"t# 5e"ce, t$e (+' &+t$!%e( &ct* !. t$e

.!%/e% &%e t$!*e !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, +"'e t$!*e !. & 0!-e%"/e"t "*t%+/e"t&'t 6$c$ /&$&-e & )e%*!"&'t !. t* !6", *e)&%&te &"( (*t"ct .%!/ t$&t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, &* *+c$G!"&'e* -*# 5ec$&"!-&, 9 SCRA 2?= 19<

>>9=1 3 D*t"0+*$ )+'c !..ce .%!/ e/)'!/e"t#A 3 A" !..ce * & )+'c )!*t!" c%e&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% '&6, c!"t"+"0 (+%"0 t$e

)'e&*+%e !. t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e%, !% .!% & .;e( t/e, 6t$ & *+cce**!% e'ecte( !% &))!"te(#A" e/)'!/e"t * &" &0e"c, .!% & te/)!%&% )+%)!*e, 6$c$ ce&*e* 6$e" t$&t )+%)!*e

* &cc!/)'*$e(# G%!-e* -*# B!%(e", 1<9 N# C# 8, 8 S#E# 192 L&*$e% -*# Pe!)'e, 18? III

22<, HH N#E# <<?

3 D*t"0+*$ &" !..ce% .%!/ &" e/)'!ee#A 3 A" !..ce% * (*t"0+*$e( .%!/ & /e%e e/)'!ee " t$e *e"*e t$&t: ' 5* )!*t!" $&*

0%e&te% /)!%t&"ce, (0"t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce 2 T$&t $e * %e+%e( t! t&e &" !..c&' !&t$,&"( t! 0-e &" !..c&' !"( ? 5e $&* 0%e&te% '&'t t! &cc!+"t .!% /*.e&*&"ce !%"!".e&*&"ce " !..ce T$&t $* te"+%e !. !..ce * +*+&'' (..e%e"t .%!/ t$&t !. &"!%("&% e/)'!ee# M&%t", ct"0 G!!("!6, C!/)&%&t-e A(/"*t%&t-e L&6, V!'# II, ?

22<



3 D*t"0+*$ )+'c !..ce .%!/ c!"t%&ct#A 3

OFFICE:1# It * & c%e&t!" !. *!-e%e0"t#2# It * /!%e '&*t"0 " "&t+%e#

?# It* !@ect * t! c&%% !+t *!-e%e0" &* 6e'' &* 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"* 6$c$ "-!'-e* e-e" )e%*!"* 6$! &%e "!t )&%te* t! t$e &0%ee/e"t#

CONTRACT:1# C!"t%&ct &%*e* .%!/ t$e &0%ee/e"t !% 6'' !. t$e )&%te*#2# T$e e..ect-t !. t$e c!"t%&ct /& e .!% & '!"0 !% *$!%t )e%!( !. t/e, &* /& e &0%ee(

+)!" t$e )&%te*#?# T$e !'0&t!"* &%*"0 .%!/ & c!"t%&ct *, &* & %+'e, e".!%ce&'e !"' &* et6ee" t$e )&%te*

t! t$e c!"t%&ct# A%tc'e 1?11, Ne6 C-' C!(e

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t c'&**.c&t!"* !. & )+'c !..ce%4A 3I# E;ec+t-e, Le0*'&t-e, +(c&'E;ec+t-e O..ce%* 3 T$!*e 6$!*e (+te* &%e /&"' t! c&+*e t$e '&6* t! e e;ec+te(# Mec$e/,

P+# O..#, Sect!" 18Le0*'&t-e O..ce%* 3 T$!*e 6$!*e (+te* %e'&te /&"' t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !. '&6*# I(#, Sect!"

9+(c&' O..ce%* 3 T$!*e 6$!*e (+te* &%e t! (ec(e c!"t%!-e%*e* et6ee" "(-(+&'* &"(

&cc+*&t!"* /&(e " t$e "&/e !. t$e )+'c &0&"*t )e%*!"* c$&%0e( 6t$ & -!'&t!" !. t$e

'&6# I(#, Sect!" 2=>>9=2De +%e !% De F&ct!O..ce% De +%e 3 A" !..ce% (e@+%e * !"e 6$! $&* t$e '&6.+' %0$t t! t$e !..ce " &'' %e*)ect*,

+t 6$! $&* et$e% ee" !+*te( .%!/ t, !% 6$! $&* "e-e% &ct+&'' t&e" )!**e**!" !. tMec$e/, P+# O.., Sect!" ?2<

O..ce% De F&ct! 3 A" !..ce% (e .&ct! * !"e 6$! $&* t$e %e)+t&t!" !. e"0 t$e !..ce% $e&**+/e* t! e, &"( et, * "!t t$e !..ce% " )!"t !. '&6# I(#, Sect!" ?2<

Ot$e% c'&**.c&t!"*:1# M"*te%&' !..ce%* 3 T$!*e 6$!*e (+t * t! e;ec+te t$e /&"(&te*, '&6.+'' **+e(, !. t$e%

*+)e%!%*# I(#, Sect!" 212# S)ec&' &0e"t 3 It *, " t$e *e"*e " 6$c$ t$e*e 6!%(* &%e e/)'!e( " A%tc'e 19=? !. t$e

C-' C!(e, !"e 6$! %ece-e* & (e."te &"( .;e( !%(e% !% c!//**!", .!%e0" t! t$ee;e%c*e !. t$e (+te* !. $* !..ce . $e * & *)ec&' !..c&'# T$* c!"ce)t (!e* "!t &))' t!&" e;ec+t-e &0e"t 6$! * &" e/)'!ee !. t$e &ct-e &(/"*t%&t!" &"( 6$! !" $* !6"%e*)!"*'t )e%.!%/* t$e .+"ct!"* 6$c$ &%e "$e%e"t " &"( "&t+%&'' )e%t&" t! $* !..ce

227



&"( 6$c$ &%e %e0+'&te( '&6 &"( t$e %e0+'&t!"*# Me%%tt -*# G!-t# !. t$e P#I#, M&%c$ 2,192

?# N!t&% )+'c 3 I* & )+'c !..ce% 6$!*e .+"ct!" * t! &tte*t &"( ce%t., $* $&"( &"(!..c&' *e&', ce%t&" c'&**e* !. (!c+/e"t, " !%(e% t! 0-e t$e/ c%e(t &"( &+t$e"tct ".!%e0" @+%*(ct!"* t! t&e &c"!6'e(0/e"t* !. (ee(* &"( !t$e% c!"-e&"ce*, &"( ce%t.t$e *&/e &"( t! )e%.!%/ ce%t&" !..c&' &ct*, c$e.' " c!//e%c&' /&tte%*, *+c$ &* t$e

)%!te*t"0 !. "!te* &"( ''*, t$e "!t"0 !. .!%e0" (%&.t*, &"( /&%"e )%!te*t* " c&*e* !. '!**

!% (&/&0e# < C##S# H=1

W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. t$e !..ce !. N!t&% P+'c4 N!t&%e* )+'c &%e )+'c !..ce%*, +t "!t " t$e *e"*e t$&t *+c$ te%/ * +*e( " t$e

A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e, ec&+*e, 6$'e t * t%+e t$&t t$e )e%.!%/ "ece**&% )+'c (+te*,$!6e-e%, *+c$ (+te* &%e "!t " t$e (*c$&%0e !. 0!-e%"/e"t&' .+"ct!"*# T$e &%e "!t "ece**&%t! t$e &(/"*t%&t!" !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e% !..ce e;*t* .!% t$e e"e.t &"( c!"-e"e"ce !.t$e )+'c# T$e %ece-e t$e% .ee* .%!/ t$e )&%t, 6$et$e% t * t$e 0!-e%"/e"t t*e'. !% )%-&te"(-(+&', .!% 6$!/ t$e *e%-ce * %e"(e%e(#

A '&6e%, * .%*t &"( .!%e/!*t &" !..ce% !. t$e c!+%t, &'t$!+0$ "!t "ece**&%' & )+'c!..ce%# 5* (+te* t! t$e c!+%t &%e /!%e *0".c&"t t$&" t$!*e 6$c$ $e !6e* $* c'e"t#S&'ce(! -*# 5e%"&"(e, <1 P$'# 72 C!..3Pe%e -*# L&"t", 2 SCRA ?91 19<8>>9=?2# C5ARACTERISTICS OF A PUBLIC OFFICE&# P+'c !..ce * & )+'c t%+*t 3 U"(e% t$* )%"c)'e, )+'c !..c&'* " &'' t$e '&((e%* !. !+%

0!-e%"/e"t *$!+'( &'6&* %e/e/e% t$&t t$e 6e%e /e%e' e"t%+*te( t$e )e!)'e t! )e%.!%/ t$e (+te* &"( %e*)!"*'te* !. t$e% !..ce* .!% & .;e( )e%!( !. t/e# T$e 6e%ec$!*e" t! *e%-e t$e )e!)'e, "!t t! c$e&t t$e/# T$e% !..ce* &%e "!t t$e% !6", "!% c&" t$e

e t%e&te( &* )%-&te )%!)e%te* 6$c$ t$e c&" /&"&0e !% (*)!*e !. &t t$e% 6$/ &"(

c&)%ce# # P+'c !..ce * "!t )%-&te )%!)e%t 3 It c&""!t e t%e&te( &* & )e%*!"&' )!**e**!", 'e0&c !%

0.t# It * "!t t%&"*.e%&'e t! &"!t$e% &"( t /+*t e %e'"+*$e( &t t$e e"( !. t$e te%/#c# A )+'c !..ce, 'e )+'c t%+*t, * +'t &"( .!+"(e( t$e )e!)'e t$e/*e'-e* 3 T%+*t, &* t

c!""!te*, * %e)!*e( !"' t! t$!*e 6$! (e*e%-e t$e t%+*t# +*t &* t$e )e!)'e * t$e c%e&t!% !.t$&t t%+*t, *! /+*t t$e )e!)'e $&-e t$e %0$t t! 6t$(%&6 t 6$e" t$e%e * "! /!%e %e&*!" .!%t* c!"t"+t# W$e" t$* $&))e"*, t$e )+'c !..ce %e/&"* +t t$e )+'c !..c&' 6$! * "!'!"0e% t%+*te( t$e *!-e%e0" e'ect!%&te 0!e* !+t !. !..ce#

(# T$e%e c&" e "! -e*te( %0$t " )+'c !..ce !% t* *&'&% 3 At t$e 6'' !. t$e 'e0*'&t+%e, &

)+'c !..ce /& e c$&"0e( !% e-e" &!'*$e(# Be*(e* *+c$ &!'t!", t* te%/,c!/)e"*&t!" &"( )!6e%* /& e -&'(' %e(+ce( e-e" !-e% t$e !@ect!" !. t$e "c+/e"t#

?# REUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC OFFICE: & &))!"t/e"t De*0"&t!" cC!//**!"

APPOINTMENT 3 D*t"0+*$ &))!"t/e"t .%!/ (e*0"&t!"#

228



A 3 A))!"t/e"t * t$e *e'ect!", t$e &+t$!%t -e*te( 6t$ )!6e%, !. &" "(-(+&' 6$! * t!e;e%c*e t$e .+"ct!"* !. & 0-e" !..ce# W$e" c!/)'ete(, +*+&'' 6t$ t* c!".%/&t!", t$e&))!"t/e"t %e*+'t* " *ec+%t !. te"+%e .!% t$e )e%*!" c$!*e" +"'e** $e * %e)'&ce&'e &t

)'e&*+%e ec&+*e !. t$e "&t+%e !. $* !..ce# Se-''& -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 8898,+"e 9, 1992, F%*t D-*!", G%!3A+"!, #

De*0"&t!" /& &'*! e '!!*e' (e."e( &* &" &))!"t/e"t ec&+*e t 'e6*e "-!'-e*t$e "&/"0 !. & )&%tc+'&% )e%*!" t! & *)ec.e( )+'c !..ce# T$&t * t$e c!//!" +"(e%*t&"("0

!. t$e te%/# 5!6e-e%, 6$e%e t$e )e%*!" * /e%e' (e*0"&te( &"( "!t &))!"te(, t$e /)'c&t!"* t$&t $e *$&'' $!'( t$e !..ce !"' " & te/)!%&% c&)&ct &"( /& e %e)'&ce( &t 6'' t$e&))!"t"0 &+t$!%t# I" t$* *e"*e, t$e (e*0"&t!" * c!"*(e%e( !"' &" &ct"0 !% te/)!%&%&))!"t/e"t, 6$c$ (!e* "!t c!".e% *ec+%t !. te"+%e !" t$e )e%*!" "&/e(# I(#F+%t$e%/!%e, (e*0"&t!" /e%e' c!""!te* &" /)!*t!" !. &((t!"&' (+te*, +*+&'' '&6,+)!" & )e%*!" &'%e&( " t$e )+'c *e%-ce -%t+e !. &" e&%'e% &))!"t/e"t# It (!e* "!t e"t&'

)&/e"t !. &((t!"&' e"e.t* !% 0%&"t +)!" t$e )e%*!" *! (e*0"&te( t$e %0$t t! c'&/ t$e*&'&% &tt&c$e( t! t$e )!*t!"# Wt$!+t &" &))!"t/e"t, & (e*0"&t!" (!e* "!t e"tt'e t$e!..ce% t! %ece-e t$e *&'&% !. t$e )!*t!"# T$e 'e0&' &** !. &" e/)'!ee* %0$t t! c'&/ t$e

*&'&% &tt&c$e( t$e%et! * & (+' **+e( &"( &))%!-e( &))!"t/e"t t! t$e )!*t!", &"( "!t &/e%e (e*0"&t!"# N&t!"&' A/"e*t C!//**!" -*# C!//**!" !" A+(t, G#R# N!# 1H<982,Se)te/e% 8, 2==>>9= 3 W$! e;e%c*e* &))!"t"0 )!6e%4A 3 T$e (ete%/"&t!" !. 6$! &/!"0 t$e *e-e%&' c&"((&te* .!% & -&c&"t )!*t!" $&* t$e e*t

+&'.c&t!"*, * -e*te( " t$e *!+"( (*c%et!" !. t$e (e)&%t/e"t $e&( !% &))!"t"0&+t$!%t &"( "!t " t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"# E-e% )&%tc+'&% @! " &" !..ce c&''* .!%

!t$ .!%/&' &"( ".!%/&' +&'.c&t!"*# F!%/&' +&'.c&t!"* *+c$ &* &0e, "+/e% !.&c&(e/c +"t* " & ce%t&" c!+%*e, *e/"&%* &tte"(e(, &"( *! .!%t$, /& e -&'+&'e +t

"t&"0'e* 'e %e*!+%ce.+'"e**, te&/ *)%t, c!+%te*, "t&t-e, '!&'t, &/t!", )%!*)ect*.!% t$e .+t+%e, &"( e*t "te%e*t* !. t$e *e%-ce &%e &'*! -&'+&'e# G-e" t$e (e/&"(* !. &ce%t&" @!, 6$! c&" (! t e*t *$!+'( e 'e.t t! t$e $e&( !. t$e !..ce c!"ce%"e( )%!-(e( t$e'e0&' %e+%e/e"t* .!% t$e !..ce &%e *&t*.e(# T$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" c&""!t*+*tt+te t* @+(0/e"t .!% t$&t !. t$e $e&( !. !..ce " t$* %e0&%(# E*)&!' -*# C-' Se%-ceC!//**!", G#R# N!# 8H79, M&%c$ ?, 1992, E" B&"c, Re0&'&(!, #

3 W$e" (!e* &" &))!"t/e"t t&e e..ect4A 3 CSC Re*!'+t!" N!# 9131<?1 e;)%e**' )%!-(e* t$&t " "! c&*e *$&'' &" &))!"t/e"t t&e

e..ect e&%'e% t$&" t$e (&te !. t* **+&"ce#

3 D*t"0+*$ t$e .!''!6"0 te%/*: 1 A))!"t/e"t 2 C!//**!" ? De*0"&t!"A 3

A))!"t/e"tIt * t$e *e'ect!", t$e &+t$!%t -e*te( 6t$ t$e )!6e% !. &" "(-(+&' 6$! * t!

e;e%c*e t$e )!6e% !. & 0-e" !..ce# B"&/%& -*# G&%+c$!, 188 SCRA 1H

229



De*0"&t!"C!""!te* /e%e' t$e /)!*t!" '&6 !. &((t!"&' (+te* !" &" "c+/e"t !..c&'#

I(#

C!//**!"I* t$e 6%tte" e-(e"ce !. t$e &))!"t/e"t#

>>9=H# CLASSIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT: A REGULAR APPOINTMENT B AD

INTERIM APPOINTMENT C PERMANENT APPOINTMENT D TEMPORARAPPOINTMENT

3 D*t"0+*$ %e0+'&% .%!/ &( "te%/ &))!"t/e"t#A 3

Re0+'&% &))!"t/e"t

It * &" &))!"t/e"t /&(e t$e P%e*(e"t 6$'e C!"0%e** * " *e**!" &.te% t$e"!/"&t!" * c!".%/e( t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*# It c!"t"+e* +"t' t$e e"( !. t$ete%/#

A( I"te%/It * &" &))!"t/e"t /&(e 6$'e C!"0%e** * "!t " *e**!", e.!%e c!".%/&t!" t$e

C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*# It * //e(&te' e..ect-e &"( ce&*e* t! e -&'( . (*&))%!-e(!% )&**e( t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* +)!" t$e "e;t &(@!+%"/e"t !. C!"0%e**#

3 W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. &" &( "te%/ &))!"t/e"t4

A 3 A" &(3"te%/ &))!"t/e"t * )e%/&"e"t " "&t+%e, &"( t$e c%c+/*t&"ce t$&t t * *+@ect t!& c!".%/&t!" t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* (!e* "!t &'te% t* )e%/&"e"t c$&%&cte%S+//e%* -*# O&et&, G#R# N!# L31H?, Oct!e% 2H, 198 P&/&"t&*&" "0 L+"0*!( "0M&"'& -*# I"te%/e(&te A))e''&te C!+%t, 1= SCRA 22

3 D*t"0+*$ )e%/&"e"t &))!"t/e"t .%!/ te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t#

APe%/&"e"t A))!"t/e"t 3 !"e **+e( t! & )e%*!" 6$! $&* /et t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. t$e )!*t!"

t! 6$c$ &))!"t/e"t * /&(e, " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C-' Se%-ce Act&"( t$e R+'e* &"( St&"(&%(* )%!/+'0&te( " )+%*+&"ce t$e%e!.#

Te/)!%&% A))!"t/e"t 3 !"e 6$! $!'(* te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t $&* "! .;e( te%/ !. !..ce&"( e/)'!/e"t c&" e te%/"&te( &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t, t$e%e e"0 "!"ee( t! *$!6 t$&t t$e *e)&%&t!" * .!% c&+*e S&" Pe(%! -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R#

N!# 1==?21 Fe%+&% 12, 1992, E" B&"c# 5e"ce, " t$e &*e"ce !. &))%!)%&te e'0'e* &"(t ec!/e* "ece**&% " t$e )+'c "te%e*t t! .'' & -&c&"c, & te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t *$&''

e **+e( t! & )e%*!" 6$! /eet* &'' t$e %e+%e/e"t* .!% t$e )!*t!" t! 6$c$ $e * e"0

2?=



&))!"te( e;ce)t t$e &))%!)%&te c-' *e%-ce e'0't: P%!-(e(, t$&t *+c$ te/)!%&%&))!"t/e"t *$&'' "!t e;cee( t6e'-e /!"t$*, +t t$e &))!"tee /& e %e)'&ce( *!!"e% . &+&'.e( c-' *e%-ce e'0'e ec!/e* &-&'&'e# C$+& -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R

N!# 88979, Fe%+&% 7, 1992, E" B&"c, P&(''&, #>>9=< 3 S$!+'( &" &))!"tee 6t$ & te/)!%&% *t&t+* )!**e** t$e c-' *e%-ce e'0't %e+%e(4A 3 U"(e% Sect!" 2H, P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee 8=7, !t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$e C-' Se%-ce Dec%ee !.

t$e P$'))"e*, &" &))!"tee 6t$ & te/)!%&% *t&t+* "ee( "!t )!**e** t$e c-' *e%-cee'0't %e+%e( t$e )!*t!" )%!-(e( $e /eet* t$e .!''!6"0 +&'.c&t!"*: & t *"ece**&% " t$e )+'c "te%e*t t! .'' & -&c&"c t$e%e &%e "! &))%!)%&te e'0'e* c t$ete/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t *$&'' "!t e;cee( t6e'-e /!"t$* &"( ( $e /& e %e)'&ce( *!!"e%. & +&'.e( c-' *e%-ce e'0'e ec!/e* &-&'&'e# T!%! -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!",G#R# N!# 99??< E*)&!'& -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 1==178, +"e 9, 1992E" B&"c, G+te%%e, %#, I

3 I* & )e%*!" te/)!%&%' &))!"te( t! & C-' Se%-ce )!*t!" e"tt'e( t! *ec+%t !. te"+%e

e-e" . $e '&c* t$e "ee(e( +&'.c&t!"* .!% t$e *&( )!*t!"4A 3 N!# T$e $!'(e% !. t$e )!*t!" c&" !"' e"@! *ec+%t !. te"+%e . $e !% *$e )!**e**e* t$e

+&'.c&t!"* &"( e'0't )%e*c%e( .!% t# 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* -*# L!&"!", G#R# N!# 1<82<7, Fe%+&% 1<, 2==<

3 W$! *$!+'( e 0-e" )%e.e%e"ce .!% &))!"t/e"t t! "e6 )!*t!"*4A 3 Sect!" !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H< )%!-(e*: O..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* $!'("0 )e%/&"e"t

&))!"t/e"t* *$&'' e 0-e" )%e.e%e"ce .!% &))!"t/e"t t! t$e "e6 )!*t!"* " &))%!-e(*t&.."0 )&tte%" c!/)&%&'e t! t$e% .!%/e% )!*t!"* !% " c&*e t$e%e &%e "!t e"!+0$c!/)&%&'e )!*t!"*, t! )!*t!"* "e;t '!6e% " %&"# T!%! -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"

G#R# N!# 99??< E*)&!'& -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 1==178, +"e 9, 1992E" B&"c, G+te%%e, %#, # REASON: T$e )%e.e%e"ce 0-e" t! )e%/&"e"t e/)'!ee*&**+/e* t$&t e/)'!ee* 6!%"0 " & De)&%t/e"t .!% '!"0e% )e%!(* $&-e 0&"e( "!t !"'*+)e%!% *''* +t &'*! 0%e&te% (e(c&t!" t! t$e )+'c *e%-ce# I(#

3 I. &.te% c!"*(e%"0 &'' t$e c+%%e"t e/)'!ee*, t$e De)&%t/e"t Sec%et&% c&""!t ."( &/!"0t$e/ t$e )e%*!" $e "ee(* t! %e--e & /!%+"( !..ce, !% t! +)0%&(e *ec!"( %&te

)e%.!%/&"ce, c&" $e %e&c$ !+t t! !t$e% (e)&%t/e"t* !% t! t$e )%-&te *ect!% " c$!!*"0 & )e%*!" $e "ee(*4

A 3 T$e '&6 (!e* "!t )%ec'+(e t$e ".+*!" !. "e6 '!!(, !+"0e% ("&/*/ !% "ece**&%t&'e"t* "t! t$e 0!-e%"/e"t *e%-ce# I., &.te% c!"*(e%"0 &'' t$e c+%%e"t e/)'!ee*, t$eDe)&%t/e"t Sec%et&% c&""!t ."( &/!"0 t$e/ t$e )e%*!" $e "ee(* t! %e--e & /!%+"(!..ce !% t! +)0%&(e *ec!"( %&te )e%.!%/&"ce, t$e%e * "!t$"0 " t$e C-' Se%-ce L&6 t!

)%e-e"t $/ .%!/ %e&c$"0 !+t t! !t$e% De)&%t/e"t* !% t! t$e )%-&te *ect!% )%!-(e( &'' $*&ct* &%e !"& .(e &"( .!% t$e e*t "te%e*t !. t$e )+'c *e%-ce &"( t$e )e%*!" c$!*e" $&* t$e"ee(e( +&'.c&t!"*# I(#

>>9=7

2?1



H# DIFFERENT STEPS IN T5E PROCESS OF APPOINTMENT

F!% %e0+'&% &))!"t/e"t* 6$c$ "ee( c!".%/&t!" !. CA1# N!/"&t!" t$e P%e*(e"t2# C!".%/&t!" t$e CA?# I**+&"ce !. t$e c!//**!"# Acce)t&"ce t$e &))!"tee

I" c&*e !. &( "te%/ &))!"t/e"t*, t$e "!/"&t!", **+&"ce !. t$e &))!"t/e"t &"(&cce)t&"ce t$e &))!"tee )%ece(e t$e c!".%/&t!" t$e CA

F!% &))!"t/e"t* 6$c$ (! "!t "ee( c!".%/&t!" !. CA1# A))!"t/e"t &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t2# I**+&"ce !. t$e c!//**!"?# Acce)t&"ce t$e &))!"tee

Acce)t&"ce !. t$e &))!"t/e"t t$e &))!"tee * t$e '&*t &ct t$&t c!/)'ete* t$e&))!"t"0 )%!ce**# L&c*!" -*# R!/e%!, 8 P$'# 7=

F!% &))!"t/e"t* t! t$e c&%ee% *e%-ce !. t$e c-' *e%-ce1# A" &))!"t/e"t t! t$e c&%ee% *e%-ce !. t$e C-' Se%-ce * "!t (ee/e( c!/)'ete +"t'

&tte*t&t!" &))%!-&' t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"# Wt$!+t t$e .&-!%&'e ce%t.c&t!" !%&))%!-&' !. t$e CSC, "! tt'e t! t$e !..ce c&" e (ee/e( t! e )e%/&"e"t' -e*te( " .&-!%!. t$e &))!"tee, &"( t$e &))!"t/e"t c&" *t'' e %e-!e( !% 6t$(%&6" t$e &))!"t"0&+t$!%t#

3 C&" & )e%*!" e c!/)e''e( t! &cce)t &" !..ce4A 3 N!# REASON: T$e%e * "! '&6 6$c$ c&" c!/)e' & )e%*!" t! &cce)t &" !..ce e;ce)t &*

/& e %e+%e( +"(e% Sect!" , A%tc'e II !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ )%!-(e* &*.!''!6*: Sect!" # T$e )%/e (+t !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t * t! *e%-e &"( )%!tect t$e )e!)'eT$e G!-e%"/e"t /& c&'' +)!" t$e )e!)'e t! (e.e"( t$e St&te &"(, " t$e .+'.''/e"t t$e%e!.&'' cte"* /& e %e+%e(, +"(e% c!"(t!"* )%!-(e( '&6, t! %e"(e% )e%*!"&' /'t&% !%c-' *e%-ce#

3 A))!"t/e"t $&* ee" /&(e &"( t$e &))!"tee $&* &**+/e( t$e (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* !. t$e

)!*t!" " t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"# C&" t$e *&( &))!"t/e"t e %e-!e( t$e&))!"t"0 &+t$!%t !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e )%!te*t&"t * /!%e +&'.e( t$&" t$e .%*t&))!"tee4

A 3 N!# T$e )e%*!" *! &))!"te( &c+%e( & 'e0&' %0$t t! $* )!*t!" 6$c$ * )%!tecte( '&6&"( t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

<# W5AT IS T5E BEST EVIDENCE OF AN APPOINTMENT4

2?2



T$e e*t e-(e"ce !. &" &))!"t/e"t * $* 6%tte" c!//**!"# T$e (e'-e% !. t$ec!//**!" * t$e '&*t &ct %e+%e( t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e% &"( t$e *&/e c!/)'ete* t$e&))!"t/e"t#>>9=87# JINDS OF ACCEPTANCE1# E;)%e** 3 It /& e /&(e -e%&'' !% " 6%t"0 &"(2# I/)'e( 3 I. t$e !..ce% * " t$e &ct+&' !cc+)&t!" &"( e;e%c*e !. t$e !..ce, $* &cce)t&"ce !.

t 6!+'( e )%e*+/e(# Mec$e/, P+# O..#, Sect!" 2H2

3 5!6 * & )+'c !..ce% c$!*e"4A 3 A )+'c !..ce% * c$!*e" et$e% &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!"#

8# DISTINCTION, APPOINTMENT AND ELECTIONI" &))!"t/e"t, t$e )e%*!" 6$! * t! e;e%c*e t$e .+"ct!" !. & 0-e" !..ce * /&(e

t$e e;ec+t-e !..ce%, !&%(, !% !(, t! 6$!/ t$e )!6e% t! (e*0"&te * 0-e" A))&% -*# C!+%t!. A))e&'*, 127 SCRA 2?1# I" e'ect!", t$e c$!ce * /&(e &" e".%&"c$*e( cte"%

-%t+e !. t$e %0$t !. *+..%&0e#

E;&/)'e !. e'ect-e !..c&'*:P%e*(e"t, Vce3P%e*(e"t, Me/e%* !. C!"0%e**, G!-e%"!%, Vce3G!-e%"!%, B!&%(

Me/e%*, M&!%, Vce3M&!%, C!+"c'!%*, B&%&"0& C$&%/&" &"( C!+"c'/e"

E;&/)'e !. A))!"te( O..ce%* t$e P%e*(e"tC&"et /e/e%*, C!//**!"e%* !. (..e%e"t c!//**!"*, &/&**&(!%*, c!"*+'*

!..ce%* !. t$e AFP, .%!/ %&" !. c!'!"e' !% "&-&' c&)t&", &'' !t$e% !..ce%* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e "!t )%!-(e( '&6, &"( t$!*e 6$!/ $e /& e &+t$!%e( '&6 t!

&))!"t#

3 C&" t$e )!6e% !. &))!"t/e"t e (e'e0&te(4 W$4A 3 N!, ec&+*e &))!"t/e"t "-!'-e* t$e e;e%c*e !. (*c%et!"#

3 I* t$e )%e*(e"t&' )!6e% !. &))!"t/e"t &*!'+te4

A 3 N!, t * *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 '/t&t!"*:1# T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!/"&te &"(, 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*,

&))!"t t$e $e&(* !. t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t*, &/&**&(!%*, !t$e% )+'c /"*te%* &"(c!"*+'*, !% !..ce%* !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* .%!/ t$e %&" !. c!'!"e' !% "&-&' c&)t&", &"( !t$e%!..ce%* 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e -e*te( " $/ " t$* C!"*tt+t!"# 5e *$&'' &'*! &))!"t &''!t$e% !..ce%* !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e "!t !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6,&"( t$!*e 6$!/ $e /& e &+t$!%e( '&6 t! &))!"t# T$e C!"0%e** /&, '&6, -e*tt$e &))!"t/e"t !. !t$e% !..ce%* '!6e% " %&" " t$e P%e*(e"t &'!"e, " t$e c!+%t* !% " t$e$e&(* !. (e)&%t/e"t*, &0e"ce*, c!//**!"*, !% !&%(*#

2??



T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' $&-e t$e )!6e% t! /&e &))!"t/e"t* (+%"0 t$e %ece** !. t$eC!"0%e**, 6$et$e% -!'+"t&% !% c!/)+'*!%, +t *+c$ &))!"t/e"t* *$&'' e e..ect-e !"' +"t'(*&))%!-&' t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* !% +"t' t$e "e;t &(@!+%"/e"t !. t$e C!"0%e**>>9=92# T$e *)!+*e &"( %e'&t-e* c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t 6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee !. t$e

P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!t (+%"0 $* te"+%e e &))!"te( &* /e/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&'C!//**!"*, !% t! t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&", !% &* *ec%et&%e*, +"(e%*ec%et&%e*

c$&%/&" !% $e&(* !. +%e&+* !% !..ce* "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e(c!%)!%&t!"* &"( t$e% *+*(&%e*# Sect!" 1?, 2"( )&%&0%&)$, A%tc'e VII, 1987C!"*tt+t!"

?# T6! /!"t$* //e(&te' e.!%e t$e "e;t )%e*(e"t&' e'ect!"* &"( +) t! t$e e"( !. $* te%/,& P%e*(e"t !% Act"0 P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!t /&e &))!"t/e"t*, e;ce)t te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t*t! e;ec+t-e )!*t!"* 6$e" c!"t"+e( -&c&"ce* t$e%e" 6'' )%e@+(ce )+'c *e%-ce !%e"(&"0e% )+'c *&.et#

# A))!"t/e"t* !. &" Act"0 P%e*(e"t *$&'' %e/&" e..ect-e, +"'e** %e-!e( t$e e'ecte(P%e*(e"t 6t$" 9= (&* .%!/ $* &**+/)t!" !% %e3&**+/)t!" !. !..ce# Sect!" 1,

A%tc'e VIIH# T$e &))!"tee* !. t$e P%e*(e"t /+*t )!**e** t$e %e+%e( +&'.c&t!"*# T$e &))!"tee

c!"ce%"e( /& e +e*t!"e( " &))%!)%&te c!+%t )%!cee("0*#

3 W$e" * c!".%/&t!" !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* %e+%e(4A 3 It * %e+%e( !"' .!% t$e !..ce* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 1<, .%*t *e"te"ce, A%tc'e VII !. t$e

1987 C!"*tt+t!", t! 6t:

C!(e: 53A3O3A5 3 e&(* !. t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t

A 3 /&**&(!%*, !% !t$e% )+'c /"*te%* &"( c!"*+'*O 3 ..ce%* !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* .%!/ t$e %&" !. c!'!"e' !% "&-&' c&)t&"A 3 "!"e 6$!/ $e c&" &))!"t &+t$!%t t! '&6#

3 W$e" * c!".%/&t!" !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* "!t %e+%e(4A 31# Ot$e% !..ce%* 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e -e*te( " $/ " t$* C!"*tt+t!"#2# A'' !t$e% !..ce%* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e "!t )%!-(e( .!% '&6#>>91=

3 D!e* t$e &))!"t/e"t !. t$e C$&%/&" &"( t$e C!//**!"e%* !. t$e C!//**!" !"5+/&" R0$t* "ee( t$e c!".%/&t!" !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*4

A 3 N!# REASON: T$e )!*t!" !. t$e C!//**!" !" 5+/&" R0$t* * "!t &/!"0 t$e )!*t!"* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" <, .%*t *e"te"ce, !. A%tc'e VII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"B&+t*t& -*# S&'!"0&, 72 SCRA 1<9

3 D!e* t$e &))!"t/e"t !. *ect!%&' %e)%e*e"t&t-e* "ee( t$e c!".%/&t!" !. t$e C!//**!"!" A))!"t/e"t*4

2?



A 3 e*, ec&+*e t$* )!*t!" * c!-e%e( Sect!" 1<, .%*t *e"te"ce, !. A%tc'e VII !. t$e1987 C!"*tt+t!"# +"t!*3De'e* -*# C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*, 177 SCRA 2H9

3 D!e* t$e &))!"t/e"t !. C$&%/&" &"( c!//**!"e%* !. t$e NLRC "ee( t$e c!".%/&t!"!. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*4

A 3 N!# T$e &%e "!t &/!"0 t$e !..ce%* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 1<, .%*t *e"te"ce#

3 T$e &))!"t/e"t 6&* (e*c%e( &* )e%/&"e"t " t$e *)&ce )%!-(e( .!% " C-' Se%-ceF!%/ N!# ??, +t t$e 6!%(* A))%!-e( &* Te/)!%&% 6&* *t&/)e( " t$e &))!"t/e"t# T$e&))!"tee * +&'.e( &"( !t$e% 'e0&' %e+%e/e"t* &%e *&t*.e(# I* t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!" &+t$!%e( t! (ete%/"e t$e "( !% "&t+%e !. t$e &))!"t/e"t e;te"(e( t$e&))!"t"0 !..ce%, !% 6'' t @+*t &tte*t t! t$e &))!"t/e"t " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ C-' Se%-ceL&6*4

A 3 T$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" * "!t e/)!6e%e( t! (ete%/"e t$e "( !% "&t+%e !. t$e&))!"t/e"t e;te"(e( t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e%# W$&t t c&" (! * !"' et$e% t! &))%!-e !%

%e-e6 t$e &))!"t/e"t t! *ee t! t t$&t t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"&%e c!/)'e( 6t$# W$e" &'' 'e0&' %e+%e/e"t* &%e c!/)'e( 6t$ &"( t$e &))!"tee *+&'.e( 6$&t t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" $&* t! (! * !"' t! &tte*t t! t$e &))!"t/e"t#L+e0! -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", 1? SCRA ?27

M+c$ '&te%, " L!)e -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" G#R# N!# 921=, Fe%+&% 19, 1991t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t 6$&t t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" /& (! * @+*t t! (ete%/"e6$et$e% !% "!t t$e &))!"tee )!**e**e* t$e +&'.c&t!"* &"( %e+*te e'0't# I. t$e&))!"tee * +&'.e( &"( e'0'e, $* &))!"t/e"t * &))%!-e(, &"( . %!t, $* &))!"t/e"t *(*&))%!-e(#

A /!"t$ &.te% t$e (ec*!" " L!)e -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t

e'+c(&te( .+%t$e% t$e %+'"0 " L!)e &"( *&(: A* '!"0 &* t$e &))!"tee )!**e**e* t$e/"/+/ +&'.c&t!"* )%e*c%e( '&6 !% %e0+'&t!"*, t$e%e * "! +e*t!" t$&t $*&))!"t/e"t /+*t e %e*)ecte( t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" e-e" . t e )%!-e( t$&t t$e%e&%e !t$e%* 6t$ *+)e%!% c%e(e"t&'*# 5!6e-e%, t$* %+'e (!e* "!t c!-e% t$!*e c&*e* 6$e%e t *.!+"( t$e C!//**!", &.te% e;&/""0 t$e &))!"t/e"t )&)e%*, t$&t t$e &))!"tee (!e* "!t*&t*. t$e /"/+/ +&'.c&t!"* .!% t$e )!*t!" " +e*t!"# I" t$e*e c&*e*, t$e C!//**!"6!+'( e 6e'' 6t$" t* %0$t 3 &"( %e*)!"*'t 3 " %e.+*"0 t! &))%!-e t$e &))!"t/e"t#C!%te -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 92<7?, M&%c$ 1?, 1991, E" B&"c, C%+, #>>911

3 C&" t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" %e-!e &" &))!"t/e"t " t$e e'e. t$&t &"!t$e% * ette%+&'.e( t$&" t$e &))!"tee4

A 3 T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e(: T$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" $&* "! &+t$!%t t! %e-!e &"&))!"t/e"t */)' ec&+*e t * e'e-e( t$&t &"!t$e% * ette% +&e( t$&" t$e &))!"tee.!% t$&t 6!+'( $&-e c!"*tt+te( &" e"c%!&c$/e"t !. t$e (*c%et!" -e*te( *!'e' " t$e&))!"t"0 &+t$!%t# T$e C!//**!" c&""!t e;cee( t* )!6e% *+*tt+t"0 t* 6'' .!%t$&t !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t# L!)e -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 921=,Fe%+&% 19, 1991, E" B&"c, G+te%%e, %, #

2?H



9# W5AT IS REUIRED FOR AN OFFICE TO BE FILLED UP EIT5ER B ANAPPOINTMENT OR B ELECTION4

T$e !..ce t! e .''e( +) *$!+'( e -&c&"t .!''!6"0 t$e )%"c)'e t$&t "! )e%*!" /& e&" &))!"te( t! &" !..ce 6$c$ * "!t -&c&"t "! /&tte% $!6 +&'.e( $e * .!% & ce%t&"

)!*t!"# !c!/ -*# Re0&'&(!, 2 SCRA 7?

3 D! t$e c!+%t* $&-e @+%*(ct!" !-e% -!( &))!"t/e"t*4A 3 e*# W$'e &" &))!"t/e"t * &" e**e"t&'' (*c%et!"&% e;ec+t-e )!6e%, t * *+@ect t!

t$e '/t&t!" t$&t t$e &))!"tee *$!+'( )!**e** "!"e !. t$e (*+&'.c&t!"* +t &'' t$e+&'.c&t!"* %e+%e( '&6# W$e%e t$e '&6 )%e*c%e* ce%t&" +&'.c&t!"* .!% & 0-e"!..ce !% )!*t!", c!+%t* /& (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e &))!"tee $&* t$e %e+*te+&'.c&t!"*, &*e"t 6$c$, $* %0$t t$e%et! /& e (ec'&%e( -!(# E"0&! -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 1H<9H9, +"e 27, 2==<

3 W$e" (!e* -&c&"c e;*t4

A 3 It e;*t* 6$e" t$e%e * "! )e%*!" '&6.+'' &+t$!%e( t! &**+/e &"( e;e%c*e &t )%e*e"t t$e(+te* !. t$e !..ce#

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t "(* !. -&c&"ce*4

A 3 CODE: O3C3A3AO%0"&' T$e%e * &" !..ce 6$c$ * c%e&te( +t "! !"e $&* &* et ee" c$!*e" t! .'' t#C!"*t%+ct-e I" t$* "( !. -&c&"c, t$e "c+/e"t $&* "! 'e0&' %0$t t! t$e !..ce &"( $e /&

e %e)'&ce(#Acc(e"t&' W$e" !" &cc!+"t !. (e&t$, %e*0"&t!", %e/!-&' !% &&"(!"/e"t, t$e "c+/e"t *

*e)&%&te( .%!/ t$e *e%-ce#A*!'+te T$e%e * "! *+cce**!% et t! t$e "c+/e"t 6$!*e te%/ e;)%e(#

1=# ELIGIBILIT AND UALIFICATIONA# MEANING OF T5E TERM UALIFICATION>>912

It * +"(e%*t!!( " (..e%e"t *e"*e*: ' It /& %e.e% t! t$e +&'te* !% e"(!6/e"t*%e+%e( !. t$e )+'c !..ce% " !%(e% t$&t $e /& e c!"*(e%e( e'0'e .!% )+'c !..ce #e&0e, cte"*$), &"( &c&(e/c +&'.c&t!"* 2 It /& %e.e% t! t$e &ct !. e"&'"0 & )e%*!" t!

)e%.!%/ t$e (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* !. $* !..ce #e# t&"0 t$e !&t$ !. !..ce#I" t$e .%*t !"e, t$e )e%*!" &))!"te( !% e'ecte( /+*t )!**e** t$e )%e*c%e( +&'.c&t!"*

&t t$e t/e !. $* &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!" &"( (+%"0 t$e )e%!( !. t$e !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)#I" t$e *ec!"(, t$e .&'+%e t! )e%.!%/ &" &ct %e+%e( '&6 c!+'( &..ect t$e !..ce%* tt'e

t! t$e 0-e" !..ce# A" !&t$ !. !..ce * & +&'."0 %e+%e/e"t .!% & )+'c !..ce Lec&%! -*#S&"(0&"&&", G#R# N!# 1?=872, M&%c$ 2H, 1999# U"(e% B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!"11, t$e%e!., t * )%!-(e( t$&t t$e !..ce !. &" !..c&' e'ecte( 6$! .&'* !% %e.+*e* t! t&e $*!&t$ !..ce 6t$" *; /!"t$* .%!/ $* )%!c'&/&t!" *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( -&c&"t, +"'e** *&(

2?<



.&'+%e * .!% & c&+*e !% c&+*e* e!"( $* c!"t%!'# E;&/)'e: 1 T&"0 &" !&t$ !% &..%/&t!"t! +)$!'( &"( (e.e"( t$e C!"*tt+t!" 2 Acc!+"t&'e !..ce%* &%e %e+%e( t! e )%!)e%'

!"(e(

3 C&" )%!)e%t +&'.c&t!"* e /)!*e( .!% t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e %0$t t! %+" .!% )+'c !..ce4A 3 A '&6 6$c$ %e+%e( &'' c&"((&te* t! )!*t & P2=,===#== !"( +)!" t$e .'"0 !. t$e%

ce%t.c&te* !. c&"((&c, &"( 6$c$ )%!-(e( t* c!".*c&t!" . t$e (( "!t !t&" &t 'e&*t

1= !. t$e t!t&' -!te* c&*t " t$e c!"*tt+e"c 6$e%e t$e 6e%e %+"""0, 6&* (ec'&%e(+"c!"*tt+t!"&' &"( "+'' &"( -!( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t M&+%& -*# B!%%&, 1H SCRA 7REASON: T$e *&( '&6 * "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e "&t+%e &"( e**e"ce !. t$e Re)+'c&"S*te/ &"( t$e )%"c)'e !. *!c&' @+*tce#

3 W$! )%e*c%e* t$e +&'.c&t!"*4A 3 +&'.c&t!"* /& e )%e*c%e( t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% *t&t+te# I. t$e *&/e &%e

)%e*c%e( t$e C!"*tt+t!", t$e +&'.c&t!"* &%e *)ec.c&'' e"+/e%&te( &"( t$e'e0*'&t+%e c&""!t /)!*e &((t!"&' +&'.c&t!"*# I. t$e +&'.c&t!"* &%e )%e*c%e(

'&6, t /+*t (! *! " *+c$ & (et&'e( /&""e% *! &* "!t t! 'e&-e &" (*c%et!" t! t$e&))!"t"0 )!6e% " /&"0 & c$!ce !. t$e )e%*!" t! e &))!"te(# M!%e!-e%, t$e+&'.c&t!" )%e*c%e( /+*t e %e'e-&"t t! t$e )!*t!"#

>>91?E;&/)'e:O" T$e M&tte% O. I/)!*"0 A((t!"&' +&'.c&t!"* 3 C&" C!"0%e** )&** & '&6 %e+%"0 & c!''e0e (e0%ee &* &" &((e( +&'.c&t!" t! e *e"&t!%

!% c!"0%e**/&"4A 3 N!, ec&+*e t$e *&( '&6 * +"c!"*tt+t!"&'#

3 C&" C!"0%e** )&** & '&6 %e+%"0 & c!''e0e (e0%ee &* &" &((e( +&'.c&t!" !. t$eP%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e*4

A 3 N!, ec&+*e t$e *&( '&6 * +"c!"*tt+t!"&'#

3 C&" t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!" &))%!-e & c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" %e+%"0 &((t!"&'+&'.c&t!"* !. & P%e*(e"t, Vce3P%e*(e"t, Se"&t!% &"( C!"0%e**/&"4

A 3 e*, ec&+*e t$e )!6e% t! &/e"( t$e C!"*tt+t!" $&* ee" e"t%+*te( t$e )e!)'e t! t$e(e'e0&te* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!" 6$!/ t$e $&-e c$!*e" t! %e)%e*e"t t$e/ " t$e*&( c!"-e"t!"# M!%e!-e%, 6$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!", (%&.te( &"( &))%!-e( t$e *&(

C!"*tt+t!"&' C!"-e"t!", 6&* (+' &))%!-e( " & )'e*cte, t$e )e!)'e $&-e "ece**&%'&))%!-e( t$e *&( c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!"#

3 C&" t$e 'e0*'&t+%e )%e*c%e +&'.c&t!"* " & 0e"e%&' /&""e%4A 3 e*# T$* $&))e"* . t$e "te"t!" !. t$e 'e0*'&t+%e * t! &''!6 & 6(e*t )!**'e .e'( !.

c$!ce#

3 W$e" c&" t$e 'e0*'&t+%e )%e*c%e &((t!"&' +&'.c&t!"*4

2?7



A 3 T$* ec!/e* )!**'e 1 6$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!" (!e* "!t )%e*c%e & +&'.c&t!" !%+&'.c&t!"* !% 2 W$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!" )%e*c%e* !"' .!% /"/+/ +&'.c&t!"*#

3 W$&t * t$e %e*t%&"t !% '/t&t!" t! C!"0%e** 6$e" t e;e%c*e* t* %0$t t! )%e*c%e+&'.c&t!"* !% (*+&'.c&t!"*4

A 3 T$e +&'.c&t!"* !% (*+&'.c&t!"* t )%e*c%e* *$!+'( "!t -!'&te t$e C!"*tt+t!"Ot$e%6*e, t c&" e &**&'e( &* +"c!"*tt+t!"&'# 5e"ce, . & '&6 )%!-(e* t$&t t$e /e%e

.'"0 !. & c%/"&' ".!%/&t!" .!% (*'!&'t * )%/& .&ce e-(e"ce !. 0+'t 6$c$ **+..ce"t t! (*+&'. & )e%*!" .%!/ %+"""0 .!% )+'c !..ce, t$e *&( '&6 *, &* t 6&*c!"*(e%e(, +"c!"*tt+t!"&' D+/(&! -*# C!/e'ec, 9H SCRA ==# REASON: It -!'&te*t$e )%"c)'e t$&t & )e%*!" * )%e*+/e( ""!ce"t +"t' $* 0+'t * )%!-e( e!"( %e&*!"&'e(!+t#

B# UALIFICATIONS ARE CONTINUING REUIREMENTS 3 W$e" *$!+'( t$e )%e*c%e( +&'.c&t!"* e )!**e**e( & )e%*!", 6$! * et$e% &))!"te(

!% e'ecte(4

A 3 T$e *$!+'( e )!**e**e( !" t$e (&te "(c&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% '&6, &"( t$e &%ec!"t"+"0 %e+%e/e"t* 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e /+*t e )!**e**e( "!t !"' !" t$e (&te !.*e'ect!" !% &**+/)t!" +t .!% t$e .+'' (+%&t!" !. t$e !..ce%* "c+/e"c# A0+'& -*Ge"&t!, 1=? SCRA ?8=

E;&/)'e: U"(e% t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", t$e &0e +&'.c&t!" /+*t e )!**e**e( !" t$e (& !.t$e e'ect!", "!t !" t$e (& !. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e 6""e%* !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*,6$c$ 6&* t$e %ec!""0 )e%!( +*e( " t$e c&*e !. E*)"!& -*# A+"!# E'ect!%&' C&*e

N!# 9, Se"&te E'ect!%&' T%+"&'>>91

3 W$&t $&))e"* . &" !. t$e +&'.c&t!"* * '!*t (+%"0 t$e te"+%e4A 3 T$e %0$t t! t$e !..ce * &+t!/&tc&'' .!%.ete(#

11# DISUALIFICATIONS 3 W$! )%e*c%e* t$e (*+&'.c&t!"*4A 3 D*+&'.c&t!"* /& &'*! e )%e*c%e( t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% *t&t+te#

SPECIFIC DISUALIFICATIONS UNDER T5E CONSTITUTION+(c&' De)&%t/e"t

1# T$e /e/e%* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t &"( !t$e% c!+%t* e*t&'*$e( '&6 *$&'' "!t e(e*0"&te( t! &" &0e"c )e%.!%/"0 +&*3@+(c&' !% &(/"*t%&t-e .+"ct!"*# Sect!" 12A%tc'e VIII

E;ec+t-e De)&%t/e"t1# T$e P%e*(e"t, Vce3P%e*(e"t, t$e Me/e%* !. t$e C&"et, &"( t$e% (e)+te* &"( &***t&"t*

*$&'' "!t, +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( " t$e C!"*tt+t!", $!'( &" !t$e% !..ce !% e/)'!/e"t(+%"0 t$e% te"+%e# Sect!" 1?, A%tc'e VII

2?8



2# T$e *$&'' "!t, (+%"0 *&( te"+%e, (%ect' !% "(%ect', )%&ctce &" !t$e% )%!.e**!", )&%tc)&te " &" +*"e**, !% e ."&"c&'' "te%e*te( " &" c!"t%&ct 6t$, !% " &".%&"c$*e, !% *)ec&' )%-'e0e 0%&"te( t$e G!-e%"/e"t !% &" *+(-*!", &0e"c, !%"*t%+/e"t&'t t$e%e!., "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* !% t$e%*+*(&%e*# T$e *$&'' *t%ct' &-!( c!".'ct !. "te%e*t " t$e c!"(+ct !. t$e% !..ce#

?# T$e *)!+*e &"( %e'&t-e* c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t 6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee !. t$eP%e*(e"t *$&'' "!t (+%"0 $* te"+%e e &))!"te( &* Me/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&'

C!//**!"*, !% t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&", !% &* Sec%et&%e*, U"(e%*ec%et&%e*c$&%/e" !% $e&(* !. +%e&+* !% !..ce*, "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e(c!%)!%&t!"* &"( t$e% *+*(&%e*#

Le0*'&t-e De)&%t/e"t1# N! Se"&t!% !% Me/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* /& $!'( &" !t$e% !..ce !%

e/)'!/e"t " t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, !% &" *+(-*!", &0e"c, !% "*t%+/e"t&'t t$e%e!."c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* !% t$e% *+*(&%e*, (+%"0 $* te%/6t$!+t .!%.et"0 $* *e&t# Net$e% *$&'' $e e &))!"te( t! &" !..ce 6$c$ /& $&-e ee"

c%e&te( !% t$e e/!'+/e"t* t$e%e!. "c%e&*e( (+%"0 t$e te%/ .!% 6$c$ $e 6&* e'ecte(#Sect!" 1?, A%tc'e VI

>>91HC!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!"*1# N! Me/e% !. & C!"*tt+t!"&' C!//**!" *$&'', (+%"0 $* te"+%e, $!'( &" !t$e% !..ce !%

e/)'!/e"t# Net$e% *$&'' $e e"0&0e " t$e )%&ctce !. &" )%!.e**!" !% " t$e &ct-e/&"&0e/e"t !% c!"t%!' !. &" +*"e** 6$c$ " &" 6& /& e &..ecte( t$e .+"ct!"*!. $* !..ce, "!% *$&'' $e e ."&"c&'' "te%e*te(, (%ect' !% "(%ect', " &" c!"t%&ct6t$, !% " &" .%&"c$*e !% )%-'e0e 0%&"te( t$e G!-e%"/e"t, &" !. t* *+(-*!"*&0e"ce*, !% "*t%+/e"t&'te*, "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* !%

t$e% *+*(&%e*# Sect!" 2, A%tc'e IX2# T$e c-' *e%-ce *$&'' e &(/"*te%e( t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" c!/)!*e( !. &

C$&%/&" &"( t6! C!//**!"e%* 6$! *$&'' e "&t+%&'3!%" cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e* &"(,&t t$e t/e !. t$e% &))!"t/e"t, &t 'e&*t t$%t3.-e e&%* !. &0e, 6t$ )%!-e" c&)&ct .!%

)+'c &(/"*t%&t!", &"( /+*t "!t $&-e ee" c&"((&te* .!% &" e'ect-e )!*t!" " t$ee'ect!"* //e(&te' )%ece("0 t$e% &))!"t/e"t# A%tc'e IX3B, Sect!" 11

?# T$e C$&%/&" &"( t$e C!//**!"e%* *$&'' e &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !.t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* .!% & te%/ !. *e-e" e&%* 6t$!+t %e&))!"t/e"t# O. t$!*e.%*t &))!"te(, t$e C$&%/&" *$&'' $!'( !..ce .!% *e-e" e&%*, & C!//**!"e% .!% .-e

e&%*, &"( &"!t$e% C!//**!"e% .!% t$%ee e&%*, 6t$!+t %e&))!"t/e"t# A))!"t/e"t t!&" -&c&"c *$&'' e !"' .!% t$e +"e;)%e( te%/ !. t$e )%e(ece**!%# I" "! c&*e *$&'' &"Me/e% e &))!"te( !% (e*0"&te( " & te/)!%&% !% &ct"0 c&)&ct# A%tc'e IX3B, Sect!"12

O/+(*/&" &"( $* (e)+te*

2?9



1# T$e O/+(*/&" &"( $* De)+te* *$&'' *e%-e .!% & te%/ !. *e-e" e&%* 6t$!+t%e&))!"t/e"t# T$e *$&'' "!t e +&'.e( t! %+" .!% &" !..ce " t$e e'ect!" //e(&te'*+ccee("0 t$e% ce**&t!" .%!/ !..ce# Sect!" 11, A%tc'e XI

NOTE: T$e N&t!"&' A/"e*t C!//**!" e; !..c! /e/e%* %e)%e*e"t&t-e* &%e c!-e%e( t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!$t!"* &0&"*t $!'("0 /+'t)'e )!*t!"* " t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &"(%ece-"0 (!+'e c!/)e"*&t!" ec&+*e t$e%e * "! '&6 !% &(/"*t%&t-e !%(e% c%e&t"0 &"e6 !..ce !% )!*t!" &"( &+t$!%"0 &((t!"&' c!/)e"*&t!" t$e%e.!%# N&t!"&' A/"e*t

C!//**!" -*# C!//**!" !" A+(t, G#R# N!# 1H<982, Se)te/e% 8, 2==>>91<12# FAILURE TO UALIF 3 D!e* t$e (e'& " +&'."0 /e&"* t$&t t$e !..ce * &+t!/&tc&'' .!%.ete(4A 3 N!# It 6'' !"' 0-e & @+*t.c&t!" t! &))%!)%&te *+)e%!% &+t$!%te* t! )%e-e"t e"t% "t!

t$e !..ce +"t' *+c$ t/e t$&t t$e (e'& * e;)'&"e( t$e &))!"tee# 5e"ce, /e%e (e'& "t$e t&"0 !. &" !&t$ (!e* "!t /e&" t$&t t$e !..ce * %e@ecte( &"( 6$e" t$e !&t$ * *! t&e",t$e (e.&+'t * 6&-e(# 5!6e-e%, . t$e '&6 %e+%e* +&'.c&t!" 6t$" & *)ec.e( t/e &"(

)%!-(e* .+%t$e% t$&t .&'+%e t! (! *! 6'' %e*+'t " &+t!/&tc '!** !. t$e %0$t t! t$e !..ce

t$* $&* t! e c!/)'e( 6t$# Ot$e%6*e, t$e %0$t t! t$e !..ce * &+t!/&tc&'' '!*t#

1?# DE FACTO OFFICERS DISTINCTIONS, DE URE OFFICER AND DE FACTOOFFICER

3 W$&t * & (e.&ct! !..ce%4

A 3 A )e%*!" * c!"*(e%e( & (e.&ct! !..ce%:1# W$e", 6t$!+t & "!6" &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!", +t +"(e% *+c$ c%c+/*t&"ce* !. %e)+t&t!"

!% &c+e*ce"ce &* 6e%e c&'c+'&te( t! "(+ce )e!)'e, 6t$!+t "+%, t! *+/t t! !% "-!e$* &ct!", *+))!*"0 $/ t! e t$e !..ce% $e &**+/e( t! e

2# W$e", t$e%e * & c!'!% !. & "!6" &"( -&'( &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!", +t 6$e%e t$e !..ce%$&( .&'e( t! c!".!%/ t! *!/e )%ece(e"t, %e+%e/e"t, !% c!"(t!", &* t! t&e &" !&t$, 0-e &

!"(, !% t$e 'e?# W$e" $e e;e%c*e( $* (+te* +"(e% & c!'!% !. & "!6" &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!" !% t$&t t$e%e

6&* & 6&"t !. )!6e%, " t$e e'ect"0 !% &))!"t"0 !( !% t$e%e * *!/e (e.ect !%%%e0+'&%t " t* e;e%c*e, &"( *+c$ "e'0't, 6&"t !. )!6e%, !% (e.ect * +""!6" t! t$e

)+'c# F!% *&( %e&*!"*, t$e &ct* !. t$e (e.&ct! !..ce% &%e -!(## W$e" t$e%e 6&* c!'!% !. &" e'ect!" !% &" &))!"t/e"t +t *+c$ * &*e( !" &"

+"c!"*tt+t!"&' '&6# 5e%e, t$e )e%*!" e;e%c*"0 t$e (+te* * c!"*(e%e( (e.&ct! !..ce%

e.!%e t$e *&( '&6 * &(@+(0e( t! e +"c!"*tt+t!"&'# M&%t", ct"0 C!"", 9, 9 A/# Re)=9 L+"& -*# R!(%0+e, ?7 P$'# 18<

>>917I" %ece"t @+%*)%+(e"ce, t$e .!''!6"0 &%e c!"*(e%e( & (e .&ct! !..ce%:1# A )+'c !..c&' !% e/)'!ee 6$! &**+/e( !..ce +"(e% &" "c!/)'ete &))!"t/e"t *

/e%e' & (e.&ct! !..ce% .!% t$e (+%&t!" !. $* !cc+)&"c !. t$e !..ce# C!%)+ -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'*, 28H SCRA 2?

2=



2# A (e.&ct! !..ce% * (e."e( &* !"e 6$! (e%-e* $* &))!"t/e"t .%!/ !"e $&-"0 c!'!%&'e&+t$!%t t! &))!"t, . t$e !..ce * &" &))!"t-e !..ce, &"( 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t * -&'( !"t* .&ce# D/&&"(&' -*# C!//**!" !" A+(t, 291 SCRA ?22

?# A (e.&ct! !..ce% * !"e 6$! * " )!**e**!" !. &" !..ce, &"( * (*c$&%0"0 t* (+te* +"(e%c!'!% !. &+t$!%t, 6$c$ * /e&"t &+t$!%t (e%-e( .%!/ &" &))!"t/e"t, $!6e-e%%%e0+'&% !% ".!%/&', *! t$&t t$e "c+/e"t e "!t & /e%e -!'+"tee%# I(#

# A (e.&ct! !..ce% * !"e 6$! * " )!**e**!" !. &" !..ce " t$e !)e" e;e%c*e !. t* .+"ct!"*

+"(e% c!'!% !. &" e'ect!" !% &" &))!"t/e"t, e-e" t$!+0$ *+c$ e'ect!" !% &))!"t/e"t /& e %%e0+'&% I(#

3 W$&t * t$e &** !. t$e %&t!"&'e !. t$e (e.&ct! !..ce%4A 3 It * +"%e&*!"&'e t! %e+%e t$e )+'c t! "+%e "t! t$e tt'e !. &" !..ce%, !% c!/)e' $/

t! *$!6 tt'e ec&+*e t$e )+'c (! "!t $&-e t/e &"( !))!%t+"t t! "-e*t0&te t$e tt'e !.t$e "c+/e"t# A* & /&tte% !. )!'c &"( "ece**t, t$e (!ct%"e *e%-e* t! )%!tect t$e )+'c&"( t$e "(-(+&'* 6$e"e-e% t$e% "te%e*t* &%e "-!'-e( " t$e !..c&' &ct* !. )e%*!"*e;e%c*"0 t$e (+te* !. &" !..ce# T&! -*# C&)*t%&"! ct"0 St&te -*# C&%!'', ?8 C!""#

9, 9 A/# Re)# =9

3 A%e t$e &ct* !. & (e .&ct! !..ce%, "*!.&% &* t$e &..ect t$e )+'c, -&'(4A 3 T$e &%e -&'( &"( 'e0&' "*!.&% &* t$e &..ect t$e )+'c#

3 W$&t &%e t$e '&'te* !. & (e.&ct! !..ce%4A 31 5e * '&'e +)!" $* !"(2 5e * '&'e .!% $* "e0'0e"ce? 5e * '&'e .!% $* e/e'e/e"t

5e * '&'e .!% /&'.e&*&"ce " $* &**+/e( !..ce Mec$&" !" P+'c O..ce%*, ??<3??8,?1

3 W$&t &%e t$e e'e/e"t* !. & (e.&ct! !..ce4A 3 C!(e: VAC

V 3 &'( &"( 'e0t/&te !..ceA 3 ct+&' )!**e**!" !. *&( !..ce " 0!!( .&t$C 3 !'!% !. tt'e t! t$e !..ce !% 0e"e%&' &c+e*ce"ce t$e )+'c

3 W$e" * t$e%e & c!'!% !. tt'e t! t$e !..ce4A 3 S&/e &"*6e% &* " t$e .%*t +e*t!" &"( &"*6e%, N!# 1?, &* &!-e3/e"t!"e(#>>918 3 D*t"0+*$ (e @+%e !..ce% .%!/ t$&t !. & (e.&ct! !..ce%#A 3

De F&ct! O..ce%

21



1# A (e .&ct! !..ce% /& e !+*te( " & (%ect )%!cee("0 &0&"*t $/#2# A (e .&ct! !..ce% $&* t$e )!**e**!" &"( )e%.!%/* t$e (+te* +"(e% c!'!% !. %0$t, 6t$!+t

e"0 'e0&'' +&'.e( t! &ct# M&%t" ct"0 T&! -*# C&)*t%&"!# H? P$'# 8<<

De +%e O..ce% 1# A (e @+%e !..ce% c&""!t e %e/!-e(#2# A (e @+%e !..ce% $&* t$e '&6.+' %0$t !% tt'e 6t$!+t t$e )!**e**!" !. t$e !..ce#

EXAMPLES OF T5E ELEMENTS OF A DE FACTO OFFICE1# V&'( &"( Le0t/&te 3 I. M%# A 6&* "!t -&'(' e'ecte( !% &))!"te(, !% $e * "!t e'0'e, &"( $e !cc+)e* &

'e0t/&te !..ce, * $e & (e@+%e !% (e.&ct! !..ce%4A 3 5e * & (e.&ct! !..ce%#

3 S&/e e;&/)'e +t t$e !..ce t*e'. * -!(, +t M%# A 6&* -&'(' e'ecte( !% & &))!"te(, *$e & (e@+%e !% & (e.&ct! !..ce%4

A 3 5e * "et$e% & (e.&ct! !..ce% "!% & (e@+%e !..ce% .!% "! !..ce &t &'' e;*t*#

3 S+))!*e M%# A, & c&"((&te .!% )+'c !..ce 6&* )%!c'&/e( " &" e'ect!" 6$c$ 6&*%%e0+'&%' $e'(, * $e & (e .&ct! !..ce%4

A 3 5e * & (e.&ct! !..ce% e.!%e t$e *&( e'ect!" * "+''.e(#

2# C!'!% !. Tt'e 3 W$e" & @+(0e " 0!!( .&t$ %e/&"* " !..ce &.te% $* )%e-!+* -&'(&))!"t/e"t $&* '&)*e( &"( t$e )+'c c!"t"+e* t! &c+e*ce $* &ct*, &"( (+%"0 t$e t/e $e6&* %e0&%(e( &* & @+(0e, $* *+cce**!% $&* "!t ee" &))!"te(, $e * c!"*(e%e( &* & (e .&ct!

@+(0e#

A"!t$e% e;&/)'e * & c&*e 6$e%e !"e * +&'.e( &"( e'0'e +t $e 6&* &))!"te( !"e 6$! 6&* "!t e/)!6e%e( !% &+t$!%e( t! /&e &" &))!"t/e"t#

A /&!% 6$! "**te( t! %e/&" " $* !..ce (e*)te t$e .!%.et+%e !. $* !..ce * &(e.&ct! !..ce%#

?# Act+&' P!**e**!" !. t$e O..ce 3 A (ec*!" )%!/+'0&te( & @+(0e 6$! &'%e&( ce&*e( t! e & @+(0e !. t$e C!+%t )%e*(e( $/, * -!(# REASON: 5e $&* "! /!%e &+t$!%t t! )%!/+'0&te t$e *&( (ec*!"#

>>919

T$e (ec*!" * 'e6*e -!( . &.te% $e ce&*e( &* & @+(0e, t 6&* )%!/+'0&te( +"(e%&"!t$e% @+(0e# S!'* -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, ?8 SCRA H?

RIG5T TO COMPENSATION 3 C&" & (e .&ct! !..ce% c'&/ *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!" .!% *&'&%e* %e"(e%e( $/ &* *+c$4

A 3 T$e %+'e " M!"%! -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'* * t! t$e e..ect t$&t & (e.&ct! !..ce%, "!t $&-"00!!( tt'e t&e t$e *&'&%e* &t $* %* &"( /+*t t$e%e.!%e &cc!+"t t! t$e (e@+%e !..ce% .!%

22



1# COMMENCEMENT OF OFFICIAL RELATIONS 3 E&%'e%, t 6&* /e"t!"e( t$&t & )+'c !..ce% * c$!*e" et$e% &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!"# I*

t &'*! t$%!+0$ &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!" t$&t !..c&' %e'&t!"* &%e c!//e"ce(4

A 3 e*# NOTE: Be.!%e )%!cee("0 t! t$e e0$t /)!%t&"t )%"c)'e* 6$c$ * t$e "e;t t!)c, %e/e/e%

t$!%!+0$' t$e (*c+**!" !. t$e %e+%e/e"t* .!% )+'c !..ce t$e )%ece("0 t!)c, )&%tc+'&%' t$e (..e%e"t "(* !. &))!"t/e"t*, (*t"ct!" et6ee" &))!"t/e"t(e*0"&t!" &"( c!//**!", (*t"ct!" et6ee" &))!"t/e"t &"( e'ect!", (..e%e"t "(*!. -&c&"ce* &"( e'0't &"( +&'.c&t!"

1H# EIG5T 8 IMPORTANT PRINCIPLESCODE: AT NEXT3DM3PML1# A))!"t/e"t2# T!%! -*# CSC

?# T$e "e;t3"3%&" %+'e# De .&ct! I De +%eH# M&tte%* t$&t .&'' 6t$" t$e e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e CSC<# J"(* !. Pe%*!""e' Act!"*7# M!(e* !. te%/"&t!" !. !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)8# L&'t !. P+'c O..ce%*>>921EXPLANATION OF EAC5 OF T5E SAID PRINCIPLES1# A))!"t/e"t

7# PRINCIPLES REGARDING POWER AND AUT5ORIT TO MAJE ANAPPOINTMENT

& E**e"t&'' & (*c%et!"&% )!6e% T$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t, "!t t$e CSC, (ete%/"e* 6$!, &/!"0 t$e *e-e%&' c&"((&te* .!% &

-&c&"t )!*t!", $&* t$e e*t +&'.c&t!"c CSC $&* "! &+t$!%t t! (%ect t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t t! &))!"t & ce%t&" )e%*!"( O"ce &))!"t/e"t * **+e( &"( t$e /!/e"t t$e &))!"tee &**+/e* & )!*t!" " t$e c-'

*e%-ce +"(e% & c!/)'ete &))!"t/e"t, $e &c+%e* & 'e0&', "!t /e%e' e+t&'e %0$t 6$c$* )%!tecte( t$e L&6 &"( t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

e O"ce t$e (*c%et!"&% )!6e% !. &))!"t/e"t $&* ee" e;e%c*e( &"( t$e &))!"tee &**+/e(t$e (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* !. t$e )!*t!", t$e *&( &))!"t/e"t c&""!t e %e-!e( t$e&))!"t"0 &+t$!%t, !" t$e /e%e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e )%!te*t&"t * /!%e +&'.e( t$&" t$e .%*t&))!"tee#

. A" &))!"tee 6t$ & te/)!%&% *t&t+* "ee( "!t )!**e** t$e C-' Se%-ce e'0't %e+%e( t$e )!*t!"# T$* * *+@ect t! t$e +&'.c&t!"* " T!%! -*# CSC#

0 T$e "e;t " %&" %+'e * "!t &*!'+te#

2



*t&t+* &"( +&'.c&t!" *t&"(&%(*, &%e 6t$" t$e e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!"#

<# J"(* !. )e%*!""e' &ct!"*CODE: PAT3RE3RE3RE3DEP%!/!t!"A3))!"t/e"t t$%!+0$ ce%t.c&t!"

T3%&"*.e% RE3e/)'!/e"tRE3&**0"/e"tRE3"*t&te/e"tDE3t&'>>92?

EXPLAIN EAC5 BRIEFLP%!/!t!"

It * & /!-e/e"t .%!/ !"e )!*t!" t! &"!t$e% 6t$ "c%e&*e " (+te* &"( %e*)!"*'te*

&* &+t$!%e( '&6 &"( +*+&'' &cc!/)&"e( &" "c%e&*e " )&#

A))!"t/e"t T$%!+0$ Ce%t.c&t!"It * **+e( t! & )e%*!" 6$! $&* ee" *e'ecte( .%!/ & '*t !. +&'.e( )e%*!"* ce%t.e(

t$e CSC .%!/ &" &))%!)%&te %e0*te% !. e'0'e*, &"( 6$! /eet* &'' t$e +&'.c&t!"* )%e*c%e( .!% t$e )!*t!"#

T%&"*.e% It * & /!-e/e"t .%!/ !"e )!*t!" t! &"!t$e% 6$c$ * !. e+-&'e"t %&", 'e-e' !% *&'&%

6t$!+t %e& " *e%-ce# T%&"*.e% /& e /)!*e( &* &" &(/"*t%&t-e )e"&'t +"(e% c+%%e"t

C-' Se%-ce R+'e*#

Ree/)'!/e"t N&/e* !. )e%*!"* 6$! $&-e ee" &))!"te( )e%/&"e"t' t! )!*t!"* " t$e c&%ee%

*e%-ce &"( 6$! $&-e ee" *e)&%&te( &* & %e*+'t !. %e(+ct!" " .!%ce &"(!% %e!%0&"&t!"*$&'' e e"te%e( " & '*t .%!/ 6$c$ *e'ect!" .!% %e3e/)'!/e"t *$&'' e /&(e#

Re&**0"/e"tA" e/)'!ee /& e %e&**0"e( .%!/ !"e !%0&"&t!"&' +"t t! &"!t$e% " t$e *&/e

&0e"c, )%!-(e( t$&t *+c$ %e&**0"/e"t *$&'' "!t "-!'-e & %e(+ct!" " %&", *t&t+* !% *&'&%#

Re"*t&te/e"tA" )e%*!" 6$! $&* ee" )e%/&"e"t' &))!"te( t! & )!*t!" " t$e c&%ee% *e%-ce &"(

6$! $&*, t$%!+0$ "! (e'"+e"c !% /*c!"(+ct, ee" *e)&%&te( t$e%e.%!/, /& e %e"*t&te( t!& )!*t!" " t$e *&/e 'e-e' .!% 6$c$ $e * +&'.e(#

Det&'

2<



It * t$e /!-e/e"t !. &" e/)'!ee .%!/ !"e &0e"c t! &"!t$e% " t$e *&/e &0e"c, )%!-(e( t$&t *+c$ %e&**0"/e"t *$&'' "!t "-!'-e %e(+ct!" " %&", *t&t+* !% *&'&%#T$* * & )%e%!0&t-e !. t$e CSC#>>92T5E NEXT3IN3RANJ RULE IS NOT ABSOLUTE

T$* /& e (*%e0&%(e( e-e" " c&*e !. )%!/!t!"*# T$e "e;t " %&" %+'e * "!t&*!'+te# It !"' &))'e* " c&*e !. )%!/!t!"*# It !"' &))'e* " c&*e* !. )%!/!t!"*# A"( e-e"

" )%!/!t!"* t c&" e (*%e0&%(e( .!% *!+"( %e&*!"* /&(e "!6" t! t$e "e;t3"3%&"# T$e&))!"t"0 &+t$!%t, +"(e% t$e C-' Se%-ce L&6, * &''!6e( t! .'' -&c&"ce* )%!/!t!"t%&"*.e%, !% )%e*e"t e/)'!ee*, %e"*t&te/e"t, %e3e/)'!/e"t, &"( &))!"t/e"t !. !+t*(e%*6$! $&-e &))%!)%&te c-' *e%-ce e'0't, "!t "ece**&%' " t$&t !%(e%# T$e%e * "! 'e0&' .&tt$&t & -&c&"c /+*t e .''e( !"' )%!/!t!" t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t * 0-e" 6(e(*c%et!" t! .'' & -&c&"c .%!/ &/!"0 t$e *e-e%&' &'te%"&t-e* )%!-(e( '&6# E*)&!' -*#C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!# 8H79, M&%c$ ?, 1992, E" B&"c, Re0&'&(!, #

M+*t &'' &))!"t/e"t* "-!'-e( " & c$&" !. )%!/!t!"* e *+/tte( .!% &))%!-&' !. t$e C-'

Se%-ce C!//**!"4A'' &))!"t/e"t* "-!'-e( " & c$&" !. )%!/!t!"* /+*t e *+/tte( */+'t&"e!+*'

.!% &))%!-&' t$e C!//**!"# T$e (*&))%!-&' !. t$e &))!"t/e"t !. & )e%*!" )%!)!*e( t! &$0$e% )!*t!"* "-&'(&te* t$e )%!/!t!" !. t$!*e " t$e '!6e% )!*t!"* &"( &+t!/&tc&''%e*t!%e* t$e/ t! t$e% .!%/e% )!*t!"*# 5!6e-e%, t$e &..ecte( )e%*!"* &%e e"tt'e( t! )&/e"t !.*&'&%e* .!% *e%-ce* &ct+&'' %e"(e%e( &t & %&te .;e( " t$e )%!/!t!"&' &))!"t/e"t*# T$* *"!6" &* t$e A+t!/&tc Re-e%*!" R+'e# Sect!" 1?, O/"+* R+'e* I/)'e/e"t"0 B!! VE#O# 292

W$&t &%e t$e %e+*te* " !%(e% t$&t *&( %+'e* 6'' &))'4

1# T$e%e /+*t e & *e%e* !. )%!/!t!"*#2# A'' )%!/!t!"&' &))!"t/e"t* &%e */+'t&"e!+*' *+/tte( t! t$e C!//**!" .!% &))%!-&'#?# T$e C!//**!" (*&))%!-e* t$e &))!"t/e"t !. & )e%*!" t! & $0$e% )!*t!"# D-"&0%&c&

-*# St!# T!/&*, G#R# N!# 11=9H, M& ?1, 199H

APPOINTMENT T5ROUG5 CERTIFICATIONW$&t * %e+%e( .!% t$* "( !. &))!"t/e"t4

1# T$e )e%*!" t! e *e'ecte( !% *e'ecte( * " & '*t !. +&'.e( )e%*!"* ce%t.e( t$e CSC

.%!/ &" &))%!)%&te %e0*te% !. e'0'e*#2# T$e )e%*!" t! e *e'ecte( !% *e'ecte( /eet* &'' t$e +&'.c&t!"* )%e*c%e( .!% t$e )!*t!"#

TRANSFER I* t$e t%&"*.e% !. &" e/)'!ee .%!/ !"e )!*t!" t! &"!t$e% & -!'&t!" !. $* *ec+%t !. te"+%e

e-e" . %e*+'t* t! $* )%!/!t!"4e*, . t$e *&( e/)'!ee * %e/!-e( 6t$!+t $* c!"*e"t# REASON: T$&t &/!+"t* t!

%e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce#

27



>>92HI* t )!**'e t$&t &" e/)'!ee * )e%/&"e"t' t%&"*.e%%e( t! &"!t$e% )!*t!" 6t$!+t -!'&t"0

$* *ec+%t !. te"+%e4T$* * )!**'e . &" e/)'!ee * '&6.+'' %e/!-e( .%*t .%!/ $* )!*t!", &"( t$e%e&.te%,

$e * &))!"te( t! &"!t$e% )!*t!" 6$c$ * !. e+-&'e"t %&", 'e-e' !% *&'&%#

RE3EMPLOMENT

W$e" * t$* )!**'e4T$* $&))e"* 6$e" )e%*!"* 6$! 6e%e )%e-!+*' &))!"te( )e%/&"e"t' t! )!*t!"* "

t$e c&%ee% *e%-ce $&-e ee" *e)&%&te( .%!/ t$e *e%-ce !" &cc!+"t !. %e3!%0&"&t!" !%%e(+ct!" " & '*t .%!/ 6$c$ *e'ect!" .!% %ee/)'!/e"t *$&'' e /&(e#

REASSIGNMENTC&" &" e/)'!ee e %e&**0"e( .%!/ !"e !%0&"&t!"&' +"t t! &"!t$e% " t$e *&/e &0e"c4

e*, )%!-(e( t$&t *+c$ %e&**0"/e"t *$&'' "!t "-!'-e %e(+ct!" " %&", *t&t+* !% *&'&%#

A* & %e*+'t !. t$e %e(e."t!" &"( %e3"+/e%"0 !. t$e %e0!"&' (*t%ct* !. t$e BIR, & BIRe/)'!ee 6&* %e&**0"e( .%!/ P&/)&"0& t! C&0&&"# T$e *&( e/)'!ee +e*t!"e( t$e'e0&'t !. t$e %e3&**0"/e"t &''e0"0 t$&t t 6&* & (e/!t!"# I* t$e *&( c!"te"t!" c!%%ect4

N!# S&( c!"te"t!" 6'', " e..ect, *+!%("&te 0!-e%"/e"t )%!@ect* t! $* )e%*!"&' )%e.e%e"ce# Be*(e*, $e .&'e( t! e;$&+*t &(/"*t%&t-e %e/e(e* ec&+*e $e *$!+'( $&-e+e*t!"e( .%*t t$e -&'(t !. $* t%&"*.e% &))e&' t! t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"# C$&t!-*# N&t-(&(, G#R# N!# 11?8?, +"e 2, 199H

REINSTATEMENTD+e t! &''e0e( (*$!"e*t, A 6&* *e)&%&te( .%!/ 0!-e%"/e"t *e%-ce# M+c$ '&te%, $e 6&*

0%&"te( e;ec+t-e c'e/e"c !" t$e &** !. ."("0* t$&t t$e c$&%0e* &%e "!t t%+e# I* A%e*t!%e( t! $* !..ce +)!" t$e **+&"ce !. t$e c'e/e"c &"( * $e e"tt'e( t! &c 6&0e*4

e*# REASON: T$e e;ec+t-e c'e/e"c c!/)'ete' !'te%&te( t$e &(/"*t%&t-e e..ect*!. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e (-*!"# 5e * %e*t!%e( t! $* !..ce )*! .&ct! +)!" t$e **+&"ce !. t$ec'e/e"c# G&%c& -*# C$&%/&", COA, G#R# N!# L37H=2H, Se)te/e% 1, 199?

C&" %e&))!"t/e"t e t$e *+@ect !. &" &))'c&t!" .!% /&"(&/+*4 N!# It * (*c%et!"&% !" t$e )&%t !. t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e%# G'!%& -*# +(0e De G+/&",

G#R# N!# 11<18?, Oct!e% <, 199H

>>92<C&" t$e c!+%t* "te%.e%e " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e *&( (*c%et!"4

N!# I(#

DETAILW$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. (et&'4

28



It * te/)!%&% " "&t+%e, $e"ce, t * &''!6e( !"' .!% & '/te( )e%!( " t$e c&*e !.e/)'!ee* !cc+)"0 )%!.e**!"&', tec$"c&' &"( *ce"t.c )!*t!"*# Re)+'c -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'*, 182 SCRA 721

7# M!(e* !. Te%/"&t!" !. O..c&' Re'&t!"*$)CODE: ERRRRAP3DIFAACO3FILING7#1 E;)%&t!" !. te%/ !% te"+%e

7#2 Re*0"&t!"7#? R3ec&''7# Re/!-&'7#H Re&c$"0 &0e '/t7#< A&"(!"/e"t7#7 P3%e*c%)t!" !. %0$t t! !..ce7#8 De&t$7#9 I3/)e&c$/e"t7#1= F&'+%e t! &**+/e e'ect!" !..ce

7#11 A3cce)t&"ce !. "c!/)&t'e !..ce7#12 A3!'t!" !. !..ce7#1? CO3"-ct!" !. & c%/e7#1 FILING !. ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c

EXPLANATION OF EAC57#1 EXPIRATION OF TERM OR TENURE

D*t"ct!" !. te%/ &"( te"+%eTe%/ /e&"* t$e t/e (+%"0 6$c$ t$e )+'c !..ce% /& c'&/ t! $!'( !..ce &* !. %0$t,

&"( .;e* t$e "te%-&' &.te% 6$c$ t$e *e-e%&' "c+/e"t* *$&'' *+ccee( !"e &"!t$e%# O'-&%e*-*# V''&'+, H7 SCRA 1<?

Te"+%e %e)%e*e"t* t$e &ct+&' )e%!( (+%"0 6$c$ t$e "c+/e"t $!'(* !..ce#T$e te"+%e /& e *$!%te% t$&" t$e te%/ .!% %e&*!"* e!"( t$e )!6e% !. t$e "c+/e"t

N+e"! -*# A"0e'e*, 7< P$'# 12>>927 3 A.te% t$e EDSA Pe!)'e Re-!'+t!" " 198<, t$e "e6 P%e*(e"t &cce)te( t$e c!+%te*

%e*0"&t!"* !. c!"*tt+t!"&' !..ce%* 6t$ .;e( te%/* !. !..ce# W$&t * t$e 'e0&' e..ect !.*&( &cce)t&"ce !. c!+%te* %e*0"&t!"*4

A 31# It %e*+'te( " t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e te%/#2# T$e )+'c !..ce%* c!"ce%"e( &%e e"tt'e( t! %et%e/e"t e"e.t*# O%t -*# C!/e'ec, 1<2

SCRA 812 I" Re Ret%e/e"t !. +*tce B%t&"c!, 17? SCRA 21

3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. %e)'&ce/e"t !. & )+'c !..ce% 6$! $!'(* !..ce &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e&))!"t"0 )!6e%4

29



A 3 T$e %e)'&ce/e"t * %e0&%(e( &* te%/"&t!" t$%!+0$ e;)%&t!" !. t$e te%/, "!t %e/!-&'#A*t%&+''! -*# M&"0'&)+*, 19= SCRA 28=

3 W$e" (!e* t$e te%/ !. !..ce e0"4A 3 SIMPLIFICATION OF T5E RULES1# It e0"* +)!" +&'.c&t!"#

3 W$e" t$e '&6 .;e* t$e )e%!( 6t$" & c$!*e" !..ce% /& +&'. .!% t$e !..ce#

2# It e0"* .%!/ (&te !. &))!"t/e"t " c&*e !. &))!"t/e"t, !% .%!/ t$e (&te !. e'ect!" "c&*e !. e'ect-e !..ce#3 W$e" "! t/e * .;e( '&6#

OT5ER RULES1# W$e" & '&6 .;"0 t$e te%/ !. )+'c * &/0+!+*

T$e '&6 t$&t .;e* t$e te%/ &t t$e *$!%te*t )e%!( *$!+'( e .!''!6e(#

2# W$e" t$e C!"*tt+t!" !% t$e '&6 .;e( !t$ t$e te%/ !. !..ce &"( t$e t/e !. t*

c!//e"ce/e"t !% te%/"&t!"A )e%*!" e'ecte( !% &))!"te( t! .'' & -&c&"c " *+c$ !..ce *$&'' $!'( t$e *&/e !"' .!%

t$e +"e;)%e( )!%t!" !. t$e te%/#

?# W$e" !"' t$e (+%&t!" !. t$e te%/ * .;e( +t "! t/e * e*t&'*$e( !% t$e e0"""0 !% e"(!. t$e te%/#

T$e )e%*!" *e'ecte( t! .'' t$e -&c&"c /& *e%-e t$e .+'' te%/ &"( "!t /e%e' t$e+"e;)%e( &'&"ce !. t$e )%!% "c+/e"t* te%/#

# W$e" &" !..ce * c%e&te(, !% &" !..ce% * &))!"te( @+*t t! &cc!/)'*$ & *)ec.c )+%)!*e !%

)+%)!*e*T$e !..ce te%/"&te* &"( t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e )+'c !..ce% ce&*e* 6$e" *&( )+%)!*e !%

)+%)!*e* *&%e &cc!/)'*$e(#

7#2 RESIGNATIONRe*0"&t!" * t$e &ct !. 0-"0 +) !% t$e &ct !. &" !..ce% 6$c$ $e (ec'"e* $* !..ce

&"( %e"!+"ce* t$e .+%t$e% %0$t t! +*e t# It /)'e* &" e;)%e**!" !. t$e "c+/e"t " *!/e.!%/, e;)%e** !% /)'e(, !. t$e "te"t!" t! *+%%e"(e%, %e"!+"ce, &"( %e'"+*$ t$e !..ce &"(t* &cce)t&"ce c!/)ete"t &"( '&6.+' &+t$!%t# N&c&t+"& -*# Pe!)'e !. t$e P$'))"e*

G#R# N!# 1711, N!-e/e% 2, 2==<# It "ee( "!t e " &" )&%tc+'&% .!%/ +"'e** *!/e .!%/* )%e*c%e( '&6# It /& t$e%e.!%e e " 6%t"0 !% )&%!'# 5!6e-e%, " !%(e% t$&t t$e%ec!+'( e & c!/)'ete &"( e;)%e**-e %e*0"&t!" !. )+'c !..ce, t$e%e /+*t e: 1 ANINTENTION TO RELINUIS5 A PART OF T5E TERM 2 AN ACCOMPANING ACTOF RELINUIS5MENT# M&%t", ct"0 St&te -*# A+0+*t"e, 11? MO# 21, 2= S# W# <H1, ?H,A#S#R# <9< St&te -*# A''e", 21 I"(# H1<, 8? ? RESIGNATION MUST BE ACCEPTED BPROPER AUT5ORIT# S&"00+"&"0 B&&" !. S&" A"(%e*, C&t&"(+&"e* -*# C!+%t !.A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 11888?, &"+&% 1<, 1998

2H=



>>928 3 W$ * &cce)t&"ce !. %e*0"&t!" "ece**&%4A 3 A )+'c !..ce% 6$! &&"(!"* $* !..ce t! t$e (et%/e"t !. t$e )+'c e.!%e $*

%e*0"&t!" " &cce)te( * '&'e +"(e% A%tc'e 2?8 !. t$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e#

3 W$e" * %e*0"&t!" (ee/e( c!/)'ete4A 3 It * c!/)'ete 6$e" t * &cce)te( t$e )%!)e% &+t$!%t# 5!6e-e%, . t$e%e * & )%!-*!"

&+t$!%"0 t$e )+'c !..ce% t! $!'( !-e% +"t' $* *+cce**!% * c$!*e" &"( +&'.e(, t$e"%e*0"&t!" $&* "! e..ect +"t' &.te% t$e *+cce**!% $&* e"te%e( +)!" t$e (+te* !. t$e !..ce#

3 C&" %e*0"&t!" e 6t$(%&6"4A 31# It c&""!t e 6t$(%&6" " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:

& A" +"c!"(t!"&' %e*0"&t!" 6$c$ t&e* //e(&te e..ect &"( $&* ee" t%&"*/tte( t!t$e )!6e% &+t$!%e( t! &cce)t t c&""!t e 6t$(%&6" e-e" 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e!..ce% 6t$ 6$!/ t * .'e(

A" +"c!"(t!"&' %e*0"&t!" 6$c$ 6'' t&e e..ect " t$e .+t+%e c&""!t e 6t$(%&6" .t $&* ee" (+' &cce)te( t$e )%!)e% &+t$!%t, &'t$!+0$ t$e t/e &t 6$c$ t * t! t&ee..ect $&* "!t &%%-e(

2# Be.!%e & )%!*)ect-e %e*0"&t!" * &cce)te(, t /& e 6t$(%&6" e-e" . t * +"c!"(t!"&'. t$e &cce)t"0 &+t$!%t c!"*e"t* &"( . "! "e6 %0$t* $&-e "te%-e"e(# St&te -*#A+0+*t"e, *+)%&

3 C&" %e*0"&t!" e %e)+(&te(4A 3 Re*0"&t!" c&" e %e)+(&te( " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:1# W$e" t $&* ee" t%&"*/tte( 6t$!+t t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e )+'c !..ce%

2# W$e" t 6&* )%!c+%e( .%&+( !% (+%e**#

3 W$e" *$&'' %e*0"&t!" e e..ect-e4A 3 It * e..ect-e 6$e" t$e )+'c !..ce% %ece-e* "!tce !. t$e &cce)t&"ce !. $* %e*0"&t!",

"!t !" t$e (&te !. t$e 'ette% !% "!tce !. &cce)t&"ce#>>929OFFICER AUT5ORIKED TO ACCEPT RESIGNATION 3 W$! &%e t$e !..ce%* &+t$!%e( t! &cce)t %e*0"&t!"4A 3 W$!e-e% * t$e c!/)ete"t &+t$!%t &* /& e )%!-(e( '&6#

EXAMPLE:1# Re*0"&t!" !. P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t

3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! C!"0%e**#

2# Me/e%* !. C!"0%e**3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! et$e% t$e Se"&te !% 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*#

2H1



?# A))!"t-e )+'c !..ce%*3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t#

# L!c&' e'ect-e )+'c !..c&'*3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! t$e .!''!6"0 !..ce%*, t! 6t:

& G!-e%"!%*, Vce30!-e%"!%*, M&!%*, Vce3M&!%* !. $0$' +%&"e( cte* &"("(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte*

3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! &"( &cce)te( t$e P%e*(e"t# M+"c)&' M&!%*, Vce3M&!%*, Ct M&!%*, &"( Vce3M&!%* !. c!/)!"e"t cte*

3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! &"( &cce)te( t$e G!-e%"!%#c S&"00+"&"0 Me/e%*

3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! &"( &cce)te( t$e S&"00+"&"0 c!"ce%"e(#( B&%&"0& O..c&'*

3 T$e% %e*0"&t!" /+*t e te"(e%e( t! &"( &cce)te( t$e Ct !% M+"c)&' M&!%*#

7#? RECALL

It * & /!(e !. te%/"&t"0 !..c&' %e'&t!"*$) )%!% t! t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e te%/ !. & )+'c !..ce% !" &cc!+"t !. '!** !. c!".(e"ce# Rec&'' c&" e "t&te( et$e% 1 & )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/' !% 2 t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t#

3 W$&t * %ec&''4A 3 It * & /!(e !. te%/"&t"0 !..c&' %e'&t!"*$) )%!% t! t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e te%/ !. & )+'c

!..ce% !" &cc!+"t !. '!** !. c!".(e"ce# Rec&'' c&" e "t&te( et$e% 1 & )%e)&%&t!%%ec&'' &**e/' !% 2 t$e %e0*te%e( -!te%* !. t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t#

>>9?= 3 W$&t * t$e c!/)!*t!" !. t$e P%e)&%&t!% Rec&'' A**e/'4

A 3 It * c!/)!*e( !. t$e .!''!6"0:1# P%!-"c&' 'e-e' 3 A'' M&!%*, Vce3M&!%* &"( S&"00+"&" Me/e%* !. t$e /+"c)&'te*

&"( c!/)!"e"t cte*#2# Ct 'e-e' 3 A'' P+"!"0 B&%&"0& &"( S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0& Me/e%* " t$e ct#?# Le0*'&t-e D*t%ct 'e-e' 3 W$e%e S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&" Me/e%* &%e e'ecte(

(*t%ct, &'' e'ect-e /+"c)&' !..c&'* " t$e (*t%ct &"( " c&*e* 6$e%e S&"00+"&"0P&"0'+"0*!( Me/e%* &%e e'ecte( (*t%ct, &'' e'ect-e &%&"0& !..c&'* " t$e (*t%ct#

# M+"c)&' 'e-e' 3 A'' P+"!"0 B&%&"0& &"( S&"00+"&"0 B&%&"0& Me/e%* " t$e

/+"c)&'t#

3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e .!% "t&t"0 %ec&'' & )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/'4A 31# A /&@!%t !. &'' t$e )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/' /e/e%* /& c!"-e"e " *e**!" " &

)+'c )'&ce &"( "t&te & %ec&'' )%!cee("0 &0&"*t &" e'ect-e !..c&' " t$e '!c&'0!-e%"/e"t +"t c!"ce%"e(#

2H2



2# Rec&'' !. )%!-"c&', ct !% /+"c)&' !..c&'* *$&'' e -&'(' "t&te( t$%!+0$ & %e*!'+t!"&(!)te( & /&@!%t !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e )%e)&%&t!% %ec&'' &**e/' c!"ce%"e((+%"0 t* *e**!" c&''e( .!% t$e )+%)!*e#

3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e .!% "t&t"0 %ec&'' %e0*te%e( -!te%*4

A 3 Rec&'' !. & )%!-"c&', ct, /+"c)&' !% &%&"0& !..c&' /& &'*! e -&'(' "t&te(

+)!" )ett!" &t 'e&*t 2H !. t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. %e0*te%e( -!te%* " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t+"t c!"ce%"e( (+%"0 t$e e'ect!" " 6$c$ t$e '!c&' !..c&' *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( 6&*e'ecte(#

& A 6%tte" )ett!" .!% %ec&'' (+' *0"e( e.!%e t$e e'ect!" %e0*t%&% !% $* %e)%e*e"t&t-e, &"(" t$e )%e*e"ce !. & %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e )ett!"e% &"( %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e !..c&' *!+0$tt! e %ec&''e(, &"( " )+'c )'&ce " t$e )%!-"ce, ct, /+"c)&'t !% &%&"0&, &* t$e c&*e/& e, *$&'' e .'e( 6t$ t$e C!/e'ec t$%!+0$ t* !..ce " t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"tc!"ce%"e(# T$e C!/e'ec !% t* (+' &+t$!%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e *$&'' c&+*e t$e )+'c&t!" !.t$e )ett!" " & )+'c &"( c!"*)c+!+* )'&ce .!% & )e%!( !. "!t 'e** t$&" te" 1= (&* "!%

/!%e t$&" t6e"t 2= (&* .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. -e%."0 t$e &+t$e"tct &"( 0e"+"e"e** !.t$e )ett!" &"( t$e %e+%e( )e%ce"t&0e !. -!te%*#

U)!" t$e '&)*e !. t$e &.!%e*&( )e%!(, t$e C!/e'ec !% t* (+' &+t$!%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e*$&'' &""!+"ce t$e &cce)t&"ce !. c&"((&te* t! t$e )!*t!" &"( t$e%e&.te% )%e)&%e t$e '*t !.c&"((&te* 6$c$ *$&'' "c'+(e t$e "&/e !. t$e !..c&' *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e(#

>>9?1PROCEDURE AFTER SAID RESOLUTION OR PETITION FOR RECALL IS FILED WIT5

T5E COMELEC 3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e &.te% t$e %e*!'+t!" !. t$e PRA !% t$e )ett!" !. t$e %e0*te%e(

-!te%* * .'e( 6t$ t$e C!/e'ec4

A 31# T$e C!/e'ec *$&'' *et t$e (&te .!% t$e e'ect!" !" %ec&'' 6$c$ *$&'' "!t e '&te% t$&" t$%t

?= (&* &.te% t$e .'"0 !. t$e *&/e " t$e c&*e !. t$e &%&"0&, ct !% /+"c)&'!..c&'*, &"( .!%t3.-e H (&* " c&*e !. )%!-"c&' !..c&'*

2# T$e !..c&' !% !..c&'* *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( *$&'' &+t!/&tc&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* (+'%e0*te%e( c&"((&te !% c&"((&te* t! t$e )e%t"e"t )!*t!"* &"(, 'e !t$e% c&"((&te*, *$&''

e e"tt'e( t! e -!te( +)!"# Sec# 71, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=

3 W$e" * t$e %ec&'' !. &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' e..ect-e4

A 3 It * e..ect-e +)!" t$e e'ect!" &"( )%!c'&/&t!" !. & *+cce**!% " t$e )e%*!" !. t$ec&"((&te %ece-"0 t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* c&*t (+%"0 t$e e'ect!" !" %ec&''# Sect!"72, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=

3 W$&t $&))e"* . t$e )e%*!" *!+0$t t! e %ec&''e( %ece-e t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te*4A 3 5e *$&'' c!"t"+e " !..ce# I(#

LIMITATIONS ON RECALL

2H?



3 C&" &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' e t$e *+@ect !. & %ec&'' e'ect!" &t &"t/e (+%"0 $* te%/ !.!..ce4

A 3 N!# REASON: 1 5e c&" e t$e *+@ect !. %ec&'' e'ect!" !"' !"ce (+%"0 $* te%/ !.!..ce .!% '!** !. c!".(e"ce#

2 N! %ec&'' *$&'' t&e )'&ce 6t$" !"e 1 e&% .%!/ t$e (&te !. t$e !..c&'* &**+/)t!" t!!..ce !% !"e 1 e&% //e(&te' )%ece("0 & %e0+'&% '!c&' e'ect!"#

3 A%e t$e *&( '/t&t!"* &))'c&'e t! t$e SJ e'ect!"4A 3 N!# P&c&* -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 12?1<<, N!-e/e% , 199<

7# REMOVAL 3 C&" &" !..ce% !% e/)'!ee e te/)!%&%' t%&"*.e%%e( !% &**0"e( 6t$!+t $* c!"*e"t &* &

)%e'/"&% *te) t!6&%( $* %e/!-&'4A 3 A* $e'( " Be"t&" -*# CA, 6$'e & te/)!%&% t%&"*.e% !% &**0"/e"t !. )e%*!""e' *

)e%/**'e e-e" 6t$!+t t$e e/)'!ee* )%!% c!"*e"t, t c&""!t e (!"e 6$e" t$e t%&"*.e% *

& )%e'/"&% *te) t!6&%( $* %e/!-&', !% * & *c$e/e t! '+%e $/ &6& .%!/ $* )e%/&"e"t )!*t!", !% (e*0"e( t! "(%ect' te%/"&te $* *e%-ce, !% .!%ce $* %e*0"&t!"# S+c$ &t%&"*.e% 6!+'( " e..ect c%c+/-e"t t$e )%!-*!" 6$c$ *&.e0+&%(* t$e te"+%e !. !..ce !.t$!*e 6$! &%e " t$e C-' Se%-ce# B&t&"0&* St&te U"-e%*t -*# B!".&c!, G#R# N!1<77<2, Dece/e% 1H, 2==H

>>9?2 3 C&" &" !..ce% !% e/)'!ee !. t$e c-' *e%-ce e %e/!-e( !% *+*)e"(e(4A 3 T$e c&" !"' e %e/!-e( !% *+*)e"(e( .!% c&+*e )%!-(e( '&6# Sec# 2? A%tc'e IX3B,

1987 C!"*tt+t!" &"( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )%!ce(+%e %e+%e( '&6#

3 I" &((t!" t! t$e &.!%e/e"t!"e( %+'e, 6$&t e'*e * t$e &**+%&"ce t$&t *ec+%t !. te"+%e * )%!tecte(4

T$e A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987 '&* (!6" t$e .!''!6"0 %+'e*:1# T$e 0%!+"(* .!% (*c)'"e !. c-' *e%-&"t* &%e e"+/e%&te( " Sect!" <, B!! VA#2# T$e )%!ce(+%e !. "-e*t0&t!" * 'e6*e )%!-(e( " Sect!" <#?# D+%"0 t$e )e"(e"c !. $* &(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!" t$e e/)'!ee c$&%0e( *$&'' e

*+@ect t! )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"## T$e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" *$&'', $!6e-e%, e '.te( &.te% ""et 9= (&* . $e * "!t &

)%e*(e"t&' &))!"tee +"'e** t$e (e'& " t$e "-e*t0&t!" * /)+t&'e t! $/# Sect!" 7,B!! VA

DOMINGO VS# DEVELOPMENT BANJ OF T5E P5ILIPPINESG#R# NO# 9??HH, APRIL 7, 1992, EN BANC, REGALADO, #

NOTE: A'%e&( (*c+**e( " c!""ect!" 6t$ Sect!" 2?, A%tc'e IX3B, 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#

EFFECT OF REMOVAL WIT5OUT UST CAUSE

2H



3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. %e/!-&' 6t$!+t @+*t c&+*e &"( .&'+%e t! c!/)' 6t$ )%e*c%e( )%!ce(+%e4

A 3 It * & %e-e%*'e e%%!% &"( t$e !..ce% !% e/)'!ee +"'&6.+'' %e/!-e( *$&'' e e"tt'e( t!%e"*t&te/e"t 6t$ &c *&'&%e* &"( 6t$!+t '!** !. *e"!%t %0$t*# 5e * c!"*(e%e( &* "!t$&-"0 'e.t $* !..ce &"( $e * t$e%e.!%e e"tt'e( t! &'' t$e %0$t* &"( )%-'e0e* t$&t &cc%+e t!$/# C%*t!&' -*# Me'c$!%, 1=1 SCRA 8H7

CONSIDERED AS REMOVAL EVEN IF AN EMPLOEE IS NOT REMOVED 3 W$e" * &" !..ce% !% e/)'!ee c!"*(e%e( %e/!-e( e-e" . $e 6&* "!t &ct+&'' %e/!-e(

.%!/ $* !..ce !% )!*t!"4A 3 E-e" . &" !..ce% !% e/)'!ee * "!t &ct+&'' %e/!-e( .%!/ $* !..ce !% )!*t!", $e *

c!"*(e%e( %e/!-e( 6t$!+t @+*t c&+*e " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:>>9??1# W$e" $e * (e/!te( &"( "! c&+*e * *$!6" t! @+*t. t$e *&/e# F'!%e& -*# O"0)", 182

SCRA <922# W$e" t$e%e * +"c!"*e"te( t%&"*.e%

?# W$e" t$e e/)'!ee * e"0 t%&"*.e%%e( t! '+%e $/ &6& .%!/ $* )e%/&"e"t )!*t!", &"( t* (!"e 6t$!+t $* c!"*e"t#

RULE IN CASE OF OFFICIALS AND EMPLOEES 5OLDING CONFIDENTIALPOSITIONS

3 U"t' 6$e" c&" t$e %e/&" " t$e% )!*t!"*4A 3 T$e *e%-e &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e%# T$e% ce**&t!" .%!/ !..ce "-!'-e* "!

%e/!-&' +t e;)%&t!" !. te%/ !. !..ce#

RULE IN CASE OF TEMPORAR OR ACTING APPOINTEES

3 U"t' 6$e" c&" t$e %e/&" " t$e% )!*t!"*4A 3 T$e /& e %e/!-e( &t &"t/e, 6t$!+t t$e "ee( !. @+*t c&+*e !% & -&'( "-e*t0&t!"#

PREVENTIVE SUSPENSION 3 W$&t * & )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"4A 3 It * & (*c)'"&% /e&*+%e 6$c$ * "te"(e( t! e"&'e t$e (*c)'"&% &+t$!%t t!

"-e*t0&te c$&%0e* &0&"*t t$e %e*)!"(e"t )%e-e"t"0 t$e '&tte% .%!/ +*"0 $* )!*t!" !%!..ce t! ".'+e"ce 6t"e**e*, t! "t/(&te t$e/, !% t! t&/)e% 6t$ t$e %ec!%(* 6$c$ /& e-t&' " t$e )%!*ec+t!" !. t$e c&*e &0&"*t $/#

3 W$&t * t$e (+%&t!" !. t$e )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!"4A 3 I. t$e "-e*t0&t!" * "!t ."*$e( &"( t$e (ec*!" * "!t %e"(e%e( 6t$" & )e%!( !. ""et

9= (&*, t$e *+*)e"*!" 6'' e '.te( &"( t$e %e*)!"(e"t 6'' e &+t!/&tc&'' %e"*t&te(6t$ .+'' )& .!% t$e )e%!( !. *+*)e"*!"#

3 W$&t * t$e e..ect . $* c!"-ct!" * &..%/e(4A 3 T$e )e%!( !. *+*)e"*!" ec!/e* )&%t !. t$e .%*t )e"&'t !. *+*)e"*!" !% (*/**&'#

2HH



3 I* )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" & )e"&'t4A 3 P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" * "!t & )e"&'t +t /e%e' & )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e, & )%e'/"&% *te)

" &" &(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!"# T$e )e%!( *e%-e( *$!+'( "!t e c!"*(e%e( )&%t !. t$e&ct+&' )e"&'t !. *+*)e"*!"# +/! -*# Ge%-&c!, G#R# N!# 1HH<2=, A+0+*t 9, 2==H

>>9?REUIREMENT BEFORE T5E EXONERATED EMPLOEE IS ENTITLED TO BACJ

WAGES 3 A, & c-' *e%-ce e/)'!ee, 6&* c$&%0e( 6t$ (*$!"e*t, !))%e**!", 0%&-e /*c!"(+ct

"e0'ect !. (+t# L&te%, $e 6&* e;!"e%&te( &.te% "-e*t0&t!"# I* $e &'%e&( e"tt'e( t! )&/e"t !. &c 6&0e* &.te% $* e;!"e%&t!"4

A 3 It * "!t e"!+0$ t$&t &" e/)'!ee * e;!"e%&te(# It /+*t &'*! e *$!6" t$&t t$e *+*)e"*!"!. t$e e/)'!ee * +"@+*t.e(#

CABALITAN VS# DAR G#R# NO# 1<28=H, ANUAR 2?, 2==<

FACTS:Pett!"e% * &" e/)'!ee !. DAR# 5* !..ce/&te* .'e( & c!/)'&"t &0&"*t $/ &''e0"0

t$&t $e *!'( t! c!/)'&"&"t* c&%(* !*te"*' e;e/)t"0 t$e $!'(e% t$e%e!. .%!/ t$e U".e(Ve$c+'&% V!'+/e Re(+ct!" P%!0%&/ UVVRP !. t$e MMDA, +t t$&t *&( c&%(* 6e%e &'' &*$&/# T$e c!/)'&"&"t* (e/&"(e( %e/+%*e/e"t !. t$e% /!"e +t )ett!"e% /&(e &'' "(*!. e;c+*e*#

T$e DAR Sec%et&% .!%/&'' c$&%0e( )ett!"e% 6t$ 0%&-e /*c!"(+ct &"( .!+"( $/0+'t# U)!" &))e&', t$e CSC 'e6*e .!+"( $/ 0+'t &"( !%(e%e( $* (*/**&'# Pett!"e%.'e( & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" &"( t$e )e"&'t 6&* /!(.e( t! ""e /!"t$* *+*)e"*!"#T$* 6&* &..%/e( t$e CA#

Pett!"e% .'e( t$e )%e*e"t )ett!" .!% %e-e6 &**&'"0 t$e ."("0 !. 0+'t &"( t$e )%!)%et !. t$e )e"&'t /)!*e(# I" &((t!", $e &**e%t* t$&t $e * e"tt'e( t! &c *&'&%e* "!t!"' (+e t! t$e 6%!"0.+' ."("0 !. 0+'t +t &'*! ec&+*e $e 6&* &''!6e( $* *+)e%!%* t!

)e%.!%/ *e%-ce &"( $* e/)'!/e"t c!"t%&ct $&( ee" (+' %e"e6e(#

ISSUE:W$et$e% )ett!"e% * e"tt'e( t! &c *&'&%e*#

RULING:

N!# Pett!"e% * "!t e"tt'e( t! &c *&'&%e* ec&+*e $* &))!"t/e"t $&* "!t ec!/ee..ect-e#

F%*t, CSC Re*!'+t!" N!# 9131<?1 e;)%e**' )%!-(e* t$&t " "! c&*e *$&'' &"&))!"t/e"t t&e e..ect e&%'e% t$&" t$e (&te !. t* **+&"ce#

Sec!"(, t$e &))!"t/e"t 6&* "!t &))%!-e( t$e CSC# N! )%!!. 6&* )%e*e"te( t! *$!6t$&t t$e &))!"t/e"t )&)e% 6&* e-e" t%&"*/tte( t! t$e CSC# T$e &))!"t/e"t t$+* .e'' *$!%t !.& 'e0&' %e+%e/e"t +"(e% Sect!" 12 !. t$e A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987 &"( t* I/)'e/e"t"0R+'e* &"( Re0+'&t!"*# T$e '&6 %e+%e* t$&t t$e &))!"t/e"t e *+/tte( t! t$e CSC, 6$c$

2H<



6'' &*ce%t&", " t$e /&", 6$et$e% t$e )%!)!*e( &))!"tee * +&'.e( t! $!'( t$e )!*t!", &"(6$et$e% t$e %+'e* )e%t"e"t t! t$e )%!ce** !. &))!"t/e"t 6e%e !*e%-e(# T$+*, t * e**e"t&'t$&t t$e &))!"t"0 !..ce% &"( t$e CSC &ct"0 t!0et$e%, t$!+0$ "!t c!"c+%%e"t' +tc!"*ec+t-e', /&e &" &))!"t/e"t c!/)'ete# I" &ct"0 !" t$e &))!"t/e"t, t$e CSC(ete%/"e* 6$et$e% t$e &))!"tee )!**e**e* t$e &))%!)%&te c-' *e%-ce e'0't !% t$e%e+%e( +&'.c&t!"*# I. t$e &))!"tee * +&'.e(, t$e &))!"t/e"t *$!+'( e &))%!-e(# I. "!t,t *$!+'( e (*&))%!-e(#

>>9?HI" t$e )%e*e"t c&*e, t$e )ett!"e% $&( ee" **+e( & %et%!&ct-e &))!"t/e"t, +t *&(

&))!"t/e"t "e-e% ec&/e e..ect-e# T$e %e*+'t * t$&t )ett!"e% c!+'( "!t e e"tt'e( t! &c*&'&%e* .!% t$e )e%!( &"+&% 1 t! +' ?1, 2==1# CSC Re*!'+t!" N!# 9131<?1 )%!-(e* t$&tt$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t *$&'' e '&'e .!% t$e *&'&%e* !. t$e &))!"tee 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t

ec&/e "e..ect-e# 5e"ce, t$e )e%*!" .%!/ 6$!/ $e c&" (e/&"( &cc!+"t&'t .!% t$e )&/e"t !. $* &c *&'&%e*, . &", * t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t 6$! &''!6e( $/ t! %e)!%t .!%6!%, .!% t$e cte( )e%!(, . "(ee( $e 6&* *! &''!6e(#

REMED OF T5E PART ADVERSEL AFFECTED B T5E DECISION 3 W$&t &%e t$e %e/e(e* !. t$e )&%t &(-e%*e' &..ecte( t$e (ec*!"4A 3 A))e&', . &''!6&'e, 6$c$ *$&'' e /&(e 6t$" 1H (&* .%!/ t$e %ece)t !. t$e (ec*!",

+"'e** & )ett!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" * *e&*!"&' .'e(, 6$c$ )ett!" *$&'' e (ec(e(6t$" 1H (&*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e 0%!+"(* !. t$e )ett!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!"4

A 3 It *$!+'( e &*e( " t$e .!''!6"0 0%!+"(*:1# Ne6 e-(e"ce 6$c$ $&* ee" (*c!-e%e( 6$c$ /&te%&'' &..ect* t$e (ec*!" %e"(e%e(

2# T$e (ec*!" * "!t *+))!%te( t$e e-(e"ce !" %ec!%( !% ?# E%%!%* !. '&6 !% %%e0+'&%te* $&-e ee" c!//tte( 6$c$ &%e )%e@+(c&' t! t$e "te%e*t !. t$e

%e*)!"(e"t#

3 W$&t &ct!" c&" e t&e" . t$e c!/)'&""0 )&%t * &00%e-e( t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!" %e*!'+t!"4

A 3 T$e )ett!"e% c&" .'e & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, "!t R+'e H, !. t$e R+'e* !.C!+%t, 6t$" t$e ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. t$e c!) !. t$e %e*!'+t!"#

3 C&" t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" &))e&' .%!/ t$e %e*!'+t!" !. t$e C!+%t !. A))e&'*e;!"e%&t"0 t$e %e*)!"(e"t &"( 6$c$ %e-e%*e( t$e (ec*!" !. t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!"4

A 3 e*, t 6&* &''!6e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" -*# D&c+c+, G#R# N!# 1?H8=H, A)%' 29, 1999#

>>9?< 3 I* t &'6&* "ece**&% t$&t /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" /+*t .%*t e .'e( e.!%e %e*!%t"0 t!

Ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H4

2H7



A 3 T$e R+'e t$&t /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" /+*t .%*t e .'e( e.!%e %e*!%t"0 t! Ce%t!%&% */e%e' & 0e"e%&' %+'e# D# C C%*t&' -*# L&&, 17= SCRA 7? 1989 P+%e.!!(* C!%)# -*#

NLRC, 171 SCRA 1H 1989 P$'))"e N&t!"&' C!"*t%+ct!" C!%)!%&t!" -*# N&t!"&'L&!% C!//**!", +' 7, 199H, 2H SCRA <<

T$e .'"0 !. *+c$ & /!t!" * "te"(e( t! &..!%( )+'c %e*)!"(e"t &" !))!%t+"t t!c!%%ect &" &ct+&' !% .&"ce( e%%!% &tt%+te( t! t 6& !. %e3e;&/"&t!" !. t$e 'e0&' &"(

.&ct+&' &*)ect* !. t$e c&*e# T$+*, )ett!"e%* "&ct!" !% "e0'0e"ce +"(e% t$e c%c+/*t&"ce* *%e*)!"(e"t* c!//**!" t! c'e&"*e t*e'. !. &" e%%!% +"6tt"0' c!//tte( !% t! -"(c&tet*e'. !. &" &ct +".&%' /)+te(# A" /)%!-(e"t %e*!%t t! ce%t!%&% c&""!t e +*e( &* & t!!' t!c%c+/-e"t t$e %0$t !. )+'c %e*)!"(e"t t! %e-e6 &"( )+%0e t* (ec*!" !. &" !-e%*0$t, .&"# Net$e% *$!+'( t$* *)ec&' &ct!" e %e*!%te( t! &* & *$e'( .%!/ t$e &(-e%*e c!"*e+e"ce*!. )ett!"e%* !6" "e0'0e"ce !% e%%!% " t$e c$!ce !. %e/e(e*# 5&-"0 &''!6e( t$e (ec*!" t!

ec!/e ."&' &"( e;ec+t!%, )ett!"e% c&""!t &" !-e%(+e *t%&te0, +e*t!" t$e c!%%ect"e**!. t$e (ec*!" !. t$e %e*)!"(e"t c!//**!" 6$e" & t/e' /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" 6&* t$e'e0&' %e/e( "(c&te(# P+%e.!!(* C!%)!%&t!" -*# NLRC, *+)%&

T$e *&( %+'e &(/t* *e-e%&' e;ce)t!"*# I" t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e*, & M!t!" .!%Rec!"*(e%&t!" /& e (*)e"*e( 6t$:

1# W$e%e )+'c 6e'.&%e &"( t$e &(-&"ce/e"t !. )+'c )!'c *! (ct&te*, &"( t$e %!&(e%"te%e*t !. @+*tce *! %e+%e*

2# O% 6$e%e t$e !%(e%* c!/)'&"e( !. 6e%e **+e( " e;ce** !. !% 6t$!+t @+%*(ct!"P$'))"e C!"*+/e% F!+"(&t!", I"c# -*# NTC, 12H SCRA 8H

?# O% 6$e%e &))e&' 6&* "!t c!"*(e%e( t$e &))%!)%&te %e/e(, *+c$ &* &))e&' .%!/ !%(e%* !. )%e'/"&% &tt&c$/e"t !% &))!"t/e"t !. & %ece-e% E"%+e -*# R-e%&, 9= SCRA <1

# W$e" t 6!+'( %&*e t$e *&/e )!"t*

H# W$e%e t$e e%%!% * )&te"t !% t$e !%(e% * -!( A+"! -*# NLRC, 22< SCRA 7< 199?<# W$e%e %e'e. * e;t%e/e' +%0e"t &* 6$e" t$e c!+%t $&* &'%e&( !%(e%e( e;ec+t!" !. )&%t&'

*+//&% @+(0/e"t G+e-&%& -*# CA, 12 SCRA 297# W$e%e )ett!"e%* )%!)e%t **c$e(+'e( t! e *!'( !" e;ec+t!" t$e%e * "! "ee( t! 6&t .!% t$e %e*!'+t!" !" & /!t!" .!%%ec!"*(e%&t!" V(&# (e S&/&" -*# CA, 121 SCRA <H= 198?#

>>9?7COMMUTATION OR REMOVAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES 3 C&" t$e P%e*(e"t c!//+te &(/"*t%&t-e !% (*&'te* /)!*e( +)!" !..ce%* "

(*c)'"&% c&*e*4

A 3 e*, *+@ect t! *+c$ te%/* &"( c!"(t!"* &* $e /& (ee/ )%!)e% t! /)!*e " t$e "te%e*t!. t$e *e%-ce#

7#H REAC5ING AGE LIMIT 3 W$&t * t$e c!/)+'*!% %et%e/e"t &0e .!% &))!"t-e 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee*4A 3Me/e%* !. t$e @+(c&% 3 7= e&%*Ot$e% 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* 3 <H e&%*

2H8



3 C&" 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* %et%e e.!%e %e&c$"0 c!/)+'*!% %et%e/e"t &0e4A 3 T$* * &''!6e( +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# 1<1< )%!-(e( &" !..ce% $&* %e"(e%e( & /"/+/

"+/e% !. e&%* !. 0!-e%"/e"t *e%-ce#

3 C&" t$e *e%-ce !. !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* 6$! $&-e %e&c$e( t$e &0e !. <H e&%* +t 6$!$&-e "!t et c!/)'ete( 1H e&%* !. 0!-e%"/e"t *e%-ce e e;te"(e(4

A 3 S&( e;te"*!" /& e &''!6e( !% (*&''!6e( &t t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e $e&( !. t$e &0e"cc!"ce%"e(# 5!6e-e%, t$* (*c%et!" $&* t! e e;e%c*e( " c!".!%/t 6t$ C-' Se%-ceC!//**!" Me/!%&"(+/ C%c+'&% N!# 27# R&!% -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# N!#111812, M& ?1, 199H

3 C&" e;te"*!" !. *e%-ce !. /e/e%* !. t$e @+(c&% e &''!6e(4A 3 e*, e*)ec&'' " t$e c&*e !. !"e 6$! $&* *e%-e( 6t$ c!/)ete"ce, "te0%t &"( (e(c&t!"

t! )+'c *e%-ce# I"3Re: G%e0!%! P"e(&, 187 SCRA <9

7#< ABANDONMENTIt * & c&+*e .!% te%/"&t"0 )+'c !..ce "(c&te( t$e &ct!" !. t$e "c+/e"t "

-!'+"t&%' *+%%e"(e%"0 t t! &"!t$e% +"(e% & /*t&e" e'e. t$&t t$e '&tte% $&* ee" e'ecte( &*$* %0$t.+' *+cce**!%, !% e-e" t$e &c+e*c"0 !" $* !6" %e/!-&'# I" !%(e% t! c!"*tt+te &"&&"(!"/e"t !. !..ce, t /+*t e t!t&', &"( +"(e% *+c$ c%c+/*t&"ce* &* t! c'e&%' "(c&te &"&*!'+te %e'"+*$/e"t# W$e" !"ce &&"(!"e( t$e .!%/e% "c+/e"t c&""!t 'e0&''%e)!**e**e* t$e !..ce e-e" . .!%c'e %e3!cc+)&"c M&%t" ct"0 St&te -*# !"e*, 19 I"(#?H<, 81 A#/# Dec# =?# T$e%e /+*t e c'e&% )%!!. !. (e'e%&te &"( +"@+*t.e( "te"t t! *e-e%t$e e/)'!e%3e/)'!ee %e'&t!"*$)# B&t&"0&* St&te U"-e%*t -*# B!".&c!, G#R# N!1<77<2, Dece/e% 1H, 2==H

D*t"0+*$ &&"(!"/e"t .%!/ %e*0"&t!"A&"(!"/e"t 3 T$e%e * & c'e&% )%!!. !. (e'e%&te &"( +"@+*t.e( "te"t t! *e-e% t$e e/)'!e%3

e/)'!ee %e'&t!"*$)#Re*0"&t!" 3 Re*0"&t!" " 0e"e%&' * & .!%/&' %e'"+*$/e"t#>>9?8 3 A, & c-' *e%-ce !..ce%, 6&* 0%&"te( !. !"e 1 e&% 'e&-e !. &*e"ce 6t$!+t )&# 5e

.&'e( t! %et+%" t! t$e *e%-ce &.te% t$e e;)%&t!" !. !"e 1 e&% 'e&-e 6t$!+t )&# W$&t&ct!" c&" e (!"e .!% t$e *&( e/)'!ee4

A 3 5e c&" e &+t!/&tc&'' *e)&%&te( .%!/ t$e *e%-ce#

3 A, &" e/)'!ee, $&* ee" &*e"t .!% /!%e t$&" t$%ee ? /!"t$* 6t$!+t )&, &"( 6t$!+t & )%!)e% 'e&-e !. &*e"ce# W$&t &ct!" c&" e t&e" &0&"*t $/4

A 3 5e c&" e c!"*(e%e( &*e"t 6t$!+t 'e&-e AWOL, &"( $e c&" e (%!))e( .%!/ t$e*e%-ce#

7#7 PRESCRIPTION OF T5E RIG5T TO OFFICE

2H9



It * & /!(e !. te%/"&t"0 !..c&' %e'&t!"*$) c&+*e( & )+'c !..ce% 6$! $&* "!t ee" t$e *+@ect !. ''e0&' !+*te% !% (*/**&'# A )ett!"e% .!% %e"*t&te/e"t !% .!% %ec!-e% !. & )+'c !..ce /+*t e "*tt+te( 6t$" !"e 1 e&% .%!/ t$e (&te t$e )ett!"e% * +"'&6.+''!+*te( .%!/ $* !..ce#

3 W$&t * t$e %&t!"&'e e$"( t$e !"e 1 e&% %e+%e/e"t 6t$" 6$c$ t! .'e & )ett!" .!%%e"*t&te/e"t4

A 3 T$e "te%e*t !. )+'c 6e'.&%e %e+%e* t$&t t$e %0$t !% tt'e t! )+'c !..ce *$!+'( "!t e'e.t $&"0"0 &"( +"ce%t&"#

3 I* t$e *&( !"e 1 e&% %e+%e/e"t &*!'+te4A 3 I" !"e c&*e, & )ett!" 6&* &''!6e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, ""e 9 e&%* &.te% t$e )ett!"e%

6&* (*/**e( .%!/ !..ce !" t$e 0%!+"( !. e+t#

7#8 DEAT5W$ * (e&t$ & /!(e !. te%/"&t"0 !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)4

W$e" t$e )+'c !..c&' (e*, $e "ece**&%' ce&*e* t! $&-e & %0$t t! t$e !..ce $e $!'(*, ec&+*e $e c&""!t, .%!/ t$&t t/e, e &'e t! )e%.!%/ $* (+te* &"( %e*)!"*'te*#

7#9 IMPEAC5MENTSee (et&'e( (*c+**!" " Acc!+"t&'t !. P+'c O..ce%*, "c'+("0 t$e (*c+**!" !.

G#R N!*# 1<71=31H, M&%c$ 2, 2==1, e"tt'e( !*e)$ E*t%&(& -*# A"&"! De*e%t! " $*c&)&ct &* O/+(*/&", et &Q#

7#1= FAILURE TO ASSUME ELECTIVE OFFICE 3 Be*(e* t$e )+'c !..c&'* e'0't .!% )+'c !..ce, $e *$!+'(, e.!%e e"te%"0 "t! t$e

)e%.!%/&"ce !. t$e .+"ct!"* !. & )+'c !..ce, t&e t$e !&t$ !. !..ce# Wt$" 6$&t t/e*$&'' *&( )+'c !..c&' t&e $* !&t$ !. !..ce4

A 3 Wt$" *; < /!"t$* .%!/ $* )%!c'&/&t!"# Sect!" 11, B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881>>9?9 3 W$&t * t$e c!"*e+e"ce . $e .&'* !% %e.+*e* t! t&e $* !&t$ !. !..ce 6t$" t$e *&(

)e%!(4A 3 T$e !..ce !. &" !..c&' e'ecte( *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( -&c&"t, +"'e** *&( .&'+%e * .!% &

c&+*e !% c&+*e* e!"( $* c!"t%!'# I(#

3 D+%"0 t$e t/e !% " t$e /e&"t/e t$&t t$e *&( !..c&' $&* "!t et t&e" $* !&t$ !. !..ce,6$! * t$e %0$t.+' !cc+)&"t !. t$e !..ce4

A 3 T$e $!'(!-e% !..ce%# Lec&%! -*# S&"(0&"&&", G#R# N!# 1?=872, M&%c$ 2H, 1999

7#11 ACCEPTANCE OF INCOMPATIBLE OFFICE 3 W$&t c!"*tt+te* "c!/)&t't4A 3 O..ce* &%e *&( t! e "c!/)&t'e 6$e" .%!/ t$e "&t+%e &"( %e'&t!"* t! e&c$ !t$e%, !. t$e

t6! )'&ce*, t$e !+0$t "!t t! e $e'( t$e *&/e )e%*!", .%!/ t$e c!"t%&%et &"(

2<=



&"t&0!"*/ 6$c$ 6!+'( %e*+'t " t$e &tte/)t !"e )e%*!" t! .&t$.+'' &"( /)&%t&''(*c$&%0e t$e (+te* !. !"e, t!6&%( t$e "c+/e"t !. t$e !t$e%# Mec$e/, P+# O.., Sec#22

Te*t !. "c!/)&t'tO"e !. t$e /!*t /)!%t&"t te*t* &* t! 6$et$e% !..ce* &%e "c!/)&t'e, * .!+"( " t$e

)%"c)'e t$&t t$e "c!/)&t't * %ec!0"e( 6$e"e-e% !"e * *+!%("&te t! t$e !t$e% " *!/e

!. t* /)!%t&"t &"( )%"c)&' (+te*, !% * *+@ect t! *+)e%-*!" t$e !t$e%, !% 6$e%e &c!"t%&%et &"( &"t&0!"*/ 6!+'( %e*+'t " t$e &tte/)t !"e )e%*!" t! (*c$&%0e t$e (+te* !.

!t$# U"(e% t$* )%"c)'e t6! !..ce* &%e "c!/)&t'e 6$e%e t$e "c+/e"t !. !"e $&* t$e )!6e% t! %e/!-e t$e "c+/e"t !. t$e !t$e% t$!+0$ t$e c!"t"0e"c !" 6$c$ t$e )!6e% /& ee;e%c*e( * %e/!te, &"( t &'*! e;*t* 6$e%e t$e "c+/e"t !. !"e !..ce $&* t$e )!6e% !.&))!"t/e"t* &* t! t$e !t$e% !..ce# M&%t" ct"0 Att# Ge"# -*# Det%!t, 112 Mc$# 1H, 7= NW H= 5&/&e% -*# St&te NM 1<? P&c# 28#

B+t " !%(e% t$&t !"e !..ce /& e &(@+(0e( "c!/)&t'e 6t$ &"!t$e% t /+*t c'e&%'&))e&% t$&t t$e t6! !..ce* &ct+&'' e;*t &* (*t"ct )!*t!"* &"( t$&t t$e *ec!"( * "!t /e%e'

&"( e; !..c! e;te"*!" !. t$e (+te* !. t$e "c+/e"t !. t$e .%*t# M&%t" ct"0 M!!%e -*# N&t!", 8= J&" <72, 1=? P&c# 197, 18 A/# C&*# ?97

E..ect !. $!'("0 "c!/)&t'e !..ce*Acce)t&"ce !. t$e *ec!"( !..ce "c!/)&t'e 6t$ t$e .%*t )*! .&ct! -&c&te* t$e '&tte%#

N! )%!cee("0 +! 6&%%&"t! !% !t$e%6*e, * "ece**&% " !%(e% t! (ec'&%e !% c!/)'ete t$e-&c&t!" !. t$e .%*t !..ce# It /& e &t !"ce .''e( &0&" et$e% &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!" &*t$e '&6 )%!-(e*# E-e" t$!+0$ t$e tt'e t! t$e *ec!"( !..ce .&'*, &* 6$e%e t$e e'ect!" * -!(,t$e %+'e * *t'' t$e *&/e# M&%t" ct"0 K&"(+et& -*# De '& C!*t&, << P$'# <1H Mec$e/ P+#O.., Sec# 2H

>>9=CASE:

ADAKA VS# PACANA, 1?H SCRA ?1I" A(&& -*# P&c&"&, t$e )ett!"e% 6$! 6&* t$e" t$e G!-e%"!% !. M*&/* O%e"t&' %&"

.!% t$e B&t&*&"0 P&/&"*& +t '!*t# 5e *+*e+e"t' &**+/e( t$e 0!-e%"!%*$) 6$e" A(&& ec&/e +&'.e( &* A**e/'/&"# A(&& +e*t!"e( P&c&"&* &**+/)t!" !. t$e 0!-e%"!%*$)!" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t +"(e% t$e )&%'&/e"t&% **te/ & 'e0*'&t!% c!+'( c!"c+%%e"t' *e%-e &*0!-e%"!%, &"( .!% t$* %e&*!", t$e%e 6&* "! -&c&"c " t$e 0!-e%"!%*$)# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t%+'e( t$&t 6$e" A(&& t!! $* !&t$ &* A**e/'/&", $e &+t!/&tc&'' .!%.ete( t$e

0!-e%"!%*$)#

3 I" t$e c&*e !. Se"&t!%* !% Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, 6$&t * t$e %+'e !""c!/)&t'e !..ce4

A 3 GENERAL RULE: A Se"&t!% !% Me/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* /& "!t $!'(&" !t$e% !..ce !% e/)'!/e"t " t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, !% &" *+(-*!", &0e"c, !%

2<1



"*t%+/e"t&'t t$e%e!., "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* !% t$e%*+*(&%e*, (+%"0 $* te%/ 6t$!+t .!%.et"0 $* *e&t#

EXCEPTION: E;ce)t . t * *$!6" t$&t *&( !t$e% !..ce !% e/)'!/e"t * &" e;te"*!" !. t$e'e0*'&t-e )!*t!" !% * " &( !. 'e0*'&t-e (+te*# E;&/)'e:

1# Me/e%* !. C!"0%e** 6$! &%e &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t t! *e%-e " t$e Pe&ce P&"e' et6ee" t$e GRP &"( NDF#

2# Me/e%* !. C!"0%e** 6$! &%e &))!"te( t$e P%e*(e"t t! &***t $/ (+%"0 $* %e3"e0!t&t!" .!% %e"e6&' !. t$e A/&% C!"t%&ct#

7#12 ABOLITION OF OFFICE 3 W$! $&* t$e )!6e% t! &!'*$ &" !..ce4A 3 A" !..ce c%e&te( C!"0%e** /& e &!'*$e( t &t &"t/e &"( e-e" 6$'e t$e !..ce

* !cc+)e( & (+' e'ecte( !% &))!"te( "c+/e"t# REASON: T$e%e * "! !'0&t!" !"C!"0%e** !% t$e )e!)'e t! c!"t"+e & +*e'e** !..ce !"' .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e )e%*!" 6$!$!'(* t$e !..ce#

3 I* t$&t "!t & (e)%-&t!" !. t$e c!"t%&ct+&' %0$t !% )%!)e%t "te%e*t !" t$e !..ce4A 3 N!# T$e e/)'!ee &cce)t* t$e !..ce 6t$ t$e +"(e%*t&"("0 t$&t t /& e &!'*$e( &t

&"t/e, &"( t$e te"+%e !. t$e !..ce * "!t &..ecte( t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" %e0&%("0/)&%/e"t !. !'0&t!" !. c!"t%&ct# <? A/ +%# 2(<88

>>91 3 C&" t$e P%e*(e"t !% '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t* &!'*$ &" !..ce4A 3 e*, . t$e *&( )!6e% $&* ee" (e'e0&te( t! t$e/, !% t$e )e!)'e t$e/*e'-e* 6$e" t$e

&/e"( t$e c!"*tt+t!"#

3 C&" c!"*tt+t!"&' !..ce* e &!'*$e( C!"0%e**4A 3 N!#

REUIREMENT TO ABOLIS5 OFFICE 3 I* t$e %0$t t! &!'*$ &*!'+te4A 3 T$e &!'t!" /+*t e /&(e " 0!!( .&t$, &"( "!t .!% )e%*!"&' !% )!'tc&' %e&*!"*# De '&

L&"& -*# A'&, 112 SCRA 29

3 W$&t * c!"*(e%e( &* @+*t.c&t!" " 0!!( .&t$4

A 3 T$* * t! e (ec(e( &*e( !" t$e .&ct* !. e&c$ c&*e D&%! -*# M*!" 17< SCRA 8# F*c&'%e*t%&"t &"( ec!"!/, .!% "*t&"ce, 6&* c!"*(e%e( &* & @+*t.c&t!"# G"*!" -*M+"c)&'t !. M+%c&, 18H SCRA 1

3 I* %e!%0&"&t!" !. 0!-e%"/e"t !..ce* & @+*t.c&t!" t! &!'*$ &" !..ce4A 3 Re!%0&"&t!" 6&* &+t$!%e( t$e" P%e*(e"t C!%&!" C# A+"! +"(e% &"( -%t+e !.

t$e F%ee(!/ C!"*tt+t!", +t t$e %e!%0&"&t!" )%!0%&/, &cc!%("0 t! t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t

2<2



6&* "e-e% "te"(e( t! e &" &+t!/&tc &+t$!%t t! (*/** /''!"* !. 0!-e%"/e"t6!%e%* &t t$e *&/e *t%!e !. t$e )e"#

E;&/)'e:T$e %e!%0&"&t!" !. t$e De)&%t/e"t !. A0%c+'t+%e +"(e% E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# 11< 6&*

*et &*(e .!% .&'+%e t! !*e%-e t$e 0+(e'"e* " E;ec+t-e O%(e% N!# ?? %e0&%("0 %e/!-&' !.e/)'!ee*, t$+*:

1# E;*te"ce !. & c&*e .!% *+//&% %e/!-&' &* )%!-(e( " Sec# =, C-' Se%-ce L&62# P%!&'e c&+*e " -!'&t!" !. Re)+'c Act N!# ?=19?# G%!** "c!/)ete"ce !% "e..ce"c " t$e (*c$&%0e !. .+"ct!"*# M*+*e !. )+'c !..ce .!% )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-te*H# A"&'!0!+* 0%!+"(* *$!6"0 t$&t t$e "c+/e"t * +".t t! %e/&" " t$e *e%-ce# A&& -*

CSC, G#R# N!# 98=27, Oct!e% , 199

3 C&" )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" e !%(e%e( e-e" 6t$!+t & $e&%"04

A 3 e*# REASON: Bec&+*e *+*)e"*!" * "!t & )e"&'t +t !"' & )%e'/"&% *te) t!&(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!"#

>>92 3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! 2 "(* !. )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" !. c-' *e%-ce e/)'!ee* 6$! &%e

c$&%0e( 6t$ !..e"*e* )+"*$&'e %e/!-&' !% *+*)e"*!"4A 31 P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" )e"("0 "-e*t0&t!"# Sect!" H1, B!! V Tt'e I, S+tt'e A !. t$e

A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 19872 P%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" )e"("0 &))e&' . t$e )e"&'t /)!*e( * *+*)e"*!" !% (*/**&' &"(

&.te% %e-e6, t$e %e*)!"(e"t * e;!"e%&te( +"(e% Sect!" 7 !. t$e *&( C!(e#

3 T$e &!-e3/e"t!"e( *+*)e"*!" %e.e%* t! t$e *+*)e"*!" !. c-' *e%-ce e/)'!ee*# C&"/e/e%* !. C!"0%e** e *+*)e"(e(4

A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 1<?, A%tc'e VI !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", !" t$e0%!+"( !. (*!%(e%' e$&-!%# U"(e% t$* )%!-*!", t * C!"0%e** t$&t c&" /)!*e*+*)e"*!"#

3 C&" !+% c!+%t* *+*)e"( /e/e%* !. C!"0%e**4

A 3 I" !'( c&*e* A'e@&"(%"! -*# +e!" &"( O*/e& -*# Pe"(&t+/, t$* /&tte% 6&* c!"*(e%e(&)!'tc&' +e*t!", $e"ce, t$e c!+%t %e.+*e( t! "te%.e%e# 5!6e-e%, " Ce.e%"! S# P&%e(e*, %#-*# S&"(0&"&&", et &'#, G#R# N!# 118?<, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t &..%/e( t$e *+*)e"*!" !.C!"0%e**/&" Ce.e%"! S# P&%e(e*, %# !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e *&( *+*)e"*!" * &*e( !"&''e0e( -!'&t!" !. R#A# ?=19# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *&(#

; ; ; Pett!"e%* "-!c&t!" !. Sect!" 1<?, A%tc'e VI !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" ; ; ; *+"&-&'"0 &* t &))e&%* t! e +te (*t"ct .%!/ t$e *+*)e"*!" *)!e" !. " Sect!" 1? !.Re)+'c Act N!# ?=19, 6$c$ * "!t & )e"&'t +t & )%e'/"&% )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e

2<?



)%e*c"("0 .%!/ t$e .&ct t$&t t$e '&tte% * "!t e"0 /)!*e( !" )ett!"e%* .!% /*e$&-!% &* &/e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*# ; ; ; Ce.e%"! S# P&%e(e*, %# -*# S&"(0&"&&", et&'#, G#R# N!# 118?< U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

7#1? CONVICTION OFA CRIMEW$&t &+t!/&tc&'' te%/"&te* !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)4

C!"-ct!" ."&' @+(0/e"t &+t!/&tc&'' te%/"&te* !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)# T$* &%*e*

6$e" t$e )e"&'t /)!*e( t! & )+'c !..ce% c&%%e* 6t$ t t$e &cce**!% )e"&'t !.(*+&'.c&t!"#

3 A, & )+'c !..ce%, 6&* &(/"*t%&t-e' c$&%0e( .!% (*$!"e*t# L&te%, $e 6&* .!+"( 0+'t&"( $e 6&* *+*e+e"t' *e)&%&te( .%!/ t$e *e%-ce# 5e 6&* $!6e-e%, 0-e" & )&%(!"# W$&t* t$e e..ect !. t$e *&( )&%(!"4

A 3 T$e )&%(!" c!/)'ete' !'te%&te( t$e &(-e%*e e..ect* !. t$e &(/"*t%&t-e (ec*!"# 5e *%e*t!%e( t! $* !..ce )*! .&ct! +)!" t$e **+&"ce !. c'e/e"c &"( $e * e"tt'e( t! &c6&0e*# Vce"te G&%c& -*# C$&%/&", C!//**!" !" A+(t, 22< SCRA ?H<

>>9? 3 I* t$e e"e.t &%*"0 .%!/ t$e *&( c'e/e"c &))'c&'e */)' ec&+*e & )e%*!" * 0%&"te(

& )&%(!"4A 3 W$e" & )e%*!" * 0-e" & )&%(!" ec&+*e $e (( "!t t%+' c!//t t$e !..e"*e, t$e )&%(!"

%e'e-e* $/ .%!/ &'' )+"t-e c!"*e+e"ce* !. $* c%/"&' &ct, &"( t$* %e*t!%e* $* c'e&""&/e, 0!!( %e)+t&t!" &"( +"*t&"e( c$&%&cte% )%!% t! t$e ."("0 !. 0+'t# I. & )+'c !..ce%6&* @+*t 0%&"te( & )&%(!" +t t$e%e * "! ."("0 t$&t $e (( "!t t%+' c!//t t$e !..e"*e, t$e/)'c&t!" * t$&t t$e )&%(!" (!e* "!t c!/)'ete' %e*t!%e t$e c'e&" "&/e, 0!!( %e)+t&t!"&"( +"*t&"e( c$&%&cte% !. t$e *&( )+'c !..ce%#

3 S+))!*e .!%/e% !*e)$ E@e%ct! E*t%&(& 6&* c!"-cte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0,6$&t * t$e )e"&'t t$&t 6!+'( $&-e ee" /)!*e( &0&"*t $/4

A 3 1 Sect!" 7?, A%tc'e X', *)ec.e* t$e .!''!6"0 e..ect*:&# Re/!-&' .%!/ !..ce

# D*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*c# I" &((t!", t$e )&%t c!"-cte( *$&'' "e-e%t$e'e** e '&'e &"( *+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&'

&"( )+"*$/e"t &cc!%("0 t! '&6#

3 I. P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& 6&* &c+tte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0, c&" $e e *+*e+e"t'

*+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&', c!"-ct!" &"( )+"*$/e"t " t$e %e0+'&% c!+%t* !. @+*tce4A 3 N!# Bec&+*e t$e '&*t *e"te"ce !. Sect!" ?7, A%tc'e XI, *t&te* t$&t t * !"' " c&*e !. $*

c!"-ct!" t$e /)e&c$/e"t c!+%t t$&t $e *$&'' e '&'e t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&', &"( )+"*$/e"t &cc!%("0 t! '&6# T$* /e&"* t$&t . $e * &c+tte(, $e c&""!t e '&'e &"(*+@ect t! )%!*ec+t!", t%&', &"( )+"*$/e"t#

2<



3 I. P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& 6&* c!"-cte( " t$e /)e&c$/e"t )%!cee("0 &"( t$e%e&.te% c%/"&'' )%!*ec+te( .!% t$e !..e"*e 6$c$ 6&%%&"te( $* c!"-ct!" !" /)e&c$/e"t, c&" $e )'e&( t$e(e.e"*e !. (!+'e @e!)&%(4

A 3 N!# A* I &'%e&( *t&te(, t$e )e"&'t 6$c$ t$e Se"&te /& /)!*e *$&'' e '/te( t!%e/!-&' .%!/ !..ce &"( (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$eP$'))"e*# T$* )e"&'t * e!"( t$e %e&c$ !. t$e P%e*(e"t* )!6e% !. e;ec+t-ec'e/e"c, +t (!e* "!t )'&ce t$e !..ce% e!"( '&'t t! c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!"# W$e"

c%/"&'' )%!*ec+te(, t$e%e.!%e, .!% t$e !..e"*e 6$c$ 6&%%&"te( $* c!"-ct!" !"/)e&c$/e"t, t$e !..ce% c&""!t )'e&( t$e (e.e"*e !. (!+'e @e!)&%(#

>>9 3 I. P%e*(e"t E*t%&(& %e*0"e( e.!%e t$e %e"(t!" !. @+(0/e"t t$e /)e&c$/e"t c!+%t,

(!e* $* %e*0"&t!" )'&ce $/ e!"( t$e %e&c$ !. /)e&c$/e"t .!% !..e"*e* c!//tte((+%"0 $* te"+%e4

A 3 N!# REASON: W$'e t * t%+e t$&t $e * &'%e&( %e*0"e( &"( c&" "! '!"0e% e %e/!-e(.%!/ $* !..ce, t$e%e * *t'' & )e"&'t 6$c$ c&" e /)!*e( e-e" &.te% $* %e*0"&t!" &"(t$&t * t$e )e"&'t !. (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( &" !..ce +"(e% t$e Re)+'c !. t$e

P$'))"e*#

7#1 FILING OF CERTIFICATE OF CANDIDACW$ * t$e .'"0 !. ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c & /!(e !. te%/"&t"0 !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)4

It * & /!(e !. te%/"&t"0 !..c&' %e'&t!"*$) e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!"* << &"(<7, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, 6$c$ )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:

Sec# <<, B#P# 881 )%!-(e*: A" )e%*!" $!'("0 & )+'c !..ce !% )!*t!", "c'+("0&ct-e /e/e%* !. t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. t$e P$'))"e*, &"( !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* "0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"*, *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( )*! .&ct! %e*0"e( .%!/ $*!..ce +)!" t$e .'"0 !. $* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c#

& I" PNOC E"e%0 De-e'!)/e"t C!%)!%&t!" -*# NLRC, G#R# N!# 1==97, M& ?1,199?, t 6&* $e'( t$&t t$* *ect!" &))'e* e-e" t! e/)'!ee* !. 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !%c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"* 6t$!+t &" !%0"&' c$&%te%#

Sec# <7, B#P# 881, )%!-(e*: A" e'ect-e !..c&', 6$et$e% "&t!"&' !% '!c&', %+"""0 .!%&" !..ce !t$e% t$&" t$e !"e 6$c$ $e * $!'("0 " & )e%/&"e"t c&)&ct, e;ce)t .!% P%e*(e"t&"( Vce P%e*(e"t, *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( )*!, .&ct! %e*0"e( .%!/ $* !..ce +)!" t$e .'"0 !.$* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c#

8# L&'t !. P+'c O..ce%*

W$&t * t$e '&'t !. & )+'c !..ce% .!% "@+%e* *+*t&"e( &"!t$e% &* & %e*+'t !. $* !..c&'&ct*4

I. & )+'c !..ce% )e%.!%/* $* !..c&' &ct* 6t$" t$e *c!)e !. $* !..c&' &+t$!%t, $e *"!t '&'e .!% *&( "@+%e*, +"'e** !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6#

S&/e +e*t!", &* &.!%e/e"t!"e(# I* $e c-'' '&'e4 N!, +"'e** t$e%e * & c'e&% *$!6"0 !. &( .&t$, /&'ce !% "e0'0e"ce# Sect!" ?81

C$&)te% 9, B!! I, A(/"*t%&t-e C!(e !. 1987

2<H



W$&t * t$e '&'t !. t$e *+!%("&te !..ce% !% e/)'!ee .!% &ct* (!"e $/ " 0!!( .&t$ "t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. $* (+te*4

5e * "!t c-'' '&'e +t $e *$&'' e '&'e .!% 6''.+' !% "e0'0e"t &ct* (!"e $/6$c$ &%e c!"t%&% t! '&6, /!%&'*, )+'c )!'c &"( 0!!( c+*t!/* e-e" . $e /e%e' .!''!6e(t$e !%(e%* !% "*t%+ct!"* !. $* *+)e%!%*# I(#>>9H

W$e" /& & )+'c !..c&' e $e'( '&'e, !" $* )e%*!"&' c&)&ct, .!% e;e/)'&% (&/&0e*4I" t$e c&*e !. S*!" -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, G#R# N!# 12=8<, +"e 2<, 2==<# t$e C!+%t

$e'( t$&t %e&*!" !. )ett!"e%* "!%("&te (e'&, (&/&0e 6&* c&+*e( " %e*!'-"0%e*)!"(e"t* c'&/*# A* & )+'c !..c&', )ett!"e% !+0$t t! $&-e &cte( 6t$ t$e $0$e*t (e0%ee!. e;ce''e"ce, )%!.e**!"&'*/, "te''0e"ce &"( *''# T$+*, )ett!"e% 6&* $e'( '&'e " $*

)e%*!"&' c&)&ct, .!% e;e/)'&% (&/&0e*#

OT5ER LIABILITIES OF A PUBLIC OFFICERSW$&t * t$e '&'t !. )+'c !..ce%* " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e .!''!6"0: 1 TORT 2

CONTRACTS ? ACTS OF T5EIR SUBORDINATE1 FOR TORTS 3 U"&+t$!%e( &ct* !. 0!-e%"/e"t !..c&'* &%e "!t &ct* !. t$e St&te, $e"ce, &

)+'c !..ce% /& e )e%*!"&'' '&'e .!% (&/&0e* .!% *+c$ +"&+t$!%e( &ct*#A )+'c !..ce% c'&/* t$&t $e /e%e' )e%.!%/e( &ct* " c!""ect!" 6t$ $* !..c&'

(+te*# C&" $e e $e'( )e%*!"&'' &cc!+"t&'e .!% $* *&( &ct*4 N!, +"'e** t * )%!-e" t$&t $e &cte( " +'t%& -%e*, !% " &( .&t$#E;&/)'e: D*/**"0 e/)'!ee* !" &cc!+"t !. )&%t*&" )!'tc&' %e&*!"* R&/& -*# C!+%t

!. A))e&'*, 18 SCRA 9<

2 FOR CONTRACTS 3 A )+'c !..ce% 6$! &cte( 6t$!+t &+t$!%t !% " e;ce** !. $*

&+t$!%t *$&'' e )e%*!"&'' '&'e !" c!"t%&ct* $e e"te%* "t!# I. $e &cte( 6t$" t$e *c!)e !.$* &+t$!%t &"( " $* !..c&' c&)&ct, $e * "!t )e%*!"&'' '&'e !" c!"t%&ct* $e e;ec+te(" e$&'. !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t +"'e** $e e;)%e**' &"( +"e+-!c&'' &0%ee* t! e !+"(#

? FOR ACTS OF SUBORDINATES 3 1 W$e%e t$e%e e"0 c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e (+t !.e/)'!"0 !% %et&""0 $* *+!%("&te*, $e "e0'0e"t' !% 6''.+'' e/)'!* !% %et&"* +".t!% /)%!)e% )e%*!"* 2 W$e%e, e"0 c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e (+t t! *ee t$&t t$e &%e &))!"te(!% +&'.e( " & )%!)e% /&""e%, $e "e0'0e"t' !% 6''.+'' .&'* t! %e+%e !. t$e/ t$e (+ec!".!%/t t! t$e )%e*c%e( %e0+'&t!"* ? W$e%e $e *! c&%e'e**' !% "e0'0e"t' !-e%*ee*,c!"(+ct* !% c&%%e* t$e +*"e** !. $* !..ce &* t! .+%"*$ t$e !))!%t+"t .!% t$e (e.&+'t !%

A"( .!%t!% 6$e" $e $&* (%ecte(, &+t$!%e(, !% c!!)e%&te( " t$e 6%!"0# Mec$e/,P+# O.., Sect!" 79=

>>9<1<# EIG5T 8 OT5ER ANCILLIAR PRINCIPLES1# P%e.e%e"ce .!% &))!"t/e"t t! "e6 )!*t!"2# C&" & )e%*!" e c!/)e''e( t! &cce)t &" !..ce4?# P%e*(e"t&' )!6e% !. &))!"t/e"t# A+t$!%t t! (ete%/"e t$e "( !% "&t+%e !. &))!"t/e"t

2<<



H# Re-!c&t!" !. &))!"t/e"t !. CSC<# Me&""0 !. t$e te%/ +&'.c&t!"7# Dete%/"&t!" t$%!+0$ c!/)ett-e e;&/"&t!"8# 5!'( !-e% %+'e

EXPLANATION OF EAC5 ANCILLIAR PRINCIPLE1# P%e.e%e"ce .!% &))!"t/e"t t! "e6 )!*t!"

Sect!" !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<H< )%!-(e*: O..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* $!'("0 )e%/&"e"t &))!"t/e"t* *$&'' e 0-e" )%e.e%e"ce .!% &))!"t/e"t t! t$e "e6 )!*t!"* "&))%!-e( *t&.."0 )&tte%" c!/)&%&'e t! t$e% .!%/e% )!*t!"* !% " c&*e t$e%e &%e "!t e"!+0$c!/)&%&'e )!*t!"*, t! )!*t!"* "e;t '!6e% " %&"# T!%! -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"G#R# N!# 99??< E*)&"!'& -*# C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", G#R# 1==178, +"e 9, 1992, E" B&"c,G+te%%e, %#, #

REASON: T$e )%e.e%e"ce 0-e" t! )e%/&"e"t e/)'!ee* &**+/e* t$&t e/)'!ee* 6!%"0 " &De)&%t/e"t .!% '!"0e% )e%!(* $&-e 0&"e( "!t !"' *+)e%!% *''* +t &'*! 0%e&te%

(e(c&t!" t! t$e )+'c *e%-ce# I(#

2# C&" & )e%*!" e c!/)e''e( t! &cce)t &" !..ce4 N!# REASON: T$e%e * "! '&6 6$c$ c&" c!/)e' & )e%*!" t! &cce)t &" !..ce e;ce)t &* /& e

%e+%e( +"(e% Sect!" , A%tc'e II !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:Sect!" # T$e )%/e (+t !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t * t! *e%-e &"( )%!tect t$e )e!)'e# T$eG!-e%"/e"t /& c&'' +)!" t$e )e!)'e t! (e.e"( t$e St&te &"(, " t$e .+'.''/e"t t$e%e!., &''cte"* /& e %e+%e(, +"(e% c!"(t!"* )%!-(e( '&6, t! %e"(e% )e%*!"&' /'t&% !%c-' *e%-ce#

?# P%e*(e"t&' )!6e% !. &))!"t/e"t1# T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!/"&te &"(, 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*,

&))!"t t$e $e&(* !. t$e e;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t*, &/&**&(!%*, !t$e% )+'c /"*te%* &"(c!"*+'*, !% !..ce%* !. t$e &%/e( .!%ce* .%!/ t$e %&" !. c!'!"e' !% "&-&' c&)t&", &"( !t$e%!..ce%* 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e -e*te( " $/ " t$* C!"*tt+t!"# 5e *$&'' &'*! &))!"t &''!t$e% !..ce%* !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t 6$!*e &))!"t/e"t* &%e "!t !t$e%6*e )%!-(e( '&6,&"( t$!*e 6$!/ $e /& e &+t$!%e( '&6 t! &))!"t# T$e C!"0%e** /&, '&6, -e*tt$e &))!"t/e"t !. !t$e% !..ce%* '!6e% " %&" " t$e P%e*(e"t &'!"e, " t$e c!+%t* !% " t$e$e&(* !. (e)&%t/e"t*, &0e"ce*, c!//**!"*, !% !&%(*#

T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' $&-e t$e )!6e% t! /&e &))!"t/e"t* (+%"0 t$e %ece** !. t$eC!"0%e**, 6$et$e% -!'+"t&% !% c!/)+'*!%, +t *+c$ &))!"t/e"t* *$&'' e e..ect-e !"' +"t'(*&))%!-&' t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* !% +"t' t$e "e;t &(@!+%"/e"t !. t$e C!"0%e**>>972# T$e *)!+*e &"( %e'&t-e* c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t 6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee !. t$e

P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!t (+%"0 $* te"+%e e &))!"te( &* /e/e%* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"&'C!//**!"*, !% t! t$e O..ce !. t$e O/+(*/&", !% &* *ec%et&%e*, +"(e%*ec%et&%e*c$&%/&" !% $e&(* !. +%e&+* !% !..ce* "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e(

2<7



<# Me&""0 !. te%/ +&'.c&t!"It * +"(e%*t!!( " (..e%e"t *e"*e*: 1 It /& %e.e% t! t$e +&'te* !% e"(!6/e"t*

%e+%e( !. t$e )+'c !..ce% " !%(e% t$&t $e /& e c!"*(e%e( e'0'e .!% )+'c !..ce #e#,&0e, cte"*$), &"( &c&(e/c +&'.c&t!"* 2 It /& %e.e% t! t$e &ct !. e"&'"0 & )e%*!" t!

)e%.!%/ t$e (+te* &"( .+"ct!"* !. $* !..ce #e#, t&"0 t$e !&t$ !. !..ceI" t$e .%*t !"e, t$e )e%*!" &))!"te( !% e'ecte( /+*t )!**e** t$e )%e*c%e( +&'.c&t!"*

&t t$e t/e !. $* &))!"t/e"t !% e'ect!" &"( (+%"0 t$e )e%!( !. t$e !..c&' %e'&t!"*$)#

I" t$e *ec!"(, t$e .&'+%e t! )e%.!%/ &" &ct %e+%e( '&6 c!+'( &..ect t$e !..ce%* tt'et! t$e 0-e" !..ce# A" !&t$ !. !..ce * & +&'."0 %e+%e/e"t .!% & )+'c !..ce Lec&%! -*#S&"(0&"&&", G#R# N!# 1?=872, M&%c$ 2H, 1999# U"(e% B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!"11, t$e%e!., t * )%!-(e( t$&t t$e !..ce !. &" !..c&' e'ecte( 6$! .&'* !% %e.+*e* t! t&e $*!&t$ !..ce 6t$" *; /!"t$* .%!/ $* )%!c'&/&t!" *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( -&c&"t, +"'e** *&(.&'+%e * .!% & c&+*e !% c&+*e* e!"( $* c!"t%!'# E;&/)'e: 1 T&"0 &" !&t$ !% &..%/&t!"t! +)$!'( &"( (e.e"( t$e C!"*tt+t!" 2 Acc!+"t&'e !..ce%* &%e %e+%e( t! e )%!)e%'

!"(e(

7# Dete%/"&t!" t$%!+0$ c!/)ett-e e;&/"&t!"T$e .!''!6"0 &%e e;e/)te( .%!/ t$e %e+%e/e"t !. c!/)ett-e e;&/"&t!"*:

>>991# P!'c3(ete%/""0 )!*t!" 3 A )!*t!" $e'( !"e 6$!*e (+t * t! .!%/+'&te )!'ce* &"(

0+(e'"e* !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t#2# P%/&%' c!".(e"t&' )!*t!" 3 A )!*t!" $e'( !"e " 6$!/ )e%*!"&' t%+*t &"(

c!".(e"ce * %e)!*e( t$e &))!"t"0 )!6e%#?# 50$' tec$"c&' )!*t!" 3 A )!*t!" $e'( !"e )!**e**"0 *+)e%!% tec$"c&' t%&""0

8# 5!'(3!-e% %+'e

It * & %+'e 6$c$ (ec'&%e* t$&t " t$e &*e"ce !. &" e;)%e** !% /)'e( c!"*tt+t!"&' !%*t&t+t!% )%!-*!"* )%!$t"0 $!'(3!-e%, &" !..ce% * e"tt'e( t! $!'( $* !..ce +"t' $**+cce**!% * &))!"te( &"( +&'.e(# T$* %+'e )%e-e"t* (*%+)t!" !. )+'c *e%-ce " t$e/e&"t/e t$&t & *+cce**!% * "!t et &))!"te( &"( +&'.e( t! &**+/e t$e .+"ct!"* !. t$e!..ce#

CASES:PLAKA VS# CASSION, ET AL#

G#R# NO# 1?<8=9, UL 27, 2==

Be"0 (%!))e( .%!/ t$e %!'' !. e/)'!ee* 6t$!+t )%!% "!tce * "!t & (*c)'"&%/e&*+%e#

C$&"0e !. %e*)!"(e"t* )'&ce !. 6!% .%!/ t$e !%0"&' CSSDO !..ce t! t$e DSWD +'("0 * "!t & t%&"*.e%# It * /e%e' & )$*c&' t%&"*.e%#

FACTS:P%!% t! t$e e"&ct/e"t !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e R#A# N!# 71<=, (e'-e% !. *!c&'

*e%-ce* 6&* (*)e"*e( t$e "&t!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t t$%!+0$ t$e DSWD# U)!" t$e )%!/+'0&t!"

2<9



!. t$e *&( '&6, *!/e !. DSWD* .+"ct!"* 6e%e t%&"*.e%%e( t! t$e '!c&' 0!-e%"/e"t +"t*# T$eCt !. B+t+&" )&**e( %e*!'+t!"* &"( !%(e%* %ec!"*tt+t"0 t$e Ct S!c&' Se%-ce* De)&%t/e"tO..ce (e-!'-"0 &"( t%&"*.e%%"0 t$e%et! 19 DSWD e/)'!ee*# T$e% !..ce 6&* t%&"*.e%%e(.%!/ t$e !%0"&' CSSDO B+'("0 t! t$e DSWD B+'("0# T$e %e*)!"(e"t* 6$! c!/)!*e( t$e!%0"&' CSSDO %e.+*e( t! %e)!%t t! 6!% (e*)te t$e !%(e%* !. t$e M&!%# A.te% &"&(/"*t%&t-e "-e*t0&t!", t$e 6e%e c$&%0e( &(/"*t%&t-e' .!% 0%&-e /*c!"(+ct &"( 6e%e

)%e-e"t-e' *+*)e"(e( .!% <= (&*# U)!" t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e CSC, t$e M&!% !.

B+t+&" Ct (%!))e( t$e %e*)!"(e"t* .%!/ t$e %!'' !. e/)'!ee* 6t$!+t )%!% "!tce#

ISSUE:1# We%e t$e %e*)!"(e"t* (e"e( (+e )%!ce** !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t t$e 6e%e (%!))e( .%!/ t$e %!''

!. e/)'!ee* 6t$!+t )%!% "!tce42# I* t$e !%(e% !. )%e-e"t-e *+*)e"*!" & -!'&t!" !. %e*)!"(e"t* *ec+%t !. te"+%e &* t$e

6e%e t%&"*.e%%e( .%!/ !"e !..ce t! &"!t$e%4>>9H=5ELD:

1# T$e (%!))"0 .%!/ t$e %!''* !. )%-&te %e*)!"(e"t* * "!t (*c)'"&% " "&t+%e " &cc!%(&"ce6t$ t$e Me/!%&"(+/ C%c+'&% N!# ?8 !. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!", Se%e* !. 199? &"(t$e %+'"0 !. t$e CSC# S"ce t$e (%!))"0 .%!/ t$e %!''* * "!t &" &(/"*t%&t-e *&"ct!",t$e% 6&* "! -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce** &"( t * "!t "ece**&% t$&t t$e *$!+'( e "!t.e( !%$e&%(#

2# T$e c$&"0e !. %e*)!"(e"t* )'&ce !. 6!% .%!/ t$e !%0"&' CSSDO !..ce t! t$e DSWD +'("0 * "!t & t%&"*.e%# It 6&* !"' & )$*c&' t%&"*.e% !. t$e% !..ce t! & "e6 !"e (!"e "t$e "te%e*t !. )+'c *e%-ce# T$e%e 6e%e "! "e6 /!-e/e"t* !% &))!"t/e"t* .%!/ !"e

)!*t!" t! &"!t$e%# T%&"*.e% * & /!-e/e"t .%!/ !"e )!*t!" t! &"!t$e% 6$c$ * !.e+-&'e"t %&", 'e-e' !% *&'&% 6t$!+t %e& " *e%-ce &"( /& e /)!*e( &* &"

&(/"*t%&t-e )e"&'t#

CSC VS# SATURNINO DE LA CRUKG#R# NO# 1H87?7, AUGUST ?1, 2==

T$e ."&' c$!ce !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t *$!+'( e %e*)ecte( &"( 'e.t +"(*t+%e(+(0e* *$!+'( "!t *+*tt+te t$e% @+(0/e"t .!% t$&t !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t#

T$e )!6e% t! &))!"t * " e**e"ce (*c%et!"&% !" t$e )&%t !. t$e )%!)e% &+t$!%t#

FACTS:

T$e %e*)!"(e"t 6&* )%!/!t!"&'' &))!"te( &* C$e. !. t$e A-&t!" S&.et Re0+'&t!"O..ce, A% T%&"*)!%t&t!" O..ce ATO# P%!% t! t$* &))!"t/e"t, $e 6&* & C$ec P'!t II "t$e ATO# 5e )&**e( t$e %0( *c%ee""0 !. t$e ATO )e%*!""e' Se'ect!"P%!/!t!" B!&%( &*6e'' &* t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 !%&' &"( 6%tte" e;&/"&t!"# 5!6e-e%, t 6&* c'&/e( t$&t%e*)!"(e"t (( "!t /eet t$e 3e&% *+)e%-*!% %e+%e/e"t .!% t$e *&( )!*t!"# T$e C-'Se%-ce C!//**!" (*&))%!-e( $* &))!"t/e"t# T$e C!+%t !. A))e&'* %e-e%*e( t$e (ec*!"!. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!"#

27=



ISSUE:I* t$e &))e''&te c!+%t c!%%ect " *ett"0 &*(e &"( " %e-e%*"0 t$e (ec*!" !. t$e C-'

Se%-ce C!//**!"4>>9H15ELD:1# T$e &))e''&te c!+%t * c!%%ect REASON: T$e %+'e t$&t &))!"tee* /+*t )!**e** t$e )%e*c%e(

/&"(&t!% %e+%e/e"t* c&""!t e *! *t%ct' "te%)%ete( &* t! c+%t&' t$e &0e"c*

(*c%et!"&% )!6e% t! &))!"t, &* '!"0 &* t$e &))!"tee )!**e**e* t$e !t$e% +&'.c&t!"*%e+%e( '&6, c!"*(e%"0 t$&t t$e %e*)!"(e"t* t!t&' 6!% e;)e%e"ce * *+..ce"t t! /eett$e *+)e%-*!% *t&"(&%(* t$e%e ."("0 %e*)!"(e"t +&'.e( .!% &))!"t/e"t t! t$ec!"te*te( )!*t!"#

2# Re*)!"(e"t* )%!/!t!"&' &))!"t/e"t 6&* **+e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )ett!"e%**e'ect!" )%!ce**# Re*)!"(e"t )&**e( t$e %0( *c%ee""0 !. t$e ATO )e%*!""e'Se'ect!"P%!/!t!" B!&%( &* 6e'' &* t$e !%&' &"( 6%tte" e;&/"&t!"* !. t$e DOTCSe'ect!" B!&%(#

?# Re*)!"(e"t* /+'t.&%!+* e;)e%e"ce &"( t%&""0* " t$e &% t%&"*)!%t&t!" 6e%e t&e" "t!

&cc!+"t 6$e" $e 6&* c$!*e" .!% t$e *+@ect )!*t!"## It * e'e/e"t&% " t$e '&6 !. t$e )+'c !..ce%* t$&t t$e )!6e% t! &))!"t * " e**e"ce

(*c%et!"&% !" t$e )&%t !. t$e )%!)e% &+t$!%t# C!"*e+e"t', t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t $&*t$e %0$t !. c$!ce 6$c$ $e /& e;e%c*e .%ee' &cc!%("0 t! $* e*t @+(0/e"t, (ec("0 .!%$/*e'. 6$! * e*t +&'.e( &/!"0 t$!*e 6$! $&-e t$e "ece**&% +&'.c&t!"* &"(e'0'te*# T$e ."&' c$!ce !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t *$!+'( e %e*)ecte( &"( 'e.t+"(*t+%e(# +(0e* *$!+'( "!t *+*tt+te t$e% @+(0/e"t .!% t$&t !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t#

OSE M# CARINGAL VS# PCSOG#R# NO# 1<192, OCTOBER 1?, 2==H

A" &))!"tee t! t$e c-' *e%-ce * e"tt'e( t! *ec+%t !. te"+%e !"' . $e )!**e**e* t$e&))%!)%&te c-' *e%-ce e'0't# N!t e"0 " )!**e**!" !. t$e %e+%e( CES e'0't

)ett!"e% $&* "! *ec+%t !. te"+%e#It c!+'( e 6t$(%&6" &t 6'' t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t &"( &t & /!/e"t* "!tce,

c!".!%/&' t! e*t&'*$e( @+%*)%+(e"ce#

FACTS:Att# !*e C&%"0&' 6&* &))!"te( A***t&"t De)&%t/e"t M&"&0e% II " PCSO* 'e0&'

De)&%t/e"t# W$e" & "e6 PCSO c$&%/&" 6&* &))!"te(, Att# C&%"0&' 6&* &))!"te( t! t$e

A**et* &"( I"-e*t/e"t* De)&%t/e"t# Att# C&%"0&' c!"te*te( $* %e&**0"/e"t &* & c!"*t%+ct-e(*/**&'# T$e%e&.te%, $e .'e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e c!/)'&"t .!% c!"*t%+ct-e (*/**&' &"(c+')&'e -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" !" c-' *e%-ce &))!"t/e"t*# S+*e+e"t', t$e PCSOB!&%( !. D%ect!%* **+e( & %e*!'+t!" te%/"&t"0 Att# C&%"0&'* e/)'!/e"t !" t$e 0%!+"(t$&t $e (!e* "!t )!**e** C&%ee% E;ec+t-e Se%-ce E'0't# T$e%e&.te%, $e 6&* ".!%/e( t$&t$* te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t &* A***t&"t M&"&0e% II * te%/"&te(# T$e CSC, " t$e /e&"t/e(*/**e( )ett!"e%* c!/)'&"t .!% c!"*t%+ct-e (*/**e( !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t $e (!e* "!t e"@!*ec+%t !. te"+%e &"( $* &))!"t/e"t * te/)!%&% " "&t+%e &"( $e /& e %e)'&ce( 6t$ !"e

271



F&'+%e t! c!/)' 6t$ t$* %e+%e/e"t %e*+'t* " &" "-&'( (ec*!"# T$e (*c)'""0&+t$!%t *$!+'( "!t /e%e' &"( *!'e' %e' !" &" "-e*t0&t!%* %ec!//e"(&t!", +t /+*t

)e%*!"&'' 6e0$ &"( &**e** t$e e-(e"ce 0&t$e%e(#2# D+e )%!ce** " &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0* %e+%e* c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e .!''!6"0 c&%("&'

)%"c)'e*: 1# t$e %e*)!"(e"t* %0$t t! $e&%"0, 6$c$ "c'+(e* t$e %0$t t! )%e*e"t !"e*c&*e &"( *+/t *+))!%t"0 e-(e"ce, /+*t e !*e%-e( 2# t$e t%+"&' /+*t c!"*(e% t$ee-(e"ce )%e*e"te(: ? t$e (ec*!" /+*t $&-e *!/e &** t! *+))!%t t*e'. t$e%e /+*t e

*+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce H# t$e (ec*!" /+*t e %e"(e%e( !" t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( &t t$e$e&%"0, !% &t 'e&*t c!"t&"e( " t$e %ec!%( &"( (*c'!*e( t! t$e )&%te* &..ecte( < "&%%-"0 &t & (ec*!", t$e t%+"&' /+*t $&-e &cte( !" t* !6" c!"*(e%&t!" !. t$e '&6 &"(.&ct* !. t$e c!"t%!-e%* &"( /+*t "!t $&-e */)' &cce)te( t$e -e6* !. & *+!%("&te &"(7 t$e (ec*!" /+*t e %e"(e%e( " *+c$ /&""e% t$&t %e*)!"(e"t* 6!+'( "!6 t$e %e&*!"*.!% t &"( t$e -&%!+* **+e* "-!'-e(#

NOTE: It * t$e *;t$ %e+*te, &* &.!%e/e"t!"e(, 6$c$ 6&* "!t c!/)'e( 6t$#

ATT LELU P# CONTRERAS VS# TERESITA O# MONGEA#M# NO# P3=H 2==, ANUAR 2, 2==<

M!"0e* .&'+%e t! "!t. $e% !..ce !. $e% &*e"ce* * *+..ce"t c&+*e t! (*c)'"e%e*)!"(e"t# T$e C-' Se%-ce R+'e* %e+%e t$&t " c&*e !. &*e"ce ec&+*e !. *c"e**, t$ee/)'!ee * %e+%e( t! 0-e "!tce !. &*e"ce t! t$e //e(&te *+)e%-*!% &"(!% t$e &0e"c$e&(#>>9HFACTS:

C!/)'&"&"t &''e0e( t$&t %e*)!"(e"t, C'e% IV " t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t !. I%0& Ct,-e%&'' &**&+'te( $e% !" +' 2=, 2===, & .e6 (&* &.te% %e*)!"(e"t %et+%"e( .%!/ & '!"0

&*e"ce .%!/ !..ce# O" t$&t (&, E;ec+t-e +(0e E%"e*t! B# A/*!'& c&/e t! c!/)'&"&"t*!..ce# It 6&* !" t$* !cc&*!" 6$e" %e*)!"(e"t c!/)'&"e( t! *&( +(0e &!+t & /e/!%&"(+/t$e c!/)'&"&"t **+e( t! %e*)!"(e"t# C!/)'&"&"t $e&%( %e*)!"(e"t &"( t%e( t! +tt " +t%e*)!"(e"t )%e-e"te( $e% &"( t!'( $e% t! *$+t +)# Re*)!"(e"t c!"t"+e( $e% -e%&' t%&0e e-e"&.te% +(0e A/*!'& 'e.t c!/)'&"&"t* !..ce# T$e%e&.te%, %e*)!"(e"t 'e.t t$e !..ce '!+('+tte%"0 D &! /&)&03'e-e' &""! t& )&0t&!( /! )%/ &"0 t&/&Q I 6'' "e-e% 'e-e' 6t$!+ ec&+*e !+ t$" !+ &%e &'6&* %0$tQ

T$e &!-e3/e"t!"e( /e/!%&"(+/ 6&* **+e( c!/)'&"&"t t! %e*)!"(e"t !" +' 112=== ec&+*e !. t$e '&tte%* .&'+%e t! 0-e !..c&' "!tce !. $e% *c 'e&-e !. &*e"ce .!% &

)e%!( !. .!+% 6ee*# I"*te&( !. &c"!6'e(0"0 $e% .&+'t, %e*)!"(e"t /!c"0' *t&te( t$&t *$e%ece-e( & /e/!%&"(+/ "*te&( !. & 0et 6e'' c&%(# W$e" *$e ."&'' c&/e &c t! 6!% *$e (("!t %e)!%t t! c!/)'&"&"t )e%*!"&''#

T$e "-e*t0&t"0 +(0e *+/tte( & %e)!%t ."("0 "! e-(e"ce !. 0%!** "*+!%("&t!"!% (*%e*)ect, +t !"' & .&'+%e !" t$e )&%t !. %e*)!"(e"t t! 0-e "!tce !. $e% &*e"ce t!c!/)'&"&"t !% t$e !..ce# 5e &'*! .!+"( t$&t t$e &''e0e( &'te%&t!" !. %e*)!"(e"t* )e%.!%/&"ce%&t"0 6&* -&'( &"( "!t 6t$!+t &+t$!%t &"( t$&t c!/)'&"&"t (( "!t c!//t &" /*c!"(+ct

27?



t!6&%(* +(0e A0&6&# C!/)'&"&"t, $!6e-e%, &(/tte( t$&t *$e c%!**3*ttc$e( (+%"0 %e&t/e &"( '+'' $!+%* &"( t$&t *$e (%ecte( e/)'!ee E'e"! G!"&'e* t! (! +"!..c&' 6!%#

T$e O..ce !. t$e C!+%t A(/"*t%&t!%, c!"c+%%"0 6t$ t$e ."("0* !. t$e I"-e*t0&t"0+(0e, %ec!//e"(e( t$&t %e*)!"(e"t e %e)%/&"(e( &"( *te%"' 6&%"e( !. /!%e *e-e%e

)e"&'t " c&*e !. %e)ett!" !. $e% -!'&t!" !. t$e C-' Se%-ce R+'e* .!% .&'"0 t! 0-e "!tce!. $e% &*e"ce, &"( t$&t c!/)'&"&"t, .!% (%ect"0 $e% *+!%("&te t! (! e;t%& 6!% (+%"0!..ce $!+%*, e &(-*e( t! e /!%e c%c+/*)ect " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. $e% (+te*#

RULING:We &0%ee 6t$ t$e C!+%t A(/"*t%&t!% &"( t$e I"-e*t0&t"0 +(0e t$&t M!"0e* .&'+%e

t! "!t. $e% !..ce !. $e% &*e"ce* * *+..ce"t c&+*e t! (*c)'"e %e*)!"(e"t# T$e C-'Se%-ce R+'e* %e+%e t$&t " c&*e !. &*e"ce ec&+*e !. *c"e**, t$e e/)'!ee * %e+%e( t!0-e "!tce !. &*e"ce t! t$e //e(&te *+)e%-*!% &"(!% t$e &0e"c $e&(# S"ce &))'c&t!".!% *c 'e&-e * .'e( &.te% t$e &*e"t e/)'!ee %et+%"* t! 6!%, t$e !..ce c!"ce%"e( *$!+'( &t'e&*t e )%!)e%' "!t.e( !. t$e &*e"ce (+e t! &" ''"e**# Re*)!"(e"t M!"0e "et$e% /&(e &c&'' t! "!t. t$e !..ce "!% *$e (( *$e $&-e *!/e!"e ".!%/ t$e !..ce &!+t $e% &*e"ce# S$e

!"' /&(e t$e c&'' &.te% t$e /e/!%&"(+/ 6&* *e"t t! $e%# It 6&* !"' 6$e" $e% c!36!%e%* %!+0$t *!/e (!c+/e"t* t! $e% $!+*e .!% $e% t! *0" t$&t t$e 'e&%"e( *$e 6&* *c#

C'e&%', %e*)!"(e"t .&'e( t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e "!tce !. &*e"ce %e+%e( t$e R+'e*#C!"*(e%"0 t$&t $e% .&'+%e * !"' & '0$t !..e"*e, t$e /)!*&'e )e"&'t * & %e)%/&"(, 6t$6&%""0 t$&t & /!%e *e-e%e )e"&'t 6'' e /)!*e( *$!+'( *$e %e)e&t t$e !..e"*e !% c!//t &*/'&% !..e"*e#>>9HH

MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTIONS1# N&t+%e !. &" &(3"te%/ &))!"t/e"tA# It * & te/)!%&% &))!"t/e"t

B# It * &" &))!"t/e"t /&(e 6$'e C!"0%e** * "!t " *e**!", $e"ce, t * *t'' *+@ect t! t$ec!".%/&t!" !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*, &"( t$e%e.!%e t * "!t et & )e%/&"e"t&))!"t/e"t#

C# A" &(3"te%/ &))!"t/e"t $&* "! .;e( te%/ !. !..ce &"( e/)'!/e"t &"( c&" ete%/"&te( &t t$e )'e&*+%e !. t$e &))!"t"0 &+t$!%t, t * *t'' t$e%e.!%e !. & te/)!%&%"&t+%e#

D# A" &(3"te%/ &))!"t/e"t * )e%/&"e"t " "&t+%e, &"( t$e c%c+/*t&"ce t$&t t * *+@ect t!t$e c!".%/&t!" t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t* (!e* "!t &'te% t* )e%/&"e"tc$&%&cte%#

2# I* t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" &+t$!%e( t! (ete%/"e t$e "( !% "&t+%e !. t$e&))!"t/e"t e;te"(e( t$e &))!"t"0 !..ce%, !% 6'' t @+*t &tte*t t! t$e &))!"t/e"t "&cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e C-' Se%-ce L&6#

A# W$e" &'' t$e 'e0&' %e+%e/e"t* &%e c!/)'e( 6t$ &"( t$e &))!"tee * +&'.e(, 6$&t t$eC-' Se%-ce $&* t! (! * !"' t! &tte*t t! t$e &))!"t/e"t#

B# T$e .+"ct!" !. t$e C-' Se%-ce C!//**!" * )%ec*e' t! *ee t! t t$&t t$e &))!"tee *+&'.e( &"( e'0'e, $e"ce, t $&* t$e &+t$!%t t! (! !t$#

27



C# A* '!"0 &* t$e &))!"tee )!**e**e* t$e /"/+/ +&'.c&t!"* )%e*c%e( '&6 !%%e0+'&t!"*, t$e%e * "! +e*t!" t$&t $* &))!"t/e"t /+*t e %e*)ecte( t$e C-' Se%-ceC!//**!" e-e" . t e )%!-e( t$&t t$e%e &%e !t$e%* 6t$ *+)e%!% c%e(e"t&'*#

D# I" c&*e* 6$e%e t * .!+"( t$e C!//**!", &.te% e;&/""0 t$e &))!"t/e"t )&)e%*# t$&tt$e &))!"tee (!e* "!t *&t*. t$e /"/+/ +&'.c&t!"* .!% t$e )!*t!" " +e*t!" t$eC!//**!" 6!+'( e 6e'' 6t$" t* %0$t &"( %e*)!"*'t " %e.+*"0 t! &))%!-e t$e&))!"t/e"t#

>>9H<?# M%# A 6&* "!t -&'(' &))!"te(, $e * "!t e'0'e, &"( $e !cc+)e* & 'e0t/&te !..ce# I* $e

& (e@+%e !% (e .&ct! !..ce%#A# 5e * & (e@+%e !..ce% &* '!"0 &* "!!( * +e*t!""0 $* &))!"t/e"t#B# 5e * & (e@+%e !..ce% ec&+*e $e !cc+)e* & 'e0t/&te !..ce#C# 5e * "et$e% & (e@+%e "!% & (e.&ct! !..ce% ec&+*e $e 6&* "!t -&'(' &))!"te(#D# 5e * & (e.&ct! !..ce% ec&+*e $e * " )!**e**!" !. t$e !..ce +"(e% c!'!% !. %0$t, 6t$!+t

e"0 'e0&'' +&'.e( t! &ctQ

# C&" & (e.&ct! !..ce% c'&/ *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!"4A# N!t $&-"0 & 0!!( tt'e, $e c&""!t c'&/ *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!"#B# 5e c&" c'&/ *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!" . t$e%e * "! (e @+%e )+'c !..ce%#C# 5e c&" c'&/ *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!" &"( e-e" &''!6&"ce* ec&+*e t$&t * 6$&t !+%

C!"*tt+t!" )%!-(e* .!% !"e )!*t!"#D# 5e c&" c'&/ *&'&% !% c!/)e"*&t!" ec&+*e t * "+t!+* t! (e" t$e *&'&% (+e t! & (e

.&ct! !..ce% .!% *e%-ce* $e &ct+&'' %e"(e%e(#

H# M%# A 6&* -&'(' &))!"te( +t t$e !..ce t*e'. t! 6$c$ $e 6&* &))!"te( * -!(# I* $e &(e@+%e !% (e.&ct! !..ce%4

A# 5e * & (e@+%e !..ce% ec&+*e $e 6&* -&'(' &))!"te(#B# 5e * & (e.&ct! !..ce% ec&+*e t$e !..ce t*e'. t! 6$c$ $e 6&* &))!"te( * -!(#C# 5e * & (e@+%e !..ce% +"t' $* &))!"t/e"t * (ec'&%e( -!( t$e c!+%t#D# 5e * "et$e% & (e .&ct! !..ce% "!% & (e @+%e !..ce% .!% "! !..ce &t &'' e;*t#

<# S+))!*e t$e%e * &" EDSA PEOPLE POWERQQQ, &"( t$e "e6' e'ecte( P%e*(e"t c&''* .!% &%e-&/) !. $* c&"et# C!"*tt+t!"&' !..ce%* A B *+/tte( c!+%te* %e*0"&t!"*#C!"*tt+t!"&' !..ce%* E F, %e.+*e( t! -&c&te t$e% )!*t!"*# W$&t * t$e 'e0&' e..ect !. &''t$e*e (e-e'!)/e"t*4

A# U)!" t$e *+cce**.+' c!"c'+*!" !. EDSA PEOPLE POWER III, &'' t$e te%/* !. t$e*eC!"*tt+t!"&' O..ce%* &%e (ee/e( e;)%e(#

B# U)!" t$e *+cce**.+' c!"c'+*!" !. EDSA PEOPLE POWER III, t$e "e6 P%e*(e"t c&"&))!"t "e6 C!"*tt+t!"&' O..ce%* t! %e)'&ce t$e .!%/e% C!"*tt+t!"&' O..ce%*#

C# U)!" t$e *+cce**.+' c!"c'+*!" !. EDSA PEOPLE POWER III, t$e c!+%te* %e*0"&t!"* !.A B %e*+'te( " t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e% te%/*# T$e "e6 P%e*(e"t /& %e+e*t C D t!*+/t t$e% c!+%te* %e*0"&t!"*, +t . t$e %e.+*e t! (! *!, t$e "e6 P%e*(e"t /& &))!"t"e6 !"e* t! %e)'&ce t$e/ !" t$e t$e!% t$&t t$e *+cce**.+' c!"c'+*!" !. EDSA PEOPLE

27H



POWER III 0-e* $/ & /&"(&te t! e..ect t$e c$&"0e* " 0!-e%"/e"t &* $e /& (ee/"ece**&% &"( )%!)e% &"( 6$c$ $e t$"* 6'' e &(-&"t&0e!+* t! t$e 0!-e%"/e"t &"( t! t$ec!+"t% &* & 6$!'e#

>>9H7ELECTION LAWI# GENERAL PRINCIPLES

3 De."e e'ect!"#A 3 It * t$e /e&"* 6$c$ t$e )e!)'e c$!!*e t$e% !..c&'* .!% & (e."te &"( .;e( )e%!( &"(

t! 6$!/ t$e e"t%+*t .!% t$e t/e e"0, &* t$e% %e)%e*e"t&t-e*, t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e )!6e%*!. 0!-e%"/e"t#

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! 2 "(* !. e'ect!"4A 3 Ge"e%&' e'ect!" 3 * !"e )%!-(e( .!% '&6 .!% t$e e'ect!" !. !..ce%* t$%!+0$!+t t$e

St&te, !% ce%t&" *+(-*!"* t$e%e!., &.te% t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e .+'' te%/ !. t$e .!%/e%!..ce%*#

S)ec&' e'ect!" 3 * !"e )%!-(e( .!% '&6 +"(e% *)ec&' c%c+/*t&"ce* *+c$ &* 6$e" &"e'ect!" * $e'( t! .'' & -&c&"c " !..ce, !% 6$e" &" e'ect!" * e"0 $e'( ec&+*e & ce%t&"

)%!)!*&' * *+/tte( t! t$e -!te !. t$e +&'.e( e'ect!%*#

3 De."e *+..%&0e#A 3 S+..%&0e * t$e %0$t t! -!te " t$e e'ect!" !. &'' !..ce%* c$!*e" t$e )e!)'e, &"( " t$e

(ete%/"&t!" !. &'' +e*t!"* *+/tte( t! t$e )e!)'e#

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t t$e!%e* !. *+..%&0e4A 3

1 It * & "&t+%&' &"( "$e%e"t %0$t !. e-e% cte" -%t+e !. $* /e/e%*$) " t$e St&te, )%!-(e( $e * "!t (*+&'.e( !" &cc!+"t !. $* !6" %e)%e$e"*'e c!"(+ct !% +".t"e**N&t+%&' %0$t t$e!%

2 It * & )+'c !..ce !% .+"ct!" c!".e%%e( +)!" t$!*e 6$! &%e .t &"( c&)&'e !. (*c$&%0"0t# S!c&' e;)e(e"c t$e!%

? It * %e0&%(e( &* & "ece**&% &tt%+te !. /e/e%*$) " t$e St&te# P%/t-e t%&' t$e!% It * %e0&%(e( &* &" &(@+"ct !. & )&%tc+'&% *t&t+*, 0e"e%&'' te"+%&' " c$&%&cte%# It * & -e*te(

)%-'e0e +*+&'' &cc!/)&""0 t$e !6"e%*$) !. '&"(# Fe+(&' t$e!%H It %e0&%(e( &* & "ece**&% &"( e**e"t&' /e&"* .!% t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. "(+*t%&' c$&%&cte%

Et$c&' t$e!% G&%"e%, P!'tc&' Sce"ce &"( G!-e%"/e"t, H?>>9H8 3 D*t"0+*$ *+..%&0e .%!/ e'ect!"#A 3 S+..%&0e * & %!&(e% te%/ t$&" e'ect!" ec&+*e t "c'+(e* "!t !"' t$e /e&"* 6$c$

)+'c !..ce%* &%e c$!*e" .!% )+'c )!*t!"*, +t &'*! t$e e;)%e**!" !. t$e c$!ce !. t$e )e!)'e !" & )%!)!*e( '&6 !% e"&ct/e"t *+/tte( t! t$e/ .!% (ec*!"# E'ect!" * '/te( t!t$e e;)%e**!" !. & c$!ce !. t$e -!te%* " t$e *e'ect!" !. t$e% !..ce%*#

27<



3 W$&t * t$e **te/ !. e'ect!" &(!)te( " t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 T$e A+*t%&'&" B&''!t S*te/ 6$c$ 6&* .%*t c!"ce-e( " 19=1 F%&"c* S# D+tt!", &

/e/e% !. t$e Le0*'&t+%e !. S!+t$ A+*t%&'&# T$* **te/ * &(!)te( /&" c!+"t%e* "E+%!)e &"( t* (*t"0+*$"0 .e&t+%e * *t%ct *ec%ec " &''!t"0#

3 W$ * *+..%&0e !t$ & %0$t &"( & )%-'e0e +"(e% t$e C!"*tt+t!"4A 3 It * & %0$t ec&+*e t * t$e e;)%e**!" !. t$e *!-e%e0" 6'' !. t$e )e!)'e L&c*!" -*#

P!*&(&*, 72 SCRA <8 197<# It * & )%-'e0e ec&+*e t* e;e%c*e * 0%&"te( "!t t!e-e%!( +t !"' t! *+c$ )e%*!"* !% c'&** !. )e%*!"* &%e &* /!*t 'e' t! e;e%c*e t .!%t$e )+%)!*e !. )+'c 0!!(# Pe!)'e -*# C!%%&', <2 P$'# 9H, 98 19?<

3 W$&t * t$e t$e!% +)!" 6$c$ *+..%&0e * &*e(4A 3 T$e %0$t !. *+..%&0e * )%e(c&te( !" t$e t$e!% t$&t t$e )e!)'e 6$! e&% t$e +%(e" !.

0!-e%"/e"t *$!+'( *$&%e t$e )%-'e0e !. c$!!*"0 t$e !..c&'* !. t$&t 0!-e%"/e"t#

3 E;)'&" t$e )%"c)'e t$&t t$e e".%&"c$*e( cte" !% -!te% * t$e t%+*tee !. t$e )e!)'e#

A 3 I" t$e *c$e/e !. !+% )%e*e"t %e)+'c&" 0!-e%"/e"t, t$e )e!)'e &%e &''!6e( t! $&-e & -!cet$e%e" t$%!+0$ t$e "*t%+/e"t&'t !. *+..%&0e t! e &-&'e( !. t$!*e )!**e**"0 ce%t&"

)%e*c%e( +&'.c&t!"*# T$e )e!)'e " c'!t$"0 & cte" 6t$ t$e %e'&t-e .%&"c$*e .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. *ec+%"0 & c!"**te"t &(/"*t%&t!" !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t t$e !%(&", c$&%0e $/6t$ t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. & (+t " t$e "&t+%e !. & )+'c t%+*t, &"( " t$&t %e*)ect c!"*tt+te$/ & %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e 6$!'e )e!)'e# T$* (+t %e+%e* t$&t t$e )%-'e0e t$+* e*t!6e(*$!+'( e e;e%c*e( "!t e;c'+*-e' .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e cte" !% c'&** !. cte"*

)%!.e**"0 t, +t " 0!!( .&t$ &"( 6t$ &" "te''0e"t e&' .!% t$e 0e"e%&' e"e.t &"( 6e'.&%e!. t$e *t&te# A&"' -*# +*tce !. t$e Pe&ce !. B&c!'!(, 7= P$'# 28, ?1 19= L&c*!" -*P!*&(&*, 72 SCRA 1<8 197<

3 W$&t * t$e /)!%t&"ce !. *&.e0+&%("0 t$e "te0%t !. t$e &''!t4A 3 A %e)+'c t$e" t! e t%+e t! t* "&/e %e+%e* t$&t t$e 0!-e%"/e"t %e*t* !" t$e c!"*e"t !.

t$e )e!)'e, c!"*e"t .%ee' 0-e", "te''0e"t' &%%-e( &t, $!"e*t' %ec!%(e(, &"( t$e%e&.te%c!+"te(# O"' t$+* c&" t$e e %e&'' '!!e( +)!" &* t$e +'t/&te *!+%ce !. e*t&'*$e(&+t$!%t# It * t$e% +"(e"&'e %0$t t! $&-e !..c&'* !. t$e% +".ette%e( c$!ce# T$e e'ect!"'&6 $&* "! @+*t.c&t!" e;ce)t &* & /e&"* .!% &**+%"0 & .%ee, $!"e*t &"( !%(e%' e;)%e**!"!. t$e% -e6*# It * !. t$e e**e"ce t$&t c!%%+)t!" &"( %%e0+'&%te* *$!+'( "!t e )e%/tte(t! t&"t t$e e'ect!%&' )%!ce**# B&''e* -*# C&', 27 SCRA 11?, 1213122 19<9

>>9H9

3 W$ (! 6e c!"(e/" t$e (e%!0&t!" !. t$e %0$t !. *+..%&0e4A 3 T! /)e(e, 6t$!+t &+t$!%t, -&'( " '&6, t$e .%ee &"( !%(e%' e;e%c*e !. t$e %0$t !.

*+..%&0e, * t! ".'ct t$e +'t/&te "(0"t !" t$e (e/!c%&tc )%!ce**# T$e *!-e%e0" %0$t !.*+..%&0e /+*t "!t e t$6&%te( "!% (e.'e( 6t$!+t /)!*"0 +)!" t$!*e 6$! &tte/)t t! (! *!t$e *e-e%e*t )e"&'te* !. t$e '&6# 5!"t-e%!* -*# M!!, ?9 P$'# 2?= 1918 O&/* -*#K!*&, ? SCRA 2 197=

CASES

277



3 D!e* t$e )!6e% t! e".!%ce &"( &(/"*te% e'ect!" '&6* &"( t! "*+%e .%ee, !%(e%' &"($!"e*t e'ect!"* "c'+(e t$e )!6e% t! &""+' &" e'ect!" 6$c$ /& "!t $&-e ee" .%ee,!%(e%' &"( $!"e*t4

A 3 T$e )!6e% t! (ec(e e'ect!" c!"te*t* "ece**&%' "c'+(e* t$e )!6e% t! (ete%/"e t$e-&'(t !% "+''t !. t$e -!te* +e*t!"e( et$e% !. t$e c!"te*t&"t* N&c!"&'*t& P&%t -*C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, 8H P$'# 19# F+%t$e%, " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e )!6e% t! (ete%/"et$e -&'(t !% "+''t !. t$e +e*t!"e( -!te*, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t +)$e'( t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e

C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* t! e;c'+(e e'ect!" %et+%"* !" t$e 0%!+"( !. *t&t*tc&'/)%!&'t L&0+/& -*# C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, 1< SCRA 17H19<<# E'ect!"%et+%"* 6$c$ 6e%e t$e )%!(+ct* !. c!e%c!" 6e%e &'*! e;c'+(e( &"( t$e )!6e% !. t$eC!//**!" !" E'ect!"* t! e;c'+(e t$e *&/e 6&* &'*! +)$e'( A"t!"!, %# -*# C!//**!"!" E'ect!"*, ?2 SCRA ?19 197=# Le6*e, t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* $&* &'*! t$e

)!6e% t! !t&" t$e te*t/!" !. $&"(6%t"0 e;)e%t* t! e &'e t! (ete%/"e . t$e e'ect!"%et+%"* &%e .&'*.e( !% "!t# U*/&" -*# C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, 2 SCRA <<7 1971

3 I* t t$e C!/e'ec !% t$e c!+%t 6$c$ $&* t$e )!6e% t! (ec'&%e .&'+%e !. e'ect!"4

A 3 I" A"t!"!, %# -*# C!/e'ec ?2 SCRA ?19 197=, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( t$&t t$e )!6e%t! (ec'&%e & .&'+%e !. e'ect!" "-!'-e( t$e )!6e% t! (ec(e e'ect!" c!"te*t* 6$c$

e'!"0e( "!t t! t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* +t t! t$e c!+%t* &"( t$e )%!)e% E'ect!%&'T%+"&'*# T$* 6&* &'*! t$e *&/e %+'"0 " Ae* -*# C!/e'ec# 21 SCRA 12H2 19<7

T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, $!6e-e%, +)$e'( t$e )!6e% !. t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* t! &""+'&" e"t%e /+"c)&' e'ect!" !" t$e 0%!+"( !. )!*t e'ect!" te%%!%*/, "!t !" t$e &** !. t*e;)&"(e( @+%*(ct!" !-e% e'ect!" c!"te*t*# T$* %+'"0 " B'6&"0 -*# C!/e'ec 11 SCRAH 1982 6$c$ /!(.e( t$e %+'"0 " A"t!"! -*# C!/e'ec ?2 SCRA H 1982, *&"c$!%e( !" t$e %!&(e% )!6e% !. t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* t! )%!tect t$e "te0%t !. t$e

e'ect!" *! t$&t t$e 6'' !. t$e e'ect!%&te * "!t (e.e&te(#>>9<= 3 C&" t$e COMELEC %e.+*e t! $!'( e'ect!"* (+e t! !)e%&t!"&', '!0*tc&' &"( ."&"c&'

)%!'e/*4A 3 I" t$e c&*e !. S&/&%&" -# COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<=27, Se)te/e% 1H, 2==, t$e C!+%t

$e'( t$&t t$e !)e%&t!"&', '!0*tc&' &"( ."&"c&' )%!'e/* 6$c$ COMELEC c'&/* t 6''e"c!+"te% 6t$ t$e $!'("0 !. & *ec!"( *)ec&' e'ect!" c&" e *!'-e( 6t$ )%!)e% )'&"""0c!!%("&t!" &"( c!!)e%&t!" &/!"0 t* )e%*!""e' &"( !t$e% (e)+te( &0e"ce* !. t$e0!-e%"/e"t# A *)ec&' e'ect!" 6'' %e+%e e;t%&!%("&% e..!%t*, +t t * "!t /)!**'e#

3 D!e* t$e C!/e'ec $&-e t$e &+t$!%t t! c&'' & *)ec&' e'ect!"4A 3 T$e &+t$!%t t! c&'' & *)ec&' e'ect!" 6&* +)$e'( " S&"c$e -*# C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*

?2 SCRA ?19 197= !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t .&'+%e !. e'ect!" @+*t.e* t$e c&''"0 !. & *)ec&'e'ect!" " !%(e% t! /&e t$e C!/e'ec t%+' e..ect-e " t$e (*c$&%0e !. t* .+"ct!"*# +*t'e t$e B'6&"0 c&*e, t$e @+*t.c&t!" " S&"c$e * &"c$!%e( &0&" !" t$e %!&(e% )!6e% t!"*+%e .%ee, !%(e%' &"( $!"e*t e'ect!"* *! t$&t t$e 6'' !. t$e e'ect!%&te * "!t (e.e&te(#

278



3 I* t$e )%!$t!" !" c!"(+ct"0 *)ec&' e'ect!"* &.te% t$%t (&* .%!/ ce**&t!" !. t$ec&+*e !. t$e .&'+%e !. e'ect!"* &*!'+te4

A 3 T$e )%!$t!" !" c!"(+ct"0 *)ec&' e'ect!"* &.te% t$%t (&* .%!/ t$e ce**&t!" !. t$ec&+*e !. t$e .&'+%e !. e'ect!"* * "!t &*!'+te# It * (%ect!%, "!t /&"(&t!%, &"( t$eCOMELEC )!**e**e* %e*(+&' )!6e% t! c!"(+ct *)ec&' e'ect!"* e-e" e!"( t$e (e&('"e

)%e*c%e( '&6# T$e (e&('"e " Sect!" < !. t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e c&""!t (e.e&tt$e %0$t !. *+..%&0e !. t$e )e!)'e &* 0+&%&"tee( t$e C!"*tt+t!"# T$e COMELEC $&*

%!&( )!6e% !% &+t$!%t t! .; !t$e% (&te* .!% *)ec&' e'ect!"* t! e"&'e t$e )e!)'e t!e;e%c*e t$e% %0$t !. *+..%&0e# T$e COMELEC /& .; !t$e% (&te* .!% t$e c!"(+ct !.*)ec&' e'ect!"* 6$e" t$e *&/e c&""!t e %e&*!"&' $e'( 6t$" t$e )e%!( )%e*c%e( '&6# S&/&%&" -*# COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<=27, Se)te/e% 1H, 2==

INTERPRETATION OF ELECTION LAWSE'ect!" '&6* &%e 'e%&'' &"( e+t&' c!"*t%+e( t! 0-e .+''e*t e..ect t! t$e /&".e*t

6'' !. !+% )e!)'e, .!% " c&*e !. (!+t, )!'tc&' '&6* /+*t e "te%)%ete( t! 0-e '.e &"( *)%tt! t$e )!)+'&% /&"(&te .%ee' e;)%e**e( t$%!+0$ t$e &''!t# Ot$e%6*e *t&te(, 'e0&' "cete* &"(

tec$"c&'te* c&""!t *t&"( " t$e 6& !. t$e *!-e%e0" 6''# C!"**te"t', 6e $&-e $e'(:>>9<1

; ; ; L&6* 0!-e%""0 e'ect!" c!"te*t* /+*t e 'e%&'' c!"*t%+e( t! t$e e"( t$&t t$e6'' !. t$e )e!)'e " t$e c$!ce !. )+'c !..c&'* /& "!t e (e.e&te( /e%e tec$"c&'!@ect!"*#

5e"ce, t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( " F%-&'(! -*# C!/e'ec, t$+*: T$e '&6 &"( t$e c!+%t*/+*t &cc!%( F%-&'(! e-e% )!**'e )%!tect!", (e.e"*e &"( %e.+0e, " (e.e%e"ce t! t$e )!)+'&%6''# I"(ee(, t$* C!+%t $&* %e)e&te(' *t%e**e( t$e /)!%t&"ce !. 0-"0 e..ect t! t$e *!-e%e0"6'' " !%(e% t! e"*+%e t$e *+%--&' !. !+% (e/!c%&c# I" &" &ct!" "-!'-"0 t$e )!**'t !. &%e-e%*&' !. t$e )!)+'&% e'ect!%&' c$!ce, t$* C!+%t /+*t e;e%t +t/!*t e..!%t t! %e*!'-e t$e **+e*

" & /&""e% t$&t 6!+'( 0-e e..ect t! t$e 6'' !. t$e /&@!%t, .!% t * /e%e' *!+"( )+'c )!'c t! c&+*e e'ect-e !..ce* t! e .''e( t$!*e 6$! &%e t$e c$!ce !. t$e /&@!%t# T!*+cce**.+'' c$&''e"0e & 6"""0 c&"((&te* +&'.c&t!"*, t$e )ett!"e% /+*t c'e&%'(e/!"*t%&te t$&t t$e "e'0't * *! )&te"t' &"t&0!"*tc t! c!"*tt+t!"&' &"( 'e0&' )%"c)'e*t$&t !-e%%("0 *+c$ "e'0't &"( t$e%e 0-"0 e..ect t! t$e &))&%e"t 6'' !. t$e )e!)'e6!+'( +'t/&te' c%e&te 0%e&te% )%e@+(ce t! t$e -e% (e/!c%&tc "*tt+t!"* &"( @+%*tct%&(t!"* t$&t !+% C!"*tt+t!" &"( '&6* *! e&'!+*' )%!tect &"( )%!/!te# F%-&'(! -*#C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, et &'#, G#R# N!# 12=29H Lee -*# C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*, G#R# N!12?7HH, +"e 28, 199<, E" B&"c, P&"0&"&", # U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

II# COMMISSION ON ELECTIONSFULL DISCUSSION, INCLUDING T5E CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND T5ECASES INVOLVED, ARE FOUND IN C5APTER VI, ARTICLE IX, CONSTITUTIONAL

COMMISSIONS

III# STAGES, POINTERS AND PROCEDURES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTERELECTION

279



SIMPLIFICATION:

PART I 3 BEFORE ELECTION1# Re0*t%&t!"2# C$&''e"0e?# I"c'+*!"

# E;c'+*!"H# V!te%*+&'.c&t!"* &"( D*+&'.c&t!"*<# Ce%t.c&te !. C&"((&c7# P%ec"ct* &"( P!''"0 P'&ce*8# B&''!t !;e*9# W&tc$e%*1=# Pett!" t! De" C!+%*e t! !% t! C&"ce' & Ce%t.c&te !. C&"((&c11# P!'tc&' )&%te*12# E'ect!" C&/)&0"E;)e"(t+%e* &"( P%!)&0&"(&

PART II 3 DURING ELECTION1# C&*t"0 !. -!te*2# C$&''e"0e !. ''e0&' -!te%*?# Rec!%(* !. c$&''e"0e* &"( !&t$*

&# M"+te* !. -!t"0 &"( c!+"t"0 !. -!te* # L*t !. +"+*e( &''!t*

PART III 3 AFTER ELECTION1# C!+"t"0 !. -!te*

2# B!&%( !. E'ect!" I"*)ect!%*?# A))%ec&t!" !. B&''!t*# E'ect!" %et+%"*H# A""!+"ce/e"t !. t$e %e*+'t* !. t$e E'ect!" &"( **+&"ce !. t$e ce%t.c&te !. -!te* %ece-e(<# C&"-&** &"( P%!c'&/&t!"7# P%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*8# E'ect!" )%!te*t &0&"*t & )%!c'&/e( c&"((&te9# O%0"&' &"( e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!"1=# A))e''&te @+%*(ct!"

11# Re+*te* !. e'ect!" )%!te*t12# +! 6&%%&"t!, t* %e+*te*1?# E'ect!" !..e"*e*1# A))e&'>>9<2PART I# BEFORE T5E ELECTIONS

POINTERS

28=



1# A -!te% /+*t )!**e** t$e +&'.c&t!"* .!% *+..%&0e# I. $e )!**e**e* &'' t$e +&'.c&t!"* &"("!"e !. t$e (*+&'.c&t!"*, & +&'.e( -!te% /& -!te " &" e'ect!", )'e*cte !%%e.e%e"(+/ !"' . $e * %e0*te%e( " t$e '*t !. -!te%* .!% t$e ct !% /+"c)&'t " 6$c$$e %e*(e*# Sect!" 11H, B#P# 881

2# E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%(# T$e%e *$&'' e &* /&" E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%(* &* t$e%e &%ee'ect!" !..ce%* " e&c$ ct !% /+"c)&'t#

?# Ge"e%&' Re0*t%&t!" !. -!te%*# T$e C!/e'ec *$&'' +"(e%t&e & 0e"e%&' %e0*t%&t!" !. -!te%*

V!te%* Re0*t%&t!" Act !. 199<# S*te/ !. c!"t"+"0 %e0*t%&t!": T$e )e%*!"&' .'"0 !. &))'c&t!" !. %e0*t%&t!" !. -!te%*

*$&'' e c!"(+cte( (&' " t$e O..ce !. t$e E'ect!" O..ce% (+%"0 %e0+'&% !..ce $!+%*# N!%e0*t%&t!" *$&'', $!6e-e%, e c!"(+cte( (+%"0 t$e )e%!( *t&%t"0 12= (&* e.!%e & %e0+'&%e'ect!" &"( 9= (&* e.!%e t$e *)ec&' e'ect!"# Sect!" 8, Re)+'c Act N!# 8189

>>9<?PROCEDURE:1# A))'c&t!" .!% Re0*t%&t!" /& e c$&''e"0e(Re+%e/e"t*:

& C$&''e"0e /+*t e " 6%t"0, +"(e% !&t$ &"( &tt&c$e( t! t$e &))'c&t!", t!0et$e% 6t$ t$e )%!!. !. "!tce !. $e&%"0 t! t$e c$&''e"0e% &"( &))'c&"t#

2# S&( c$&''e"0e /& e !))!*e(& It /+*t e .'e( "!t '&te% t$&" t$e *ec!"( M!"(& !. t$e /!"t$ " 6$c$ t$e *&/e *

*c$e(+'e( t! e $e&%( !% )%!ce**e( t$e E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%(#

?# S&( c$&''e"0e *$&'' e $e&%(& It *$&'' e $e&%( !" t$e t$%( M!"(& !. t$e /!"t$ &"( t$e (ec*!" *$&'' e %e"(e%e( e.!%e

t$e e"( !. t$e /!"t$#

# Re0*t%&t!" %ec!%(* /& e (e&ct-&te( t$e E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%(& W$&t &%e t$e %ec!%(* t$&t /& e (e&ct-&te(4

T$e %e0*t%&t!" %ec!%(* !. t$e .!''!6"0 )e%*!"* /& e (e&ct-&te(:1# T$!*e 6$! $&-e ee" *e"te"ce( ."&' @+(0/e"t t! *+..e% /)%*!"/e"t .!% "!t 'e** t$&"

!"e e&%, &"( *+c$ (*&'t $&-e "!t ee" %e/!-e( )'e"&% )&%(!" !% &/"e*t#

C&" *&( )e%*!"* &+t!/&tc&'' %e&c+%e %0$t t! -!te4

e*, +)!" e;)%&t!" !. H e&%* &.te% *e%-ce !. *e"te"ce &* ce%t.e( t$e c'e% !. c!+%t#

2# T$!*e 6$! $&-e ee" &(@+(0e( ."&' @+(0/e"t & c!/)ete"t c!+%t !% t%+"&' !. $&-"0c&+*e(c!//tte( &" c%/e "-!'-"0 (*'!&'t t! t$e (+' c!"*tt+te( 0!-e%"/e"t *+c$ &*%ee''!", *e(t!", -!'&t!" !. t$e &"t3*+-e%*!" &"( .%e&%/* '&6*, !% &" c%/e "-!'-"0"&t!"&' *ec+%t, +"'e** %e*t!%e( t! $* .+'' c-' &"( )!'tc&' %0$t* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6#

C&" t$e %e0&" t$e% %0$t t! -!te4e*, +)!" e;)%&t!" !. .-e e&%* .%!/ *e%-ce !. *e"te"ce#

281



?# T$!*e (ec'&%e( c!/)ete"t &+t$!%t t! e "*&"e !% "c!/)ete"t#C&" t$e %e0&" t$e% %0$t t! -!te4e*, +)!" (ec'&%&t!" !. & )%!)e% &+t$!%t t$&t *&( )e%*!"* &%e "! '!"0e% "*&"e !%

"c!/)ete"t#

# T$!*e 6$! (( "!t -!te " t6! *+cce**-e %e0+'&% e'ect!"* SJ E'ect!"* &%e "!t "c'+(e(#

H# T$!*e 6$!*e %e0*t%&t!" $&-e ee" !%(e%e( e;c'+(e( t$e c!+%t#<# T$!*e 6$! $&-e '!*t t$e% F')"! cte"*$)# Sect!" 27, Re)+'c Act N!# 8189

3 5!6 c&" & -!te% %e&ct-&te $* %e0*t%&t!"4A 3 5e /& .'e 6t$ t$e E'ect!" O..ce% & *6!%" &))'c&t!" .!% %e0*t%&t!" " t$e .!%/ !. &"

&..(&-t *t&t"0 t$&t t$e 0%!+"(* .!% (e&ct-&t!" "! '!"0e% e;*t#>>9< 3 W$e" *$!+'( t$e *&( &))'c&t!" e .'e(4A 3 N!t '&te% t$&" 12= (&* e.!%e & %e0+'&% e'ect!" &"( 9= (&* e.!%e & *)ec&' e'ect!"#

3 W$! *$&'' (ec(e t$*4A 3 T$e E'ect!" O..ce% *$&'' *+/t *+c$ &))'c&t!" t! t$e E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%( .!%

&))%!)%&te &ct!"# Sect!" 28, Re)+'c Act N!# 8189

PROCEDURE FEW MONT5S BEFORE ELECTIONS1# 9= DAS BEFORE REGULAR ELECTION AND <= DAS BEFORE SPECIAL

ELECTIONT$e E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%( *$&'' )%e)&%e &"( )!*t & ce%t.e( '*t !. -!te%*, .+%"*$

c!)e* t$e%e!. t! t$e )%!-"c&', %e0!"&' &"( "&t!"&' ce"t%&' .'e*#

W$&t e'*e *$&'' e )!*te(4C!)e* !. t$e ce%t.e( '*t, &'!"0 6t$ & '*t !. (e&ct-&te( -!te%* c&te0!%e( )%ec"ct

)e% &%&"0&#

W$e%e *$&'' t e )!*te(4I" t$e O..ce !. t$e E'ect!" O..ce% &"( " t$e +''et" !&%( !. e&c$ ct/+"c)&' $&''#

2# PETITION FOR INCLUSION

?# PETITION FOR EXCLUSION

3 W$! /& .'e & )ett!" .!% "c'+*!"4A 3 A" )e%*!" 6$!*e &))'c&t!" .!% %e0*t%&t!" $&* ee" (*&))%!-e( t$e B!&%( !% 6$!*e

"&/e $&* ee" *t%ce" !+t .%!/ t$e '*t /& .'e 6t$ t$e c!+%t & )ett!" t! "c'+(e $*"&/e " t$e )e%/&"e"t '*t !. -!te%* " $* )%ec"ct &t &" t/e e;ce)t 1=H (&* )%!% t! &%e0+'&% e'ect!" !% 7H (&* )%!% t! & *)ec&' e'ect!"# It *$&'' e *+))!%te( & ce%t.c&te !.(*&))%!-&' !. $* &))'c&t!" &"( )%!!. !. *e%-ce !. "!tce !. $* )ett!" +)!" t$e B!&%(

282



T$e )ett!" *$&'' e (ec(e( 6t$" 1H (&* &.te% t* .'"0# Sect!" ?, Re)+'c Act N!8189

3 W$! /& .'e & )ett!" .!% e;c'+*!"4A 3 A" %e0*te%e( -!te%, %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. & )!'tc&' )&%t !% t$e E'ect!" O..ce%, /& .'e

6t$ t$e c!+%t & *6!%" )ett!" .!% t$e e;c'+*!" !. & -!te% .%!/ t$e )e%/&"e"t '*t !. -!te%*0-"0 t$e "&/e, &((%e** &"( t$e )%ec"ct !. t$e c$&''e"0e( -!te% &t &" t/e e;ce)t 1==

(&* )%!% t! & *)ec&' e'ect!"# T$e )ett!" *$&'' e &cc!/)&"e( )%!!. !. "!tce t! t$eB!&%( &"( t! t$e c$&''e"0e( -!te%, &"( *$&'' e (ec(e( 6t$" 1= (&* .%!/ t* .'"0#Sect!" ?H, R#A# 8189

>>9<H 3 C&" &" !! !. -!te%* e &""+''e(4

A 3 e*, .!% t$e .!''!6"0 0%!+"(*:1# W$e" t$e !! !. -!te%* * "!t )%e)&%e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e )%!-*!"* !. Re)+'c Act

N!# 8189#

2# W$e" t$e !! !. -!te%* 6&* )%e)&%e( t$%!+0$ .%&+(, %e%, .!%0e%, /)e%*!"&t!", .!%ce!% &" */'&% %%e0+'&%t#

?# W$e" t$e !! !. -!te%* c!"t&"* (&t& t$&t &%e *t&t*tc&'' /)%!&'e#

3 W$&t * t$e '/t&t!" %e0&%("0 &""+'/e"t !. !! !. -!te%*4A 3 A" !%(e%, %+'"0 !% (ec*!" &""+''"0 & !! !. -!te%* *$&'' "!t e e;ec+te( 9= (&* e.!%e

&" e'ect!"#

3 A**+/"0 t$&t & !! !. -!te%* * &""+''e(, * t & 0%!+"( .!% & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!"c!"t%!-e%*4

A 3 N!# Ut+t&'+/ -*# C!/e'ec, 181 SCRA ??H

RULES REGARDING INCLUSION, EXCLUSION AND CORRECTION OF NAMES OFVOTERS PETITION

1# It *$&'' e .'e( (+%"0 !..ce $!+%*#2# U)!" .'"0 !. t$e )ett!", t$e /e/e%* !. t$e !&%( &"( t$e c$&''e"0e( -!te% *$&'' e

"!t.e( !. t$e )'&ce, (&te &"( t/e !. t$e $e&%"0 !. t$e )ett!"#?# T$e E'ect!" Re0*t%&t!" B!&%( *$&'' e /)'e&(e( &* %e*)!"(e"t*## A )ett!" *$&'' %e.e% !"' t! !"e )%ec"ct#

H# A" -!te%, c&"((&te !% )!'tc&' )&%t &..ecte( t$e )%!cee("0* /& "te%-e"e &"( )%e*e"t$* e-(e"ce#

<# N! c!*t* *$&'' e &**e**e( &0&"*t &" )&%t#7# I. t$e c!+%t ."(* t$&t t$e &))'c&t!" $&* ee" .'e( *!'e' t! $&%&** t$e &(-e%*e )&%t &"(

c&+*e $/ t! "c+% e;)e"*e*, t *$&'' !%(e% t$e c+')&'e )&%t t! )& t$e c!*t* &"( "c(e"t&'e;)e"*e*# Sect!" ?2, Re)+'c Act N!# 8189

5EARING AND DECISION

28?



1# T$e )ett!" *$&'' e $e&%( &"( (ec(e( 6t$" te" 1= (&* .%!/ (&te !. t* .'"0#2# T$e (ec*!" *$&'' e &*e( !" t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te(#?# T$e (ec*!" *$&'' "!t e %e"(e%e( +)!" & *t)+'&t!" !. .&ct*## I. t$e +e*t!" * 6$et$e% !% "!t & -!te% * %e&' !% .ctt!+*, $* "!"3&))e&%&"ce !" t$e (& !.

t$e $e&%"0 *$&'' e )%/& .&ce e-(e"ce t$&t t$e c$&''e"0e( -!te% * .ctt!+*# Sect!" ?2Re)+'c Act N!# 8189

>>9<<

APPEAL1# I. t$e (ec*!" !. t$e MTC !% MTC * &))e&'e(, t$e *&/e *$&'' e .'e( " t$e RTC 6$c$

*$&'' (ec(e t 6t$" 1= (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. &))e&'#2# T$e )ett!" *$&'' e (ec(e( t$e c!+%t "!t '&te% t$&" 1H (&* e.!%e t$e e'ect!" &"( t$e

(ec*!" *$&'' ec!/e ."&' &"( e;ec+t!%# Sect!" ?20, Re)+'c Act N!# 8189

URISDICTION IN INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION PROCEEDINGS 3 W$&t c!+%t $&* @+%*(ct!" !-e% "c'+*!" &"( e;c'+*!" )%!cee("0*4A 3 T$e M+"c)&' T%&' C!+%t &"( t$e Met%!)!'t&" T%&' C!+%t* *$&'' $&-e !%0"&' &"(

e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" " t$e% %e*)ect-e cte* &"( /+"c)&'te*#

3 C&" t$e (ec*!" !. *&( c!+%t* e &))e&'e(4A 3 e*, &* &.!%e/e"t!"e(#

VOTES IN FAVOR OF A POLITICAL PART 3 C&" +&'.e( -!te%* c&*t t$e% -!te* " .&-!% !. & )!'tc&' )&%t4A 3 e*, . *&( )!'tc&' )&%t " %e0*te%e( +"(e% t$e )&%t '*t **te/# Sect!" 7, A%tc'e IX3C

3 W$&t * & )&%t4

A 3 A )&%t /e&"* et$e% & )!'tc&' )&%t !% & *ect!%&' )&%t !% & c!&'t!" !. )&%te*#

3 De."e t$e .!''!6"0: & )!'tc&' )&%t *ect!%&' )&%t &"( c c!&'t!" !. )&%te*4

A 3 P!'tc&' P&%tA)!'tc&' )&%t %e.e%* t! &" !%0&"e( 0%!+) !. cte"* &(-!c&t"0 &" (e!'!0 !%

)'&t.!%/, )%"c)'e* &"( )!'ce* .!% t$e 0e"e%&' c!"(+ct !. 0!-e%"/e"t &"( 6$c$, &* t$e /!*t//e(&te /e&"* !. *ec+%"0 t$e% &(!)t!", %e0+'&%' "!/"&te* *!/e !. t* 'e&(e%* &"(/e/e%* &* c&"((&te* .!% )+'c !..ce#

W$e" * & )!'tc&' )&%t & "&t!"&' )&%t4It * & "&t!"&' )&%t 6$e" t* c!"*tt+e"c * *)%e&( !-e% t$e 0e!0%&)$c&' te%%t!% !. &t

'e&*t & /&@!%t !. t$e %e0!"*#>>9<7W$e" * & )!'tc&' )&%t & %e0!"&' )&%t4

It * & %e0!"&' )&%t 6$e" t* c!"*tt+e"c * *)%e&( !-e% t$e 0e!0%&)$c&' te%%t!% !. &t'e&*t & /&@!%t !. t$e cte* &"( )%!-"ce* c!/)%*"0 t$e %e0!"#

28



Sect!%&' P&%t 3 A *ect!%&' )&%t %e.e%* t! &" !%0&"e( 0%!+) !. cte"* e'!"0"0 t! &" !. t$e.!''!6"0 *ect!%* '&!%, )e&*&"t, .*$e%.!', +%&" )!!%, "(0e"!+* c+'t+%&' c!//+"te*e'(e%', $&"(c&))e(, 6!/e", !+t$, -ete%&"*, !-e%*e&* 6!%e%* &"( )%!.e**!"&'*, 6$!*e

)%"c)&' &(-!c&c )e%t&"* t! t$e *)ec&' "te%e*t &"( c!"ce%"* !. t$e% *ect!%#Sect!%&' O%0&"&t!" 3 A *ect!%&' !%0&"&t!" %e.e%* t! & 0%!+) !. cte"* !% & c!&'t!" !.

0%!+)* !. cte"* 6$! *$&%e */'&% )$*c&' &tt%+te* !% c$&%&cte%*tc*, e/)'!/e"t

"te%e*t !% c!"ce%"*#C!&'t!" 3 A c!&'t!" %e.e%* t! &" &00%+)&t!" !. (+' %e0*te%e( "&t!"&', %e0!"&', *ect!%&'

)&%te* !% !%0&"&t!"* .!% )!'tc&' &"(!% e'ect!" )+%)!*e*#

REGISTRATION IS NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN T5E PART3LISTSSTEM

3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e4A 3 A 0%!+) t$&t 'e* t! )&%tc)&te " t$e )&%t3'*t **te/ /+*t .'e & -e%.e( )ett!" " t$e

C!/e'ec *t&t"0 t* (e*%e t! )&%tc)&te " t$e )&%t3'*t **te/, et$e% &* & "&t!"&', %e0!"&',

*ect!%&' )&%t !% !%0&"&t!" !% & c!&'t!" !. *+c$ )&%te* !% !%0&"&t!"*#

3 W$&t c&""!t e %e0*te%e( &* )!'tc&' )&%te*4A 31# Re'0!+* (e"!/"&t!"* !% *ect*2# T$!*e 6$! *ee t! &c$e-e t$e% 0!&'* t$%!+0$ -!'e"ce !% +"'&6.+' /e&"*?# T$!*e 6$! %e.+*e t! +)$!'( &"( &($e%e t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"(# T$!*e *+))!%te( .!%e0" 0!-e%"/e"t*# Sect!" 2H, A%tc'e IX3C

3 C&" %e0*t%&t!" !. &" "&t!"&', %e0!"&', *ect!%&' )&%t, !%0&"&t!" !% c!&'t!" e

c&"ce''e(4

A 3 e*, !" t$e .!''!6"0 0%!+"(*:1# It * & %e'0!+* *ect !% (e"!/"&t!", !%0&"&t!" !% &**!c&t!" !%0&"e( .!% %e'0!+*

)+%)!*e*2# It &(-!c&te* -!'e"ce !% +"'&6.+' /e&"* t! *ee t* 0!&'?# It * & .!%e0" )&%t !% !%0&"&t!"# It * %ece-"0 *+))!%t .%!/ &" .!%e0" 0!-e%"/e"t, .!%e0" )!'tc&' )&%t, .!+"(&t!",

!%0&"&t!", 6$et$e% (%ect' !% t$%!+0$ &" !. t* !..ce%* !% /e/e%*, !% "(%ect'

t$%!+0$ t$%( )&%te*, .!% )&%t*&" e'ect!" )+%)!*e*H# It -!'&te* !% .&'* t! c!/)' 6t$ '&6*, %+'e* !% %e0+'&t!"* %e'&t"0 t! e'ect!"*<# It (ec'&%e* +"t%+t$.+' *t&te/e"t* " t* )ett!"7# It $&* ce&*e( t! e;*t .!% &t 'e&*t !"e e&% &"(8# It .&'* t! )&%tc)&te " t$e '&*t t6! )%ece("0 e'ect!"*, !% .&'* t! !t&" &t 'e&*t 2 !. t$e

-!te* c&*t +"(e% t$e )&%t3'*t **te/ " t$e t6! )%ece("0 e'ect!"* .!% t$e c!"*tt+e"c "6$c$ t 6&* %e0*te%e(#

>>9<8

28H



3 A%e )!'tc&' )&%te* %e0*te%e( +"(e% t$e )&%t3'*t **te/ e"tt'e( t! )!'' 6&tc$e%*4A 3 e*, e;)%e** c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!"# Sect!" 8, A%tc'e IX3C

UST AS T5ERE ARE UALIFICATIONS AND DISUALIFICATIONS TO UALIF ACITIKEN TO VOTE, T5E CANDIDATES 5AVE ALSO T5EIR OWNUALIFICATIONS AND DISUALIFICATIONS

3 W$&t * & c&"((&te4

A 3 U"(e% t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e, t$e te%/ c&"((&te %e.e%* t! &" )e%*!" &*)%"0 .!% !%*ee"0 &" e'ect-e )+'c !..ce, 6$! $&* .'e( & ce%t.c&te !% c&"((&c $/*e'. !%t$%!+0$ &" &cc%e(te( )!'tc&' )&%t, &00%!+)/e"t, !% c!&'t!" !. )&%te*# B#P# B'0# 881Sect!" 79&

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. & c&"((&te4

A 3 It (e)e"(* !" t$e )!*t!" $e * &*)%"0 .!%#F!% P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t#

Sect!" 2, A%tc'e VII )%!-(e* .!% t$e .!''!6"0 +&'.c&t!"*:1# 5e /+*t e & "&t+%&'3!%" cte" !. t$e P$'))"e*2# 5e /+*t e & %e0*te%e( -!te%?# 5e /+*t e &'e t! %e&( &"( 6%te# 5e /+*t &t 'e&*t e .!%t e&%* !. &0e !" t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!"H# 5e /+*t e & %e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e* .!% &t 'e&*t te" 1= e&%* //e(&te' )%ece("0

*+c$ e'ect!"# Sect!" 2, A%tc'e VII

Se"&t!%*1# A "&t+%&'3!%" cte" !. t$e P$'))"e*

2# T$%t3.-e e&%* !. &0e !" t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!"?# A'e t! %e&( &"( 6%te# A %e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e* .!% "!t 'e** t$&" t6! e&%* //e(&te' )%ece("0 t$e (& !. t$e

e'ect!"# Sect!" ?, A%tc'e VI>>9<9Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*1# A "&t+%&'3!%" cte" !. t$e P$'))"e*2# T$%t3.-e e&%* !. &0e !" t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!"?# A'e t! %e&( &"( 6%te

# A %e*(e"t " t$e (*t%ct .!% & )e%!( !. "!t 'e** t$&" !"e 1 e&% //e(&te' )%ece("0 t$e(& !. t$e e'ect!"# Sect!" <, A%tc'e VI

E'ect-e L!c&' O..c&'*1# M+*t e & cte" !. t$e P$'))"e*2# A %e0*te%e( -!te% " t$e &%&"0&, /+"c)&'t, ct !% )%!-"ce !%, " t$e c&*e !. & /e/e%

!. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&", *&"00+"&"0 )&"0'+"0*!(, !% *&"00+"&"0 &&", " t$e(*t%ct 6$e%e $e "te"(* t! e e'ecte(

28<



?# A %e*(e"t t$e%e" .!% &t 'e&*t !"e 1 e&% //e(&te' )%ece("0 t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!"# A'e t! %e&( &"( 6%te F')"! !% &" !t$e% '!c&' '&"0+&0eH# A %e*(e"t !. t$e P$'))"e* .!% "!t 'e** t$&" t6! e&%* //e(&te' )%ece("0 t$e (& !. t$e

e'ect!"# Sect!" ?9& !. Re)+'c Act N!# 71<=, L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e

Sect!" ?9, c, (, e &"( . )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: C&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. 0!-e%"!%, -ce30!-e%"!%, !% /e/e% !. t$e

*&"00+"&"0 )&"'&'&60&", !% /&!%, -ce3/&!% !% /e/e% !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!( !.$0$' +%&"e( cte* /+*t e &t 'e&*t t6e"t3t$%ee 2? e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&#

c C&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. /&!% !% -ce3/&!% !. "(e)e"(e"t c!/)!"e"t cte*c!/)!"e"t cte*, !% /+"c)&'te* /+*t e &t 'e&*t e t6e"t3!"e 21 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!"(&#

( C&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. /e/e% !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 )&"'+"0*!( !%*&"00+"&"0 &&" /+*t e &t 'e&*t e0$tee" 18 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&#

e C&"((&te* .!% t$e )!*t!" !. )+"!"0 &%&"0& !% /e/e% !. t$e *&"00+"&"0 &%&"0& /+*t e &t 'e&*t e0$tee" 18 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&#

. C&"((&te* .!% t$e *&"00+"&"0 &&t&&" /+*t e &t 'e&*t ..tee" 1H e&%* !. &0e +t"!t /!%e t$&" t6e"t3!"e 21 e&%* !. &0e !" e'ect!" (&#>>97=DISUALIFICATIONS OF CANDIDATES 3 W$&t &%e t$e (*+&'.c&t!"* !. & c&"((&te4

A 3 Sect!" <8# D*+&'.c&t!" 3 A" c&"((&te 6$!, " &" &ct!" !% )%!te*t " 6$c$ $e * )&%t * (ec'&%e( ."&' (ec*!" !. & c!/)ete"t c!+%t 0+'t !., !% .!+"( t$eC!//**!" !. $&-"0

& 0-e" /!"e !% !t$e% /&te%&' c!"*(e%&t!" t! ".'+e"ce, "(+ce !% c!%%+)t t$e -!te%* !%

)+'c !..c&'* )e%.!%/"0 e'ect!%&' .+"ct!"* c!//tte( &ct* !. te%%!%*/ t! e"$&"ce $* c&"((&cc *)e"t " $* e'ect!" c&/)&0" &" &/!+"t " e;ce** !. t$&t &''!6e( t$* C!(e( *!'cte(, %ece-e( !% /&(e &" c!"t%+t!" )%!$te( +"(e% Sect!"* 89, 9H, 9<, 97 &"(

1= !% e -!'&te( &" !. Sect!"* 8=, 8?, 8H, 8<, &"( 2<1, )&%&0%&)$* (, e, , -, &"( cc, *+)&%&0%&)$

<, *$&'' e (*+&'.e( .%!/ c!"t"+"0 &* & c&"((&te, !% . $e $&* ee" e'ecte(, .%!/$!'("0 t$e !..ce# A" )e%*!" 6$! * & )e%/&"e"t %e*(e"t !. !% &" //0%&"t t! & .!%e0"c!+"t% *$&'' "!t e +&'.e( t! %+" .!% &" e'ect-e !..ce +"(e% t$* C!(e, +"'e** *&(

)e%*!" $&* 6&-e( $* *t&t+* &* )e%/&"e"t %e*(e"t !% //0%&"t !. & .!%e0" c!+"t% "&cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e %e*(e"ce %e+%e/e"t )%!-(e( .!% " t$e e'ect!" '&6*#

NOTE:1# Sect!" 8= 3 E'ect!" c&/)&0" !% )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t !+t*(e c&/)&0" )e%!(2# Sect!" 8? 3 Re/!-&', (e*t%+ct!" !% (e.&ce/e"t !. '&6.+' e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(&?# Sect!" 8H 3 P%!$te( .!%/* !% e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(&# Sect!" 8< 3 Re0+'&t!" !. e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(& t$%!+0$ /&** /e(&

287



H# Sect!" 2<1 3 P%!$te( &ct* 6$c$ &%e c!"*(e%e( &* e'ect!" !..e"*e*# B&t&* P&/&"*&B'0# 881

3 W$! &%e (*+&'.e( &* c&"((&te* .!% '!c&' e'ect-e !..ce4A 3 & T$!*e *e"te"ce( ."&' @+(0/e"t .!% &" !..e"*e )+"*$&'e !"e e&% !% /!%e !.

/)%*!"/e"t &"( 6t$" t6! e&%* &.te% *e%-"0 *e"te"ce# I" De'& T!%%e -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 121H92, +' H, 199<, t 6&* $e'( t$&t )%!&t!" */)' *+*)e"(* t$e e;ec+t!" !. t$e

*e"te"ce t (!e* "!t e%&*e t$e (*+&'.c&t!" %!+0$t &!+t t$e c!"-ct!" !. & c%/e"-!'-"0 /!%&' t+%)t+(e#

T$!*e %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce &* & %e*+'t !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e# I" G%e0! -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 12H9HH, +"e 19, 1997, t 6&* $e'( t$&t &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' 6$! 6&* %e/!-e( .%!/!..ce &* & %e*+'t !. &" &(/"*t%&t-e c&*e )%!% t! &"+&% 1, 1992 t$e (&te !. e..ect-t !.t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e, * "!t (*+&'.e( .%!/ %+"""0 .!% &" e'ect-e '!c&' )+'c!..ce, ec&+*e Sect!" = !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e c&""!t e 0-e" %et%!&ct-e e..ect#

>>971c T$!*e c!"-cte( ."&' @+(0/e"t .!% -!'&t"0 t$e !&t$ !. &''e0&"ce t! t$e Re)+'c !. t$e

P$'))"e*#( T$!*e 6t$ (+&' cte"*$)#e F+0t-e* .%!/ "@+*tce " c%/"&' &"( "!"3)!'tc&' c&*e $e%e &"( &%!&(# A .+0t-e .%!/

@+*tce, &* (e."e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " M&%+e -*# C!/e'ec, 2? SCRA H?8,"c'+(e* "!t !"' t$!*e 6$! .'ee &.te% c!"-ct!" t! &-!( )+"*$/e"t, +t 'e6*e t$!*e6$!, &.te% e"0 c$&%0e(, .'ee t! &-!( )%!*ec+t!"# R!(%0+e c&""!t e c!"*(e%e( &.+0t-e .%!/ @+*tce, ec&+*e $* &%%-&' " t$e P$'))"e* .%!/ t$e U#S# )%ece(e( t$e.'"0 !. t$e .e'!" c!/)'&"t " t$e L!* A"0e'e* C!+%t &"( t$e **+&"ce !. t$e &%%e*t 6&%%&"t

t$e *&/e .!%e0" c!+%t, &'/!*t .-e /!"t$*# R!(%0+e -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!12==99, +' 2, 199<

. Pe%/&"e"t %e*(e"t* " & .!%e0" c!+"t% !% t$!*e 6$! $&-e &c+%e( t$e %0$t t! %e*(e&%!&( &"( c!"t"+e t! &-&' !. t$e *&/e %0$t &.te% t$e e..ect-t !. t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"tC!(e &"(

0 T$!*e 6$! &%e "*&"e &"( .ee'e3/"(e(#

CASES:1# P%!&t!" (!e* "!t e%&*e (*+&'.c&t!" %e*+'t"0 .%!/ c!"-ct!" !. & c%/e "-!'-"0

/!%&' t+%)t+(e 3 P%!&t!" !"' *+*)e"(* t$e e;ec+t!" !. t$e *e"te"ce# De'& T!%%e -*C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 121H92, +' H, 199<

2# E..ect . &" e'ect-e '!c&' !..c&' 6&* %e/!-e( .%!/ !..ce !" &cc!+"t !. &" &(/"*t%&t-ec&*e )%!% t! t$e (&te 6$e" t$e L!c&' G!-e%"/e"t C!(e ec&/e e..ect-e 3 $e * "!t(*+&'.e( .%!/ %+"""0 .!% &" e'ect-e '!c&' )+'c !..ce ec&+*e Sect!" = !. t$e L!c&'G!-e%"/e"t C!(e c&""!t e 0-e" %et%!&ct-e e..ect# G%e0! -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 12H9HH,+"e 19, 1997#

?# T$e e'ect!%&' &*)ect !. & (*+&'.c&t!" c&*e * "!t %e"(e%e( "+t'e t$e (e&t$ !. t$e )ett!"e% )%!-(e( t$e%e * )%!)e% *+*tt+t!" !% "te%-e"t!" !. )&%te* 6$'e t$e%e * & )e"("0 c&*e# L&"!t -*# COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<8H8, N!-e/e% 1<, 2==<

288



3 W$&t * t$e %e+%e/e"t " !%(e% t$&t & c&"((&te *$&'' e e'0'e .!% &" )+'c !..ce4A 3 N! )e%*!" *$&'' e e'0'e .!% &" e'ect-e )+'c !..ce +"'e** $e .'e* & *6!%" ce%t.c&te !.

c&"((&c 6t$" t$e )e%!( .;e( t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e#>>972 3 C&" & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c e 6t$(%&6"4A 3 e*, *+/tt"0 & 6%tte" (ec'&%&t!" +"(e% !&t$ t$&t & c&"((&te * 6t$(%&6"0 t$e

*&/e#

NUISANCE CANDIDATES 3 W$&t * t$e %&t!"&'e e$"( t$e )%!$t!" &0&"*t "+*&"ce c&"((&te*4

A 3 T$e %&t!"&'e e$"( t$e )%!$t!" &0&"*t "+*&"ce c&"((&te* &"( t$e (*+&'.c&t!" !.c&"((&te* 6$! $&-e "!t e-"ce( & !"&.(e "te"t!" t! %+" .!% !..ce * e&* t! (-"e# T$eSt&te $&* & c!/)e''"0 "te%e*t t! e"*+%e t$&t t* e'ect!%&' e;e%c*e* &%e %&t!"&', !@ect-e&"( !%(e%'# T!6&%(* t$* e"(, t$e St&te t&e* "t! &cc!+"t t$e )%&ctc&' c!"*(e%&t!"* "

c!"(+ct"0 e'ect!"*# I"e-t&', t$e 0%e&te% t$e "+/e% !. c&"((&te*, t$e 0%e&te% t$e!))!%t+"te* .!% '!0*tc&' c!".+*!", "!t t! /e"t!" t$e "c%e&*e( &''!c&t!" !. t/e &"(%e*!+%ce* " )%e)&%&t!" .!% t$e e'ect!"# T$e*e )%&ctc&' (..c+'te* *$!+'(, !. c!+%*e, "e-e%e;e/)t t$e St&te .%!/ t$e c!"(+ct !. & /&"(&te( e'ect!%&' e;e%c*e#

T$e COMELEC .+%t$e% )!"te( !+t " t* C!//e"t " t$e )%!/+'0&t!" !. Re*!'+t!" N!# <HH8 t$&t t$e%e * & "ee( t! '/t t$e "+/e% !. c&"((&te* e*)ec&'' " t$e c&*e !.c&"((&te* .!% "&t!"&' )!*t!"* ec&+*e t$e e'ect!" )%!ce** ec!/e* & /!ce% . e-e" t$!*e6$! c&""!t c'e&%' 6&0e & "&t!"&' c&/)&0" &%e &''!6e( t! %+"#

EFFECT OF FILING CERTIFICATE OF CANDIDAC

3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. t$e .'"0 !. & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c & )e%*!" t&"0 & )+'c&))!"t-e !..ce !% )!*t!"4

A 3 5e *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( )*! .&ct! %e*0"e( +)!" t$e .'"0 !. $* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c#

3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. t$e .'"0 !. & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c &" e'ect-e !..c&'4A 3 T$e *&/e#

3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. t6! 2 ce%t.c&te* !. c&"((&c .'e( M%# A .!% t6! (..e%e"t!..ce*4

A 3 M%# A ec!/e* "e'0'e .!% et$e% )!*t!"# Sect!" 7?, B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881

3 C&" M%# A ec!/e e'0'e &0&"4A 3 e*, . M%# A 6t$(%&6* !"e !. $* ce%t.c&te* e.!%e t$e (e&('"e .!% t$e .'"0 !.

ce%t.c&te* !. c&"((&c# 5e c&" (! t$* .'"0 & *6!%" (ec'&%&t!" 6t$ t$e C!/e'ec e.!%e t$e *&( (e&('"e# I(#

>>97?

289



3 M%# A, &" !..c&' c&"((&te !. X P&%t, (e* &.te% t$e '&*t (& .!% t$e .'"0 !. ce%t.c&te* !.c&"((&c# C&" &"!t$e% )e%*!" .'e & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c &* & %e)'&ce/e"t !. M%# A4

A 3 e*, +t *&( )e%*!" /+*t e'!"0 t! X P&%t &"( ce%t.e( *&( )&%t &* t* c&"((&teSect!" 77, B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881

3 A, & Vce3M&!%, ec&/e &" &ct"0 M&!% &.te% M&!% B 6&* *+*)e"(e(# A *+*e+e"t'.'e( $* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c .!% t$e )!*t!" !. M&!%# I* A c!"*(e%e( %e*0"e( &* Vce3

M&!%4A 3 e*, ec&+*e $e * "!t $!'("0 t$e !..ce !. M&!% " & )e%/&"e"t c&)&ct#

3 A .'e( & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c 6$c$ c!"t&"* & .&'*e %e)%e*e"t&t!" t$&t $e )!**e**e* t$e%e+%e( %e*(e"c " t$e /+"c)&'t 6$e%e $e * *e%-"0 &* M&!% 6$e" " t%+t$ &"( ".&ct, $e * "!t & %e*(e"t t$e%e!.# C&" B, $* )!'tc&' !))!"e"t, .'e & )ett!" t! (e" c!+%*et! *&( )ett!" !% t! c&"ce' A* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c4

A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 78, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881#

3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e4A 3 B *$!+'( .'e & -e%.e( )ett!" "!t '&te% t$&" 2H (&* .%!/ t$e t/e !. t$e .'"0 !. t$e

ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c# A.te% (+e "!tce &"( $e&%"0, t *$&'' e (ec(e( "!t '&te% t$&" 1H(&* e.!%e t$e e'ect!"# I(#

3 W$e%e *$!+'( *&( )ett!" e .'e(4A 3 It *$!+'( e .'e( 6t$ t$e C!/e'ec " (-*!", "!t 6t$ t$e C!//**!" E" B&"c#

3 A .'e( $* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c e!"( t$e *t&t+t!% )e%!(# 5* )!'tc&' !))!"e"t (("!t +e*t!" t# 5e 6!"# L&te% A* !))!"e"t* +e*t!"e( t# DECIDE#

A 3 T$e tec$"c&'t *$!+'( $&-e ee" %&*e( e.!%e t$e e'ect!"# It c&" e (*%e0&%(e( &.te% t$e )e!)'e $&-e e;)%e**e( t$e% c$!ce# C!''&(! -*# A'!"!, 1H SCRA H=2 19<H

3 C&" & c&"((&te 6$!*e ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c 6&* c&"ce''e( &"( (e"e( (+e c!+%*e e*+*tt+te( &"!t$e% !. t$e *&/e )&%t4

A 3 N!# T$e C!+%t $e'( " M%&"(& -*# A&& ?11 SCRA <17 1999 t$&t & c&"((&te 6$!*ece%t.c&te !. c&"((&c $&* ee" c&"ce''e( !% "!t 0-e" (+e c!+%*e c&""!t e *+*tt+te( &"!t$e% e'!"0"0 t! t$e *&/e )!'tc&' )&%t#

T$e C!+%t &))'e( t$e )%"c)'e !. e;)%e**! +"+* e*t e;c'+*! &'te%+* ec&+*e 6$e" t$e'&6 e"+/e%&te( t$e !cc&*!"* 6$e%e & c&"((&te /& e -&'(' *+*tt+te(, "! /e"t!" 6&*/&(e !. t$e c&*e 6$e%e & c&"((&te * e;c'+(e( "!t !"' (*+&'.c&t!" +t &'*! (e"&'&"( c&"ce''&t!" !. $* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c# O"0 -*# A'e0%e, G#R# N!*# 1<?29H, 1<??H,&"+&% 2?, 2==<>>97PRECINCTS AND POLLING PLACES 3 5!6 /&" e'ect!" )%ec"ct* *$!+'( t$e%e e " e-e% &%&"0&4

29=



A 3 E-e% &%&"0& *$&'' $&-e &t 'e&*t !"e 1 e'ect!" )%ec"ct# Sect!" 1, B&t&* P&/&"*&B'0# 881

3 M& t$e c!//**!" "t%!(+ce( &(@+*t/e"t*, c$&"0e*, !% "e6 (-*!"*, !% &!'*$ e'ect!" )%ec"ct*4

A 3 T$e c!//**!" /& (! *! . "ece**&%, )%!-(e( $!6e-e%, t$&t t$e te%%t!% c!/)%*"0 &"e'ect!" )%ec"ct *$&'' "!t e &'te%e( !% & "e6 )%ec"ct e*t&'*$e( 6t$" H (&* e.!%e &

%e0+'&% e'ect!" &"( ?= (&* e.!%e & *)ec&' e'ect!" !% & %e.e%e"(+/ !% )'e*cte# Sect!"19, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 5!6 /&" -!te%* *$&'' t$e%e e " &" e'ect!" )%ec"ct4A 3 E&c$ e'ect!" )%ec"ct* c!"t&"* /!%e t$&" t$%ee $+"(%e( -!te%* &"( *$&'' c!/)%*e, &* .&%

&* )%&ctc&'e, c!"t0+!+* &"( c!/)&ct te%%t!%# Sect!" 1H=, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 C&" t$e C!//**!" (-(e & )%ec"ct 6$e" t$e%e &%e /!%e t$&" ?== -!te%* " &" e'ect!" )%ec"ct4

A 3 e*, " t$e "te%e*t !. &" !%(e%' e'ect!" &"( " !%(e% t! .&c't&te t$e c&*t"0 !. -!te*, +tt$e )!''"0 )'&ce !. &'' t$e )%ec"ct* *$&'' e '!c&te( " t$e *&/e +'("0 !% c!/)!+"(6$e%e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce !. t$e !%0"&' )%ec"ct * '!c&te(, &"( . t$* * "!t .e&*'e, " &

)'&ce &* c'!*e &* )!**'e t! t$e )!''"0 )'&ce !. t$e !%0"&' )%ec"ct# Sect!" 1H=, B#P881

BALLOT BOXES 3 5!6 /&" &''!t !;e* *$&'' t$e%e e " e&c$ )!''"0 )'&ce4A 3 T$e%e *$&'' e " e&c$ )!''"0 )'&ce !" t$e (& !. t$e -!t"0 & &''!t !; !"e *(e !. 6$c$

*$&'' e t%&"*)&%e"t 6$c$ *$&'' e *et " & /&""e% -*'e t! t$e -!t"0 )+'c c!"t&""0

t6! c!/)&%t/e"t*, "&/e', t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t* 6$c$ * "(c&te( &""te%!% c!-e% )&"te( 6$te &"( t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% *)!'e( &''!t* 6$c$ * "(c&te( &""te%!% c!-e% )&"te( %e(# Sect!" 1<=&, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 A%e &'' &''!t !;e* +".!%/ t$%!+0$!+t t$e P$'))"e*4A 3 e*, &"( t$e *$&'' e *!'(' c!"*t%+cte( &"( *$&'' e c'!*e( 6t$ t$%ee (..e%e"t '!c* &*

6e'' &* t$%ee "+/e%e( *ec+%t '!c* &"( *+c$ !t$e% *&.et (e-ce* &* t$e C!//**!" /& )%e*c%e " *+c$ & 6& t$&t t$e c&" "!t e !)e"e( e;ce)t /e&"* !. t$%ee (*t"ct e*&"( (e*t%!"0 *+c$ *&.et (e-ce*# Sect!" 1<=, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>97HWATC5ERS 3 W$! &))!"t* t$e 6&tc$e%*4A 3 E&c$ c&"((&te &"( )!'tc&' )&%t !% c!&'t!" !. )!'tc&' )&%te* (+' %e0*te%e( 6t$ t$e

C!//**!" &"( .e'("0 c&"((&te* " t$e M& 11, 1998 e'ect!"* "c'+("0 t$!*e )&%tc)&t"0 +"(e% t$e )&%t3'*t **te/ !% %e)%e*e"t&t!", /& &))!"t t$e 6&tc$e%*, t!*e%-e &'te%"&te', " e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce#

291



3 5!6 /&" 6&tc$e%* c&" e &))!"te(4A 3 T6! 6&tc$e%*, t! *e%-e &'te%"&te', " e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce# 5!6e-e%, c&"((&te* .!%

S&"00+"&"0 P&"'&'&60&", S&"00+"&"0 P&"0'+0*!( &"( S&"00+"&"0 B&&", e'!"0"0 t!t$e *&/e tcet !% *'&te *$&'' c!''ect-e' e e"tt'e( t! !"e 6&tc$e%# D+' &cc%e(te( cte"*&%/* !. t$e C!//**!" *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! &))!"t & 6&tc$e% " e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce# Ot$e%c-c, %e'0!+*, )%!.e**!"&', +*"e**, *e%-ce, !+t$ &"( &" !t$e% */'&% !%0&"&t!"*6t$ )%!% &+t$!%t .%!/ t$e C!//**!", *$&'' e e"tt'e( c!''ect-e' t! &))!"t !"e

6&tc$e% " e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce#

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e 6&tc$e%*4A 3 +&'.e( -!te% !. t$e ct !% /+"c)&'t, !. 0!!( %e)+t&t!", "e-e% ee" c!"-cte( !. &"

e'ect!" !..e"*e !% &" c%/e, "!6* $!6 t! %e&( &"( 6%te E"0'*$, F')"!, !% &" !. t$e )%e-&'"0 '!c&' (&'ect*, &"( "!t %e'&te( 6t$" t$e t$ c-' (e0%ee c!"*&"0+"t !%&.."t t! &" /e/e% !. t$e BEI " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce 6$e%e $e *ee* &))!"t/e"t &*6&tc$e%#

3 W$&t &%e t$e %0$t* &"( (+te* !. t$e 6&tc$e%*4A 31 St& " t$e *)&ce %e*e%-e( .!% t$e/ "*(e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce2 Wt"e** &"( ".!%/ t$e/*e'-e* !. t$e )%!cee("0* !. t$e BEI? T&e "!te* )$!t!0%&)$* !. )%!cee("0* F'e )%!te*t &0&"*t &" %%e0+'&%t !% -!'&t!" !. '&6H Be .+%"*$e( 6t$ & ce%t.c&te !. t$e "+/e% !. -!te* c&*t .!% e&c$ c&"((&te, (+' *0"e(

&"( t$+//&%e( t$e /e/e%* !. t$e BEI#

3 W$! &%e e"tt'e( t! 6&tc$e%*4

A 3 E-e% %e0*te%e( )!'tc&' )&%t, c!&'t!" !. )!'tc&' )&%te* &"( e-e% "(e)e"(e"tc&"((&te *$&'' e&c$ e e"tt'e( t! !"e 6&tc$e% " e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce# Sect!" 178, .%*t*e"te"ce, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 W$! /& e &))!"te( &* 6&tc$e%4A 3 N! )e%*!" *$&'' e &))!"te( 6&tc$e% +"'e** $e * & +&'.e( -!te% !. t$e ct !%

/+"c)&'t, !. 0!!( %e)+t&t!" &"( *$&'' "!t $&-e ee" c!"-cte( ."&' @+(0/e"t !. &"e'ect!" !..e"*e !% !. &" !t$e% c%/e, /+*t "!6 $!6 t! %e&( &"( 6%te F')"!, E"0'*$,S)&"*$ !% &" !. t$e )%e-&'"0 '!c&' (&'ect*, &"( "!t %e'&te( 6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee

!. c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t t! t$e c$&%/&" !% &" /e/e% !. t$e !&%( !. e'ect!""*)ect!%* " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce 6$e%e $e *ee* &))!"t/e"t &* & 6&tc$e%# Sect!" 178,*ec!"( *e"te"ce, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>97< 3 W$! &%e t$e !t$e% 6&tc$e%* 6$! /& e &))!"te(4A 3 T$e (+' &cc%e(te( cte"* &%/ !. t$e C!//**!" *$&'' e e"tt'e( t! &))!"t & 6&tc$e% "

e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce# Ot$e% c-c, %e'0!+*, )%!.e**!"&', +*"e**, *e%-ce, !+t$ &"( &"!t$e% */'&% !%0&"&t!"*, 6t$ )%!% &+t$!%t !. t$e C!//**!", *$&'' e e"tt'e(

292



c!''ect-e' t! &))!"t !"e 6&tc$e% " e-e% )!''"0 )'&ce# Sect!" 18=, B&t&* P&/&"*&B'0# 881

PETITION TO DEN DUE COURSE TO OR TO CANCEL A CERTIFICATE OFCANDIDAC

3 W$! /& .'e t$* )ett!" &"( !" 6$&t 0%!+"( /& t e .'e(4A 3 It /& e .'e( &" )e%*!" e;c'+*-e' !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t &" /&te%&' %e)%e*e"t&t!"

c!"t&"e( " t$e ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c * .&'*e#

3 W$e" /& t e .'e(4A 3 It /& e .'e( &t &" t/e "!t '&te% t$&" 2H (&* .%!/ t$e t/e !. t$e .'"0 !. t$e ce%t.c&te

!. c&"((&c &"( *$&'' e (ec(e(, &.te% (+e "!tce &"( $e&%"0, "!t '&te% t$&t 1H (&* e.!%et$e e'ect!"#

CAMPAIGN: ELECTION PROPAGANDA 3 W$&t * e'ect!" c&/)&0" !% )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t4

A 3 T$e te%/ e'ect!" c&/)&0" !% )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t %e.e%* t! &" &ct (e*0"e( t! )%!/!te t$e e'ect!" !% (e.e&t !. & )&%tc+'&% c&"((&te !% c&"((&te* t! & )+'c !..ce# It"c'+(e* .!%/"0 !%0&"&t!"* !% 0%!+)* !. )e%*!"*, $!'("0 )!'tc&' c&+c+*e*, /eet"0*%&''e* !% !t$e% */'&% &**e/'e*, /&"0 *)eec$e* !% c!//e"t&%e*, &"( )+'*$"0 !%(*t%+t"0 c&/)&0" 'te%&t+%e !% /&te%&'* .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. *!'ct"0 -!te* &"(!%+"(e%t&"0 &" c&/)&0" !% )%!)&0&"(& t! *+))!%t !% !))!*e t$e e'ect!" !. &" c&"((&te#

It (!e* "!t "c'+(e )+'c e;)%e**!"* !. !)"!"* !% (*c+**!" !. )%!&'e **+e* " &.!%t$c!/"0 e'ect!" !% !" &tt%+te* !. !% c%tc*/* &0&"*t )%!&'e c&"((&te* )%!)!*e( t! e"!/"&te( " & .!%t$c!/"0 )!'tc&' )&%t c!"-e"t!"# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 79

>>977 3 W$&t &%e t$e )%!$te( &ct*4A 31 It *$&'' e +"'&6.+' .!% &" )e%*!", 6$et$e% !% "!t & -!te% !% c&"((&te, !% .!% &" )&%t, !%

&**!c&t!" !. )e%*!"*, t! e"0&0e " &" e'ect!" c&/)&0" !% )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t e;ce)t(+%"0 t$e c&/)&0" )e%!(# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 8=

2 It *$&'' e +"'&6.+' .!% &" .!%e0"e%, 6$et$e% @+%(c&' !% "&t+%&' )e%*!", t! &( &"c&"((&te !% )!'tc&' )&%t, (%ect' !% "(%ect', !% t&e )&%t " !% ".'+e"ce " &" /&""e%&" e'ect!", !% t! c!"t%+te !% /&e &" e;)e"(t+%e " c!""ect!" 6t$ &" e'ect!"

c&/)&0" !% )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 81? It *$&'' e +"'&6.+' .!% &" )e%*!" (+%"0 t$e c&/)&0" )e%!( t! %e/!-e, (e*t%!,

!'te%&te, !% " &" /&""e% (e.&ce !% t&/)e% 6t$, !% )%e-e"t t$e (*t%+t!" !. '&6.+'e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(&# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 8?

It *$&'' e +"'&6.+' .!% &" c&"((&te, )!'tc&' )&%t, !%0&"&t!", !% &" )e%*!" t! 0-e !%&cce)t, .%ee !. c$&%0e, (%ect' !% "(%ect', t%&"*)!%t&t!", .!!( !% (%"* !% t$"0* !. -&'+e(+%"0 t$e .-e H $!+%* e.!%e &"( &.te% & )+'c /eet"0, !" t$e (& )%ece("0 t$e e'ect!"

29?



&"( !" t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!" !% t! 0-e !% c!"t%+te, (%ect' !% "(%ect', /!"e !%t$"0* !. -&'+e .!% *+c$ )+%)!*e# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 8

3 W$&t * '&6.+' e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(&4

A 3 L&6.+' e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(& *$&'' "c'+(e:1 P&/)$'et*, 'e&.'et*, c&%(*, (ec&'*, *tce%* !% !t$e% 6%tte" !% )%"te( /&te%&'* !. & *e "!t

/!%e t$&" e0$t &"( !"e3$&'. "c$e* " 6(t$ &"( .!+%tee" "c$e* " 'e"0t$2 5&"(6%tte" !% )%"te( 'ette%* +%0"0 -!te%* t! -!te .!% !% &0&"*t &" )&%tc+'&% c&"((&te? C'!t$, )&)e% !% c&%(!&%( )!*te%*, 6$et$e% .%&/e( !% )!*te(, 6t$ &" &%e& e;cee("0 t6!

.eet t$%ee .eet, e;ce)t t$&t, &t t$e *te &"( !" t$e !cc&*!" !. & )+'c /eet"0 !% %&'', !%" &""!+"c"0 t$e $!'("0 !. *&( /eet"0 !% %&'', !% " &""!+"c"0 t$e $!'("0 !. *&(/eet"0 !% %&'', *t%e&/e%* "!t e;cee("0 t$%ee .eet e0$t " *e, *$&'' e &''!6e(#5!6e-e%, *&( *t%e&/e%* /& "!t e (*)'&e( e;ce)t !"e 6ee e.!%e t$e (&te !. /eet"0!% %&'' &"( t$&t t *$&'' e %e/!-e( 6t$" *e-e"t3t6! $!+%* &.te% *&( /eet"0 !% %&'' !%

A'' !t$e% .!%/* !. e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(& "!t )%!$te( t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e &* t$e

C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* /& &+t$!%e &.te% (+e "!tce t! &'' "te%e*te( )&%te* &"( $e&%"06$e%e &'' t$e "te%e*te( )&%te* 6e%e 0-e" &" e+&' !))!%t+"t t! e $e&%(# T$eC!//**!"* &+t$!%&t!" *$&'' e )+'*$e( " t6! "e6*)&)e%* !. 0e"e%&' c%c+'&t!"t$%!+0$!+t t$e "&t!" .!% &t 'e&*t t6ce 6t$" !"e 6ee &.te% t$e &+t$!%&t!" $&* ee"0%&"te(# B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881, Sect!" 82

3 W$&t &%e t$e )%!$te( .!%/* !. e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(&4A 3 It *$&'' e +"'&6.+':>>9781 T! )%"t, )+'*$, )!*t !% (*t%+te &" )!*te%, )&/)$'et, c%c+'&%, $&"('', !% )%"te( /&tte%

+%0"0 -!te%* t! -!te .!% !% &0&"*t &" c&"((&te +"'e** t$e e&% t$e "&/e* &"( &((%e**e*!. t$e )%"te% &"( )&!% &* %e+%e( " Sect!" 8

2 T! e%ect, )+t +), /&e +*e !., &tt&c$, .'!&t !% (*)'& &" ''!&%(, t")'&te3)!*te%, &''!!"*&"( t$e 'e, !. 6$&te-e% *e, *$&)e, .!%/ !% "(, &(-e%t*"0 .!% !% &0&"*t &" c&"((&te!% )!'tc&' )&%t

? T! )+%c$&*e, /&"+.&ct+%e, %e+e*t, (*t%+te !% &cce)t e'ect!%&' )%!)&0&"(& 0&(0et*, *+c$&* )e"*, '0$te%*, .&"* !. 6$&te-e% "&t+%e, .'&*$'0$t*, &t$'etc 0!!(* !% /&te%&'*, 6&''et**$%t*, $&t*, &"(&"&*, /&tc$e*, c0&%ette* &"( t$e 'e, e;ce)t t$&t c&/)&0" *+))!%te%*&cc!/)&""0 & c&"((&te *$&'' e &''!6e( t! 6e&% $&t* &"(!% *$%t* !% T3*$%t* &(-e%t*"0

& c&"((&te T! *$!6 !% (*)'& )+'c' &" &(-e%t*e/e"t !% )%!)&0&"(& .!% !% &0&"*t &" c&"((&te

/e&"* !. c"e/&t!0%&)$, &+(!3-*+&' +"t* !% !t$e% *c%ee" )%!@ect!"* e;ce)t te'ec&*t*6$c$ /& e &''!6e( +"(e% ce%t&" c!"(t!"* &"(

H F!% &" %&(! %!&(c&*t"0 !% te'e-*!" *t&t!" t! *e'' !% 0-e .%ee !. c$&%0e &% t/e .!%c&/)&0" &"( !t$e% )!'tc&' )+%)!*e* e;ce)t &* &+t$!%e( " t$e C!(e +"(e% t$e %+'e* &"(%e0+'&t!"* )%!/+'0&te( t$e C!//**!" )+%*+&"t t$e%et!#

29



A" )%!$te( e'ect!" )%!)&0&"(& 0&(0et !% &(-e%t*e/e"t *$&'' e *t!))e(c!".*c&te( !% t!%" (!6" t$e %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e C!//**!" +)!" *)ec.c &+t$!%t !. t$eC!//**!"# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 8H

CONTRIBUTIONS 3 W$&t * "c'+(e( " t$e te%/ c!"t%+t!"4A 3 A* +*e( " t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e, t$e te%/ c!"t%+t!" "c'+(e* & 0.t, (!"&t!",

*+*c%)t!", '!&", &(-&"ce !% (e)!*t !. /!"e !% &"t$"0 !. -&'+e, !% & c!"t%&ct, )%!/*e!% &0%ee/e"t t! c!"t%+te, 6$et$e% !% "!t 'e0&'' e".!%ce&'e, /&(e .!% t$e )+%)!*e !.".'+e"c"0 t$e %e*+'t* !. t$e e'ect!"* +t *$&'' "!t "c'+(e *e%-ce* %e"(e%e( 6t$!+tc!/)e"*&t!" "(-(+&'* -!'+"tee%"0 & )!%t!" !% &'' !. t$e% t/e " e$&'. !. &c&"((&te !% )!'tc&' )&%t# It *$&'' &'*! "c'+(e t$e +*e !. .&c'te* -!'+"t&%' (!"&te( !t$e% )e%*!"*, t$e /!"e -&'+e !. 6$c$ c&" e &**e**e( &*e( !" t$e %&te* )%e-&'"0 " t$e&%e&# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 9&

3 W$&t &%e t$e )%!$te( c!"t%+t!"*4

A 3 N! c!"t%+t!" .!% )+%)!*e* !. )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t *$&'' e /&(e (%ect' !%"(%ect' &" !. t$e .!''!6"0:

>>9791 P+'c !% )%-&te ."&"c&' "*tt+t!"*# 5!6e-e%, t$e &%e "!t )%!$te( .%!/ /&"0 &"

'!&" t! & c&"((&te !% )!'tc&' )&%t . t$e &%e 'e0&'' " t$e +*"e** !. 'e"("0 /!"e, &"(t$&t t$e '!&" * /&(e " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ '&6* &"( %e0+'&t!"* &"( " t$e !%("&% c!+%*e !.

+*"e**2 N&t+%&' &"( @+%(c&' )e%*!"* !)e%&t"0 & )+'c +t't !% " )!**e**!" !. !% e;)'!t"0 &"

"&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* !. t$e "&t!"? N&t+%&' &"( @+%(c&' )e%*!"* 6$! $!'( c!"t%&ct* !% *+3c!"t%&ct* t! *+))' t$e 0!-e%"/e"t

!% &" !. t* (-*!"*, *+(-*!"* !% "*t%+/e"t&'te*, 6t$ 0!!(* !% *e%-ce* !% t! )e%.!%/c!"*t%+ct!" !% !t$e% 6!%*

N&t+%&' &"( @+%(c&' )e%*!"* 6$! $&-e ee" 0%&"te( .%&"c$*e*, "ce"t-e*, e;ce)t!"*,&''!c&t!"* !% */'&% )%-'e0e* !% c!"ce**!"* t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !% &" !. t* (-*!"*,*+(-*!"* !% "*t%+/e"t&'te*, "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"*

H N&t+%&' &"( @+%(c&' )e%*!"* 6$!, 6t$" !"e 1 e&% )%!% t! t$e (&te !. t$e e'ect!", $&-e ee" 0%&"te( '!&"* " e;ce** !. P2H,=== t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !% &" !. t* (-*!"*,*+(-*!"* !% "*t%+/e"t&'te* "c'+("0 0!-e%"/e"t3!6"e( !% c!"t%!''e( c!%)!%&t!"*

< E(+c&t!"&' "*tt+t!"* 6$c$ $&-e %ece-e( 0%&"t* !. )+'c .+"(* &/!+"t"0 t! "! 'e**

t$&" P1==,===#==7 O..c&'* !% e/)'!ee* " t$e C-' Se%-ce, !% /e/e%* !. t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. t$e

P$'))"e* &"(8 F!%e0"e%* &"( .!%e0" c!%)!%&t!"*# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 9

EXPENDITURES 3 5!6 /+c$ * t$e &''!6&'e e;)e"(t+%e !. & c&"((&te !% %e0*te%e( )!'tc&' )&%t4

29H



A 3 Sect!" 1?, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<< )%!-(e* t$&t .!% t$e 1992 *"c$%!"e( e'ect!"*, t$e&00%e0&te &/!+"t t$&t & c&"((&te !% %e0*te%e( )!'tc&' )&%t /& *)e"( .!% e'ect!"c&/)&0" *$&'' e &* .!''!6*:

& F!% c&"((&te*: P1= .!% P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t &"( .!% !t$e% c&"((&te* P?#== .!%e-e% -!te c+%%e"t' %e0*te%e( " t$e c!"*tt+e"c 6$e%e $e .'e( $* ce%t.c&te !.c&"((&c P%!-(e(, t$&t & c&"((&te 6t$!+t &" )!'tc&' )&%t &"( 6t$!+t *+))!%t .%!/&" )!'tc&' )&%t /& e &''!6e( t! *)e"( PH#== .!% e-e% *+c$ -!te% &"(

F!% )!'tc&' )&%te*: PH#== .!% e-e% -!te% c+%%e"t' %e0*te%e( " t$e c!"*tt+e"c !%c!"*tt+e"ce* 6$e%e t $&* !..c&' c&"((&te*#

>>98=STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTIONS AND EXPENSES 3 W$! *$&'' .'e t$* &"( 6$e" *$&'' t$* e .'e(4A 3 E-e% c&"((&te &"( t%e&*+%e% !. t$e )!'tc&' )&%t *$&'', 6t$" ?= (&* &.te% t$e (& !. t$e

e'ect!", .'e " (+)'c&te 6t$ t$e !..ce* !. t$e C!//**!", t$e .+'', t%+e &"( te/e(*t&te/e"t !. &'' c!"t%+t!"* &"( e;)e"(t+%e* " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e e'ect!"#

1 N! )e%*!" e'ecte( t! &" )+'c !..ce *$&'' e"te% +)!" t$e (+te* !. $* !..ce +"t' $e $&*

.'e( t$e *t&te/e"t !. c!"t%+t!"* &"( e;)e"(t+%e* $e%e" %e+%e(# T$e *&/e )%!$t!"*$&'' &))' . t$e )!'tc&' )&%t t$&t "!/"&te( t$e 6"""0 c&"((&te .&'* t! .'e t$e*t&te/e"t %e+%e( $e%e"#

2 E;ce)t c&"((&te* .!% e'ect-e &%&"0& !..ce, .&'+%e t! .'e t$e *t&te/e"t* !% %e)!%t* "c!""ect!" 6t$ e'ect!%&' c!"t%+t!"* &"( e;)e"(t+%e* &* %e+%e( *$&'' c!"*tt+te &"&(/"*t%&t-e !..e"*e .!% 6$c$ t$e !..e"(e%* *$&'' e '&'e t! )& &" &(/"*t%&t-e ."e%&"0"0 .%!/ P1,=== t! P?=,===, " t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e C!//**!"# T$e ."e *$&'' e )&(6t$" ?= (&* .%!/ %ece)t !. "!tce !. *+c$ .&'+%e !t$e%6*e, t *$&'' e e".!%ce&'e &6%t !. e;ec+t!" **+e( t$e C!//**!" &0&"*t t$e )%!)e%te* !. t$e !..e"(e%# F!% t$ec!//**!" !. & *ec!"( !% *+*e+e"t !..e"*e t$e &(/"*t%&t-e ."e *$&'' %&"0e .%!/

P2,=== t! P<=,===, " t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e C!//**!"# I" &((t!", t$e !..e"(e% *$&'' e*+@ect t! )e%)et+&' (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( )+'c !..ce#

3 A%e c&"((&te* 6$! 6t$(%&6 &.te% t$e .'"0 !. ce%t.c&te* !. c&"((&ce* %e+%e( t!c!/)' 6t$ t$e .'"0 !. t$e *&( *t&te/e"t !. &'' c!"t%+t!"* &"( e;)e"(t+%e*4

A 3 e*, &* (ec(e( " P'&% -* C!/e'ec 2H SCRA 7H9# REASON: Sect!" 1 !. Re)+'c Act N!# << (!e* "!t /&e &" (*t"ct!"#

PART II# DURING T5E ELECTIONS

CASTING OF VOTESV!t"0 5!+%*

7 &#/# t! ? )#/#, e;ce)t 6$e" t$e%e &%e -!te%* )%e*e"t 6t$" t$%t /ete%* " .%!"t !. t$e )!''"0 )'&ce 6$! $&-e "!t et c&*t t$e% -!te*, " 6$c$ c&*e t$e -!t"0 *$&'' c!"t"+e +t !"'t! &''!6 *&( -!te%* t! c&*t t$e% -!te* 6t$!+t "te%%+)t!"#>>981 3 W$e" t$* $&))e"*, 6$&t *$&'' t$e )!'' c'e% (!4

29<



"!t e;cee( t6ce t$e "+/e% !. !!t$* &"( t$e -!te%* 6&t"0 .!% t$e% t+%" t! c&*t t$e% -!te*6$!*e "+/e% *$&'' "!t e;cee( t6e"t &t &" !"e t/e#

3 5!6 &!+t t$e 6&tc$e%*4A 3 T$e *$&'' *t& !"' " t$e *)&ce %e*e%-e( .!% t$e/, t e"0 ''e0&' .!% t$e/ t! e"te% )'&ce*

%e*e%-e( .!% t$e -!te%* !% .!% t$e BEI !% t! /"0'e &"( t&' 6t$ t$e -!te%* 6t$" t$e )!''"0 )'&ce#

3 5!6 &!+t t$e !..ce%* !% /e/e%* !. t$e AFP, PC, INP, !% )e&ce !..ce% !% &" &%/e( )e%*!" e'!"0"0 t! &" e;t%&3'e0&' )!'ce &0e"c, *)ec&' .!%ce*, etc#4

A 3 It *$&'' e +"'&6.+' .!% t$e/ t! e"te% &" )!''"0 )'&ce, UNLESS t * $* )!''"0 )'&ce6$e%e $e 6'' -!te +t " *+c$ c&*e $e *$!+'( //e(&te' 'e&-e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce#

3 C&" &" )!'ce/&" !% )e&ce !..ce% e &''!6e( t! e"te% !% *t& "*(e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce4A 3 N!, e;ce)t 6$e" t$e%e * &" &ct+&' (*t+%&"ce !. t$e )e&ce &"( !%(e% t$e%e"# 5!6e-e%, t$e

BEI, +)!" /&@!%t -!te, . t (ee/* "ece**&%, /& /&e & c&'' " 6%t"0, (+' e"te%e( "

t$e /"+te*, .!% t$e (et&' !. & )!'ce/&" !% &" )e&ce !..ce% .!% t$e% )%!tect!" !% .!% t$e )%!tect!" !. t$e e'ect!" (!c+/e"t* &"( )&%&)$e%"&'&, " 6$c$ c&*e, t$e *&( )!'ce/&" !% )e&ce !..ce% *$&'' *t& !+t*(e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce 6t$" & %&(+* !. t$%t /ete%* "e&% e"!+0$t! e e&*' c&''e( t$e BEI &t &" t/e, +t "e-e% &t t$e (!!%, &"( " "! c&*e *$&'' t$e *&(

)!'ce/&" !% )e&ce !..ce% $!'( &" c!"-e%*&t!" 6t$ &" -!te% !% (*t+% !% )%e-e"t !% "&" /&""e% !*t%+ct t$e .%ee &cce** !. t$e -!te%* !. t$e )!''"0 )'&ce# It *$&'' 'e6*e e+"'&6.+' .!% &" &%&"0& !..c&' t! e"te% &"( *t& "*(e &" )!''"0 )'&ce e;ce)t t! -!te !%e;ce)t 6$e" *e%-"0 &* & 6&tc$e% !% /e/e% !. t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%*, " 6$c$c&*e, $e *$&'' 'e&-e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce //e(&te' &.te% -!t"0# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881Sect!" 192

>>98? 3 C&" &" ''te%&te !% )$*c&'' +"&'e )e%*!" e &***te( " t$e )%e)&%&t!" !. $* &''!t4A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 19<# 5e c&" e &***te( $* %e'&t-e, &.."t !%

c!"*&"0+"t 6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee !% . $e $&* "!"e, &" )e%*!" !. $*c!".(e"ce 6$! e'!"0 t! t$e *&/e $!+*e$!'( !% &" /e/e% !. t$e !&%( !. e'ect!""*)ect!%*, e;ce)t t$e t6! )&%t /e/e%*: P%!-(e(, t$&t "! -!te% *$&'' e &''!6e( t! -!te &*''te%&te !% )$*c&'' (*&'e( +"'e** t * *! "(c&te( " $* %e0*t%&t!" %ec!%(: P%!-(e(,.+%t$e%, t$&t " "! c&*e *$&'' &" &***t!% &***t /!%e t$&" t$%ee t/e* e;ce)t t$e "!"3)&%t/e/e%* !. t$e BEI# T$e )e%*!" t$+* c$!*e" *$&'' )%e)&%e t$e &''!t .!% t$e ''te%&te !%

(*&'e( -!te% "*(e t$e -!t"0 !!t$# T$e )e%*!" &***t"0 *$&'' "( $/*e'. " & .!%/&'(!c+/e"t +"(e% !&t$ t! .'' !+t t$e &''!t *t%ct' " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e "*t%+ct!"* !. t$e-!te% &"( "!t t! %e-e&' t$e c!"te"t* !. t$e &''!t )%e)&%e( $/# V!'&t!" !. t$* )%!-*!"*$&'' c!"*tt+te &" e'ect!" !..e"*e# B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, Sect!" 19<

3 W$&t *$&'' e (!"e . & -!te% *$!+'( &cc(e"t&'' *)!' !% (e.&ce & &''!t " *+c$ & 6& t$&tt c&""!t '&6.+'' e +*e(4

298



A 3 5e *$&'' *+%%e"(e% t .!'(e( t! t$e c$&%/&" 6$! *$&'' "!te " t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 *)&ce " t$e-!t"0 %ec!%( t$&t *&( &''!t * *)!'e(# T$e -!te% *$&'' t$e" e e"tt'e( t! &"!t$e% &''!t6$c$ t$e c$&%/&" *$&'' 0-e $/ &.te% &""!+"c"0 t$e *e%&' "+/e% !. t$e *ec!"( &''!t&"( %ec!%("0 *&( *e%&' "+/e% " t$e c!%%e*)!"("0 *)&ce* " t$e -!t"0 %ec!%(# I. t$e*ec!"( &''!t * &0&" *)!'e( !% (e.&ce( " *+c$ & 6& t$&t t c&""!t '&6.+'' e +*e(, t$e*&/e *$&'' e *+%%e"(e%e( t! t$e c$&%/&" &"( %ec!%(e( " t$e *&/e /&""e% &* t$e .%*t*)!'e( !% (e.&ce( &''!t# 5!6e-e%, "! -!te% *$&'' c$&"0e $* &''!t /!%e t$&" t6ce# T$e

*)!'e( &''!t *$&'', 6t$!+t e"0 +".!'(e( &"( 6t$!+t %e/!-"0 t$e (et&c$&'e c!+)!", e(*t"ct' /&%e( 6t$ t$e 6!%( *)!'e( &"( *0"e( t$e BEI !" t$e e"(!%*e/e"t .!'(t$e%e!. &"( //e(&te' )'&ce( " t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% *)!'e( &''!t*# Sect!" 197, B&t&*P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 C&" ''e0&' -!te%* e c$&''e"0e( &" -!te% !% 6&tc$e%4A 3 e*# A" -!te% !% 6&tc$e% /& c$&''e"0e &" )e%*!" !..e%"0 t! -!te .!% "!t e"0

%e0*te%e(, .!% +*"0 t$e "&/e !. &"!t$e% !% *+..e%"0 .%!/ e;*t"0 (*+&'.c&t!"# I" *+c$c&*e, t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* *$&'' *&t*. t*e'. &* t! 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e 0%!+"( .!%

t$e c$&''e"0e * t%+e %e+%"0 )%!!. !. %e0*t%&t!" !% t$e (e"tt !. t$e -!te%#

3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% 0%!+"(* +)!" 6$c$ t$e c$&''e"0e( /& e &*e(4A 3 & T$&t t$e c$&''e"0e( )e%*!" $&* %ece-e( !% e;)ect* t! %ece-e, $&* )&(, !..e%e( !%

)%!/*e( t! )&, $&* c!"t%+te(, !..e%e( !% )%!/*e( t! c!"t%+te /!"e !% &"t$"0 !.-&'+e &* c!"*(e%&t!" .!% $* -!te !% .!% t$e -!te !. &"!t$e% &"( T$&t $e $&* /&(e !%%ece-e( & )%!/*e t! ".'+e"ce t$e 0-"0 !% 6t$$!'("0 !. &" *+c$ -!te !% t$&t $e $&*/&(e & et !% * "te%e*te( (%ect' !% "(%ect' " & et 6$c$ (e)e"(* +)!" t$e %e*+'t !. t$ee'ect!"# Sect!" 2==, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>98

3 W$! *$&'' t&e t$e )%e*c%e( !&t$ e.!%e t$e BEI4A 3 T$e c$&''e"0e( )e%*!" *$&'' t&e & )%e*c%e( !&t$ e.!%e t$e BEI t$&t $e $&* "!t c!//tte(

&" !. t$e &ct* &''e0e( " t$e c$&''e"0e# U)!" t$e t&"0 !. *+c$ !&t$, t$e c$&''e"0e( *$&'' e(*/**e( &"( t$e c$&''e"0e( -!te% *$&'' e &''!6e( t! -!te, +t " c&*e !. $* %e.+*&' t! t&e*+c$ !&t$, t$e c$&''e"0e( *$&'' e *+*t&"e( &"( $e *$&'' "!t e &''!6e( t! -!te#

RECORDS OF C5ALLENGES AND OAT5S 3 W$&t *$&'' t$e )!'' c'e% (! " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e c$&''e"0e* &"( !&t$*4A 3 T$e )!'' c'e% *$&'' ee) & )%e*c%e( %ec!%( !. c$&''e"0e* &"( !&t$* t&e" " c!""ect!"

t$e%e6t$ &"( t$e %e*!'+t!" !. t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* " e&c$ c&*e &"(, +)!" t$ete%/"&t!" !. t$e -!t"0, *$&'' ce%t. t$&t t c!"t&"* &'' t$e c$&''e"0e* /&(e# T$e !%0"&'!. t$* %ec!%( *$&'' e &tt&c$e( t! t$e !%0"&' c!) !. t$e /"+te* !. t$e -!t"0 &* )%!-(e(" t$e *+ccee("0 *ect!"# Sect!" 2=2, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

MINUTES OF VOTING AND COUNTING OF VOTES 3 W$&t &%e c!"t&"e( " t$e /"+te* !. -!t"0 " t$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te*4

299



A 3 T$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* *$&'' )%e)&%e &"( *0" & *t&te/e"t " .!+% c!)e* *ett"0.!%t$ t$e .!''!6"0:

1# T$e t/e t$e -!t"0 c!//e"ce( &"( e"(e(2# T$e *e%&' "+/e%* !. t$e !..c&' &''!t* &"( e'ect!" %et+%"*, *)ec&' e"-e'!)e* &"( *e&'*

%ece-e(?# T$e "+/e% !. !..c&' &''!t* +*e( &"( t$e "+/e% +"+*e(# T$e "+/e% !. -!te%* 6$! c&*t t$e% -!te*

H# T$e "+/e% !. -!te%* c$&''e"0e( (+%"0 t$e -!t"0<# T$e "&/e* !. t$e 6&tc$e%* )%e*e"t7# T$e t/e t$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te* c!//e"ce( &"( e"(e(8# T$e "+/e% !. !..c&' &''!t* .!+"( "*(e t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t*9# T$e "+/e% !. !..c&' &''!t*, . &", %et%e-e( .%!/ t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% *)!'e( &''!t*1=# T$e "+/e% !. &''!t*, . &", .!+"( .!'(e( t!0et$e%11# T$e "+/e% !. *)!'e( &''!t* 6t$(%&6" .%!/ t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t*12# T$e "+/e% !. e;ce** &''!t*1?# T$e "+/e% !. /&%e( &''!t*

1# T$e "+/e% !. &''!t* %e&( &"( c!+"te(1H# T$e t/e t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* 6e%e *0"e( &"( *e&'e( " t$e% %e*)ect-e *)ec&' e"-e'!)e*1<# T$e "+/e% &"( "&t+%e !. )%!te*t* /&(e 6&tc$e%* &"(17# S+c$ !t$e% /&tte%* t$&t t$e C!//**!" /& %e+%e#>>98HPART III# AFTER T5E ELECTIONSCOUNTING OF VOTES 3 W$&t *$&'' t$e BEI (! &.te% t$e -!t"0 * ."*$e(4A 3 A* *!!" &* t$e -!t"0 * ."*$e(, t$e BEI *$&'' )+'c' c!+"t " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce t$e -!te*

c&*t &"( &*ce%t&" t$e %e*+'t*# T$e BEI *$&'' "!t &(@!+%" !% )!*t)!"e !% (e'& t$e c!+"t +"t'

t $&* ee" .+'' c!/)'ete(, +"'e** !t$e%6*e !%(e%e( t$e C!//**!"# T$e C!//**!"" t$e "te%e*t !. .%ee, !%(e%', &"( $!"e*t e'ect!"*, /& !%(e% t$e BEI t! c!+"t t$e -!te* &"(t! &cc!/)'*$ t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* &"( !t$e% .!%/* )%e*c%e( +"(e% t$* C!(e " &" !t$e%

)'&ce 6t$" & )+'c +'("0 " t$e *&/e /+"c)&'t !% ct: P%!-(e(, t$&t t$e *&( )+'c +'("0 *$&'' "!t e '!c&te( 6t$" t$e )e%/ete% !. !% "*(e & /'t&% !% )!'ce c&/) !%%e*e%-&t!" "!% "*(e & )%*!" c!/)!+"(# Sect!" 2=<, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 C&" t$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te* e t%&"*.e%%e( t! & *&.e% )'&ce4A 3 e*# I. !" &cc!+"t !. //"e"t (&"0e% !. -!'e"ce, te%%!%*/, (*!%(e% !% */'&% c&+*e* t

ec!/e* "ece**&% t! t%&"*.e% t$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te* t! & *&.e% )'&ce, t$e !&%( !. "*)ect!%*/& e..ect *+c$ t%&"*.e% +"&"/!+* &))%!-&' t$e !&%( &"( c!"c+%%e"ce t$e/&@!%t !. t$e 6&tc$e%* )%e*e"t# T$* .&ct *$&'' e %ec!%(e( " t$e /"+te* !. -!t"0 &"( t$e/e/e%* !. t$e !&%(* &"( t$e 6&tc$e%* *$&'' /&".e*t t$e% &))%!-&' !% c!"c+%%e"ce &..;"0 t$e% *0"&t+%e* t$e%e"# T$e C!//**!" *$&'' **+e %+'e* &"( 0+(e'"e* !" t$e/&tte% t! *ec+%e t$e *&.et !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e !&%(, t$e 6&tc$e%*, &"( &'' e'ect!"(!c+/e"t* &"( )&%&)$e%"&'&# Sect!" 18, Re)+'c Act N!# <<<

>>98<

?==



3 W$&t *$&'' t$e BEI (! e.!%e )%!cee("0 t! c!+"t t$e -!te*4A 3 Be.!%e )%!cee("0 t! c!+"t t$e -!te*, t$e BEI *$&'' c!+"t t$e &''!t* " t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!%

-&'( &''!t* 6t$!+t +".!'("0 t$e/ !% e;)!*"0 t$e% c!"te"t*, e;ce)t *! .&% &* t! &*ce%t&"t$&t e&c$ &''!t * *"0'e, &"( c!/)&%e t$e "+/e% !. &''!t* " t$e !; 6t$ t$e "+/e% !.-!te%* 6$! $&-e -!te(# I. t$e%e &%e e;ce** &''!t*, t$e *$&'' %et+%"e( " t$e !; &"(t$!%!+0$' /;e( t$e%e", &"( t$e )!'' c'e%, 6t$!+t *ee"0 t$e &''!t* &"( 6t$ $* &c t!t$e !;, *$&'' )+'c' (%&6 !+t &* /&" &''!t* &* /& e e+&' t! t$e e;ce** &"( 6t$!+t

+".!'("0 t$e/, )'&ce t$e/ " &" e"-e'!)e 6$c$ *$&'' e /&%e( e;ce** &''!t* &"(6$c$ *$&'' e *e&'e( &"( *0"e( t$e /e/e%* !. t$e BEI# T$e e"-e'!)e *$&'' e )'&ce( "t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t*, +t t* c!"te"t* *$&'' "!t e %e&( " t$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te*I. " t$e c!+%*e !. t$e e;&/"&t!" !. &''!t* &%e .!+"( .!'(e( t!0et$e% e.!%e t$e 6e%e(e)!*te( " t$e !;, t$e *$&'' e )'&ce( " t$e e"-e'!)e .!% e;ce** &''!t*# I" c&*e &''!t*6t$ t$e% (et&c$&'e c!+)!"* e .!+"( " t$e !;, *+c$ c!+)!"* *$&'' e %e/!-e( &"((e)!*te( " t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% *)!'e( &''!t*, &"( t$e &''!t* *$&'' e "c'+(e( " t$e .'e!. -&'( &''!t*# I. &''!t* 6t$ t$e 6!%(* *)!'e( e .!+"( " t$e !;, *+c$ &''!t* *$&'''e6*e e )'&ce( " t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% *)!'e( &''!t*# Sect!" 2=7, B&t&* P&/&"*&

B'0# 881

3 W$&t e'*e *$&'' t$e BEI (!4A 3 It *$&'' (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e%e &%e &" /&%e( &''!t*#

3 I. t$e%e &%e /&%e( &''!t*, 6$&t *$&'' t$e BEI (!4A 3 T$e BEI *$&'' )'&ce t$e /&%e( &''!t* " &" e"-e'!)e '&e'e( /&%e( &''!t* 6$c$

*$&'' e *e&'e( &"( *0"e( t$e /e/e%* !. t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* &"( )'&ce( "t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t* &"( *$&'' "!t e c!+"te(# A /&@!%t -!te !. t$e BEI *$&''

e *+..ce"t t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e &''!t * /&%e( !% "!t# N!"3!..c&' &''!t* 6$c$ t$e

!&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* /& ."(, e;ce)t t$!*e 6$c$ $&-e ee" +*e( &* e/e%0e"c &''!t*, *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* /&%e( &''!t*# Sect!" 2=8, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 W$&t * t$e /&""e% !. c!+"t"0 -!te*4

A 3 T$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te* *$&'' e /&(e " t$e .!''!6"0 /&""e%:1# T$e BEI *$&'' +".!'( t$e &''!t* &"( .!%/ *e)&%&te )'e* !. !"e $+"(%e( &''!t* e&c$, 6$c$

*$&'' e $e'( t!0et$e% 6t$ %+e% &"(*, 6t$ c&%(!&%( !. t$e *e !. t$e &''!t* t! *e%-e &*.!'(e%*#

2# T$e c$&%/&" !. t$e BEI *$&'' t&e t$e &''!t* !. t$e .%*t )'e !"e !"e &"( %e&( t$e "&/e*!. c&"((&te* -!te( .!% &"( t$e !..ce* .!% 6$c$ t$e 6e%e -!te( " t$e !%(e% " 6$c$ t$e&))e&% t$e%e!", &**+/"0 *+c$ & )!*t!" &* t! e"&'e &'' !. t$e 6&tc$e%* t! %e&( *+c$ "&/e*#

?# T$e c$&%/&" *$&'' *0" &"( &..; $* %0$t $&"( t$+//&% &t t$e &c !. t$e &''!t//e(&te' &.te% t * c!+"te(#

>>987# T$e )!'' c'e%, &"( t$e t$%( /e/e%, %e*)ect-e', *$&'' %ec!%( !" t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* &"( t$e

t&'' !&%( !% *$eet e&c$ -!te &* t$e "&/e* -!te( .!% e&c$ !..ce &%e %e&(#

?=1



H# E&c$ -!te *$&'' e %ec!%(e( & -e%tc&' '"e, e;ce)t e-e% ..t$ -!te 6$c$ *$&'' e %ec!%(e( & (&0!"&' '"e c%!**"0 t$e )%e-!+* .!+% -e%tc&' '"e*#

<# O"e )&%t /e/e% *$&'' *ee t! t t$&t t$e c$&%/&" %e&(* t$e -!te &* 6%tte" !" t$e &''!t, &"(t$e !t$e% *$&'' c$ec t$e %ec!%("0 !. t$e -!te* !" t$e t&'' !&%( !% *$eet &"( t$e e'ect!"%et+%"* *ee"0 t! t t$&t t$e *&/e &%e c!%%ect' &cc!/)'*$e(#

7# A.te% ."*$"0 t$e .%*t )'e !. &''!t*, t$e BEI *$&'' (ete%/"e t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. -!te*%ec!%(e( .!% e&c$ c&"((&te, t$e *+/ e"0 "!te( !" t$e t&'' !&%( !% *$eet &"( !" t$e

e'ect!" %et+%"*# I" c&*e !. (*c%e)&"c *+c$ %ec!+"t &* /& e "ece**&% *$&'' e /&(e#8# T$e &''!t* *$&'' t$e" e 0%!+)e( t!0et$e% &0&" &* e.!%e t$e %e&("0#9# T$e%e&.te%, t$e *&/e )%!ce(+%e *$&'' e .!''!6e( 6t$ t$e *ec!"( )'e !. &''!t* &"( *! !"

*+cce**-e'#1=# A.te% &'' t$e &''!t* $&-e ee" %e&(, t$e BEI *$&'' *+/ +) t$e t!t&'* %ec!%(e( .!% e&c$

c&"((&te, &"( t$e &00%e0&te *+/ *$&'' e %ec!%(e( !t$ !" t$e t&'' !&%( !% *$eet &"( !"t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*# It *$&'' t$e" )'&ce t$e c!+"te( &''!t* " &" e"-e'!)e )%!-(e( .!% t$e

)+%)!*e, 6$c$ *$&'' e c'!*e( *0"e( &"( (e)!*te( " t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t*T$e t&'' !&%( !% *$eet &* &cc!/)'*$e( &"( ce%t.e( t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%*

*$&'' "!t e c$&"0e( !% (e*t%!e( +t *$&'' e e)t " t$e c!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t*Sect!" 21=, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

BOARD OF ELECTION INSPECTORS BEI 3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%* !. t$e BEI4A 31 T! c!"(+ct t$e -!t"0 &"( c!+"t"0 !. -!te* " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce2 T! &ct &* (e)+te* !. t$e C!/e'ec " *+)e%-*!" &"( c!"t%!' !. t$e )!''"0 )'&ce? T! /&"t&" !%(e% 6t$" t$e )!''"0 )'&ce &"( t* )%e/*e* t! ee) &cce** t$e%et! !)e" &"(

+"!*t%+cte( &"( t! e".!%ce !e(e"ce t! t* '&6.+' !%(e%* &"(

T! )e%.!%/ *+c$ !t$e% .+"ct!"* &* )%e*c%e( t$e C!(e !% t$e %+'e* !. t$e C!/e'ec#>>988 3 W$&t * t$e c!/)!*t!" !. t$e BEI4A 3 A c$&%/&", & /e/e% &"( )!'' c'e%, 6$! /+*t e )+'c *c$!!' te&c$e%*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e BEI4A 3 A /e/e% /+*t e !. 0!!( /!%&' c$&%&cte% &"( %%e)%!&c$&'e %e)+t&t!", & %e0*te%e( -!te%

!. t$e Ct !% /+"c)&'t, "e-e% ee" c!"-cte( !. &" e'ect!" !..e"*e !% &" !t$e% c%/e )+"*$&'e /!%e t$&" < /!"t$* /)%*!"/e"t, &'e t! *)e& &"( 6%te E"0'*$ !% t$e

'!c&' (&'ect#

3 W$&t &%e t$e (*+&'.c&t!"* !. t$e BEI4A 3& M+*t "!t e %e'&te( 6t$" t$e t$ c-' (e0%ee c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t t! &" /e/e%

!. t$e BEI !% t! &" c&"((&te t! e -!te( .!% " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce# M+*t "!t e"0&0e " &" )&%t*&" )!'tc&' &ct-t#

?=2



3 De*c%e t$e )%!cee("0* !. t$e BEI#A 3 It *$&'' e )+'c &"( $e'( !"' " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce &'t$!+0$ t$e c!+"t"0 !. -!te* &"(

)%e)&%&t!" !. t$e %et+%" /& e (!"e " t$e "e&%e*t *&.e &%&"0& !% *c$!!' +'("0 6t$"t$e /+"c)&'t +"&"/!+* -!te !. t$e !&%( &"( c!"c+%%e( " & /&@!%t !. t$e6&tc$e%* )%e*e"t, . t$e%e * //"e"t (&"0e% !. -!'e"ce, te%%!%*/, (*!%(e% !% */'&%c&+*e*# T$e BEI *$&'' &ct t$%!+0$ t* C$&%/&", &"( *$&'' (ec(e 6t$!+t (e'& /&@!%t-!te &'' +e*t!"* 6$c$ /& &%*e " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. t* (+te*#

BALLOTS 3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t "(* !. &''!t*4A 31# O..c&' &''!t* .!% "&t!"&' &"( '!c&' e'ect!"*, %e0+'&% !% *)ec&', )'e*cte* &"(

%e.e%e"(+/# T$e *&/e *$&'' e !. +".!%/ *e &"( *$&'' e )%e*c%e( t$e C!//**!"#Sect!" 2?, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<<

2# A (..e%e"t .!%/ !. !..c&' &''!t !" t$e *&/e 6&te%/&%e( *ec+%t )&)e% t! .&c't&te -!t"0 ''te%&te -!te%# Sect!" 2?e, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<<

?# O..c&' &''!t .!% cte* &"( /+"c)&'te* 6$e%e &%&c * !. 0e"e%&' +*e# Sect!" 2?(,Re)+'c Act N!# 71<<

# O..c&' *&/)'e &''!t* Sect!" 18H, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 C&" t$e C!//**!" )%e*c%e & (..e%e"t .!%/ !. !..c&' &''!t4A 3 T$e C!//**!" * $e%e e/)!6e%e( t! )%e*c%e & (..e%e"t .!%/ !. &''!t t! .&c't&te

-!t"0 ''te%&te -!te%* &"( t! +*e !% &(!)t t$e '&te*t tec$"!'!0c&' &"( e'ect%!"c (e-ce*&* &+t$!%e( +"(e% )&%&0%&)$ !. Sect!" H2 $e%e!.#

>>989 3 C&" !t$e% &''!t* e +*e( !t$e% t$&" t$e !..c&' &''!t*4

A 3 N! &''!t* !t$e% t$&" t$e !..c&' &''!t* *$&'' e +*e( !% c!+"te(# EXCEPTIONS:1 E;ce)t . t$e%e * .&'+%e t! %ece-e t$e !..c&' &''!t* !" t/e2 W$e%e t$e%e &%e "! *+..ce"t &''!t* .!% &'' %e0*te%e( -!te%* !% ? W$e%e t$e &%e (e*t%!e( &t *+c$ t/e &* *$&'' %e"(e% t /)!**'e t! )%!-(e !t$e% !..c&'

&''!t*#

IN SAID CASES, W5AT S5ALL T5E CIT OR MUNICIPAL TREASURER DO4T$e ct !% /+"c)&' t%e&*+%e% *$&'' )%!-(e !t$e% &''!t* 6$c$ *$&'' e */'&% t! t$e

!..c&' !"e* &* c%c+/*t&"ce* 6'' )e%/t &"( 6$c$ *$&'' e +".!%/ 6t$" e&c$ )!''"0 )'&ceT$e t%e&*+%e% *$&'' //e(&te' %e)!%t *+c$ &ct!" t! t$e C!//**!"# T$e /+"c)&' t%e&*+%e%*$&'' "!t +"(e%t&e t$e )%e)&%&t!" !. t$e e/e%0e"c &''!t* +"'e** t$e )!'tc&' )&%te*c&"((&te* &"( t$e !%0&"&t!"* c!''ect-e' &+t$!%e( t$e C!//**!" t! (e*0"&te6&tc$e%* $&-e ee" *+..ce"t' "!t.e( t! *e"( t$e% %e)%e*e"t&t-e* &"( $&-e &0%ee( " 6%t"0t! t$e )%e)&%&t!" &"( +*e !. e/e%0e"c &''!t*#

3 W$&t *$&'' t$e C!//**!" )%!-(e t$e BEI4

?=?



A 3 T$e C!//**!" *$&'' )%!-(e t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* 6t$ !..c&' *&/)'e &''!t*&t t$e %&te !. t$%t ?= &''!t* )e% )!''"0 )'&ce#

3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* /)!*e( Sect!" 18H !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 8814A 31 T$e !..c&' *&/)'e &''!t* *$&'' e )%"te( !" c!'!%e( )&)e%, " &'' %e*)ect* 'e t$e !..c&'

&''!t* +t e&%"0 "*te&( t$e 6!%(* O..c&' S&/)'e B&''!t t! e *$!6" t! t$e )+'c &"(

+*e( " (e/!"*t%&t"0 $!6 t! .'' !+t &"( .!'( t$e !..c&' &''!t* )%!)e%'#2 N! "&/e !. &" &ct+&' c&"((&te *$&'' e 6%tte" !" t$e *)&ce* .!% -!t"0 !" t$e !..c&'

*&/)'e &''!t* )%!-(e( t$e C!//**!", "!% *$&'' t$e e +*e( .!% -!t"0# Sect!" 18H#A* &/e"(e( Re)+'c Act N!# 79= A" Act A/e"("0 Sect!" 18H !. t$e O/"+*E'ect!" C!(e, &* &/e"(e(, %e+%"0 t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* t! .+%"*$ e-e%Re0*te%e( V!te% &t 'e&*t t$%t ?= (&* e.!%e &" E'ect!" 6t$ &" O..c&' S&/)'e B&''!t,V!te%* I".!%/&t!" S$eet &"( L*t !. C&"((&te*# A))%!-e( Fe%+&% 2?, 199H

APPRECIATION OF BALLOTS

3 W$&t * t$e 0+("0 %+'e " t$e %e&("0 &"( &))%ec&t!" !. &''!t*4A 3 E-e% &''!t *$&'' e )%e*+/e( t! e -&'( +"'e** t$e%e * c'e&% &"( 0!!( %e&*!"* t! @+*t.

t* %e@ect!"#>>99= 3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% &*c %+'e* t! %e/e/e%4A 31# I" t$e &))%ec&t!" !. t$e &''!t*, t$e !@ect *$!+'( e t! &*ce%t&" &"( c&%% "t! e..ect t$e

"te"t!" !. t$e -!te%, . t c!+'( e (ete%/"e( 6t$ %e&*!"&'e ce%t&"t# Fe%" -*G!"&'e*, H? SCRA 2?7 197?

2# O+t/!*t 'e%&'t /+*t e !*e%-e( " %e&("0 t$e &''!t " !%(e% "!t t! (e.e&t t$e "te"t!"

!. t$e -!te%*#?# Tec$"c&' %+'e *$!+'( "!t e )e%/tte( t! (e.e&t t$e "te"t!" !. t$e -!te%, . t$&t "te"t!" *

(*ce%"'e .%!/ t$e &''!t t*e'. &"( "!t .%!/ e-(e"ce &'+"(e## E;t%e/e c&+t!" *$!+'( e !*e%-e( e.!%e & &''!t * "-&'(&te( &"( (!+t* &%e t! e

%e*!'-e( " .&-!% !. t$e% -&'(t# I"t"0 -*# C'&%", 21 SCRA 19<7 S'-e%! -*# C&*t%!,19 SCRA H2= 19<7

3 Sect!" 211 !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881 e"+/e%&te* t$e (..e%e"t %+'e* .!% t$e &))%ec&t!"!. &''!t*# S/)'. t$e %+'e* &"( 0-e e;&/)'e*#

RULES FOR APPRECIATION OF BALLOTS:1# I. !"' t$e .%*t "&/e !% *+%"&/e * 6%tte"

T$e -!te .!% *+c$ c&"((&te * -&'(, . t$e%e * "! !t$e% c&"((&te 6t$ t$e *&/e .%*t"&/e !% *+%"&/e .!% t$e *&/e !..ce#

3 I. t$e%e &%e t6! !% /!%e c&"((&te* $&-"0 t$e *&/e .%*t "&/e !% *+%"&/e, &"( !"' t$e.%*t "&/e !% *+%"&/e * 6%tte" " t$e &''!t# I* t$&t & -&'( -!te4

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A 3 It * "!t & -&'( -!te .!% &" !. t$e c&"((&te*# I" !%(e% t$&t t$e -!te /& e c!+"te(, t$e-!te% *$!+'( &(( t$e c!%%ect "&/e, *+%"&/e !% /(('e "t&' t$&t 6'' (e"t. t$e c&"((&te.!% 6$!/ $e * -!t"0# G!"&0& -*# Se"!, 7 SCRA 71 19<?

2# I. t$e .%*t "&/e !. t$e c&"((&te * t$e *+%"&/e !% *!+"( */'&% t! t$e *+%"&/e !. t$e !t$e%c&"((&te, t$e -!te% 6%te* !"' *&( .%*t "&/e#

3 I" 6$!*e .&-!% *$!+'( t$&t -!te e c!+"te(4

A 3 It *$!+'( e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. t$e c&"((&te 6$!*e *+%"&/e c!%%e*)!"(* t! t$e 6!%(Sect!" 2112, .%*t *e"te"ce

3 I. t$e%e &%e t6! !% /!%e c&"((&te*, !"e !. 6$!/ * &" "c+/e"t 6$!*e .+'' "&/e, .%*t"&/e, !% *+%"&/e * t$e *&/e &* t$e .+'' "&/e, .%*t "&/e !% *+%"&/e !. t$e !t$e% c&"((&te!% c&"((&te*# E;&/)'e: T$e "&/e !. t$e "c+/e"t * M&%ce'! S+&%e# T$e "&/e* !. !t$e%c&"((&te* &%e M&%ce'! S+&%e, M&%ce'! A%e-&'!, &"( S+&%e, M&%ce'!# T$e -!te% -!te( .!%M&%ce'! S+&%e# A"!t$e% -!te% -!te( .!% M&%ce'!# A"!t$e% -!te% -!te( .!% S+&%e# I" 6$!*e.&-!% *$!+'( t$e *&( -!te* e c!+"te(4

A 3 T$e -!te .!% M&%ce'! S+&%e 6'' e c!+"te( .!% t$e "c+/e"t c&"((&te# T$e -!te .!%M&%ce'! 6'' e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. t$e "c+/e"t c&"((&te#

>>991?# I. c&"((&te * & 6!/&" +*"0 /&(e" !% /&%%e( *+%"&/e !% !t$ 6$c$ * t$e *&/e *+%"&/e

!. "c+/e"t, &"( 6$&t 6&* 6%tte" " t$e &''!t * !"' *+c$ *+%"&/e# 3 I" 6$!*e .&-!% *$&'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 It *$&'' e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. t$e c&"((&te 6$! * t$e "c+/e"t# R+'e ?, Sect!" 211,

B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 I. t$e &''!t c!"t&"* !"' t$e /&(e" *+%"&/e !. & c&"((&te &"( . t$e%e * &"!t$e%

c&"((&te e&%"0 t$e *&/e *+%"&/e, " 6$!*e .&-!% *$&'' t$e *&( -!te c!+"te(4A 3 It *$&'' e c!+"te( " $e% .&-!%#

# I. t6! !% /!%e 6!%(* &%e *+%"&/e* !. t6! !% /!%e c&"((&te*#E;&/)'e: De'!* Ree* &%e 6%tte" " t$e '"e .!% G!-e%"!% &"( t$e%e &%e t6! c&"((&te* 6$!*e

"&/e* &%e M&%! De'!* Ree* &"( Pe(%! De'!* Ree*#

3 I" 6$!*e .&-!% *$&'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 T$e &''!t c&""!t e c!+"te( .!% et$e% e;ce)t 6$e" Pe(%! De'!* Ree* * &" "c+/e"t, "

6$c$ c&*e t 6'' e c!+"te( " $* .&-!%#

3 I. t$e%e &%e t6! !% /!%e 6!%(* 6%tte" !" (..e%e"t '"e !" t$e &''!t &'' !. 6$c$ &%e t$e*+%"&/e* !. t6! !% /!%e c&"((&te* e&%"0 t$e *&/e *+%"&/e .!% &" !..ce .!% 6$c$ t$e'&6 &+t$!%e* t$e e'ect!" !. /!%e t$&" !"e &"( t$e%e &%e c&"((&te* 6t$ t$&t *+%"&/e, "6$!*e .&-!% *$&'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4

A 3 T$e -!te *$&'' e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. &'' t$e c&"((&te* e&%"0 t$e *+%"&/e# Sect!"211, *ec!"( )&%&0%&)$, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

?=H



H# I. 6$&t * 6%tte" " t$e &''!t * t$e .%*t "&/e !. & c&"((&te 6$c$ * &t t$e *&/e t/e * t$e*+%"&/e !. $* !))!"e"t#

3 T$e 6!%( A'e%t * 6%tte" !" '"e .!% /&!%, &"( t$e !t$e% c&"((&te* .!% /&!% &%e !eA'e%t &"( A'e%t F%&"c*c!# I" 6$!*e .&-!% * t$e &''!t e c!+"te(4

A 3 T$e &''!t * c!+"te( " .&-!% !. !e A'e%t#

<# W$e" t6! 6!%(* &%e 6%tte" !" t$e &''!t, !"e !. 6$c$ * t$e .%*t "&/e &"( t$e !t$e% * t$e*+%"&/e !. $* !))!"e"t#

3 T$e 6!%(* 6%tte" &%e N"! A+"! &"( t$e c&"((&te* .!% -ce3/&!% &%e N"!Se0!-& &"( +&" A+"!, " 6$!*e .&-!% *$&'' t$e &''!t e c!+"te(4

A 3 T$e &''!t *$&'' "!t e c!+"te( .!% et$e%#>>9927# IDEM SONAM RULE#E;&/)'e: A "&/e !% *+%"&/e * "c!%%ect' 6%tte" +t 6$e" t 6&* %e&( t $&* & *!+"( */'&%

t! t$e "&/e !% *+%"&/e !. & c&"((&te 6$e" c!%%ect' 6%tte"# T$* /e&"* t$&t . t$e "&/e &*

*)e''e( " t$e &''!t, &'t$!+0$ (..e%e"t .%!/ t* !%t$!0%&)$c&'' c!%%ect *)e''"0, *!+"(* )%&ctc&'' t$e *&/e 6$e" )%!"!+"ce(, &cc!%("0 t! !+% /et$!(* !. )%!"+"c&t!", t **+..ce"t (e*0"&t!" !. t$e "(-(+&' t! 6$!/ . %e.e%*, &"( t$e e%%!% !. t$e 6%te% /+*t "!t

e t&e" "t! &cc!+"t#

8# I. t$e "&/e !. & c&"((&te * 6%tte" t6ce# 3 I. t$e "&/e !. t$e c&"((&te * %e)e&te( t6ce, !"e " t$e *)&ce !. t$e &''!t .!% &" !..ce .!%

6$c$ $e * & c&"((&te, &"( " &"!t$e% *)&ce .!% 6$c$ $e * "!t & c&"((&te, 6'' t$*"-&'(&te t$e &''!t4

A 3 T$* 6'' "!t "-&'(&te t$e &''!t# T$e -!te " t$e c!%%ect *)&ce 6'' e c!+"te( " $* .&-!%

&"( t$e !t$e% *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* *t%& EXCEPT . t * e*t&'*$e( t$&t t * +*e( &* &/e&"* t! (e"t. t$e -!te%# I" t$* c&*e, t$e 6$!'e &''!t *$&'' e -!(#

E;&/)'e: T$e "&/e !. t$e c&"((&te .!% 0!-e%"!% 6&* 6%tte" t6ce, !"e !" t$e '"e .!%0!-e%"!% &"( t$e !t$e% '"e .!% -ce30!-e%"!%# I" t$* c&*e, t$e -!te .!% t$e !..ce !. 0!-e%"!%*$&'' e c!+"te( &"( t$e -!te .!% -ce30!-e%"!% *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( e *t%&e( -!te#

9# I. "&/e * e%&*e( &"( &"!t$e% * c'e&%' 6%tte"# 3 I" & *)&ce " t$e &''!t, t$e%e &))e&%* & "&/e !. c&"((&te t$&t * e%&*e( &"( &"!t$e% 6&*

c'e&%' 6%tte"# I* t$e -!te -&'(4

A 3 T$e -!te * -&'( 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e *&/e t$&t 6&* c'e&%' 6%tte"#

1=# E%%!"e!+* "t&' 3 A" "t&' !. t$e .%*t "&/e &cc!/)&"e* t$e c!%%ect *+%"&/e !. & c&"((&te, !% t$&t t$e

e%%!"e!+* /(('e "t&' !. t$e c&"((&te# W'' t$* &""+' t$e -!te " .&-!% !. t$e '&tte%4A 3 T$* *$&'' "!t &""+' t$e -!te " .&-!% !. t$e '&tte%#

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3 Be"t! G# M&+'e!" * & c&"((&te .!% /&!%# T$e -!te% 6%!te A# M&+'e!" !" t$e &''!t!% Be"t! U# !% Be"t! U# M&+'e!"# I* t$e -!te -&'(4

A 3 A" !. t$e *&( -!te* * -&'( &"( 6'' e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. Be"t! G# M&+'e!"#

11# I. "&/e !. & "!"3c&"((&te * t$e *&/e &* t$e .%*t "&/e !% *+%"&/e !. t$e c&"((&te# 3 S$&'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 Sect!" 211 11 )%!-(e* t$&t t *$&'' "!t )%e-e"t t$e &(@+(c&t!" !. t$e -!te !. t$e '&tte%#

12# B&''!t* c!"t&""0 )%e.;e* !% *+..;e*#>>99? 3 B&''!t* c!"t&" )%e.;e* 'e L&&, M&"!"0, D!(!, D!", D!&, Se"!%t& 6''

"-&'(&te t$e &''!t4A 3 T$e +*e !. &" !. t$e *&( )%e.;e* (!e* "!t "-&'(&te t$e &''!t e;ce)t t$e &%e +*e( &* &"

(e"t."0 /&%*#E;&/)'e: I. t$e )%e.; Att# * +*e( &"( 6%tte" e.!%e t$e "&/e !. & c&"((&te 6$! * "!t &"

&tt!%"e, t6ce " !"e )!''"0 )'&ce &"( !"ce " &"!t$e%, t *$!6* & )&tte%" !% **te/ t! /&%&"( (e"t. t$e &''!t# 5e"ce, "-&'(# S'-e%! -*# C&*t%!, 19 SCRA H2= 19<7

1?# I. "c"&/e* &"( &))e''&t!"* !. &..ect!" &"( .%e"(*$) &%e +*e(# 3 I" P&%&&+e Ct, C!+"c'!% Fe(e'"! Be"!", %# * )+'c' "!6" &* D&(( +"

Be"!"# I. t$e -!te% 6%te* t$e *&/e " t$e &''!t, (!e* t &""+' t$e -!te " .&-!% !. Fe(e'"!Be"!"4

A 3 N!, e;ce)t . t 6&* +*e( &* & /e&"* t! (e"t. t$e -!te%# I" t$e *&/e /&""e%, t$e 6%t"0 !.& 6!%( 6$c$ * /e%e' (e*c%)t! )e%*!"&e (!e* "!t "-&'(&te t$e &''!t# 5e"ce, B&%&!"0I"(!, J&&&" N!' (e C&*t!, B!/& A%e"(& &%e /!%e !. & (e*c%)t! )e%*!"&e t$&"t$&t !. &" (e"t.c&t!" /&%#

1# I. & -!te c!"t&"* "t&'* !"' !% 6$c$ * ''e0'e !% 6$c$ (!e* "!t *+..ce"t' (e"t.t$e c&"((&te .!% 6$!/ t * "te"(e(#

3 S$&'' t$e -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 T$e *&( -!te *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* *t%& -!te +t *$&'' "!t "-&'(&te t$e 6$!'e &''!t#

1H# I. t$e .%*t "&/e !. t$e c&"((&te * c!%%ect' 6%tte" " t$e &''!t +*"0 & (..e%e"t *+%"&/e&"( t$&t t$e *+%"&/e !. t$e c&"((&te * c!%%ect' 6%tte" +t 6%!te & (..e%e"t .%*t "&/e#

3 W'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 Sect!" 211 1H )%!-(e* t$&t t$e *&( -!te *$&'' "!t e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. &" c&"((&te

$&-"0 *+c$ .%*t "&/e &"(!% *+%"&/e +t t$e &''!t *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( -&'( .!% !t$e%c&"((&te*#

1<# B&''!t 6%tte" 6t$ c%&!", 'e&( )e"c', !% " "# 3 I* t$e &''!t c!+"te(4A 3 It * -&'(#

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17# I. t$e%e &%e t6! !% /!%e c&"((&te* -!te( .!% " &" !..ce .!% 6$c$ t$e '&6 &+t$!%e* t$ee'ect!" !. !"' !"e#

3 S$&'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 It *$&'' "!t e c!+"te( " .&-!% !. &" !. t$e/, +t t$* *$&'' "!t &..ect t$e -&'(t !. t$e

!t$e% -!te* t$e%e"#>>9918# I. t$e c&"((&te* -!te( .!% e;cee( "+/e% !. t$!*e t! e e'ecte(#

3 I* t$e &''!t -&'(4A 3 e*# B+t t$e -!te* *$&'' e c!+"te( !"' " .&-!% !. t$e c&"((&te* 6$!*e "&/e* 6e%e .%*t'

6%tte" t$e -!te% 6t$" t$e *)&ce* )%!-(e( .!% *&( !..ce " t$e &''!t +"t' t$e&+t$!%e( "+/e% * c!-e%e(#

19# I. t$e%e * & -!te " .&-!% !. & )e%*!" 6$! $&* "!t .'e( & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c !% " .&-!%!. & c&"((&te .!% &" !..ce .!% 6$c$ $e (( "!t )%e*e"t $/*e'.#

3 S$&'' t$&t "-&'(&te t$e 6$!'e &''!t4A 3 T$e *&( -!te *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* & *t%& -!te +t t *$&'' "!t "-&'(&te t$e 6$!'e &''!t#

2=# I. & &''!t c!"t&"* t$e "&/e !. & c&"((&te )%"te( &"( )&*te( !" & '&" *)&ce !. t$e &''!t!% &..;e( t$e%et! t$%!+0$ &" /ec$&"c&' )%!ce**#

3 I* t$e *&( &''!t -&'(4A 3 It * t!t&'' "+'' &"( -!(#

21# I. c%c'e*, c%!**e* !% '"e* )+t !" t$e *)&ce* !" 6$c$ t$e -!te% $&* "!t -!te(# 3 W'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te(4A 3 T$e *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* *0"* t! "(c&te $* (e**t&"ce .%!/ -!t"0 &"( *$&'' "!t

"-&'(&te t$e &''!t#

22# I. t$e%e &%e c!//&*, (!t*, '"e*, !% $)$e"* et6ee" t$e .%*t "&/e &"( *+%"&/e !. &c&"((&te, !% " !t$e% )&%t* !. t$e &''!t, !% . t$e%e &%e &cc(e"t&' .'!+%*$e*#

3 S$&'' t$* "-&'(&te t$e &''!t4A 3 It *$&'' "!t "-&'(&te t$e &''!t#

2?# I. & &''!t c'e&%' &))e&%* t! $&-e ee" .''e(# 3 W'' t$e *&( &''!t e c!+"te(4A 3 It * t!t&'' "+'' &"( -!(#

2?# I. & c&"((&te 6$! $&* ee" (*+&'.e( ."&' @+(0/e"t 6&* -!te( .!%# 3 S$&'' t$e *&( -!te e c!+"te( &"( *$&'' t "-&'(&te t$e &''!t4A 3 It * c!"*(e%e( &* *t%& &"( *$&'' "!t e c!+"te( +t t *$&'' "!t "-&'(&te t$e &''!t#

2# B&''!t* 6$!'' 6%tte" " '!c&'te* 6$e%e t * !. 0e"e%&' +*e " )%!-"ce*# 3 I* t$e *&( &''!t -&'(4

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*+c$ &6&%e"e** 6t$" t$e %e&'/ !. "!t!%et +t 6!+'( "!"et$e'e** c&*t t$e% -!te* " .&-!%!. t$e "e'0'e c&"((&te# S"*+&t -*# COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<91=<, +"e 2?, 2==<

>>99<ELECTION RETURNS 3 W$e" *$&'' t$e BEI )%e)&%e t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*4A 3 T$e BEI *$&'' )%e)&%e t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* */+'t&"e!+*' 6t$ t$e c!+"t"0 !. t$e -!te* "

t$e )!''"0 )'&ce &* )%e*c%e( " Sect!" 21=#

IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING ELECTION RETURNS1# T$e %et+%" *$&'' e )%e)&%e( " *e;t+)'c&te# T$e %ec!%("0 !. -!te* *$&'' e /&(e &*

)%e*c%e( " Sect!" 21=#2# T$e e"t% !. -!te* " 6!%(* &"( .0+%e* .!% e&c$ c&"((&te *$&'' e c'!*e( 6t$ t$e *0"&t+%e

&"( t$e c'e&% /)%"t !. t$e t$+//&% !. t$e %0$t $&"( !. &'' t$e /e/e%*, 'e6*e t! e&..;e( " .+'' -e6 !. t$e )+'c, //e(&te' &.te% t$e '&*t -!te %ec!%(e( !% //e(&te'&.te% t$e "&/e !. t$e c&"((&te 6$! (( "!t %ece-e &" -!te#

?# T$e %et+%"* *$&'' &'*! *$!6 t$e (&te !. t$e e'ect!", t$e )!''"0 )'&ce, t$e &%&"0& &"( t$e

ct !% /+"c)&'t " 6$c$ t 6&* $e'(, t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. &''!t* .!+"( " t$ec!/)&%t/e"t .!% -&'( &''!t*, t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. -&'( &''!t* 6t$(%&6" .%!/ t$ec!/)&%t/e"t .!% *)!'e( &''!t* ec&+*e t$e 6e%e e%%!"e!+*' )'&ce( t$e%e", t$e t!t&'"+/e% !. e;ce** &''!t*, t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. /&%e( !% -!( &''!t*, &"( t$e t!t&' "+/e% !.-!te* !t&"e( e&c$ c&"((&te, 6%t"0 !+t t$e *&( "+/e% " 6!%(* &"( .0+%e* &"(, &tt$e e"( t$e%e!., t$e BEI *$&'' ce%t. t$&t t$e c!"te"t* &%e c!%%ect#

# T$e %et+%"* *$&'' e &cc!/)'*$e( " & *"0'e *$eet !. )&)e%, +t . t$* * "!t )!**'e,&((t!"&' *$eet* /& e +*e( 6$c$ *$&'' e )%e)&%e( " t$e *&/e /&""e% &* t$e .%*t *$eet&"( 'e6*e ce%t.e( t$e BEI#

H# T$e C!//**!" *$&'' t&e *te)* *! t$&t t$e e"t%e* !" t$e .%*t c!) !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*

&%e c'e&%' %e)%!(+ce( !" t$e *ec!"(, t$%(, .!+%t$, ..t$, &"( *;t$ c!)e* t$e%e!., &"( .!%t$* )+%)!*e t$e C!//**!" *$&'' +*e & *)ec&' "( !. )&)e%#

<# I//e(&te' +)!" t$e &cc!/)'*$/e"t !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*, e&c$ c!) t$e%e!. *$&'' e*e&'e( " t$e )%e*e"ce !. t$e 6&tc$e%* &"( t$e )+'c, &"( )'&ce( " t$e )%!)e% e"-e'!)e6$c$ *$&'' 'e6*e e *e&'e( &"( (*t%+te( &* $e%e" )%!-(e(#

7# A" e'ect!" %et+%" 6t$ & *e)&%&te' )%"te( *e%&' "+/e% !% 6$c$ e&%* & (..e%e"t *e%&'"+/e% .%!/ t$&t *0"e( t! t$e )&%tc+'&% )!''"0 )'&ce c!"ce%"e( *$&'' "!t e c&"-&**e(#

8# T$* * t! e (ete%/"e( t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* )%!% t! t* c&"-&**"0 !" t$e &** !. t$ece%t.c&t!" !. t$e )%!-"c&', ct !% /+"c)&' t%e&*+%e% &* t! t$e *e%&' "+/e% !. t$e

e'ect!" %et+%" &**0"e( t! t$e *&( -!t"0 )%ec"ct +"'e** t$e C!//**!" *$&'' !%(e% "6%t"0 .!% !% t* c&"-&**"0, *t&t"0 t$e %e&*!" .!% t$e -&%&"ce !" *e%&' "+/e%*#

9# I. t$e *0"&t+%e* &"(!% t$+//&%* !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e BEI !% *!/e !. t$e/ &* %e+%e(" t$* )%!-*!" &%e /**"0 " t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*, t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* /& *+//!" t$e/e/e%* !. t$e BEI c!"ce%"e( t! c!/)'ete t$e %et+%"*# Sect!" 212, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0#881

>>997ANNOUNCEMENT OF T5E RESULTS OF T5E ELECTION

?1=



3 A.te% t$e c!/)'et!" !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*, 6$&t *$&'' t$e C$&%/&" !. t$e BEI (!4A 3 T$e C$&%/&" !. t$e BEI *$&'' !%&'' &"( )+'c' &""!+"ce t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. -!te*

%ece-e( " t$e e'ect!" " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce e&c$ &"( e-e% !"e !. t$e c&"((&te*, *t&t"0t$e% c!%%e*)!"("0 !..ce# Sect!" 21?, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 5!6 &%e t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* (*t%+te(4A 3

1# I" t$e e'ect!" .!% P%e*(e"t, Vce3P%e*(e"t, Se"&t!%*, &"( Me/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, &"( )&%te*, !%0&"&t!"* !% c!&'t!"* )&%tc)&t"0 +"(e% t$e )&%t3'*t**te/, t$e %et+%"* *$&'' e )%e)&%e( " 7 c!)e*, &"( (*t%+te( &* .!''!6*:1*t 3 t! ct !% /+"c)&' !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*2"( 3 t! C!"0%e**, (%ecte( t! t$e P%e*(e"t !. t$e Se"&te?%( 3 t! t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*t$ 3 t! t$e (!/"&"t /&@!%t )&%t &* (ete%/"e( t$e C!//**!"Ht$ 3 t! t$e (!/"&"t /"!%t )&%t &* (ete%/"e( t$e C!//**!"<t$ 3 t! t$e cte"* &%e &+t$!%e( t$e C!//**!" t! c!"(+ct &" +"!..c&' c!+"t

7t$ 3 (e)!*te( "*(e t$e c!/)&%t/e"t !. t$e &''!t !; .!% -&'( &''!t*#2# I" t$e e'ect!" !. '!c&' !..c&'*:

1*t 3 t! ct !% /+"c)&' !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*2"( 3 t! t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"*?%( 3 t! t$e )%!-"c&' !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*t$ 3 t! t$e (!/"&"t /&@!%t )&%t &* (ete%/"e( t$e C!//**!"Ht$ 3 t! t$e (!/"&"t /"!%t )&%t &* (ete%/"e( t$e C!//**!"<t$ 3 t! t$e cte"* &%e &+t$!%e( t$e C!//**!" t! c!"(+ct &" +"!..c&' c!+"t7t$ 3 t! e (e)!*te( "*(e t$e c!/)&%t/e"t !. t$e &''!t !; .!% -&'( &''!t*#

>>998

ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATE OF VOTES POINTERS:1# T$e BEI *$&'' **+e & ce%t.c&te !. -!te* t! 6&tc$e%*# T$* * **+e( +)!" %e+e*t#2# T$e ce%t.c&te !. -!te* /+*t e *0"e( &"( t$+//&%e( e&c$ /e/e% !. t$e BEI 6$c$

**+e* t$e *&/e#

3 I* t$e ce%t.c&te !. -!te* & -&'( &** .!% c&"-&**4A 3 It * & "!t & -&'( &** .!% c&"-&**# It c&" !"' e e-(e"ce t! )%!-e t&/)e%"0, &'te%&t!",

.&'*.c&t!" !% &" !t$e% &"!/&' c!//tte( " t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* c!"ce%"e(, 6$e" (+'&+t$e"tc&te(# A ce%t.c&te !. -!te* (!e* "!t c!"*tt+te *+..ce"t e-(e"ce !. t$e t%+e &"(

0e"+"e %e*+'t* !. t$e e'ect!"* !"' e'ect!" %et+%"* &%e# I" 'e /&""e%, "et$e% * t$e t&'' !&%( *+..ce"t e-(e"ce !. t$e %e&' %e*+'t* !. t$e e'ect!"# G&%& -*# C!/e'ec, 2<1 SCRA222

CANVASS AND PROCLAMATIONBOARD OF CANVASSERS FOR EAC5 PROVINCE, CIT, MUNICIPALIT AND

DISTRICT OF METROPOLITAN MANILA

?11



COMPOSITIONATA GLANCESect!" 221, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

PROVINCIAL BOARD OF CANVASSERS1# C$&%/&": P%!-"c&' E'ect!" S+)e%-*!% !% & *e"!% '&6e% " t$e %e0!"&' !..ce !. t$e

c!//**!"#2# Vce3C$&%/&": P%!-"c&' F*c&'

?# Me/e%*:& P%!-"c&' S+)e%"te"(e"t !. Sc$!!'* O"e %e)%e*e"t&t-e .%!/ e&c$ !. t$e %+'"0 )&%t &"( t$e (!/"&"t )!'tc&' )&%t " t$e

c!"*tt+e"c c!"ce%"e( t! e %e)%e*e"te(#

CIT BOARD OF CANVASSERS1# C$&%/&": Ct E'ect!" Re0*t%&% !. & '&6e% !. t$e c!//**!"2# Me/e%*:

& Ct F*c&'

Act"0 S+)e%"te"(e"t !. Sc$!!'*c O"e %e)%e*e"t&t-e .%!/ e&c$ !. t$e %+'"0 )&%t &"( t$e (!/"&"t )!'tc&' )&%t e"tt'e(

t! e %e)%e*e"te(#

DISTRICT BOARD OF CANVASSERS OF METROPOLITAN MANILA1# C$&%/&": L&6e% !. t$e C!//**!"2# Me/e%*:

& R&""0 F*c&' " t$e (*t%ct M!*t *e"!% (*t%ct *c$!!' *+)e%-*!% t! e &))!"te( +)!" c!"*+'t&t!" !. t$e M"*t%

!. +*tce &"( DECS

c O"e %e)%e*e"t&t-e .%!/ e&c$ !. t$e %+'"0 )&%t &"( t$e (!/"&"t !))!*t!" )!'tc&' )&%t " t$e c!"*tt+e"c c!"ce%"e(#

MUNICIPAL BOARD OF CANVASSERS1# C$&%/&": E'ect!" %e0*t%&% !% & %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e c!//**!"2# Vce3C$&%/&": M+"c)&' T%e&*+%e% ?# Me/e%*:

& M!*t *e"!% (*t%ct *c$!!' *+)e%-*!%, !% " $* &*e"ce, & )%"c)&' !. *c$!!' !% t$ee'e/e"t&% *c$!!'#

# S+*tt+te /e/e%*:& M+"c)&' &(/"*t%&t!%, M+"c)&' A**e**!%, C'e% !. C!+%t "!/"&te( t$e E;ec+t-e

+(0e, !% &" !t$e% &-&'&'e &))!"t-e /+"c)&' !..c&'*#>>999 3 I* t$e%e & !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* .!% "e6' c%e&te( )!'tc&' *+(-*!"*4A 3 e*# T$e C!//**!" *$&'' c!"*tt+te & !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* &"( &))!"t t$e /e/e%*

t$e%e!. .!% t$e .%*t e'ect!" " & "e6' c%e&te( )%!-"ce, ct, !% /+"c)&'t " c&*e t$e

?12



!..c&'* 6$! *$&'' &ct &* /e/e%* t$e%e!. $&-e "!t et &**+/e( t$e% (+te* &"( .+"ct!"*#Sect!" 221e, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 D!e* t$e '&6 /)!*e & )%!$t!" t! t$e C$&%/&" &"( t$e /e/e%* !. t$e B!&%( !.c&"-&**e%*4

A 3 e*# T$e *$&'' "!t e %e'&te( 6t$" t$e .!+%t$ c-' (e0%ee !. c!"*&"0+"t !% &.."t t!&" !. t$e c&"((&te* 6$!*e -!te* 6'' e c&"-&**e( *&( !&%(, !% t! &" /e/e%* !. t$e

*&/e !&%(# Sect!" 222, B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881

3 C&" &" /e/e% !% *+*tt+te /e/e% !. t$e (..e%e"t !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* e t%&"*.e%%e(,&**0"e( !% (et&'e( !+t*(e !. t$e !..c&' *t&t!"4

A 3 N!, &"( "et$e% c&" t$e 'e&-e *&( *t&t!" 6t$!+t )%!% &+t$!%t !. t$e C!//**!"#Sect!" 22?, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>1===CANVASS OF ELECTION RETURNS OF PRESIDENT AND VICE3PRESIDENT 3 W$&t * t$e %!'e !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !. e&c$ )%!-"ce !% ct, &"( 6$&t * t$e %!'e !.

C!"0%e** 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* !. t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t4A 3 T$e %et+%"* !. e-e% e'ect!" .!% P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t *$&'' e (+' ce%t.e( t$e

!&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !. e&c$ )%!-"ce !% ct, &"( t$e %et+%"* &* ce%t.e( *$&'' e t%&"*/tte(t! C!"0%e**# U)!" (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e &+t$!%t &"( (+e e;ec+t!" !. t$e ce%t.c&te* !.c&"-&**, C!"0%e** *$&'' c&"-&** t$e -!te*#

3 W$&t e;&ct' * t$e )%!ce(+%e " t$e c&"-&** !. e'ect!" %et+%"* &"( t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$eP%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t4

A 3 T$e c&"-&** !. e'ect!" %et+%"* &"( t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t

*$&'' e c!"(+cte( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e .!''!6"0 )%!ce(+%e*:1# T%&"*/**!" !. %et+%"* 3 & T$e %et+%"* !. e-e% e'ect!" .!% P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t

*$&'' e (+' ce%t.e( t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !. e&c$ )%!-"ce !% ct#2# T%&"*/**!" !. ce%t.e( %et+%"* t! t$e C!"0%e** 3 & T$e ce%t.e( %et+%"* *$&'' e

t%&"*/tte( t! t$e C!"0%e**, (%ecte( t! t$e P%e*(e"t !. t$e Se"&te#?# O)e""0 !. ce%t.c&te* !. c&"-&** 3 & U)!" %ece)t !. t$e ce%t.c&te* !. c&"-&**, t$e

P%e*(e"t !. t$e Se"&te *$&'', "!t '&te% t$&" ?= (&* &.te% t$e (& !. t$e e'ect!", !)e" &'' t$ece%t.c&te* " t$e )%e*e"ce !. t$e Se"&te &"( t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* " @!"t )+'c*e**!"#

# C&"-&** !. t$e -!te* C!"0%e** 3 & U)!" (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e &+t$e"tct &"( t$ee;ec+t!" !. t$e ce%t.c&te* !. c&"-&**, C!"0%e** *$&'' c&"-&** t$e -!te*#

H# P%!c'&/&t!" 3 & T$e )e%*!" $&-"0 t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* *$&'' e )%!c'&/e(e'ecte(#

<# I" c&*e !. te 3 & I" c&*e !. t6! !% /!%e *$&'' $&-e &" e+&' &"( $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te*,!"e !. t$e/ *$&'' .!%t$6t$ e c$!*e" & -!te !. & /&@!%t !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !.C!"0%e**#

?1?



7# P%!/+'0&t!" !. %+'e* .!% c&"-&**"0 !. ce%t.c&te* 3 & t$e C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!/+'0&te t*%+'e* .!% t$e c&"-&**"0 !. t$e ce%t.c&te*#

8# S!'e @+(0e !. &'' c!"te*t* 3 & T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, *tt"0 e" &"c, *$&'' e t$e *!'e @+(0e !.&'' c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t!: &# 1 T$e e'ect!" &#2 Ret+%"* &"( &#? +&'.c&t!"* !. t$eP%e*(e"t !% Vce3P%e*(e"t# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t /& )%!/+'0&te t* %+'e* .!% t$e

)+%)!*e# See Sect!" , A%tc'e VII>>1==1

NATURE OF CANVASS PROCEEDINGS 3 W$&t * t$e "&t+%e !. c&"-&** )%!cee("0*4A 3 It * &(/"*t%&t-e &"( )%/&% " "&t+%e#

3 A%e e'ect!" %et+%"* c!"c'+*-e )%!!. t$&t t$e %e*+'t* !. t$e -!t"0 &%e t%+e4A 3 T$e &%e "!t c!"c'+*-e +t t$e &%e &cc!%(e( )%/& .&ce *t&t+* &* !"&.(e %e)!%t* !. t$e

%e*+'t* !. t$e -!t"0, &"( c&""!t @+*t e (*%e0&%(e( !% e;c'+(e(#

3 C&" t$e e !@ecte( t!4

A 3 e*, +t 6%tte" !@ect!"* t! t$e %et+%"* /+*t e .'e( !"' (+%"0 t$* *t&0e# REASON: It* !"' &t t$* *t&0e t$&t t$e e;c'+*!" !. &" %et+%" * " **+e# G%&"( C!''&"ce .!%De/!c%&c -*# C!/e'ec, 1H= SCRA <<H

3 C&" e'ect!" %et+%"* e "-&'(&te( !" t$e /e%e &''e0&t!" t$&t t$e%e 6&* (+%e**, .%&+( !%c!e%c!"4

A 3 E'ect!" %et+%"* 6$c$ &%e c'e&" !" t$e% .&ce c&""!t e "-&'(&te( !" /e%e &''e0&t!"* !.(+%e**, .%&+( &"( c!e%c!"# I(#

3 C&" t$e C!/e'ec &""+' t$e ce%t.c&te !. c&"-&** 6$c$ t .!+"( t! e t&/)e%e(4

A 3 e*, . t ."(* t$e *&/e t! e t&/)e%e( &.te% e;&/""0 t$e c!)e* !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* !.t$e M+"c)&' +(0e !. t$e C!/e'ec# M&*t+%& -*# C!/e'ec, 28H SCRA 9?

3 W$! $&* *+)e%-*!" &"( c!"t%!' !-e% t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*4A 3 T$e C!/e'ec# Sect!" 227, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881# I" t$* c!""ect!", &" /e/e% !.

t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* /&, &t &" t/e, e %e'e-e( .!% c&+*e &"( *+*tt+te( /!t+ )%!)! t$e C!//**!"#

3 W$&t * t$e %0$t !. &" )!'tc&' )&%t, !% c!&'t!" !. )&%te* %e0&%("0 e'ect!" %et+%"*

e"0 c&"-&**e(4A 3 T$e $&-e t$e %0$t t! e;&/"e t$e %et+%"* e"0 c&"-&**e( 6t$!+t t!+c$"0 t$e/, t! /&e

t$e% !*e%-&t!"* t$e%e!", &"( .'e t$e% c$&''e"0e* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e %+'e* !. t$eC!/e'ec# Sect!" 2H, Re)+'c Act N!# <<<

3 W$! &%e "!t &''!6e( t! e"te% t$e c&"-&**"0 %!!/4A 3 A" !..ce% !% /e/e% !. t$e AFP, "c'+("0 t$e PC !% t$e INP, !% &" )e&ce !..ce% !% &"

&%/e( !% +"&%/e( )e%*!"* e'!"0"0 t! &" e;t%& 'e0&' )!'ce &0e"c, *)ec&' .!%ce*, %e&ct!"

?1



.!%ce*, *t%e .!%ce*, $!/e (e.e"*e .!%ce*, &%&"0& *e'.3(e.e"*e +"t*, &%&"0& t&"!( !%&" /e/e% !. t$e *ec+%t !% )!'ce !%0&"&t!"*, etc#, &%e "!t &''!6e( t! e"te% t$e %!!/6$e%e t$e c&"-&**"0 !. t$e e'ect!"* %et+%"* &%e $e'( t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* &"( 6t$"& %&(+* !. H= /ete%* .%!/ *+c$ %!!/# Sect!" 2?2, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>1==2IN CASE ELECTION RETURNS ARE DELAED, LOST OR DESTROED 3 I" *&( c&*e*, 6$&t c&" t$e B!&%( !. C&"-&**e%* (!4

A 3 It /& +*e &" !. t$e &+t$e"tc c!)e* !. *&( e'ect!" %et+%"* !% & ce%t.e( c!) !. *&(e'ect!" %et+%"* **+e( t$e C!//**!", &"( .!%t$6t$ (%ect t* %e)%e*e"t&t-e t!"-e*t0&te t$e c&*e &"( //e(&te' %e)!%t t$e /&tte% t! t$e C!//**!"# Sect!" 2??,B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 M& t te%/"&te t$e c&"-&** &"( )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e c&"((&te* e'ecte( !" t$e &** !. t$e&-&'&'e e'ect!" %et+%"*4

A 3 It /& (! *! . t$e /**"0 e'ect!" %et+%"* 6'' "!t &..ect t$e %e*+'t* !. t$e e'ect!"# I(#

IN CASE OF DISCREPANCIES IN ELECTION RETURNS 3 I" c&*e t$e%e &%e (*c%e)&"ce* " t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* &"( t$e (..e%e"ce &..ect* t$e %e*+'t* !.

t$e e'ect!", 6$&t c&" t$e C!//**!" (!4A 3 U)!" /!t!" !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !% &" c&"((&te &..ecte( &"( &.te% (+e "!tce t! &''

c&"((&te* c!"ce%"e(, t$e C!//**!" *$&'' )%!cee( *+//&%' t! (ete%/"e 6$et$e% t$e"te0%t !. t$e &''!t !; $&( ee" )%e*e%-e(, &"( !"ce *&t*.e( t$e%e!. *$&'' !%(e% t$e!)e""0 !. t$e &''!t !; t! %ec!+"t t$e -!te* " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce *!'e' .!% t$e )+%)!*e !.(ete%/""0 t$e t%+e %e*+'t !. t$e c!+"t !. -!te* !. t$e c&"((&te* c!"ce%"e(# Sect!" 2?<,B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

W5EN INTEGRIT OF BALLOT IS VIOLATED 3 I. +)!" t$e !)e""0 !. &''!t !; &* !%(e%e( t$e C!//**!", t *$!+'( &))e&% t$&t t$e%e

&%e e-(e"ce* !% *0"* !. %e)'&ce/e"t, t&/)e%"0 !% -!'&t!" !. t$e "te0%t !. t$e &''!t*,6$&t *$&'' t$e c!//**!" (!4

A 3 It *$&'' "!t %ec!+"t t$e &''!t* +t *$&'' .!%t$6t$ *e&' t$e &''!t !; &"( !%(e% t**&.eee)"0# Sect!" 2?7, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

CANVASS OF REMAINING OR UNUESTIONED ELECTION RETURNS 3 I" c&*e* +"(e% Sect!"* 2??, 2?, 2?H &"( 2?< !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, c&" t$e !&%(

!. c&"-&**e%* c!"t"+e t$e c&"-&** !. t$e %e/&""0 !% +"+e*t!"e( e'ect!" %et+%"*4A 3 e*, &"( . &.te% t$e c&"-&** !. &'' *&( %et+%"*, t *$!+'( e (ete%/"e( t$&t t$e %et+%"*

6$c$ $&-e ee" *et &*(e 6'' &..ect t$e %e*+'t* !. t$e e'ect!", "! )%!c'&/&t!" *$&'' e/&(e e;ce)t +)!" !%(e%* !. t$e C!//**!" &.te% (+e "!tce &"( $e&%"0# A" )%!c'&/&t!"/&(e " -!'&t!" $e%e!. *$&'' e "+'' &"( -!(# Sect!" 2?8, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>1==?PRE3PROCLAMATION CONTROVERS 3 W$&t * & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*4

?1H



A 3 A )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%* %e.e%* t! &" +e*t!" )e%t&""0 t! !% &..ect"0 t$e )%!cee("0* !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* 6$c$ /& e %&*e( &" c&"((&te !% &"%e0*te%e( )!'tc&' )&%t !% c!&'t!" !. )!'tc&' )&%te* e.!%e t$e !&%( !% (%ect' 6t$ t$eC!//**!", !% &" /&tte% %&*e( +"(e% Sect!"* 2??, 2?, 2?H &"( 2?< " %e'&t!" t! t$e

)%e)&%&t!", t%&"*/**!", %ece)t, c+*t!( &"( &))%ec&t!" !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"*# Sect!"21, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 W$&t &%e t$e **+e* t$&t /& e %&*e( " & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*4A 3& I''e0&' c!/)!*t!" !% )%!cee("0* !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* T$e c&"-&**e( e'ect!" %et+%"* &%e "c!/)'ete, c!"t&" /&te%&' (e.ect*, &))e&% t! e

t&/)e%e( 6t$ !% .&'*.e(, !% c!"t&" (*c%e)&"ce* " t$e *&/e %et+%"* !% " &"!t$e%&+t$e"tc c!)e* t$e%e!. &* /e"t!"e( " Sect!"* 2??, 2?, 2?H &"( 2?< !. t$* C!(e

c T$e e'ect!" %et+%"* 6e%e )%e)&%e( +"(e% (+%e**, t$%e&t*, c!e%c!" !% "t/(&t!", !% t$e&%e !-!+*' /&"+.&ct+%e( !% "!t &+t$e"tc &"(

( W$e" *+*tt+te !% .%&+(+'e"t %et+%"* " c!"t%!-e%* )!''"0 )'&ce* 6e%e c&"-&**e(, t$e

%e*+'t* !. 6$c$ /&te%&'' &..ecte( t$e *t&"("0 !. t$e &00%e-e( c&"((&te !% c&"((&te*#

3 I* )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%* &''!6e( " t$e e'ect!" !. N&t!"&' O..c&'*4A 3 F!% )+%)!*e* !. t$e e'ect!"* .!% P%e*(e"t, Vce3P%e*(e"t, Se"&t!% &"( /e/e% !. t$e

5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, "! )%!c'&/&t!" c&*e* *$&'' e &''!6e( !" /&tte%* %e'&t"0 t! t$e )%e)&%&t!", t%&"*/**!", %ece)t, c+*t!( &"( &))%ec&t!" !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* !% t$ece%t.c&te* !. c&"-&**, &* t$e c&*e /& e# Sect!" 1H, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<<

3 I. t$e *&/e * "!t &''!6e(, c&" t$e c&"-&**"0 !( c!%%ect /&".e*t e%%!%* " t$e ce%t.c&te!. c&"-&** .!% e'ect!" %et+%"* e.!%e t4

A 3 e*, t$e c&"-&**"0 !( /& (! *! /!t+ )%!)! !% +)!" 6%tte" c!/)'&"t !. &" "te%e*te( )e%*!"# I(#

>>1== 3 C&" t$e )&%te* &(-e%*e' &..ecte( & %+'"0 !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* &..ect"0 t$e

c!/)!*t!" !% )%!cee("0* !. t$e !&%(, &))e&' t$e /&tte% t! t$e C!//**!"4A 3 e*, e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 19, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<< +t t$* $&* t! e (!"e

6t$" ? (&* .%!/ & %+'"0 t$e%e!"# W$e" t$* $&))e"*, t$e C!//**!" *$&'' *+//&%'(ec(e t$e c&*e 6t$" H (&* .%!/ t$e .'"0 t$e%e!.#

3 I. t$e%e &%e +e*t!"* &..ect"0 t$e c!/)!*t!" !% )%!cee("0* !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*6$e%e *$&'' t$e e %!+0$t4

A 3 T$e /& e "t&te( " t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !% (%ect' 6t$ t$e C!//**!"# Sect!"1H, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<<

3 M& & )ett!" .!% c!%%ect!" !. e%%!%* " t$e ce%t.c&te !. c&"-&** e .'e( &t &"t/e e.!%e )%!c'&/&t!"4

?1<



A 3 e*# T$* c&" e-e" e (!"e e-e" &.te% )%!c'&/&t!" . t$e -&'(t !. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" t*e'.* " +e*t!"# T!%%e* -*# C!/e'ec, 27= SCRA H8? REASON: I" *+c$ & c&*e, t$e

)%!c'&/&t!" * -!( &"( t$e C!/e'ec t$e%e.!%e $&* t$e )!6e% t! &""+' t$e *&/e#

URISDICTION OVER PRE3PROCLAMATION CASES 3 W$! $&* e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !-e% )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c&*e*4A 3 T$e C!//**!" *$&'' $&-e e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !. &'' )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*e*# It

/& /!t+)%!)! !% +)!" 6%tte" )ett!", &"( &.te% (+e "!tce &"( $e&%"0, !%(e% t$e )&%t&'!% t!t&' *+*)e"*!" !. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. &" c&"((&te3e'ect !% &""+' )&%t&'' !% t!t&''&" )%!c'&/&t!", . !"e $&* ee" /&(e, &* t$e e-(e"ce *$&'' 6&%%&"t " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e*+ccee("0 *ect!"*# Sect!" 22, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

3 W$&t &%e t$e **+e* t$&t /& e %&*e( " & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*4

A 3 T$e .!''!6"0 *$&'' e )%!)e% **+e* t$&t /& e %&*e( " & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*:& I''e0&' c!/)!*t!" !% )%!cee("0 !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*

T$e c&"-&**e( e'ect!" %et+%"* &%e "c!/)'ete, c!"t&" /&te%&' (e.ect*, &))e&% t! et&/)e%e( 6t$ !% .&'*.e(, !% c!"t&" (*c%e)&"ce* " t$e *&/e %et+%"* !% " !t$e% &+t$e"tcc!)e* t$e%e!. &* /e"t!"e( " Sect!"* 2??, 2?, 2?H, &"( 2?< !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

c T$e e'ect!" %et+%"* 6e%e )%e)&%e( +"(e% (+%e**, t$%e&t*, c!e%c!", "t/(&t!", !% t$e &%e!-!+*' /&"+.&ct+%e( !% "!t &+t$e"tc &"(

( W$e" *+*tt+te !% .%&+(+'e"t %et+%"* " c!"t%!-e%te( )!''"0 )'&ce* 6e%e c&"-&**e(, t$e%e*+'t* !. 6$c$ /&te%&'' &..ecte( t$e *t&"("0 !. t$e &00%e-e( c&"((&te !% c&"((&te*Sect!" 2?, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>1==HPOWER OF T5E BOARD OF CANVASSERS TO ORDER T5E OPENING OF T5E

BALLOT BOX AND RE3COUNT T5E VOTES OF T5E CANDIDATES AFFECTED 3 C&" t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !%(e% t$e !)e""0 !. t$e &''!t !; &"( %e3c!+"t t$e -!te* !.

t$e c&"((&te* &..ecte(4A 3 A* & %+'e, t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* /& "!t "+%e "t! **+e* e!"( e'ect!" %et+%"#

5!6e-e%, t$e%e &%e ce%t&" "*t&"ce* 6$e" t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* c&" (! *!#

E;&/)'e:1# W$e" t$e e'ect!" %et+%"* *+/tte( t! t$e !&%( &))e&% t! e t&/)e%e( 6t$, &'te%e( !%

.&'*.e( &.te% t$e $&-e 'e.t t$e $&"( !. t$e BEI# A'%e&( (*c+**e(# Sect!" 2?H, B&t&*

P&/&"*& B'0# 8812# W$e" t$e%e e;*t* (*c%e)&"ce* " !t$e% &+t$e"tc c!)e* !. t$e %et+%"* !% (*c%e)&"ce* "

t$e -!te !. &" c&"((&te " 6!%(* &"( .0+%e* " t$e *&/e %et+%", &"( t$e (..e%e"ce &..ect*t$e %e*+'t !. t$e e'ect!"# I" t$* c&*e, t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* /& !%(e% t$e !)e""0 !. t$e

&''!t !; t! %e3c!+"t t$e -!te* c&*t t! (ete%/"e t$e t%+e %e*+'t !. t$e c!+"t !. -!te* !. t$ec&"((&te* c!"ce%"e(# Sect!" 2?<, B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881

?# W$e" t$e%e * &" !t$e% &"!/&' " t$e )%e)&%&t!" !. t$e e'ect!" %et+%"#

?17



PROCEDURE IN CASE OF PRE3PROCLAMATION CONTROVERS 3 I. t$e%e &%e +e*t!"* &..ect"0 t$e c!/)!*t!" !. )%!cee("0* !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*

e.!%e 6$!/ *$&'' t$!*e +e*t!"* e %&*e(4A 3 T$e /& e "t&te( (%ect' 6t$ t$e C!//**!"# 5!6e-e%, +e*t!"* %&*e( *+c$ &*

t$!*e /e"t!"e( &!-e Sect!"* 2??, 2?, 2?H &"( 2?< *$&'' e %!+0$t " t$e .%*t"*t&"ce e.!%e t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* !"'#

PERIOD WIT5IN W5IC5 TO DECIDE PRE3PROCLAMATION CONTROVERSIES 3 W$&t * t$e t/e t&'e .!% (ec("0 *&( c!"t%!-e%*e*4A 3 T$e *$&'' e (*)!*e( !. *+//&%' t$e C!//**!" 6t$" 7 (&* .%!/ %ece)t t$e%e!.#

T$* (ec*!" *$&'' e e;ec+t!% .%!/ %ece)t t$e '!*"0 )&%t#>>1==<INCOMPLETE RETURNS 3 C&" t$e%e e & )%!c'&/&t!" &*e( !" "c!/)'ete %et+%"*4A 3 N!# It * -!(# C&*t%!/&!% -*# C!/e'ec, 2H= SCRA 298 PARTIAL PROCLAMATION

3 D+%"0 t$e )e"(e"c !. & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*, /& t$e C!//**!" !%(e% t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. !t$e% 6"""0 c&"((&te*4

A 3 e*, . t$e% e'ect!" 6'' "!t e &..ecte( t$e !+tc!/e !. t$e c!"t%!-e%*e*#

OT5ER IMPORTANT POINTS1# T$e e"+/e%&t!" !. **+e* 6$c$ /& e %&*e( " & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%* *+c$ &*

t$!*e e"+/e%&te( " Sect!" 2? " B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881 * %e*t%ct-e &"( e;c'+*-e#5e"ce, & )ett!" .!% %e3c!+"t !% %e3&))%ec&t!" !. &''!t* * "!t & 0%!+"( .!% & )%e3

)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*# S&"c$e -*# C!/e'ec, 1H? SCRA <72# It 6&* &''e0e( t$&t t$e %e0*t% '*t !. -!te%* 6&* )&((e(# I* t$* & 0%!+"( .!% )%e3)%!c'&/&t!"

c!"t%!-e%*4 N!# Ut+t&'+/ -*# C!/e'ec, 181 SCRA ??H

?# I* t$e &ct!" t&e" t$e C!/e'ec " t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e* -&'(4& I"+% &* t! t$e +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*# 3 -&'( A""+''"0 & )%!c'&/&t!" .!% t$e %e&*!" t$&t t$e%e 6&* & /&t$e/&tc&' e%%!% c!//tte(

t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* " t$e c!/)+t&t!" !. -!te* %ece-e( !t$ )ett!"e% &"( )%-&te%e*)!"(e"t# 3 -&'(

c A c!%%ect!" !. c'e%c&' e%%!% " t$e *t&te/e"t !. -!te*# T$e C!/e'ec /& !%(e% t$ec!%%ect!" !. t$e *&/e " & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"te*t# V''&%!& -*# C!/e'ec, 1HH SCRA

<??

# W$&t &%e t$e /&tte%* t$&t c&""!t e %&*e( " & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"te*t, &"( 6$c$ *$!+'("*te&( e %&*e( " &" e'ect!" )%!te*t4

& W$e" & 6"""0 c&"((&te .!% C!"0%e**/&" $&* ee" (+' )%!c'&/e( +)!" !%(e%* !. t$eC!/e'ec &"( $&* t&e" t$e !&t$ !. !..ce# L&&t" -*# C!/e'ec, 1H7 SCRA ??7

Tec$"c&' e;&/"&t!" !. *0"&t+%e* &"( t$+//&%* !. -!te%* &%e **+e* 6$c$ *$!+'( e%&*e( " e'ect!" )%!te*t# M&t&'&/ -*# C!/e'ec, 272 SCRA 7??

?18



c E%%!%* " &))%ec&t!" !. &''!t* t$e BEI *$!+'( e %&*e( " &" e'ect!" )%!te*t#( A.te% & c&"((&te .!% M&!% $&* &'%e&( ee" )%!c'&/e( 6""e% &"( $&( &**+/e( !..ce,

t$e )%!)e% %e/e( * &" e'ect!" )%!te*t, "!t & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%*#>>1==7ELECTION CONTESTS PROCEDURE IN ELECTION CONTESTS 3 W$&t * t$e )%!ce(+%e " e'ect!" c!"te*t*4

A 3 Sect!" 2H# P%!ce(+%e " e'ect!" c!"te*t*# 3 ; ; ;& N!tce !. t$e )%!te*t c!"te*t"0 t$e e'ect!" !. & c&"((&te .!% & /+"c)&' !% &%&"0&

!..ce *$&'' e *e%-e( +)!" t$e c&"((&te /e&"* !. & *+//!"* &t t$e )!*t&' &((%e** *t&te(" $* ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c e;ce)t 6$e" t$e )%!te*tee, 6t$!+t 6&t"0 .!% t$e *+//!"*,$&* /&(e t$e c!+%t +"(e%*t&"( t$&t $e $&* ee" "!t.e( !. t$e )%!te*t !% $&* .'e( $* &"*6e%$e%et!

T$e )%!te*tee *$&'' &"*6e% t$e )%!te*t 6t$" .-e (&* &.te% %ece)t !. t$e *+//!"*, !%, "c&*e t$e%e $&* ee" "! *+//!"* .%!/ t$e (&te !. $* &))e&%&"ce &"( " &'' c&*e* e.!%e t$ec!//e"ce/e"t !. t$e $e&%"0 !. t$e )%!te*t !% c!"te*t# T$e &"*6e% *$&'' (e&' !"' 6t$ t$e

e'ect!" " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce* 6$c$ &%e c!-e%e( t$e &''e0&t!"* !. t$e c!"te*tc S$!+'( t$e )%!te*tee (e*%e t! /)+0" t$e -!te* %ece-e( t$e )%!te*t&"t " !t$e% )!''"0

)'&ce*, $e *$&'' .'e & c!+"te%3)%!te*t 6t$" t$e *&/e )e%!( .;e( .!% t$e &"*6e% *e%-"0 &c!) t$e%e!. +)!" t$e )%!te*t&"t %e0*te%e( /&' !% )e%*!"&' (e'-e% !% t$%!+0$ t$e*$e%..

( T$e )%!te*t&"t *$&'' &"*6e% t$e c!+"te%3)%!te*t 6t$" .-e (&* &.te% "!tcee Wt$" t$e )e%!( !. .-e (&* c!+"te( .%!/ t$e .'"0 !. t$e )%!te*t &" !t$e% c&"((&te .!%

t$e *&/e !..ce /& "te%-e"e " t$e c&*e &* !t$e% c!"te*t&"t* &"( &* .!% &..%/&t-e %e'e." $* .&-!% & )ett!" " "te%-e"t!", 6$c$ *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* &"!t$e% c!"te*t,e;ce)t t$&t t *$&'' e *+*t&"t&te( 6t$" t$e *&/e )%!cee("0*# T$e )%!te*t&"t !% )%!te*tee

*$&'' &"*6e% t$e )%!te*t " "te%-e"t!" 6t$" .-e (&* &.te% "!tce. I. "! &"*6e% *$&'' e .'e( t! t$e c!"te*t, c!+"te%3)%!te*t, !% t! t$e )%!te*t " "te%-e"t!"

6t$" t$e t/e '/t* %e*)ect-e' .;e(, & 0e"e%&' (e"&' *$&'' e (ee/e( t! $&-e ee"e"te%e(

0 I" e'ect!" c!"te*t )%!cee("0*, t$e )e%/&"e"t %e0*t% '*t !. -!te%* *$&'' e c!"c'+*-e "%e0&%( t! t$e +e*t!" &* t! 6$! $&( t$e %0$t t! -!te " *&( e'ect!"#

>>1==8S/)'.c&t!":& Se%-ce !. t$e "!tce !. )%!te*t

A"*6e% t! t$e )%!te*t 6t$" .-e (&* &.te% %ece)t !. t$e *+//!"*# T$e &"*6e% *$&'' (e&'!"' 6t$ t$e e'ect!" " t$e )!''"0 )'&ce* 6$c$ &%e c!-e%e( t$e &''e0&t!"* !. t$ec!"te*t

c F'"0 !. t$e )%!te*tee* c!+"te%3)%!te*t 6t$" t$e *&/e )e%!( .;e( .!% t$e &"*6e% *e%-"0& c!) t$e%e!. . t$e )%!te*tee (e*%e* t! /)+0" t$e -!te* %ece-e( t$e )%!te*t&"t# T$e*&/e *$&'' e *e%-e( %e0*te%e( /&' !% )e%*!"&' (e'-e% !% t$%!+0$ t$e *$e%..

( T$e )%!te*t&"t *$&'' &"*6e% t$e c!+"te%3)%!te*t 6t$" .-e (&* &.te% "!tce

?19



e A" !t$e% c&"((&te .!% t$e *&/e !..ce /& "te%-e"e " t$e c&*e &* !t$e% c!"te*t&"t* &"(&* .!% &..%/&t-e %e'e.

. I. "! &"*6e% *$&'' e .'e( t! t$e c!"te*t, c!+"te%3)%!te*t, !% t! t$e )%!te*t " "te%-e"t!"6t$" t$e t/e '/t* %e*)ect-e' .;e(, & 0e"e%&' (e"&' *$&'' e (ee/e( t! $&-e ee"e"te%e(

0 I" e'ect!" c!"te*t )%!cee("0*, t$e )e%/&"e"t %e0*t% '*t !. -!te%* *$&'' e c!"c'+*-e "%e0&%( t! t$e +e*t!" &* t! 6$! $&( t$e %0$t t! -!te " *&( e'ect!"#

3 5!6 &%e e'ect!" c!"te*t* c!"*t%+e(4A 3 E'ect!" c!"te*t* &%e t! e 'e%&'' c!"*t%+e( t! t$e e"( t$&t t$e 6'' !. t$e )e!)'e " t$e

c$!ce !. )+'c !..ce%* /& "!t e (e.e&te(# I(+'& -*# COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<=1?=,A)%' 1, 2==

RULES PECULIAR TO CONTEST INVOLVING LOCAL OFFICIALS POINTERS:1# T$e %+'e* 0!-e%""0 e'ect!" c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t! /+"c)&' &"( &%&"0& !..c&'* &%e *'e"t

6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e .'"0 !. & /!t!" t! (*/** & )ett!" !. )%!te*t# It $&* ee" $e'( t$&t

*+c$ *'e"ce /)'e* t$&t & /!t!" t! (*/** /& e .'e( 6t$ %e.e%e"ce t! &" e'ect!"c!"te*t* "-!'-"0 /+"c)&' &"( &%&"0& !..c&'*# T!%%e* -*# R!, 8? P$'# <2 199G&''&%e* -*# C&*e"&*, 8 P$', ?<2

2# A.te% t$e t/e .!% .'"0 )%!te*t $&* e;)%e(, t * t!! '&te t! &/e"( t$e )%!te*t (%!))"0ce%t&" )!''"0 )'&ce* &"( &(("0 !t$e%* !% )%!te*t"0 t$e %e*+'t* " "e6 )!''"0 )'&ce*A'/e(& -*# S'-!*&, H O# G# ?H21, R!'e* -*# De' R!*&%!, H? O# G# ?=71# T$e %e&*!" .!%t$* *t%"0e"t %+'e * t! &-!( (e'& !% t! +"(e%*c!%e t$e "ece**t !. *)ee( (ete%/"&t!" !.6$! &ct+&'' * t$e %e&' c$!ce !. t$e e'ect!%&te Fe%"&"(! -*# E"(e"c&, << P$'# 1 19?8#M!%e!-e%, & (**&t*.e( c&"((&te /+*t e -0'&"t# Te"0c! -*# !c*!", ? P$'# 71H

?# A/e"(/e"t* 6$c$ (! "!t c$&"0e t$e c&+*e !. &ct!" !% t$e 0%!+"(* !. )%!te*t /& e /&(e

6t$" & %e&*!"&'e t/e e.!%e t$e c!//e"ce/e"t !. t$e t%&', &"( e-e" &.te%6&%(* . t$e%e&%e *)ec&' %e&*!"* t$e%e.!%# R!*&'e* -*# T+)&, G#R# N!# 1=<H, Se)te/e% 2?, 19H8

>>1==9# T$e '&6 )e%/t* !t$e% c&"((&te*, 6$! /& $&-e &" "te%e*t, t! "te%-e"e " t$e e'ect!"

)%!te*t 6t$" .-e H (&* .%!/ t$e .'"0 !. t$e )%!te*t# Wt$" t$e )e%!( !. .-e (&*c!+"te( .%!/ t$e .'"0 !. t$e )%!te*t &" !t$e% c&"((&te .!% t$e *&/e !..ce /& "te%-e"e" t$e c&*e &* !t$e% c!"te*t&"t* &"( &* .!% &..%/&t-e %e'e. " $* .&-!% & )ett!" ""te%-e"t!", 6$c$ *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* &"!t$e% c!"te*t*, e;ce)t t$&t t *$&'' e*+*t&"t&te( 6t$" t$e *&/e )%!cee("0*# T$e )%!te*t&"t !% )%!te*tee *$&'' &"*6e% t$e

)%!te*t " "te%-e"t!" 6t$" .-e (&* &.te% "!tce Sect!" 2He, E'ect!" C!(e5!6e-e%, t! e e"te%t&"e(, t$e )ett!" t! "te%-e"e /+*t e .'e( 6t$" t$e )%e*c%e(

)e%!(, !t$e%6*e t * &%%e(, e-e" . t$e !%0"&' )%!te*t&"t (!e* "!t *+@ect t! t* (e'&e( )%e*e"t&t!"# De'*! -*# De '!* S&"t!*, 81 P$'# ?<1 198

H# A )%!te*tee 6$! .&'* t! .'e $* &"*6e% 6t$" t$e )%e*c%e( )e%!( /& e (ee/e( t! $&-ee"te%e( & 0e"e%&' (e"&'#

<# A )%!te*tee /& %&*e &" &"( &'' (e.e"*e* 6$c$ 6'' (e.e&t t$e )%!te*t V&'e"+e'& -*# CFI!. B+'&c&" = P$'# 1<? 1919# 5!6e-e%, t$e "e'0't !. )%!te*t&"t " &" e'ect!"

?2=



)%!te*t * "!t & (e.e"*e " *+c$ )%!te*t "!t !"' ec&+*e t * "c!"0%+!+* 6t$ t$e !"' **+et$e%e", 6$c$ * 6$! !t&"e( t$e $0$e% "+/e% !. -!te*, +t * &'*! )%e/&t+%e, "&*/+c$&* *+c$ **+e /& e %&*e( !"' &.te% t$e c&"((&te $&* ee" )%!c'&/e( &"( t$e )%!te*t&"t* "!t )%!c'&/e( +"t' &.te% $e $&* ee" (ec'&%e( 6""e%# M!%e!-e%, . & )%!te*t * (*/**e(!"' ec&+*e t$e )%!te*t&"t * "e'0'e, t$e %e*+'t 6!+'( e t$&t )%!te*tee 6!+'( e " !..cet$!+0$ " .&ct $e %ece-e( .e6e% -!te* t$&" t$e .!%/e%# M!%&'e@& -*# Re'!-&, G#R# N!?=828, Oct!e% 22, 1971, 2 SCRA 1= C&e*& -*# G&%%(!, H? P$'# 97

7# A )%!te*tee /& .'e & c!+"te%3)%!te*t &* )&%t !. $* &"*6e%# I" *+c$ & c!+"te%3)%!te*t, $e /&&''e0e &"( t$e%e&.te% )%!-e t$&t %e&*!" !. .%&+( &"( %%e0+'&%te* t$e )%!te*t&"t c&""!t e(ec'&%e( e'ecte(, +t t$&t "!t6t$*t&"("0 *+c$ .%&+( &"( %%e0+'&%te* &* &''e0e(

)%!te*t&"t t$e )%!te*tee * *t'' e"tt'e( t! e )%!c'&/e( e'ecte(# M!%e"te -*# F'&/!%, H2P$'# 28= 1928 V&'e"+e'& -*# CFI !. B+'&c&", = P$'# 1<? 1919

8# A c!+"te%3)%!te*t * t&"t&/!+"t t! & c!+"te%3c'&/ " & c-' &ct!" &"( /& t$e%e.!%e e )%e*e"te( &* )&%t !. t$e &"*6e% 6t$" t$e t/e t$e )%!te*tee * %e+%e( t! &"*6e%#

9# W$e%e t$e%e * & /!t!" t! (*/**, t /& e .'e( 6t$" t$e )e%!( 'e.t &.te% t$e /!t!" t!(*/** * (e"e(# W$e%e & /!t!" .!% e;te"*!" !. t/e t! &"*6e% * .'e(, t /& e

)%e*e"te( 6t$" t$e e;te"(e( )e%!(# M&'6&"&0 -*# 5e%e%%&, G#R# N!# 2919?, Se)te/e%2<, 19<8, 2H SCRA 17H

>>1=1=RULES OR PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO CONTESTS RELATING TO REGIONAL

PROVINCIAL, CIT, MUNICIPAL AND BARANGA OFFICIALS

POINTERS:1# T$e%e &%e (..e%e"ce*, )%!ce(+%e36*e, et6ee" c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t! %e0!"&', )%!-"c&' &"(

ct !..c&'* !" t$e !"e $&"(, &"( '!c&' &"( &%&"0& !..c&'* !" t$e !t$e% $&"(# 5!6e-e%t$e )%"c)'e*, %+'"0* &"( )%!-*!"* )%e-!+*' (*c+**e( &* 6e'' &* t$!*e 6$c$ &%e $e%e"

e'!6 (*c+**e(, +"'e** !t$e%6*e "(c&te(, &))' e+&'' t! &'' e'ect!" c!"te*t* 6t$!+t(*t"ct!"#

2# T$e )+%)!*e !. &" e'ect!" )%!te*t * t! &*ce%t&" 6$et$e% t$e c&"((&te )%!c'&/e( e'ecte( t$e !&%( !. c&"-&**e%* * %e&'' t$e '&6.+' c$!ce !. t$e e'ect!%&te# De C&*t%! -*# G"eteG#R# N!# ?==H8, M&%c$ 2=, 19<9, 27 SCRA <2?

?# P+'c )!'c (e/&"(* t$&t &" e'ect!" )%!te*t, (+' c!//e"ce(, e "!t &&te( t$e (e&t$!. et$e% t$e )%!te*t&"t !% t$e )%!te*tee L!/+0(&"0 -*# &-e%, G#R# N!# 27H?H, Se)te/e%?=, 19<7, 21 SCRA =2# I" c&*e !. (e&t$ !. et$e% )&%t " &" e'ect!" )%!te*t, Sect!" 17,R+'e ? !. t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t )%!-("0 .!% t$e *+*tt+t!" !. & )&%t 't0&"t 6$! (e* " t$e

c!+%*e !. t$e 't0&t!", * &))'c&'e t! e'ect!" )%!te*t*## 5!6e-e%, t$e (ece&*e(* 'e0&' %e)%e*e"t&t-e 6$! /& e *+*tt+te( " )'&ce !. t$e (ece&*e(

/+*t e !"e 6$! * e"tt'e( t! t$e !..ce " t$e e-e"t t$e (ece&*e(* c&+*e )%e-&'*, &"( "!t$* 6(!6 !% 'e0&' $e%* !% $* )!'tc&' )&%t &* "!"e !. t$e/ * e"tt'e( t! t$e !..ce# DeMe*& -*# Me"c&*, G#R# N!# 2H8?, Oct!e% 29, 19<<, 18 SCRA H??

H# T$e )e"(e"c !. &" e'ect!" )%!te*t * "!t *+..ce"t &** t! e"@!" )%!te*tee .%!/ &**+/"0!..ce &* %e+%e( !. $/ '&6# T$e e..ce"c !. )+'c &(/"*t%&t!" *$!+'( "!t e/)&%e(# U"t' &"( +"'e** t$e e'ect!" )%!te*t * (ec(e( &0&"*t t$e )%!te*tee, $e $&* &

?21



'&6.+' %0$t t! &**+/e &"( )e%.!%/ t$e (+te* !. t$e !..ce t! 6$c$ $e $&* ee" e'ecte(#Ce%e"! -*# Dct&(!, 1<= SCRA 7H9

URISDICTION OVER ELECTION OFFENSES1# I"-e*t0&t!" &"( )%!*ec+t!"# T$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* $&* e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" t!

"-e*t0&te &"( )%!*ec+te c&*e* "-!'-"0 -!'&t!"* !. e'ect!" '&6* Sect!" 2<, A%tc'eIX3C, C!"*tt+t!" De e*+* -*# Pe!)'e, 12= SCRA 7<= C!%)+* -*# T&"!(&&", 19

SCRA 281 +t t /& -&'(' (e'e0&te t$e )!6e% t! t$e P%!-"c&' P%!*ec+t!%, &* t ((6$e" t )%!/+'0&te( Re*!'+t!" N!# 18<2, (&te( M&%c$ 2, 1987# Pe!)'e -*# +(0e B&*'&,179 SCRA 87

& B+t t * "!t t$e (+t !. t$e C!/e'ec, &* "-e*t0&t!% &"( )%!*ec+t!%, t! 0&t$e% )%!!. "*+))!%t !. & c!/)'&"t .'e( e.!%e t# J'!* &&" -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 128=H, Oct!e%1<, 1997

>>1=112# Sect!" 2<8# +%*(ct!" !. c!+%t* 3 T$e %e0!"&' t%&' c!+%t *$&'' $&-e t$e e;c'+*-e !%0"&'

@+%*(ct!" t! t% &"( (ec(e &" c%/"&' &ct!" !% )%!cee("0* .!% -!'&t!" !. t$* C!(e,

e;ce)t t$!*e %e'&t"0 t! t$e !..e"*e !. .&'+%e t! %e0*te% !% .&'+%e t! -!te 6$c$ *$&'' e+"(e% t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e /et%!)!'t&" !% /+"c)&' t%&' c!+%t*# F%!/ t$e (ec*!" !. t$ec!+%t*, &))e&' 6'' 'e &* " !t$e% c%/"&' c&*e*#

PREFERENTIAL DISPOSITION OF ELECTION OFFENSES 3 W$&t )%e.e%e"ce &"( )%!%t *$!+'( e 0-e" t$e C!/e'ec &"( )%!*ec+t"0 !..c&'*

%e0&%("0 e'ect!" !..e"*e*4A 3 Sect!" 2<9# P%e.e%e"t&' (*)!*t!" !. e'ect!" !..e"*e*# 3 T$e "-e*t0&t!" &"(

)%!*ec+t!" !. c&*e* "-!'-"0 -!'&t!"* !. t$e e'ect!" '&6* *$&'' e 0-e" )%e.e%e"ce &"( )%!%t t$e C!//**!" !" E'ect!"* &"( )%!*ec+t"0 !..c&'*# T$e% "-e*t0&t!" *$&''

e c!//e"ce( 6t$!+t (e'&, &"( *$&'' e %e*!'-e( t$e "-e*t0&t"0 !..ce% 6t$" .-e(&* .%!/ t* *+/**!" .!% %e*!'+t!"# T$e c!+%t* *$&'' 'e6*e 0-e )%e.e%e"ce t! e'ect!"!..e"*e* !-e% &'' !t$e% c&*e*, e;ce)t )ett!"* .!% 6%t !. $&e&* c!%)+*# T$e% t%&' *$&'''e6*e e c!//e"ce( 6t$!+t (e'&, &"( *$&'' e c!"(+cte( c!"t"+!+*' +"t' te%/"&te(&"( t$e c&*e *$&'' e (ec(e( 6t$" t$%t (&* .%!/ t* *+/**!" .!% (ec*!"#

PRESCRIPTION PERIOD FOR ELECTION OFFENSES 3 W$&t * t$e )%e*c%)t!" )e%!( .!% e'ect!" !..e"*e*4A 3 F-e H e&%* .%!/ (&te !. c!//**!"#

PROMULGATION OF DECISION 3 W$e" *$&'' t$e (ec*!" !. t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t e )%!/+'0&te(4A 3 T$e C!/e'ec R+'e* !. P%!ce(+%e %e+%e t$&t & (ec*!" !. t$e t%&' c!+%t !% !. t$e

C!//**!" *$&'' e )%!/+'0&te( !" & (&te *et t !. 6$c$ (+e "!tce /+*t e 0-e" t$e )&%te*# It $&* ee" $e'( t$&t )%!/+'0&t!" * t$e )%!ce** 6$c$ & (ec*!" * )+'*$e(!..c&'' &""!+"ce(, /&(e "!6" t! t$e )+'c !% (e'-e%e( t! t$e c'e% !. c!+%t .!% .'"0,c!+)'e( 6t$ "!tce t! t$e )&%te* !% t$e% c!+"*e'#

?22



3 I* "!tce " &(-&"ce !. )%!/+'0&t!" )&%t !. t$e )%!ce** !. )%!/+'0&t!"4A 3 T$e &((t!"&' %e+%e/e"t !. t$e C!/e'ec R+'e* !. P%!ce(+%e !. "!tce " &(-&"ce !.

)%!/+'0&t!" * "!t )&%t !. t$e )%!ce** !. )%!/+'0&t!", &"( .&'+%e t! *e%-e t$e "!tce "&(-&"ce !. t$e )%!/+'0&t!" * & )%!ce(+%&' '&)*e !% e%%!% 6$c$ 6'' "!t -t&te t$e (ec*!"e;ce)t 6$e" t$e e%%!% * *$!6" t! $&-e c&+*e( $&%/ !% )%e@+(ce &"( t$&t .&ct t$&t t$e&(-e%*e )&%t* c!+"*e' %ece-e( c!) !. t$e (ec*!" *$!6* t$&t "! *+c$ $&%/ * c&+*e(

t$e%e &"( )%ec'+(e* t$e (ec*!" .%!/ e"0 ".%/e(# L"(! -*# C!/e'ec, 19 SCRA 2H>>1=12POST3ELECTION DISPUTES 3 W$&t * %e.e%%e( t! &* )!*t3e'ect!" (*)+te*4A 3 Ge"e%&'', t$e &%e t$!*e 6$c$ &%*e !% &%e "*tt+te( &.te% )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e 6"""0

c&"((&te# M!%e *)ec.c&'', )!*t3e'ect!" (*)+te* /& %e.e% t! &" !. t$e .!''!6"0:& It /& )e%t&" t! t$e c&*t"0 &"( c!+"t"0 !. -!te* &"( %&*e t$e +e*t!" !. 6$! &ct+&''

%ece-e( t$e /&@!%t !. t$e 'e0&' &''!t*, "!6" &* e'ect!" c!"te*t*# It /& )e%t&" t! t$e e'0't !% (*'!&'t !. t$e 6"""0 c&"((&te*, c&''e( )%!cee("0*

.!% +! 6&%%&"t!# T!)&c! -*# P&%e(e*, 2? P$'# 2?8 1912c T$e%e * &"!t$e% )!*t3e'ect!" (*)+te, "*!.&% &* t (*+&'.e* & 6"""0 c&"((&te .%!/

$!'("0 !..ce, "&/e', & c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!" .!% -!'&t!" !. &" e'ect!" !..e"*e &0&"*t t$ec&"((&te e'ect# G!%!*)e -*# Pe"&.'!%(&, 1=1 P$'# 88< 19H7

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" e'ect!" )%!te*t &"( +! 6&%%&"t!4A 3

ELECTION PROTEST:1# It * *t%ct' & c!"te*t et6ee" t$e (e.e&te( &"( 6"""0 c&"((&te*, &*e( !" 0%!+"(* !.

e'ect!" .%&+(* !% %%e0+'&%te*, &* t! 6$! &ct+&'' !t&"e( t$e /&@!%t !. t$e 'e0&' -!te*&"( t$e%e.!%e * e"tt'e( t! $!'( t$e !..ce#

2# It c&" !"' e .'e( & c&"((&te 6$! $&* (+' .'e( & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c &"( $&* ee"-!te( .!%#

?# A )%!te*tee /& e !+*te( &"( t$e )%!te*t&"t *e&te( " t$e !..ce -&c&te(#

UO3WARRANTO:1# It %e.e%* t! +e*t!"* !. (*'!&'t !% "e'0't !. t$e 6"""0 c&"((&te# It * & )%!cee("0

t! +"*e&t t$e "e'0'e )e%*!" .%!/ !..ce, +t "!t t! "*t&'' t$e )%!te*t&"t " $* )'&ce#

2# It c&" !"' e .'e( &" -!te%# It * .!% t$* %e&*!" t$&t t * "!t c!"*(e%e( & c!"te*t 6$e%et$e )&%te* *t%-e .!% *+)%e/&c#

?# W$'e t$e %e*)!"(e"t /& e +"*e&te( t$e )ett!"e% 6'' "!t e *e&te(# L+*!" -*# G&%c&,1=? P$'# H? 19H8

>>1=1? 3 W$&t * t$e )%"c)&' c!"*(e%&t!" t! e c!"*(e%e( " (ete%/""0 6$et$e% t$e &ct!" t&e"

* .!% +!36&%%&"t! !% &" e'ect!" )%!te*t4

?2?



A 3 It * "!t t$e tt'e !% c&)t!" !. t$e )ett!" +t t$e &''e0&t!"* c!"t&"e( t$e%e" 6$c$(ete%/"e* . t$e &ct!" t&e" * .!% +!36&%%&"t! !% &" e'ect!" )%!te*t# 5e"ce, & )ett!"/& &''e0e t$&t t$e c&"((&te e'ect * "!t +&'.e( &"( t /& e '&e'e( &* e'ect!" )%!te*t,

+t &ct+&'' t * & +!36&%%&"t! )%!cee("0# L+*!" -*# C!/e'ec, I(#

3 C&" &" e'ect!" )%!te*t &"( )ett!" .!% +!36&%%&"t! e &-&'e( !. @!"t' &"( " t$e *&/e )%!cee("04

A 3 N!, c!"*(e%"0 t$e (..e%e"ce* &'%e&( /e"t!"e(# 5!6e-e%, t$e c&" e *e)&%&te' .'e(6t$ t$e *ec!"( c&*e *+*)e"(e( +"t' t$e e&%'e% !"e * %e*!'-e(# I(#

3 C&" &" &ct!" .!% +!36&%%&"t! e c!"-e%te( "t! &" e'ect!" )%!te*t4A 3 N!# A*+"c!" -*# Le0&%(&, 12 SCRA 729

EFFECT OF FILING AN ELECTION PROTEST OR A PETITION FOR UO WARRANTO 3 W$&t * t$e e..ect !. .'"0 &" e'ect!" )%!te*t !% & )ett!" .!% +! 6&%%&"t!4

A 3 A* & %+'e, t &%* t$e *+*e+e"t .'"0 !. & )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"t%!-e%* !% & )ett!" t!&""+' )%!c'&/&t!"# It &'*! &/!+"t* t! t$e &&"(!"/e"t !. !"e .'e( e&%'e%# It (e)%-e* t$eC!//**!", " *&( )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c&*e, !. t$e &+t$!%t t! "+%e "t! &"( )&** +)!" t$ett'e !. t$e )%!te*tee !% t$e -&'(t !. $* )%!c'&/&t!"# P&t* -*# C!/e'ec, 22 SCRA H?9#

REASON: O"ce &" &))%!)%&te t%+"&' $&* &c+%e( @+%*(ct!" !" &cc!+"t !. t$e .'"0 !. &"e'ect!" )%!te*t !% & )ett!" .!% +!36&%%&"t!, &'' +e*t!"* %e'&t-e t$e%et! 6'' e (ec(e(" t$e c&*e t*e'. &"( "!t " &"!t$e% )%!cee("0#

3 I* t$e *&( %+'e &*!'+te4

A 3 N!# I" t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*, t$e )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c&*e /& *t'' )%!cee( t! c!"c'+*!"#1# I. 6$&t * .'e( * "!t %e&'' & +! 6&%%&"t! c!"te*t !% e'ect!" )%!te*t +t & )ett!" t! &-&' &

)%!c'&/&t!"#2# I. +! 6&%%&"t! * "!t t$e )%!)e% %e/e(#?# I. t$e B!&%( !. C&"-&**e%* * /)%!)e%' c!"*tt+te(# P&t* -*# C!/e'ec, *+)%&# I. t$e .'"0 !. & +! 6&%%&"t! !% &" e'ect!" )%!te*t * e;)%e**' /&(e 6t$!+t )%e@+(ce t!

)%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c!"te*t, !% * /&(e &( c&+te'&# T++%&" -*# B&''e"e%, 2 SCRA 9119<8

H# I. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" * "+'' &"( -!(# M+t+c -*# C!/e'ec, 22 SCRA <<2

>>1=1IMPORTANT POINTS:1# A.te% & )%!c'&/&t!" 6$c$ * -&'(' /&(e, t$e %e/e( !. t$e (e.e&te( c&"((&te * t! .'e &"

e'ect!" )%!te*t !% & )ett!" .!% +! 6&%%&"t! 6t$" t$e )%e*c%e( )e%!(#2# I. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" * "+'' &"( -!(, !% * c'&/e( t! e "+'' &"( -!(, t$e C!//**!" $&*

t$e &+t$!%t t! "+%e 6$et$e% *+c$ )%!c'&/&t!" * "+'' &"( -!(#

?2



?# I. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" * "+'' &"( -!(, t * & *ett'e( @+%*)%+(e"ce t$&t t * "! )%!c'&/&t!" &t&'' &"( t$e C!//**!" $&* t$e )!6e% t! (ec'&%e *+c$ "+''t &"( &""+' t$e )%!c'&/&t!"e-e" . t$e )%!c'&/e( c&"((&te &'%e&( &**+/e( !..ce# M+t+c -*# C!/e'ec, *+)%&#

ELECTION PROTEST 3 W$&t * &" e'ect!" )%!te*t4A 3 It * & *)ec&' *+//&% )%!cee("0# T$e )+%)!*e !. 6$c$ * t! *ett'e t$e c!"t%!-e%*

et6ee" t$e (e.e&te( &"( 6"""0 c&"((&te &* t! 6$! et6ee" t$e/ &ct+&'' %ece-e* t$e/&@!%t !. t$e 'e0&' &''!t*#

3 W$&t * t$e )+%)!*e !. &" e'ect!" )%!te*t4A 3 T$e )+%)!*e * t! &*ce%t&" 6$&te-e% t$e c&"((&te )%!c'&/e( t$ee !&%( !. c&"-&**e%*

* %e&'' t$e '&6.+' c$!ce !. t$e e'ect!%&te# W$&t * *!+0$t " &" e'ect!" )%!te*t * t$ec!%%ect!" !. t$e c&"-&** !. t$e -!te*, 6$c$ * t$e &** !. )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e 6"""0c&"((&te#

3 5!6 *$!+'( & *t&t+te c!"ce%""0 e'ect!" )%!te*t e c!"*t%+e(4A 3 It *$!+'( e 'te%&'' c!"*t%+e( *! t$&t t$e 6'' !. t$e )e!)'e " t$e c$!ce !. )+'c !..ce%*

/& "!t e (e.e&te( /e%e tec$"c&' !@ect!"*# 5e"ce, //&te%&' (e.ect* &"( )'e&("0**$!+'( e (*%e0&%(e( &"( "ece**&% &"( )%!)e% &/e"(/e"t* *$!+'( e &''!6e( &* /+c$ &*

)!**'e# O" t$e )%!ce(+%&' &*)ect, t * e*t&'*$e( t$&t &/e"(/e"t* t! )'e&("0* /& e )e%/tte( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t e-e" .!% t$e .%*t t/e !" &))e&' " !%(e% t! *+*tt+te t$e"&/e !. t$e %e&' )&%t " "te%e*t, )%!-(e( t$&t *+c$ &" &/e"(/e"t 6!+'( "!t "-!'-e &c$&"0e " t$e c&+*e !. &ct!" !% %e*+'t " +"(+e )%e@+(ce t! t$e &(-e%*e )&%t# I" !"e c&*et$e (e&t$ !. & )%!te*tee 6&* *t%ce" !.. &"( *+*tt+te( t$e )e%*!" 6$! 6!+'( *+ccee($/ +"(e% t$e '&6 &* t$e %e&' )&%t " "te%e*t " t$e c!"t"+&t!" !. t$e c&*e# U"(& -*#

C!/e'ec, 19= SCRA 827>>1=1HURISDICTION OVER ELECTION CONTESTS 3 W$! $&* !%0"&' &"( e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" !-e% e'ect!" c!"te*t*4A 31# T$e S+)%e/e c!+%t " t$e c&*e !. t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t#2# T$e Se"&te E'ect!%&' t%+"&' " t$e c&*e !. Se"&t!%#?# T$e 5R E'ect!%&' T%+"&' " t$e c&*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e## T$e C!/e'ec " t$e c&*e !. Re0!"&'P%!-"c&'Ct#

H# T$e RTC " t$e c&*e !. M+"c)&'#<# T$e M+"c)&'Met%!)!'t&" T%&' C!+%t " t$e c&*e !. B&%&"0&#

3 A%e (ec*!"* !. t$e RTC &"( M+"c)&' C!+%t* &))e&'&'e4A 3 e*# T$e &))e&' *$&'' e /&(e e;c'+*-e t! t$e C!/e'ec 6$!*e (ec*!" *$&'' e ."&',

e;ec+t!% &"( +"&))e&'&'e#

?2H



3 I. t$e (ec*!"*, !%(e%*, %+'"0* !. t$e C!/e'ec " &))e&'e( c&*e* "-!'-"0 e'ect-e/+"c)&' &%&"0& !..c&'* &%e ."&' e;ec+t!% &"( +"&))e&'&'e, t$&t t$* )%ec'+(e t$e.'"0 !. & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H4

A 3 N!# G&'(! -*# C!/e'ec, 19? SCRA 78

3 M& t$e (ec*!" !. t$e 5RET e %e-e6e( t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t4A 3 T$* * )!**'e !"' . t$e%e * & c&)%c!+*, &%t%&% &"( (e*)!tc e;e%c*e !. )!6e%#

APPELLATE URISDICTION APPEAL FROM DECISIONS OF RTC AND MUNICIPALCOURTSCIT COURTS

3 A%e t$e (ec*!"* !. t$e RTC, M+"c)&' C!+%t*, Ct C!+%t* &))e&'&'e4A 3 e*, *&( &))e&' *$&'' e /&(e e;c'+*-e' t! t$e C!/e'ec 6$!*e (ec*!" *$&'' e ."&',

e;ec+t!% &"( +"&))e&'&'e#

ELECTION CONTESTS INVOLVING MUNICIPAL OFFICES 3 I* t$e (ec*!" !. t$e RTC &))e&'&'e4

A 3 e*, t$e (ec*!" /& e &))e&'&'e t! t$e C!//**!" 6t$" H (&* .%!/ )%!/+'0&t!" !%%ece)t !. & c!) t$e%e!. t$e &00%e-e( )&%t# Sect!" 22, Re)+'c Act N!# 71<<

3 Wt$" 6$&t )e%!( *$&'' t$e *&( &))e&' e (ec(e(4A 3 Wt$" <= (&* &.te% t * *+/tte( .!% (ec*!" +t "!t '&te% t$&" < /!"t$* &.te% t$e .'"0

!. t$e &))e&', 6$c$ (ec*!" *$&'' e ."&', &))e&'&'e &"( e;ec+t!%# I(#>>1=1< 3 I"*te&( !. .'"0 &" &))e&', c&" t$e &00%e-e( )&%t @+*t .'e & /!t!" t! %ec!"*(e% t$e

(ec*!" !. t$e RTC4A 3 N!# It * & )%!$te( )'e&("0 &"( t (!e* "!t "te%%+)t t$e %+"""0 !. t$e H3(& )e%!( !.

&))e&'# Ve'!%& -*# C!/e'ec, 211 SCRA 9=7

3 C&" t$e RTC !%(e% t$e e;ec+t!" !. t* (ec*!" )e"("0 &))e&'4A 3 e*# REASON: It * & @+(c&' )%e%!0&t-e !. t$e RTC#

3 W$&t &%e t$e )!6e%* !. t$e C!/e'ec " t$e e;e%c*e !. t* e;c'+*-e &))e''&te @+%*(ct!"4A 3 It $&* t$e )!6e% t! **+e 6%t* !. )%!$t!", /&"(&/+* !% ce%t!%&%#

RELAMPAGOS VS# CUMBA, ET AL#

G#R# NO# 1188<1, APRIL 27, 199HFACTS:

E//&"+e' Re'&/)&0!* &"( R!*t& C+/& 6e%e M&!%&'t c&"((&te* " M&0&''&"e*,A0+*&" De' N!%te, " t$e *"c$%!"e( e'ect!"* !. M& 11, 1992# R!*t& C+/& 6&*

)%!c'&/e( t$e 6"""0 c&"((&te, 6t$ & /&%0" !. !"' 22 -!te* !-e% t$e .!%/e%# U"6''"0 t!&cce)t (e.e&t# Re'&/)&0!* .'e( &" e'ect!" )%!te*t 6t$ t$e RTC !. A0+*&" De' N!%te# O" +"e29, 199, t$e *&( RTC .!+"( Re'&/)&0!* t! $&-e 6!" 6t$ & /&%0" !. < -!te* !-e% C+/&Re'&/)&0!* 6&* (ec'&%e( t$e M&!% e'ect# C!)e* !. t$e (ec*!" 6e%e *e"t t! &"( %ece-e(

?2<



Re'&/)&0!* &"( C+/& !" 1 +' 199# O" +' , 199, C+/& &))e&'e( t$e (ec*!" t! t$eC!/e'ec .'"0 $e% "!tce !. &))e&' &"( )&"0 t$e &))e''&te (!cet .ee*# O" 8 +' 199, t$et%&' c!+%t 0&-e (+e c!+%*e t! t$e &))e&'# O" 12 +' 199, Re'&/)&0!* .'e( 6t$ t$e t%&' c!+%t& /!t!" .!% e;ec+t!" )e"("0 &))e&'# O" ? A+0+*t 199, t$e t%&' c!+%t 0%&"te( Re'&/)&0!*/!t!" .!% e;ec+t!" )e"("0 &))e&'# T$e c!%%e*)!"("0 6%t !. e;ec+t!" 6&* .!%t$6t$**+e(# C+/& t$e" .'e( 6t$ t$e C!/e'ec & )ett!" .!% ce%t!%&% t! &""+' t$e &.!%e*&( !%(e%!. t$e t%&' c!+%t 0%&"t"0 t$e /!t!" .!% e;ec+t!" )e"("0 &))e&' &"( t$e 6%t !. e;ec+t!"# I"

+)$!'("0 t* @+%*(ct!" " ce%t!%&%, )%!$t!", &"( /&"(&/+* c&*e*, t$e C!/e'ec /&"t&"*t$&t t$e%e * & *)ec&' '&6 0%&"t"0 t *+c$ @+%*(ct!"# Sect!" H= !. BP B'0# <97, 6$c$%e/&"* " .+'' .!%ce &* t 6&* "!t e;)%e**' %e)e&'e( t$e O/"+* E'ect!" C!(e BP B'0881, &"( t$&t t * "!t e;&ct' c!%%ect t$&t t$* '&6 *e'.3(e*t%+cte( &.te% t$e M&, 198 e'ect!"#It .+%t$e% %e&*!"e( !+t t$&t " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. t* @+(c&' .+"ct!"*, t$e C!/e'ec * t$e /!*t'!0c&' !( t! **+e t$e e;t%&!%("&% 6%t* !. ce%t!%&%, )%!$t!", &"( /&"(&/+* " e'ect!"c&*e* 6$e%e t $&* &))e''&te @+%*(ct!"# Re'&/)&0!* &**&'e( t$e *&( %e*!'+t!" &"( .'e( &*)ec&' c-' &ct!" !. ce%t!%&%#

ISSUE:W$et$e% !% "!t t$e C!/e'ec $&* @+%*(ct!" !-e% )ett!"* .!% ce%t!%&%, )%!$t!" &"(

/&"(&/+* " e'ect!" c&*e* 6$e%e t $&* e;c'+*-e &))e''&te @+%*(ct!"#>>1=175ELD:

T$e C!+%t &&"(!"e( t$e %+'"0 " t$e G&%c& &"( U &"( Ve'!%& c&*e* &"( %+'e(: We"!6 $!'( t$&t t$e '&*t )&%&0%&)$ !. Sect!" H= !. B#P# B'0# <97 )%!-("0 t$&t t$e C!//**!"* $e%e -e*te( 6t$ e;c'+*-e &+t$!%t t! $e&% &"( (ec(e )ett!"* .!% ce%t!%&%, )%!$t!"&"( /&"(&/+* "-!'-"0 e'ect!" c&*e*, %e/&"* " .+'' .!%ce &"( e..ect +t !"' " *+c$ c&*e*6$e%e, +"(e% )&%&0%&)$ 2, Sect!" 1, A%tc'e IX3C !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", t $&* e;c'+*-e

&))e''&te @+%*(ct!"# S/)' )+t, t$e C!/e'ec $&* t$e &+t$!%t t! **+e t$e e;t%&!%("&% 6%t*!. ce%t!%&% )%!$t!" &"( /&"(&/+* !"' " &( !. t* &))e''&te @+%*(ct!"# U"(e%'""0S+))'e(

DECISIONS OF T5E COMELEC 3 A%e ."("0* !. .&ct t$e COMELEC ."&' &"( "!"3%e-e6&'e4A 3 F"("0* !. .&ct t$e COMELEC, . *+))!%te( *+*t&"t&' e-(e"ce, &%e ."&' &"( "!"3

%e-e6&'e# T$e &))%ec&t!" !. c!"te*te( &''!t* &"( e'ect!" (!c+/e"t* "-!'-e* &+e*t!" !. .&ct e*t 'e.t t! t$e (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e COMELEC, & *)ec&'e( &0e"c t&*e(

6t$ t$e *+)e%-*!" !. e'ect!"* &'' !-e% t$e c!+"t%# I(+'& -*# COMELEC, G#R# N!#1<11?=, A)%' 1, 2==

3 A%e !%(e%* !% %+'"0* !. t$e COMELEC " &))e&'e( c&*e* "-!'-"0 e'ect-e M+"c)&' &"(B&%&"0& !..c&'* ."&', e;ec+t!% &"( +"&))e&'&'e4 I* t$e%e &" &-&'&'e %e'e. .!%/ *&(!%(e%* !% %+'"0* !. t$e C!/e'ec4

A 3 A )ett!" .!% %e-e6 ce%t!%&% /& e .'e( 6t$ t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t 6t$" ?= (&* .%!/%ece)t !. & c!) !. +e*t!"e( (ec*!", &"( !" t$e 0%!+"( !. 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!"

?27



&/!+"t"0 t! '&c !% e;ce** !. @+%*(ct!" !% -!'&t!" !. (+e )%!ce**# A%&t+c -*# C!/e'ec,88 SCRA 2H1

3 C&" t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %e-e6 -& ce%t!%&% &" "te%'!c+t!% !%(e% !% & ."&' %e*!'+t!" !. &D-*!" !. t$e COMELEC4

A 3 N!# T$e (ec*!" /+*t e & ."&' (ec*!" !% %e*!'+t!" !. t$e COMELEC e" &"c e.!%et$e S+)%e/e C!+%t /& %e-e6 t$e *&/e -& ce%t!%&%#

3 W$e" * & %e*!'+t!" !% (ec*!" !. t$e COMELEC c!"*(e%e( c!/)'ete4A 3 A %e*!'+t!" !% (ec*!" !. t$e COMELEC * c!"*(e%e( c!/)'ete &"( -&'(' %e"(e%e( !%

**+e( 6$e" t$e%e * c!"c+%%e"ce t$e %e+%e( /&@!%t !. t$e C!//**!"e%*#>>1=18ELECTORAL TRIBUNALS OF T5E SENATE AND T5E 5OUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES 3 W$&t * t$e .+"ct!" !. t$e E'ect!%&' T%+"&'* !. t$e Se"&te &"( t$e 5!+*e !.

Re)%e*e"t&t-e*4

A 3 T$e 6e%e c%e&te( t$e C!"*tt+t!" &* *!'e @+(0e !. &'' c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t! t$e e'ect!"%et+%"* &"( +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e% %e*)ect-e Me/e%*# Sect!" 17, A%tc'e VI, 1987C!"*tt+t!" T$e t%+"&' 6&* c%e&te( t! .+"ct!" &* & "!"3)&%t*&" c!+%t &'t$!+0$ t6!3t$%(* !. t* /e/e%* &%e )!'tc&"*# It * & "!"3)!'tc !( " & *e& !. )!'tc&"*#

3 W$&t * t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' &** !. t$e *&( t%+"&'*4

A 3 Sect!" 17, A%tc'e VI !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:Sect!" 17# T$e Se"&te &"( t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* *$&'' $&-e &" E'ect!%&'

T%+"&' 6$c$ *$&'' e t$e *!'e @+(0e !. &'' c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t! t$e e'ect!", %et+%"*, &"(

+&'.c&t!"* !. t$e% %e*)ect-e Me/e%*# E&c$ E'ect!%&' T%+"&' *$&'' e c!/)!*e( !. ""eMe/e%*, t$%ee !. 6$!/ *$&'' e +*tce* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t t! e (e*0"&te( t$e C$e.+*tce, &"( t$e %e/&""0 *; *$&'' e Me/e%* !. t$e Se"&te !% t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e*,&* t$e c&*e /& e, 6$! *$&'' e c$!*e" !" t$e &** !. )%!)!%t!"&' %e)%e*e"t&t!" .%!/

)!'tc&' )&%te* &"( t$e )&%te* !% !%0&"&t!"* %e0*te%e( +"(e% t$e )&%t3'*t **te/%e)%e*e"te( t$e%e"# T$e *e"!% +*tce " t$e E'ect!%&' T%+"&' *$&'' e t* C$&%/&"#

3 Sect!" 17, A%tc'e VI *t&te* t$&t t$e *&( t%+"&' *$&'' e t$e *!'e @+(0e !. &'' c!"te*t*%e'&t"0 t! t$e e'ect!", %et+%"*, &"( +&'.c&t!"* !. t$e% %e*)ect-e Me/e%*, (!e* t$*

/e&" t$&t t$e *&( t%+"&' c&" &ct "(e)e"(e"t' 6t$!+t "te%.e%e"ce .%!/ t$e 'e&(e%* &"(/e/e%* !. t$e 'e0*'&t+%e4

A 3 S&( t%+"&'* &%e "(e)e"(e"t !(e* 6$c$ c&" *e'ect t$e% !6" e/)'!ee*, &"( t!*+)e%-*e &"( c!"t%!' t$e/ 6t$!+t 'e0*'&t-e "te%.e%e"ce S+&"e* -*# C$e. Acc!+"t&"t !.t$e Se"&te, 81 P$'# 818# T! e &'e t! e;e%c*e e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!", t$e 5!+*e E'ect!%&'T%+"&' /+*t e "(e)e"(e"t# It* @+%*(ct!" t! $e&% &"( (ec(e c!"0%e**!"&' e'ect!"c!"te*t * "!t t! e *$&%e( t 6t$ t$e Le0*'&t+%e "!% 6t$ t$e C!+%t*# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t%+'e( t$&t: T$e E'ect!%&' C!//**!" * & !( *e)&%&te .%!/ &"( "(e)e"(e"t !. t$e

?28



'e0*'&t+%e &"( t$!+0$ "!t & )!6e% " t$e t%)&%tte *c$e/e !. 0!-e%"/e"t, t * t! &'' "te"t*&"( )+%)!*e*, 6$e" &ct"0 6t$" t$e '/t* !. t* &+t$!%t * &" "(e)e"(e"t !%0&" 6$'ec!/)!*e( !. & /&@!%t !. /e/e%* !. t$e 'e0*'&t+%e t * & !( *e)&%&te .%!/ &"("(e)e"(e"t !. t$e 'e0*'&t+%e#

>>1=19 3 C!"0%e**/&" C&/&*+%&, t$e" & /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e E'ect!%&' T%+"&', 6&* & /e/e% !.

t$e LDP# 5!6e-e%, $e c&*t $* -!te " .&-!% !. B!"(!c, & c&"((&te !. t$e N&t!"&'*t& P&%t

S+*e+e"t', t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* &(!)te( & %e*!'+t!" %e/!-"0 C!"0%e**/&"C&/&*+%& .%!/ t$e 5!+*e !. E'ect!%&' T%+"&' .!% (*'!&'t t! t$e LDP# C&" C!"0%e**/&"C&/&*+%&* /e/e%*$) " t$e 5RET e te%/"&te(4 M& $e e %e/!-e( t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e* .!% )&%t (*'!&'t4

A 3 N!# REASONS: 1 It * &" /)&%/e"t !. t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' )%e%!0&t-e !. t$e 5!+*eE'ect!%&' T%+"&' t! e t$e *!'e @+(0e !. t$e e'ect!" c!"te*t et6ee" P"e(& &"( B!"(!c2 T! *&"ct!" *+c$ "te%.e%e"ce t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* " t$e 6!% !. t$e 5!+*eE'ect!%&' T%+"&' 6!+'( %e(+ce t$e t%+"&' t! & /e%e t!!' .!% t$e &00%&"(e/e"t !. t$e

)&%t " )!6e% LDP 6$c$ t$e t$%ee +*tce* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t &"( t$e '!"e NP

/e/e% 6!+'( e )!6e%'e** t! *t!) ? I" e;)e''"0 C!"0%e**/&" C&/&*+%& .%!/ 5RET.!% $&-"0 c&*t & c!"*ce"ce -!te " .&-!% !. B!"(!c, &*e( *t%ct' !" t$e %e*+'t !. t$ee;&/"&t!" &"( &))%ec&t!" !. t$e &''!t* &"( t$e %ec!+"t !. t$e -!te* t$e t%+"&', t$e5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* c!//tte( & 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!", &" "@+*tce, &"( & -!'&t!"!. t$e C!"*tt+t!"# It* %e*!'+t!" !. e;)+'*!" &0&"*t C!"0%e**/&" C&/&*+%& * t$e%e.!%e"+'' &"( -!( It -!'&te* C!"0%e**/&" C&/&*+%&* %0$t t! *ec+%t !. te"+%e# Me/e%*!. t$e 5RET, &* *!'e @+(0e !. c!"0%e**!"&' e'ect!" c!"te*t* &%e e"tt'e( t! *ec+%t !.te"+%e @+*t &* /e/e%* !. t$e @+(c&% e"@! *ec+%t !. te"+%e +"(e% !+% C!"*tt+t!"#Sect!" 2, A%tc'e VIII, 1987 C!"*tt+t!"

3 5!6 /& t$e /e/e%* " t$e 5RET e te%/"&te(4A 3 T$e /& e te%/"&te( !"' .!% & @+*t c&+*e *+c$ &* t$e e;)%&t!" !. t$e /e/e%*

c!"0%e**!"&' te%/ !. !..ce, $* (e&t$, )e%/&"e"t (*&'t, %e*0"&t!" .%!/ t$e )!'tc&' )&%t $e %e)%e*e"t* " t$e t%+"&', .!%/&' &..'&t!" 6t$ &"!t$e% )!'tc&' )&%t !% %e/!-&'.!% !t$e% -&'( c&+*e#

URISDICTION AFTER PROCLAMATION 3 A.te% )%!c'&/&t!", (!e* t$e COMELEC %et&" @+%*(ct!" !-e% (*+&'.c&t!" c&*e*4A 3 e*# T$e c&*e .!% (*+&'.c&t!" e;*t*, &"( *+%--e*, t$e e'ect!" &"( )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e

6"""0 c&"((&te ec&+*e &" !+t%0$t (*/**&' 6'' +"(+' %e6&%( t$e c$&''e"0e(c&"((&te &"( /& e-e" e"c!+%&0e $/ t! e/)'! (e'&"0 t&ctc* t! /)e(e t$e %e*!'+t!"!. t$e (*+&'.c&t!" c&*e +"t' &.te% $e $&* ee" )%!c'&/e(# L&"!t -*# COMELEC, G#R#

N!# 1<8H8, N!-e/e% 1<, 2==<

3 I* t$e &!-e3*&( %+'e &*!'+te4A 3 N!# T$e e;ce)t!" t! t$e %+'e !. %ete"t!" !. @+%*(ct!" &.te% )%!c'&/&t!" &))'e* 6$e"

t$e c$&''e"0e( c&"((&te ec!/e* & /e/e% !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* !% !. t$e

?29



Se"&te, 6$e%e t$e &))%!)%&te e'ect!%&' t%+"&' 6!+'( $&-e @+%*(ct!"# L&"!t -*#COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<8H8, N!-e/e% 1<, 2==<

>>1=2= 3 A c!"0%e**!"&' c&"((&te $&* ee" )%!c'&/e(, t&e" $* !&t$ &"( &**+/e( !..ce# D!e*

t$e C!/e'ec *t'' $&-e t$e @+%*(ct!" t! &""+' t$e )%!c'&/&t!"4A 3 T$e C!/e'ec '!*t @+%*(ct!" &.te% & )%!c'&/&t!" !. & c!"0%e**!"&' c&"((&te# T$e &''e0e(

"-&'(t !. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" * & /&tte% .!% t$e 5!+*e E'ect!%&' T%+"&' t! (ec(e

Ut+t&'+/ -*# C!/e'ec, 181 SCRA ??H

3 T$e 6"""0 c&"((&te $&* t&e" $* !&t$ &"( &**+/e( !..ce &'%e&(, $!6e-e%, t$e%e 6&*&" &''e0e( e%%!% " t$e *t&te/e"t !. -!te*# D!e* t$e COMELEC $&-e t$e )!6e% t! &""+' &

)%!c'&/&t!"4A 3 T$e COMELEC $&* t$e )!6e% t! &""+' & )%!c'&/&t!" !. & 6"""0 c&"((&te 6$! $&*

t&e" $* !&t$ &"( &**+/e( !..ce &'%e&(, (+e t! &" &''e0e( e%%!% " t$e t&+'&t!" !. t$e*t&te/e"t !. -!te*# T$e St&te/e"t !. V!te* .!%/* t$e &** !. t$e Ce%t.c&te !. C&"-&** &"(!. t$e )%!c'&/&t!"# A" e%%!% " t$e *t&te/e"t +'t/&te' &..ect* t$e -&'(t !. t$e

)%!c'&/&t!"# I. & c&"((&te* )%!c'&/&t!" * &*e( !" & St&te/e"t !. V!te* 6$c$ c!"t&"*e%%!"e!+* e"t%e*, t * "+'' &"( -!(# It * "! )%!c'&/&t!" &t &'' &"( t$e )%!c'&/e(c&"((&te* &**+/)t!" !. !..ce c&""!t (e)%-e t$e COMELEC !. t$e )!6e% t! &""+' t$e

)%!c'&/&t!"# A'e@&"(%! -*# COMELEC, G#R# N!# 1<71=1, &"+&% ?1, 2==<

REVIEW OF T5E TRIBUNALS DECISION 3 M& t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t %e-e6 &"( *et &*(e t$e (ec*!" !. t$e *&( E'ect!%&' T%+"&'4A 3 e*, . t$e (ec*!" !. t$e *&( t%+"&' 6&* %e"(e%e( 6t$!+t !% " e;ce** !. t* @+%*(ct!",

!% 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !. (*c%et!", !% +)!" & c'e&% *$!6"0 !. *+c$ &%t%&% &"( /)%!-(e"t+*e t$e t%+"&' !. t* )!6e% 6$c$ c!"*tt+te* & (e"&' !. (+e )%!ce** !. '&6, !% +)!" &

(e/!"*t%&t!" !. & -e% c'e&% +"/t0&te( e%%!%, /&".e*t' c!"*tt+t"0 *+c$ & 0%&-e &+*e!. (*c%et!" t$&t t$e%e $&* t! e & %e/e( .!% *+c$ &+*e !. (*c%et!"# Le%&* -*# 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e* E'ect!%&' T%+"&', G#R# N!# 971=H, Oct!e% 1H, 1991

3 W$&t c!+%*e !. &ct!" c!+'( e t&e" . t$e%e * & *$!6"0 !. &%t%&% &"( /)%!-(e"t +*e!. t$e )!6e% 6$c$ c!"*tt+te* & (e"&' !. (+e )%!ce** !. '&64

A 3 +(c&' %e-e6 !. (ec*!" !% ."&' %e*!'+t!"* !. t$e Se"&te !% 5!+*e E'ect!%&' T%+"&' * )!**'e !"' " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$* C!+%t* *!3c&''e( *+)e%-*!% !% e;t%&!%("&%, "!t t*&))e''&te @+%*(ct!", &"( t$&t e;t%&!%("&% @+%*(ct!" /& e "-!e( &"( c&''e( "t!

)'& t$%!+0$ t$e *)ec&' c-' &ct!" !% ce%t!%&% !% )%!$t!"# T$* .!%/ !. %e-e6 (!e* "!t&+t$!%e %e-e%*&' !% /!(.c&t!" !. t$e t%+"&'* &(@+(0/e"t !" t$e t$e!% t$&t t * t&"te(

e%%!% " t* ."("0* !. .&ct !% !. '&6, &* " &))e''&te )%!cee("0* 0e"e%&''# S+c$ &%e-e%*&' !% /!(.c&t!" * )e%/**'e !"' +)!" & (ete%/"&t!" t$&t t$e t%+"&'* (ec*!"!% %e*!'+t!" 6&* %e"(e%e( 6t$!+t !% " e;ce** !. t* @+%*(ct!", !% 6t$ 0%&-e &+*e !.(*c%et!", !% . t$e%e * & (e"&' !. (+e )%!ce** !. '&6, !% +)!" & (e/!"*t%&t!" !. c'e&% &"(+"/t0&te( ERROR c!"*tt+t"0 GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION#

>>1=21

??=



URISDICTIONAL FACTS NECESSAR TO CONFER URISDICTION TO TR ANELECTION PROTEST

3 W$&t &%e t$e @+%*(ct!"&' .&ct* "ece**&% t! c!".e% @+%*(ct!" t! t% &" e'ect!" )%!te*t4A 3 T$e &%e t$e .!''!6"0: 1 T$&t t$e )%!te*t&"t 6&* & c&"((&te 6$! $&( (+' .'e( &

ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c &"( $&( ee" -!te( .!% t$e *&/e !..ce 2 T$&t t$e )%!te*tee $&* ee" )%!c'&/e( ? T$&t t$e )ett!" 6&* .'e( 6t$" 1= (&* &.te% )%!c'&/&t!" M%! -*C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# 97H7, A)%' 2=, 19?8, 121 SCRA << M&+"& -*# B'e&, G#R# N!#

H2?=, Oct!e% ?=, 198=, 1== SCRA 7=2 &"( T$&t t$e .%&+( &"( e'ect!" %%e0+'&%te*-t&te( t$e c!"(+ct !. e'ect!"* &"( &..ecte( t$e 'e0&'t t$e%e!.# B&(e''e* -*# C&', G#R

N!# 29???, Fe%+&% 27, 19<7, 27 SCRA 11? De C&*t%! -*# G"e%e, G#R# N!# ?===H8M&%c$ 28, 19<9, 27 SCRA <2?

NOTE:1# T$&t t$e )%!te*t&"t 6&* & c&"((&te 6$! $&( (+' .'e( & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c &"( $&(

ee" -!te( .!% t$e *&/e !..ce 3 T$e '&6 )%!-(e* t$&t t$e )e%*!" e"tt'e( t! .'e &" e'ect!" )%!te*t * & c&"((&te 6$! $&* (+' .'e( & ce%t.c&te !. c&"((&c &"( $&* ee" -!te( t! t$e

*&/e !..ce Sect!"* 2H=, 2H1, 2H2, E'ect!" C!(e# 5!6e-e%, )%ec*!" " t$e +*e !. te%/*" &" e'ect!" )%!te*t * "!t "(*)e"*&'e# S+*t&"t&' c!/)'&"ce * *+..ce"t# I" !t$e%6!%(*, t$e @+%*(ct!"&' &''e0&t!" "ee( "!t e " e;&ct '&"0+&0e !. t$e '&6 "!% t$e -e%&t/+*e t$e%e!. & c!"(t!" *"e +& "!" t! t$e c!".e%%"0 !. @+%*(ct!" +)!" t$e C!//**!"!% t$e c!+%t, &* t$e c&*e /& e, t! t&e c!0"&"ce !. t$e e'ect!" )%!te*t# A* '!"0 &* t$e

@+%*(ct!"&' %e+%e/e"t* &%e &''e0e( " *!/e 6!%(* t$&t c!"-e *+*t&"t&'' t$e (e&t$e%e * *+*t&"t&' c!/)'&"ce# M&+"& -*# B'e&, 1== SCRA 7=2 M%! -*# C!/e'ec121 SCRA << M&c&* -*# C!/e'ec, 182 SCRA 1?7

2# T$&t t$e )%!te*tee $&* ee" )%!c'&/e( 3 A* &'%e&( e;)'&"e( e&%'e%, 6$e" & c!"0%e**!"&'c&"((&te $&* ee" )%!c'&/e(, t&"0 $* !&t$, &**+/e( !..ce, t$e C!/e'ec $&* "!

@+%*(ct!" t! &""+' t$e )%!c'&/&t!"# T$e &''e0e( "-&'(t !. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" * & /&tte%.!% t$e 5ET t! (ec(e# Ut+t&'+/ -*# C!/e'ec, *+)%&

>>1=22?# T$&t t$e )ett!" 6&* .'e( 6t$" 1= (&* &.te% )%!c'&/&t!" 3 T$e '&6 %e+%e* t$&t &"

e'ect!" )%!te*t *$&'' e .'e( 6t$" 1= (&* &.te% )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e 6"""0 c&"((&te*T$e .'"0 !. & )ett!" t! &""+' !% *+*)e"( t$e )%!c'&/&t!" *+*)e"(* t$e %+"""0 !. t$* 1=3(& )e%!( Sect!" 28, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881, &"( t e0"* t! %+" &0&" .%!/ "!tce !.t$e (*/**&' !. t$e )%e3)%!c'&/&t!" c&*e E*+-e' -*# C!/e'ec, G#R# N!# H?7H, A)%' 28,198?, 121 SCRA 78<# T$e 1=3(& )e%!( t! .'e e'ect!" )%!te*t * /&"(&t!%, &"( t$e .'"0

!. &" e'ect!" )%!te*t e!"( t$e )e%!( (e)%-e* t$e c!+%t !% t$e C!//**!" !. t$e @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e )%!te*t R!e* -*# C!/e'ec, 12? SCRA 19?# 5!6e-e%, & )%!te*tee /& e e*t!))e( .%!/ c'&/"0 t$&t t$e )%!te*t 6&* "!t t/e' &"( -&'(' .'e(#

# T$&t t$e .%&+( &"( e'ect!" %%e0+'&%te* -t&te( t$e c!"(+ct !. e'ect!"* &"( &..ecte( t$e'e0&'t t$e%e!. 3 W$e%e &" e'ect!" )%!te*t &''e0e* .%&+( &"( %%e0+'&%te* " t$e c!"(+ct !.e'ect!", & *+..ce"t c&+*e !. &ct!" e;*t*, e-e" . "! &-e%/e"t * /&(e t$&t t$e t%+e %e*+'t!. t$e e'ect!" 6!+'( e " )%!te*t&"t* .&-!%, .!% t 0-e* %*e t! (!+t &* t! 6$! 6e%e t$e(+' e'ecte( !..c&'*# B&(e''e* -*# C&', 27 SCRA 11?

??1



UO WARRANTO 3 W$&t &%e t$e %e+*te* t! e &'e t! .'e & )ett!" .!% +! 6&%%&"t!4A 31# T$e )ett!" * .'e( &" %e0*te%e( -!te% " t$e c!"*tt+e"c2# T$e *&( )ett!" * .'e( !" t$e 0%!+"( !. "e'0't !% (*'!&'t t! t$e Re)+'c !. t$e

P$'))"e* &"(

?# T$e *&( )ett!" * .'e( 6t$" te" 1= (&* .%!/ t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. t$e %e*+'t* !. t$ee'ect!"#

3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce et6ee" +! 6&%%&"t! " e'ect-e &))!"t-e !..ce4

A 3 I" &" e'ect-e !..ce, t$e **+e * e'0't !. t$e !..ce%3e'ect# T$e c!+%t !% t%+"&' c&""!t(ec'&%e t$e )%!te*t&"t !% t$e c&"((&te 6$! !t&"e( t$e *ec!"( $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* &*$&-"0 ee" e'ecte(# S+"0& -*# C!/e'ec, 288 SCRA 7<

1# I" &" &))!"t-e !..ce, t$e **+e * t$e 'e0&'t !. t$e &))!"t/e"t# T$e c!+%t (ete%/"e* 6$!

!. t$e )&%te* $&* 'e0&' tt'e t! t$e !..ce#

ELECTION OFFENSES 3 W$&t &%e c!"*(e%e( &* e'ect!" !..e"*e*4A 3 T$e &%e &ct+&'' t$e )%!$te( &ct* /e"t!"e( " Sect!" 2<1 !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

6$c$, . c!//tte(, &%e c!"*(e%e( &* e'ect!" !..e"*e*# T$e &%e &* .!''!6*:>>1=2?1 V!te3+"0 &"( -!te3*e''"02 C!"*)%&c t! %e -!te%*? W&0e%"0 +)!" %e*+'t !. e'ect!"

C!e%c!" !. *+!%("&te*H T$%e&t*, "t/(&t!", te%%!%*/, +*e !. .%&+(+'e"t (e-ce !% !t$e% .!%/* !. c!e%c!"< C!e%c!" !. e'ect!" !..c&'* &"( e/)'!ee*7 A))!"t/e"t !. "e6 e/)'!ee*, c%e&t!" !. "e6 )!*t!", )%!/!t!", !% 0-"0 *&'&%

"c%e&*e*8 T%&"*.e% !. !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee* " t$e c-' *e%-ce9 I"te%-e"t!" !. )+'c !..ce%* &"( e/)'!ee*1= U"(+e ".'+e"ce11 U"'&6.+' e'ect!"ee%"0

12 P%!$t!" &0&"*t (*/**&' !. e/)'!ee*, '&!%e%*, !% te"&"t*1? A))!"t/e"t !% +*e !. *)ec&' )!'ce/e", *)ec&' &0e"t*, c!".(e"t&' &0e"t* !% t$e 'e1 I''e0&' %e'e&*e !. )%*!"e%* e.!%e &"( &.te% e'ect!"1H U*e !. )+'c .+"(*, /!"e (e)!*te( " t%+*t, e+)/e"t, .&c'te* !6"e( !% c!"t%!''e(

t$e 0!-e%"/e"t .!% &" e'ect!" c&/)&0"1< De&(' 6e&)!"*17 C&%%"0 .%e&%/* !+t*(e %e*(e"ce !% )'&ce !. +*"e**18 U*e !. &%/!%e( '&"(, 6&te% !% &% c%&.t

??2



19 We&%"0 !. +".!%/* &"( e&%"0 &%/*2= P!'ce/e" &"( )%!-"c&' 0+&%(* &ct"0 &* !(0+&%(* !% *ec+%t 0+&%(*21 O%0&"&t!" !% /&"te"&"ce !. %e&ct!" .!%ce*, *t%e .!%ce*, !% !t$e% */'&% .!%ce*22 P%!$t!" &0&"*t %e'e&*e, (*+%*e/e"t !% e;)e"(t+%e !. )+'c .+"(*2? P%!$t!" &0&"*t c!"*t%+ct!" !. )+'c 6!%*, (e'-e% !. /&te%&'* .!% )+'c 6!%* &"(

**+&"ce !. t%e&*+% 6&%%&"t* &"( */'&% (e-ce*2 S+*)e"*!" !. e'ect-e )%!-"c&', ct, /+"c)&' !% &%&"0& !..ce%

2H O" %e0*t%&t!" !. -!te%*:>>1=21# A" )e%*!" 6$!, $&-"0 &'' t$e +&'.c&t!"* &"( "!"e !. t$e (*+&'.c&t!"* !. & -!te%,

.&'* 6t$!+t @+*t.&'e e;c+*e t! %e0*te% &* & -!te% " &" e'ect!", )'e*cte !% %e.e%e"(+/" 6$c$ $e * +&'.e( t! -!te#

2# A" )e%*!" 6$! "!6"0' /&e* &" .&'*e !% +"t%+t$.+' *t&te/e"t %e'&t-e t! &" !. t$e(&t& !% ".!%/&t!" %e+%e( " t$e &))'c&t!" .!% %e0*t%&t!"#

?# A" )e%*!" 6$! (e'e%&te' /)%"t* !% c&+*e* t$e /)%"t"0 !. '+%%e( !% "(*t"ct."0e%)%"t* !" &" !. t$e c!)e* !. t$e &))'c&t!" .!% %e0*t%&t!" !% !" t$e -!te%* &..(&-t

!% &" )e%*!" " c$&%0e !. t$e %e0*t%&t!" !. -!te%* 6$! (e'e%&te' !% t$%!+0$ "e0'0e"ce,c&+*e !% &''!6* t$e /)%"t"0 !. '+%%e( !% "(*t"ct ."0e%)%"t* !" &" !. t$e&.!%e/e"t!"e( %e0*t%&t!" .!%/*, !% &" )e%*!" 6$! t&/)e%* 6t$ t$e ."0e%)%"t* " *&(%e0*t%&t!" %ec!%(*#

# A" /e/e% !. t$e !&%( !. e'ect!" "*)ect!%* 6$! &))%!-e* &" &))'c&t!" 6$c$ !" t*.&ce *$!6* t$&t t$e &))'c&"t (!e* "!t )!**e** &'' t$e +&'.c&t!"* )%e*c%e( '&6 .!% &-!te% !% 6$! (*&))%!-e* &" &))'c&t!" 6$c$ !" t* .&ce *$!6* t$&t t$e &))'c&"t

)!**e**e* &'' *+c$ +&'.c&t!"*#H# A" )e%*!" 6$!, e"0 & %e0*te%e( -!te%, %e0*te%* &"e6 6t$!+t .'"0 &" &))'c&t!" .!%

c&"ce''&t!" !. $* )%e-!+* %e0*t%&t!"#

<# A" )e%*!" 6$! %e0*te%* " *+*tt+t!" .!% &"!t$e% 6$et$e% 6t$ !% 6t$!+t t$e '&tte%*"!6'e(0e !% c!"*e"t#

7# A" )e%*!" 6$! t&/)e%* 6t$ !% c$&"0e* 6t$!+t &+t$!%t &" (&t& !% e"t% " &" -!te%*&))'c&t!" .!% %e0*t%&t!"#

8# A" )e%*!" 6$! (e'&*, $"(e%* !% !*t%+ct &"!t$e% .%!/ %e0*te%"0#9# A" )e%*!" 6$! .&'*e' ce%t.e* !% (e"t.e* &"!t$e% &* !"& .(e %e*(e"t !. & )&%tc+'&%

)'&ce !% '!c&'t .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. *ec+%"0 t$e '&tte%* %e0*t%&t!" &* & -!te%#1=# A" )e%*!" 6$! +*e* t$e -!te%* &..(&-t !. &"!t$e% .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. -!t"0, 6$et$e% !%

"!t $e &ct+&'' *+ccee(* " -!t"0#

11# A" )e%*!" 6$! )'&ce*, "*e%t* !% !t$e%6*e "c'+(e*, &* &))%!-e( &))'c&t!" .!%%e0*t%&t!" " t$e !! !. -!te%* !% " t$e )%!-"c&' !% "&t!"&' ce"t%&' .'e* !. %e0*te%e(-!te%*, t$e &))'c&t!" !. &" .ctt!+* -!te% !% &" &))'c&t!" t$&t $&* "!t ee" &))%!-e(!% %e/!-e* .%!/, !% !t$e%6*e t&e* !+t !. t$e !! !. -!te%* !% t$e )%!-"c&' !% "&t!"&'ce"t%&' .'e* !. %e0*te%e( -!te%* &" (+' &))%!-e( -!te%* &))'c&t!", e;ce)t +)!" '&6.+'!%(e% !. t$e C!//**!" !% !. & c!/)ete"t c!+%t !% &.te% )%!)e% c&"ce''&t!" &* )%!-(e( "Sect!"* 122, 12?, 12 &"( 12H#

>>1=2H

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12# A" )e%*!" 6$! t%&"*.e%* !% c&+*e* t$e t%&"*.e% !. t$e %e0*t%&t!" %ec!%( !. & -!te% t! t$e !! !. -!te%* !. &"!t$e% )!''"0 )'&ce, +"'e** *&( t%&"*.e% 6&* (+e t! & c$&"0e !. &((%e**!. t$e -!te% &"( t$e -!te% 6&* (+' "!t.e( !. $* "e6 )!''"0 )'&ce#

1?# A" )e%*!" 6$! &**, (e/&"(*, t&e*, &cce)t* !% )!**e**e*, (%ect' !% "(%ect', t$e-!te%* &..(&-t !. &"!t$e%, " !%(e% t! "(+ce t$e '&tte% t! 6t$$!'( $* -!te, !% t! -!te .!% !%&0&"*t &" c&"((&te " &" e'ect!" !% &" **+e " & )'e*cte !% %e.e%e"(+/# It *$&'' e

)%e*+/e( )%/& .&ce t$&t t$e &*"0, (e/&"("0, t&"0, &cce)t"0, !% )!**e**"0 * 6t$

*+c$ "te"t . (!"e 6t$" t$e )e%!( e0"""0 te" (&* e.!%e e'ect!" (& &"( e"("0 te"(&* &.te% e'ect!" (&, +"'e** t$e -!te%* &..(&-t !. &"!t$e% &"( t$e '&tte% &%e !t$ /e/e%*!. t$e *&/e .&/'#

1# A" )e%*!" 6$! (e'-e%*, $&"(* !-e%, e"t%+*t*, 0-e*, (%ect' !% "(%ect' $* -!te%*&..(&-t t! &"!t$e% " c!"*(e%&t!" !. /!"e !% !t$e% e"e.t !% )%!/*e* t$e%e!., !% t&e*!% &cce)t* *+c$ -!te%* &..(&-t (%ect' !% "(%ect', 0-"0 !% c&+*"0 t$e 0-"0 !./!"e !% !t$e% e"e.t !% /&"0 !% c&+*"0 t$e /&"0 !. & )%!/*e t$e%e!.#

1H# A" )e%*!" 6$! &'te%* " &" /&""e%, te&%*, (e.&ce*, %e/!-e* !% (e*t%!* &" ce%t.e( '*t!. -!te%*#

1<# A" )e%*!" 6$! t&e*, c&%%e* !% )!**e**e* &" '&" !% +"+*e( %e0*t%&t!" .!%/ &'%e&(**+e( t! & ct !% /+"c)&'t !+t*(e !. *&( ct !% /+"c)&'t e;ce)t &* !t$e%6*e

)%!-(e( " t$* C!(e !% 6$e" (%ecte( e;)%e** !%(e% !. t$e c!+%t !% !. t$e C!//**!"#17# A" )e%*!" 6$! /&'c!+*' !/t*, t&/)e%* !% t%&"*.e%* t! &"!t$e% '*t t$e "&/e !. &

%e0*te%e( -!te% .%!/ t$e !..c&' '*t !. -!te%* )!*te( !+t*(e t$e )!''"0 )'&ce#2< O" -!t"0: T$e%e &%e 2 )%!$te( &ct* e"+/e%&te( +"(e% Sect!" 2<1# See

e"+/e%&t!"#27 O" c&"-&**"0: T$e%e &%e )%!$te( &ct* e"+/e%&te( +"(e% Sect!" 2<1&&# See

e"+/e%&t!"#28 C!//!" t! &'' BEI &"( B!&%( !. C&"-&**e%*: T$e%e &%e H )%!$te( &ct* e"+/e%&te(

+"(e% Sect!" 2<1# See e"+/e%&t!"#29 O" c&"((&c &"( c&/)&0": T$e%e &%e < )%!$te( &ct* e"+/e%&te( +"(e% Sect!" 2<1

cc# See e"+/e%&t!"#?= Ot$e% )%!$t!"*: T$e%e &%e H )%!$te( &ct* e"+/e%&te( +"(e% Sect!" 2<1 ((# See

e"+/e%&t!"#?1 Ot$e% e'ect!" !..e"*e* See Sect!" 27 !. Re)+'c Act N!# <<< )%!-("0 &((t!"&'

e'ect!" !..e"*e*: V!'&t!" !. t$e )%!-*!"*, !% )e%t"e"t )!%t!"*, !. t$e .!''!6"0*ect!"* !. t$* C!(e *$&'' c!"*tt+te e'ect!" !..e"*e*: Sect!"* 9, 18, 7, 7H, 7<, 8=, 81, 82,8?, 8, 8H, 8<, 87, 88, 89, 9H, 9<, 97, 98, 99, 1==, 1=1, 1=2,1=?, 1=, 1=H, 1=<, 1=7, 1=8,

1=9, 11=, 111, 112, 122, 12?, 127, 128, 129, 1?2, 1?, 1?H, 1H, 18, 1H=, 1H2, 172, 17?,17, 178, 18=, 182, 18, 18H, 18<, 189, 19=, 191, 192, 19, 19H, 19<, 197, 198, 2=2, 2=?,2=, 2=H, 2=<, 2=7, 2=8, 2=9, 21=, 211, 212, 21?, 21, 21H, 21<, 217, 218, 219, 22=, 22?,229, 2?=, 2?1, 2??, 2?, 2?H, 2?<, 2?9 &"( 2=#

>>1=2<PERSONS CRIMINALL LIABLE 3 W$! &%e t$e )e%*!"* c%/"&'' '&'e .!% e'ect!" !..e"*e*4

??



A 3 T$e )%"c)&'*, &cc!/)'ce*, &"( &cce**!%e*, &* (e."e( " t$e Re-*e( Pe"&' C!(e, *$&'' ec%/"&'' '&'e .!% e'ect!" !..e"*e*# Sect!" 2<?, 1*t *e"te"ce, B&t&* P&/&"*& B0# 881

3 I. t$e !"e %e*)!"*'e * & )!'tc&' )&%t !% &" e"tt, 6$!, " )&%tc+'&% &%e '&'e4A 3 I. t$e !"e %e*)!"*'e * & )!'tc&' )&%t !% &" e"tt, t* )%e*(e"t !% $e&(, t$e !..c&'* &"(

e/)'!ee* !. t$e *&/e, )e%.!%/"0 (+te* c!""ecte( 6t$ t$e !..e"*e c!//tte( &"( t*/e/e%* 6$! /& e )%"c)&'*, &cc!/)'ce*, !% &cce**!%e* *$&'' e '&'e, " &((t!" t!

t$e '&'t !. *+c$ )&%t !% e"tt# Sect!" 2<?, 2"( *e"te"ce, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

PENALTIES 3 W$&t &%e t$e )e"&'te* /)!*e( +"(e% B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 8814A 31# A" )e%*!" .!+"( 0+'t !. &" e'ect!" !..e"*e +"(e% t$* C!(e *$&'' e )+"*$e( 6t$

/)%*!"/e"t !. "!t 'e** t$&" 1 e&% +t "!t /!%e t$&" < e&%* &"( *$&'' "!t e *+@ect t! )%!&t!"#

2# I" &((t!", t$e 0+'t )&%t *$&'' e *e"te"ce( t! *+..e% (*+&'.c&t!" t! $!'( )+'c !..ce

&"( (e)%-&t!" !. t$e %0$t !. *+..%&0e#?# I. $e * & .!%e0"e%, $e *$&'' e *e"te"ce( t! (e)!%t&t!" 6$c$ *$&'' e e".!%ce( &.te% t$e

)%*!" te%/ $&* ee" *e%-e(## I. & )!'tc&' )&%t * .!+"( 0+'t, t *$&'' e *e"te"ce( t! )& & ."e !. "!t 'e** t$&"

P1=,===#==, 6$c$ *$&'' e /)!*e( +)!" *+c$ )&%t &.te% c%/"&' &ct!" $&* ee" "*tt+te(" 6$c$ t$e% c!%%e*)!"("0 !..c&'* $&-e ee" .!+"( 0+'t#

>>1=27H# I" c&*e !. )%*!"e% !% )%*!"e%* ''e0&'' %e'e&*e( .%!/ &" )e"te"t&% !% @&' (+%"0 t$e

)%!$te( )e%!( &* )%!-(e( " Sect!" 2<1, )&%&0%&)$ " !. t$* C!(e, t$e (%ect!% !. )%*!"*, )%!-"c&' 6&%(e", ee)e% !. t$e @&' !% )%*!", !% )e%*!"* 6$! &%e %e+%e( '&6

t! ee) *&( )%*!"e% " t$e% c+*t!( *$&'', . c!"-cte( & c!/)ete"t c!+%t, e *e"te"ce(t! *+..e% t$e )e"&'t !. )%*!" /&!% " t* /&;/+/ )e%!( . t$e )%*!"e% !% )%*!"e%* *!''e0&'' %e'e&*e( c!//t &ct !. "t/(&t!", te%%!%*/ !% "te%.e%e"ce " t$e e'ect!"#

<# A" )e%*!" .!+"( 0+'t !. t$e !..e"*e !. .&'+%e t! %e0*te% !% .&'+%e t! -!te *$&'', +)!"c!"-ct!", e ."e( P1==#==# I" &((t!", $e *$&'' *+..e% (*+&'.c&t!" t! %+" .!% )+'c!..ce " t$e "e;t *+ccee("0 e'ect!" .!''!6"0 $* c!"-ct!" !% e &))!"te( t! & )+'c!..ce .!% & )e%!( !. 1 e&% .!''!6"0 $* c!"-ct!"# Sect!" 2<, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0#881

PROSECUTION 3 W$! $&* e;c'+*-e )!6e% t! c!"(+ct )%e'/"&% "-e*t0&t!" !. &'' e'ect!" !..e"*e*4A 3 T$e C!//**!" *$&'', t$%!+0$ t* (+' &+t$!%e( 'e0&' !..ce%*, $&-e t$e e;c'+*-e )!6e%

t! c!"(+ct )%e'/"&% "-e*t0&t!" !. &'' e'ect!" !..e"*e* )+"*$&'e +"(e% t$* C!(e, &"(t! )%!*ec+te t$e *&/e# I. t$e C!//**!" .&'* t! &ct !" &" c!/)'&"t 6t$" .!+% /!"t$*.%!/ $* .'"0, t$e c!/)'&"&"t /& .'e t$e c!/)'&"t 6t$ t$e !..ce !. t$e .*c&' !% 6t$t$e M"*t% !. +*tce .!% )%!)e% "-e*t0&t!" &"( )%!*ec+t!", . 6&%%&"te(# Sect!" 2<H,B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

??H



ARREST IN CONNECTION WIT5 T5E ELECTION CAMPAIGN 3 I. &" &''e0e( e'ect!" !..e"*e * c!//tte( (+%"0 &"( " c!""ect!" 6t$ &" e'ect!", 6$&t

&%e t$e %e+%e/e"t* e.!%e & 6&%%&"t !. &%%e*t c!+'( e **+e(4A 31# N! )e%*!" *$&'' e &%%e*te( &"(!% (et&"e( &t &" t/e .!% &" &''e0e( !..e"*e c!//tte(

(+%"0 &"( " c!""ect!" 6t$ &" e'ect!" t$%!+0$ &" &ct !% '&"0+&0e te"("0 t! *+))!%t !%

!))!*e &" c&"((&te, )!'tc&' )&%t !% c!&'t!" !. )!'tc&' )&%te* +"(e% !% )+%*+&"t t! &"!%(e% !% 6$&te-e% "&/e !% "&t+%e &"( 6$!/*!e-e% **+e( e;ce)t !"' +)!" & 6&%%&"t !.&%%e*t **+e( & c!/)ete"t @+(0e &.te% &'' t$e %e+%e/e"t* !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" *$&'' $&-e

ee" *t%ct' c!/)'e( 6t$#2# I. t$e !..e"*e c$&%0e( * )+"*$&'e +"(e% & )%e*(e"t&' (ec%ee 6$et$e% !%0"&'' !%

&/e"(/e"t !. & )%e-!+* '&6, t$e (e&t$ )e"&'t *$&'' "!t e /)!*e( +)!" t$e !..e"(e%e;ce)t 6$e%e /+%(e%, %&)e !% &%*!" * "-!'-e(#

>>1=28?# I" &'' c&*e*, t$e )e"&'t *$&'' "!t e $0$e% t$&" %ec'+*!" )e%)et+& &"( t$e !..e"(e% *$&'' e

e"tt'e( t! %e&*!"&'e &' +)!" *+..ce"t *+%ete* t! e 0%&"te( *)ee(' t$e c!/)ete"tc!+%t#

# L!** !. t$e %0$t !. cte"*$) &"( c!".*c&t!" !. )%!)e%t *$&'' "!t e /)!*e(#H# A" !..ce% !% & )e%*!" 6$! *$&'' -!'&te &" )%!-*!" !. t$* *ect!" *$&'' e )+"*$&'e

/)%*!"/e"t !. "!t 'e** t$&" < e&%* &"( I (& "!% /!%e t$&" 12 e&%*, 6t$ t$e &cce**!% )e"&'te* .!% e'ect!" !..e"*e*# T$e )%!-*!" !. Sect!" 2<7 !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881*$&'' "!t &))' t! )%!*ec+t!" +"(e% t$* *ect!"# Sect!" 2<<, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

PRESCRIPTION 3 W$&t * t$e )%e*c%)t-e )e%!( .!% e'ect!" !..e"*e*4

A 3 E'ect!" !..e"*e* *$&'' )%e*c%e &.te% H e&%* .%!/ t$e (&te !. t$e% c!//**!"# I. t$e(*c!-e% !. t$e !..e"*e e /&(e " &" e'ect!" c!"te*t )%!cee("0*, t$e )e%!( !.

)%e*c%)t!" *$&'' c!//e"ce !" t$e (&te !" 6$c$ t$e @+(0/e"t " *+c$ )%!cee("0* ec!/e* ."&' &"( e;ec+t!%# Sect!" 2<7, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

URISDICTION OF COURTS 3 W$! $&-e e;c'+*-e !%0"&' @+%*(ct!" t! t% &"( (ec(e &" c%/"&' &ct!" !%

)%!cee("0* .!% -!'&t!" !. B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 8814A 3 T$e RTC e;ce)t t$!*e %e'&t"0 t! t$e !..e"*e !. .&'+%e t! %e0*te% !% .&'+%e t! -!te 6$c$

*$&'' e +"(e% t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e /et%!)!'t&" !% /+"c)&' t%&' c!+%t*# F%!/ t$e(ec*!" !. t$e c!+%t*, &))e&' 6'' 'e &* " !t$e% c%/"&' c&*e*# Sect!" 2<8, B&t&*P&/&"*& B'0# 881

PREFERENTIAL DISPOSITION OF ELECTION OFFENSES 3 W$&t * t$e )%e.e%e"ce &"( )%!%t 0-e" t$e C!/e'ec %e0&%("0 "-e*t0&t!" &"(

)%!*ec+t!" !. e'ect!" !..e"*e*4A 3

??<



1# T$e *$&'' e 0-e" )%e.e%e"ce &"( )%!%t# T$e% "-e*t0&t!" *$&'' e c!//e"ce( 6t$!+t(e'&, &"( *$&'' e %e*!'-e( t$e "-e*t0&t"0 !..ce% 6t$" H (&* .%!/ t* *+/**!".!% %e*!'+t!"#

2# T$e c!+%t* *$&'' 'e6*e 0-e )%e.e%e"ce t! e'ect!" !..e"*e* !-e% &'' !t$e% c&*e*, e;ce)t )ett!"* .!% 6%t !. $&e&* c!%)+*# T$e% t%&' *$&'' 'e6*e e c!//e"ce( 6t$!+t (e'&,&"( *$&'' e c!"(+cte( c!"t"+!+*' +"t' te%/"&te(, &"( t$e c&*e *$&'' e (ec(e( 6t$"?= (&* .%!/ t* *+/**!" .!% (ec*!"# Sect!" 2<9, B&t&* P&/&"*& B'0# 881

>>1=29CASES:

MAJALINTAL VS# COMELECG#R# NO# 1H7=1?, UL 1=, 2==?

Sect!" H( !. Re)+'c Act N!# 9189 T$e O-e%*e&* A*e"tee V!t"0 Act !. 2==?&''!6* t$e %e0*t%&t!" !. -!te%* 6$! &%e //0%&"t* !% )e%/&"e"t %e*(e"t* " !t$e% c!+"t%e*

t$e% /e%e &ct !. e;ec+t"0 &" &..(&-t e;)%e**"0 t$e% "te"t!" t! %et+%" t! t$e P$'))"e*D!e* t$* -!'&te t$e *;3/!"t$!"e3e&% %e*(e"c %e+%e/e"t " Sect!" 1, A%tc'e V !. t$eC!"*tt+t!"4

RULING: N!# T$e "te%)%et&t!" $e%e !. %e*(e"ce * *"!"/!+* 6t$ (!/c'e# U"(e% !+%

e'ect!" '&6* &"( t$e c!+"t'e** )%!"!+"ce/e"t* !. t$e C!+%t )e%t&""0 t! e'ect!"*, &"&*e"tee %e/&"* &tt&c$e( t! $* %e*(e"ce " t$e P$'))"e* &* %e*(e"ce * c!"*(e%e(*"!"/!+* 6t$ (!/c'e# D!/c'e /e&"* &" "(-(+&'* )e%/&"e"t $!/e !% & )'&ce t!6$c$, 6$e"e-e% &*e"t .!% +*"e** !% .!% )'e&*+%e, !"e "te"(* t! %et+%", &"( (e)e"(* !" .&ct*&"( c%c+/*t&"ce* " t$e *e"*e t$&t t$e (*c'!*e "te"t#

Sect!" 2, A%tc'e V !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ *t&te* t$e C!"0%e** *$&'' )%!-(e & **te/.!%### &*e"tee -!t"0 +&'.e( F')"!* &%!&( 6&* &((e( t! &-!( &" )%!'e/* t$&t c!+'(

/)e(e t$e /)'e/e"t&t!" !. t* !@ect-e t! e".%&"c$*e t$e '&%0e*t "+/e% !. +&'.e(F')"!* 6$! &%e "!t " t$e P$'))"e*# T$e %e&*!" Sect!" 2, A%tc'e V 6&* )'&ce(//e(&te' &.te% t$e *;3/!"t$!"e3e&% %e*(e"c %e+%e/e"t * t! (e/!"*t%&te +"/*t&&'t$&t Sect!" 2 6$c$ &+t$!%e* &*e"tee -!t"0 * &" e;ce)t!" t! t$e *;3/!"t$!"e3e&%%e*(e"c %e+%e/e"t#

LEGARDA VS# DE CASTROP#E#T# CASE NO# ==?, MARC5 ?1, 2==H

P%e*(e"c A%tc'e VII, Sect!" T$e c!"*tt+t!"&' .+"ct!" &* 6e'' &* t$e )!6e% &"(

t$e (+t t! e t$e *!'e @+(0e !. &'' c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t! t$e e'ect!", %et+%"* &"( +&'.c&t!" !.t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t * e;)%e**' -e*te( " t$e P%e*(e"t&' E'ect!%&' T%+"&'PET, " Sect!" , A%tc'e VII !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

FACTS:T$e P%e*(e"t&' E'ect!%&' T%+"&' PET " t* Re*!'+t!" (&te( &"+&% 18, 2==H

c!".%/e( t$e @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e )%!te*t !. L!%e" B# Le0&%(& &"( (e"e( t$e /!t!" !. )%!te*tee N!' L# (e C&*t%! .!% t* !+t%0$t (*/**&'# T$e T%+"&' .+%t$e% !%(e%e( t! +"(e%t&e

??7



/e&*+%e* .!% t$e )%!tect!" &"( )%e*e%-&t!" !. t$e &''!t !;e* &"( e'ect!" (!c+/e"t* *+@ect!. t$e )%!te*t#>>1=?=

O" Fe%+&% , 2==H, )%!te*tee .'e( & /!t!" .!% %ec!"*(e%&t!" &**&'"0 t$e *&(%e*!'+t!"# P%!te*tee c!"te"(* t$e%e" t$&t:

1# T$e PET c&""!t c!%%ect t$e /&".e*t e%%!%* !" t$e *t&te/e"t* !. -!te* SOV &"( ce%t.c&te*

!. c&"-&** COC ec&+*e2# T$e PET e%%e( " %+'"0 t$&t t$e )ett!" .'e( Le0&%(& * *+..ce"t " .!%/ &"( "

*+*t&"ce#

ISSUE: W$et$e% !% "!t +e*t!"* !" t$e -&'(t, &+t$e"tct &"( c!%%ect"e** !. t$e SOV* &"(COC* &%e !+t*(e !. t$e PET* @+%*(ct!"4 C!%!''&%', * t 6t$" t$e 0%&"t !. &+t$!%t !.t$e t%+"&' t! %e3c&"-&** t$e &''!t* " c&*e* !. )%!te*t*4 I* t$e )ett!" .'e( *+..ce"t ".!%/ &"( *+*t&"ce4

5ELD:T$e C!+%t $e'( t$&t t$e t%+"&' $&* t$e &+t$!%t t! c!%%ect /&".e*t e%%!%* !" t$e

*t&te/e"t* !. -!te* SOV &"( ce%t.c&te* !. c&"-&** COC# T$e c!"*tt+t!"&' .+"ct!" &*6e'' &* t$e )!6e% &"( t$e (+t t! e t$e *!'e @+(0e !. &'' c!"te*t* %e'&t"0 t! t$e e'ect!", %et+%"*&"( +&'.c&t!" !. t$e P%e*(e"t &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t * e;)%e**' -e*te( " t$e PET, " Sect!", A%tc'e VII !. t$e# C!"*tt+t!"# I"c'+(e( t$e%e" * t$e (+t t! c!%%ect /&".e*t e%%!%* " t$eSOV* &"( COC*#

A* $e'( " Pe"& -*# 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* E'ect!%&' T%+"&', t$e %e+*te .!% t$e*+..ce"c !. e'ect!" )%!te*t * t! *)ec. t$e %e*+'t* " t$e c!"te*te( )%ec"ct*# I" t$e "*t&"t

)%!te*t, )%!te*t&"t e"+/e%&te( &'' t$e )%!-"ce*, /+"c)&'te* &"( cte* 6$e%e *$e +e*t!"*

&'' t$e %e*+'t* " &'' t$e )%ec"ct* t$e%e"# T$e )%!te*t $e%e * *+..ce"t " .!%/ &"(*+*t&"t-e', *e%!+* e"!+0$ !" t* .&ce t! )!*e & c$&''e"0e t! )%!te*tee* tt'e t! $* !..ce#A't$!+0$ t$e C!+%t ."( t$&t t$e )%!te*t * *+..ce"t " .!%/ &"( *+*t&"ce, t .+%t$e% *t%e**e(t$&t "!t$"0 &* et $&* ee" )%!-e( &* t! t$e -e%&ct !. t$e &''e0&t!"*# T$e )%!te*t * !"'*+..ce"t .!% t$e T%+"&' t! )%!cee( &"( 0-e t$e )%!te*t&"t t$e !))!%t+"t t! )%!-e $e% c&*e

)+%*+&"t t! R+'e <1 !. t$e PET R+'e*# A't$!+0$ *&( %+'e !"' )e%t&"* t! %e-*!" !. &''!t*,"!t$"0 $e%e" )%e-e"t* t$e T%+"&' .%!/ &''!6"0 !% "c'+("0 t$e c!%%ect!" !. /&".e*te%%!%*, )+%*+&"t t! t$e T%+"&'* %+'e3/&"0 )!6e% +"(e% Sect!" , A%tc'e VII !. t$eC!"*tt+t!"#

>>1=?1ALAN PETER CAETANO VS# COMMISSION

ON ELECTIONS, ET AL#G#R# NOS# 1<<?88 &"( 1<<<H2, ANUAR 2?, 2==<

Re0&%("0 )ett!"e%* &''e0&t!"* t$&t t$e /&tte%* e"0 %&*e( 3 T$e &''e0e( "c!/)'etec&"-&** !. )'e*cte -!te* (+%"0 t$e %e-*!" )%!cee("0 &"( %%e0+'&%te*, .%&+(* &"(&"!/&'e* )+%)!%te(' c!//tte(#

??8



C&" t$e*e +e*t!"* e %&*e( " & *)ec&' c-' &ct!" .!% ce%t!%&% +"(e% R+'e <H, &"( (!t$e .&'' +"(e% t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t* )!6e% !. %e-e64

RULING:1# T$e &%e .&ct+&' " "&t+%e# T$e "-!'-e &" e;&/"&t!" !. t$e &(/**'t &"( *+..ce"c

!. t$e e-(e"ce )%e*e"te( (+%"0 t$e %e-*!" )%!cee("0* e.!%e t$e C!/e'ec#2# T$e .&ct+&' ."("0* !. t$e C!/e'ec *+))!%te( e-(e"ce, &%e &cc!%(e( "!t !"' %e*)ect +t

."&'t# T$* * *! ec&+*e t$e c!"(+ct !. )'e*cte &"( (ete%/"&t!" !. t* %e*+'t $&-e&'6&* ee" t$e +*"e** !. t$e C!/e'ec &"( "!t t$e %e0+'&% c!+%t*# A* &" "(e)e"(e"tc!"*tt+t!"&' !( e;c'+*-e' c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e )!6e% !. e".!%ce/e"t &"( &(/"*t%&t!"!. &'' '&6* &"( %e0+'&t!"* %e'&t-e t! t$e c!"(+ct !. &" e'ect!", )'e*cte, "t&t-e,%e.e%e"(+/, &"( %ec&'', t$e C!/e'ec $&* t$e "(*)+t&'e e;)e%t*e " t$e .e'( !. e'ect!"&"( %e'&te( '&6*# It* &ct* t$e%e.!%e, e"@! t$e )%e*+/)t!" !. %e0+'&%t " t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !.!..c&' (+te*#

PARTIDO NG MANGGAGAWA, ET AL# VS# COMELEC

G#R# NO# 1<712, MARC5 12, 2==<T$e .!+% "-!'&'e )&%&/ete%* !. t$e )&%t3'*t **te/ +"(e% t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"(

R#A# N!# 791:

1# T$e 2= ALLOCATION 3 T$e c!/"e( "+/e% !. &'' )&%t3'*t C!"0%e**/e" *$&'' "!te;cee( 2= !. t$e t!t&' /e/e%*$) !. t$e 5!+*e !. Re)%e*e"t&t-e* "c'+("0 t$!*e e'ecte(+"(e% t$e )&%t3'*t#

2# T$e 2 T5RES5OLD 3 O"' t$!*e )&%te* 0&%"e%"0 & /&;/+/ !. 2 !. t$e t!t&' -&'(-!te* c&*t .!% t$e )&%t3'*t **te/ &%e +&'.e( t! $&-e & *e&t " t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e*#

?# T$e T$%ee3*e&t L/t 3 E&c$ +&'.e( )&%t %e0&%('e** !. t$e "+/e% !. -!te* t &ct+&''!t&"e( * e"tt'e( t! & /&;/+/ !. t$%ee *e&t*, t$&t * !"e +&'."0 &"( t6!3&((t!"&'*e&t*#

# P%!)!%t!"&' Re)%e*e"t&t!" 3 T$e &((t!"&' *e&t* 6$c$ & +&'.e( )&%t * e"tt'e( t! *$&'' e c!/)+te( " )%!)!%t!" t! t$e% "+/e% !. -!te*#

T$e .!%/+'& .!% c!/)+t"0 t$e &((t!"&' *e&t* " t$e )&%t '*t **te/ +"(e% t$eC!"*tt+t!" &"( R#A# N!# 791:>>1=?2

F%*t *te)& I* t! %&" &'' )&%tc)&t"0 )&%te*, !%0&"&t!"* &"( c!&'t!"* .%!/ t$e $0$e*t t! t$e '!6e*t

&*e( !" t$e "+/e% !. -!te* t$e e&c$ %ece-e(# T$e" t$e %&t! .!% e&c$ )&%t * c!/)+te( (-("0 t* -!te* t$e t!t&' -!te* c&*t .!% &''

t$e )&%te* )&%tc)&t"0 " t$e **te/#c A'' )&%te* 6t$ &t 'e&*t 2 !. t$e t!t&' -!te* &%e 0+&%&"tee( !"e *e&t e&c$# O"' t$e*e )&%te*

*$&'' e c!"*(e%e( " t$e c!/)+t&t!" !. &((t!"&' *e&t*#

??9



( T$e )&%t %ece-"0 t$e $0$e*t "+/e% !. -!te* *$&'' $e"ce.!%t$ e %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e .%*t )&%t#

Sec!"( *te) 3 * t! (ete%/"e t$e "+/e% !. *e&t* t$e .%*t )&%t * e"tt'e( t!, " !%(e% t! e &'et! c!/)+te t$&t .!% t$e !t$e% )&%te*# S"ce t$e (*t%+t!" * &*e( !" )%!)!%t!"&'%e)%e*e"t&t!", t$e "+/e% !. *e&t* t! e &''!tte( t! !t$e% )&%te* c&""!t )!**' e;cee( t$&tt! 6$c$ t$e .%*t )&%t * e"tt'e( -%t+e !. t* !t&""0 t$e "+/e% !. -!te*#

+&'.c&t!":1# I. t$e )%!)!%t!" !. -!te* %ece-e( t$e .%*t )&%t 6t$!+t %!+"("0 t !.. * e+&' t! &t 'e&*t

*; )e%ce"t !. t$e t!t&' -&'( -!te* c&*t .!% &'' t$e )&%t '*t 0%!+)*, t$e" t$e .%*t )&%t *$!+'( e e"tt'e( t! t6! 2 &((t!"&' *e&t* !% & t!t&' !. t$%ee ? *e&t* !-e%&''#

2# I. t$e )%!)!%t!" * 'e** t$&" , t$e" t$e .%*t )&%t *$&'' "!t e e"tt'e( t! &" &((t!"&'*e&t#

T$%( *te) 3 * t! *!'-e .!% t$e "+/e% !. &((t!"&' *e&t* t$&t t$e !t$e% +&'.e( )&%te* &%e

e"tt'e( t!, &*e( !" )%!)!%t!"&' %e)%e*e"t&t!"# T$e .!%/+'& " */)'.e( .!%/ * 6%tte" &*.!''!6*:

A((t!"&' Se&t* .!% C!"ce%"e( P&%t N!# !. -!te* !. c!"ce%"e( )&%t N!# !. -!te* !.F%*t )&%t N!# !. -!te* !. &''!c&te( t! t$e .%*t P&%t

ANTONIO F# TRILLANES IV VS# 5ON# OSCAR PIMENTEL, SR#, IN 5IS CAPACIT ASPRESIDING UDGE, REGIONAL TRIAL COURT3BRANC5 18, MAJATI CIT, ET AL#

G#R# NO# 179817, UNE 27, 2==8Le0*'&t-e (!ct%"e !. c!"(!"&t!" t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. 'e0t/&te &"( e-e" e**e"t&'

(+te* )+'c !..ce%* $&* "e-e% ee" &" e;c+*e t! .%ee & )e%*!" -&'(' " )%*!"# C!"0%e**c!"t"+e* t! .+"ct!" 6e'' " t$e )$*c&' &*e"ce !. !"e !% & .e6 !. t* /e/e%*# Ne-e% $&* t$ec&'' !. & )&%tc+'&% (+t '.te( & )%*!"e% "t! & (..e%e"t c'&**.c&t!" .%!/ t$!*e !t$e%* 6$! &%e-&'(' %e*t%&"e( '&6#>>1=??FACTS:

I" t$e &.te%/&t$ !. t$e O&6!!( I"c(e"t, )ett!"e% A"t!"! F# T%''&"e* IV 6&*c$&%0e(, &'!"0 6t$ $* c!/%&(e*, 6t$ c!+) (et&t (e."e( +"(e% A%tc'e 1?3A !. t$e Re-*e(Pe"&' C!(e e.!%e t$e Re0!"&' T%&' C!+%t RTC !. M&&t# Pett!"e%, 6$! $&* %e/&"e( "

(ete"t!", 6!" & *e&t " t$e Se"&te 6t$ & *;3e&% te%/ c!//e"c"0 &t "!!" !" +"e ?=, 2==7#Be.!%e t$e c!//e"ce/e"t !. $* te%/, t$e )ett!"e% .'e( &" O/"+* M!t!" .!%

Le&-e !. C!+%t t! e &''!6e( t! Atte"( Se"&te Se**!"* &"( Re'&te( Re+e*t*# T$e t%&' c!+%t(e"e( &'' t$e %e+e*t* " t$e O/"+* M!t!"# 5e"ce, t$* )%e*e"t )ett!"

ISSUE:1# I* t$e (!ct%"e !. c!"(!"&t!" &-&'&'e " c%/"&' c&*e*4

?=



2# I* t$e (e"&' !. t$e O/"+* M!t!" t&"t&/!+"t t! %e/!-"0 t$e %e*)!"(e"t .%!/ $* !..ce&"( (e)%-"0 t$e )e!)'e !. )%!)e% %e)%e*e"t&t!"4 C!%!''&%, * t t&"t&/!+"t t!(*e".%&"c$*"0 t$e e'ect!%&te4

5ELD:1# ON W5ET5ER T5E DOCTRINE OF CONDONATION APPLIES IN CRIMINAL CASES

3 Pett!"e%* c!"te"t!" $"0e* !" t$e (!ct%"e " &(/"*t%&t-e '&6 t$&t & )+'c !..c&'

c&" "!t e %e/!-e( .!% &(/"*t%&t-e /*c!"(+ct c!//tte( (+%"0 & )%!% te%/, *"ce $*%e3e'ect!" t! !..ce !)e%&te* &* & c!"(!"&t!" !. t$e !..ce%* )%e-!+* /*c!"(+ct t! t$ee;te"t !. c+tt"0 !.. t$e %0$t t! %e/!-e $/ t$e%e.!%#

T$e &**e%t!" * +"&-&'"0# T$e c&*e &0&"*t )ett!"e% * "!t &(/"*t%&t-e " "&t+%e#A"( t$e%e * "! )%!% te%/ t! *)e& !.# T$e C!+%t c&te0!%c&'' $e'( t$&t t$e (!ct%"e !.c!"(!"&t!" (!e* "!t &))' t! c%/"&' c&*e*# E'ect!", !% /!%e )%ec*e', %e3e'ect!" t! !..ce,(!e* "!t !'te%&te & c%/"&' c$&%0e# Pett!"e%* e'ect!%&' -ct!% !"' *0".e* )e%t"e"t' t$&t6$e" t$e -!te%* e'ecte( $/ t! t$e Se"&te, t$e (( *! 6t$ .+'' &6&%e"e** !. t$e '/t&t!"* !"$* .%ee(!/ !. &ct!" &"( ; ; ; 6t$ t$e "!6'e(0e t$&t $e c!+'( &c$e-e !"' *+c$ 'e0*'&t-e

%e*+'t* 6$c$ $e c!+'( &cc!/)'*$ 6t$" t$e c!"."e* !. )%*!"#

2# ON T5E DISENFRANC5ISEMENT ARGUMENT 3 I" (e+""0 t$e (*e".%&"c$*e/e"t&%0+/e"t, t * !))!%t+"e t! 6)e !+t t$e '"0e%"0 /*/)%e**!" t$&t t$e c&'' !. (+tc!".e%%e( t$e -!ce !. t$e )e!)'e * '!+(e% t$&" t$e 't&" !. '&6.+' %e*t%&"t* &%tc+'&te(" t$e C!"*tt+t!" &"( ec$!e( @+%*)%+(e"ce# T$e &))&%e"t (*c!%( /& e $&%/!"e(

t$e !-e%&%c$"0 te"et t$&t t$e /&"(&te !. t$e )e!)'e e'(* t! t$e C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ t$e )e!)'e t$e/*e'-e* !%(&"e( t! 0!-e%" &'' +"(e% t$e %+'e !. '&6#

>>1=?T$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. 'e0t/&te &"( e-e" e**e"t&' (+te* )+'c !..ce%* $&* "e-e% ee"

&" e;c+*e t! .%ee & )e%*!" -&'(' " )%*!"# T$e (+te* /)!*e( t$e /&"(&te !. t$e )e!)'e&%e /+'t.&%!+*# T$e &cc+*e(3&))e''&"t &**e%t* t$&t t$e (+t t! 'e0*'&te %&"* $0$e*t " t$e$e%&%c$ !. 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e &cc+*e(3&))e''&"t * !"' !"e !. 2H= /e/e%* !. t$e 5!+*e !.Re)%e*e"t&t-e*, "!t t! /e"t!" t$e 2 /e/e%* !. t$e Se"&te, c$&%0e( 6t$ t$e (+te* !.'e0*'&t!"# C!"0%e** c!"t"+e* t! .+"ct!" 6e'' " t$e )$*c&' &*e"ce !. !"e !% & .e6 !. t*/e/e%*# Ne-e% $&* t$e c&'' !. & )&%tc+'&% (+t '.te( & )%*!"e% "t! & (..e%e"t c'&**.c&t!".%!/ t$!*e !t$e%* 6$! &%e -&'(' %e*t%&"e( '&6# U"(e%*c!%"0 *+))'e(

; ; ; A''!6"0 &cc+*e(3&))e''&"t t! &tte"( c!"0%e**!"&' *e**!"* &"( c!//ttee/eet"0* .!% .-e H (&* !% /!%e " & 6ee 6'' -%t+&'' /&e $/ & .%ee /&" 6t$ &'' t$e

)%-'e0e* &))+%te"&"t t! $* )!*t!"# S+c$ &" &e%%&"t *t+&t!" "!t !"' e'e-&te* &cc+*e(3&))e''&"t* *t&t+* t! t$&t !. & *)ec&' c'&**, t &'*! 6!+'( e & /!ce% !. t$e )+%)!*e* !. t$ec!%%ect!" **te/#

LAMBINO VS# COMMISSION ON ELECTIONSG#R# NO# 171H<?, OCTOBER 2H, 2==<

3 C&" t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* e %e-*e( t$%!+0$ Pe!)'e*I"t&t-e4

?1



A 3 N!# REASONS:1# T$e )%!)!*e( c$&"0e* !. t$e )ett!"e% 6'' !-e%$&+' t6! 2 &%tc'e*, t$+*: & A%tc'e VI !"

t$e Le0*'&t+%e A%tc'e VII !" t$e E;ec+t-e#2# T$e )%!)!*e( c$&"0e* &'te% *+*t&"t&'' t$e &*c )'&" !. 0!-e%"/e"t .%!/ )%e*(e"t&' t!

)&%'&/e"t&%, &"( .%!/ & c&/e%&' t! +"c&/e%&' 'e0*'&t+%e#?# Sect!" 2, A%tc'e XVII !. t$e C!"*tt+t!" (!e* "!t &''!6 %e-*!" t$%!+0$ "t&t-e

Pe!)'e* "t&t-e t! c$&"0e t$e C!"*tt+t!" &))'e* !"' t! &" &/e"(/e"t !. t$eC!"*tt+t!", "!t t! t* %e-*!"#

>>1=?HPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR SIMPLIFICATION, T5E SUBECTS COVERED

ARE DIVIDED INTO T5REE:I# MAIN TOPICS:II# ATA GLANCE: TERMSP5RASESMAXIMSPRINCIPLESDOCTRINES IN PUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL LAWIII# OT5ER RELEVANT INFORMATION

I# MAIN TOPICS:1# PIL 3 PIL 3 D*t"ct!", P%-&te I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 &"( P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&62# PIL 3 ML 3 D*t"ct!", P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 &"( M+"c)&' L&6?# Rec!0"t!" 3 Rec!0"t!" !. St&te*# J"(* !. %ec!0"t!"# DE3DE 3 De F&ct! &"( De +%e G!-e%"/e"tH# SS 3 SG 3 S+cce**!" !. St&te*, S+cce**!" !. G!-e%"/e"t<# SO 3 S+@ect* &"( !@ect* !. P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&67# VC 3 5S 3 V&tc&" Ct &"( t$e 5!' See8# DSC 3 D!ct%"e !. St&te C!"t"+t

9# ASD 3 Act !. St&te D!ct%"e1=# BIC 3 Be''0e%e"t &"( "*+%0e"t c!//+"te*11# UN 3 U"te( N&t!"*, )%"c)'e* !. UN, !%0&"* !. UN

12# RS 3 R0$t* !. St&te* C!(e: ESEP 3 LEGE3;*te"ceS3!-e%e0"tE3+&'tP3%!)e%t &"( @+%*(ct!"

LEG3&t!"

1?# 3 +%*(ct!" !. St&te* B&** * te%%t!%&' )%"c)'e, N&t!"&'t )%"c)'e, P%!tect-e )%"c)'e, U"-e%*&'t )%"c)'e, P&**-e Pe%*!"&'t )%"c)'e

1 E 3 E;e/)t!"* .%!/ @+%*(ct!" D!ct%"e !. S!-e%e0" I//+"t, Act !. St&te D!ct%"e,D)'!/&tc I//+"t

1H T%e&te* 3 P%"c)'e* c!"ce%""0 t%e&te*1<# W&% 3 L&6 !. W&%, %+'e* !. 6&%.&%e, *&"ct!"*, )%*!"e%* !. 6&%

?2



17# P 3 Pe&ce.+' &"( .!%c'e S&"ct!"*18# Be' 3 M'' 3 Be''0e%e"t !cc+)&t!", /'t&% !cc+)&t!"19# EFFECT 3 O. e''0e%e"t !cc+)&t!" !" t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e 'e0t/&te 0!-e%"/e"t2=# SP 3 R0$t* !. *t&te'e** )e%*!"*21# LOS 3 L&6 !. t$e Se&22# ASL 3 A% &"( S)&ce L&6>>1=?<

II# AT A GLANCETe%/*P$%&*e*M&;/*P%"c)'e*D!ct%"e* " P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&6I# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ t%e&te*1# P&ct& S+"t Se%-&"(&2# Re+* Sc St&"t+*?# Le; P!*te%!% (e%!0&t )%!%# P&ctH# C!"-e"t!"<# C!"c!%(&t*

7# Dec'&%&t!"8# +* C!0e"*9# M!*t F&-!%e( N&t!" C'&+*e1=# T%e&t &* (*t"0+*$e( .%!/ E;ec+t-e A0%ee/e"t11# Re-e%*&'e*12# Lett%e* %e-e%*&'*1?# A'te%"&te1# P'e" )!+-!% 1H# Re*e%-&t!"

II# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e %0$t !. )%!)e%t &"( @+%*(ct!"1# C!"t"e"t&' S$e'. 2# E&*e/e"t !. I""!ce"t P&**&0e?# Te%%t!%&' Se&# F%ee(!/ !. t$e Se&*H# F%ee(!/ !. N&-0&t!"<# C!"t0+!+* K!"e7# E;c'+*-e Ec!"!/c K!"e8# A%c$)e'&0! D!ct%"e

III# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e %0$t !. 'e0&t!" !% ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e1# R0$t !. Le0&t!"2# A/&**&(!%*?# M"*te%* P'e")!te"t&%# M"*te% Re*(e"tH# C$&%0e* ( &..&%e*<# D)'!/&tc C!%)*

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7# A0%e&t!"8# Let%e (e c%e&"ce9# D)'!/&tc )&**)!%t1=# D)'!/&tc /**!">>1=?7IV# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ ()'!/&tc //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e*1# A*'+/

2# Te%%t!%&' A*'+/?# E;te%%t!%&' A*'+/

V# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ c!"*+'&% !..c&'*1# C!"*+'2# C!"*+'e* M** c!"*+'* (e c&%%e%e?# C!"*+'e* e'ect# Let%e (e )%!-*!"H# E;e+&t!%

VI# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ e;e/)t!"* .%!/ @+%*(ct!"1# D!ct%"e !. *!-e%e0" //+"t2# Act& @+%e /)e%?# Act& @+%e 0e*t!"e*

VII# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ )&%tc)&"t* " t$e 6&% 1# N!"3)%-'e0e( c!/&t&"t*2# P%-'e0e( c!/&t&"t*

VIII# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ te%/"&t!" !. 6&% 1# St&t+* +! &"t -e''+/2# D!ct%"e !. )!*t'/"+/

IX# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ .!%((e" /et$!(* !. 6&%.&%e1# N! +&%te% /et$!(2# St&%-&t!" /et$!(?# Re)%*&'*# Pe%.( !% T%e&c$e%

X# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ )e&ce.+' &"( .!%c'e *&"ct!"*1# D)'!/&tc "e0!t&t!"*2# Te"(e% &"( e;e%c*e !. 0!!( !..ce*?# Me(&t!"# E"+% &"( c!"c'&t!"H# A%t%&t!"<# Re.e%e"ce t! t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' !. t$e UN

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7# Re.e%e"ce t! t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce>>1=?8XI# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ "te%"&t!"&' c+*t!/c+*t!/&% "te%"&t!"&' '&6#1# C&!t&0e2# A"0&%?# O)"! @+%*# E+t ".%& 'e0e/

H# E+t )%&ete% 'e0e/<# E+t c!"t%& 'e0e/

XII# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ /!(e* !. &c+%"0 te%%t!%e*1# D*c!-e%2# P%e*c%)t!"?# Ce**!"# C!"+e*tH# Acc%et!"

XIII# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ *+@ect* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&61# St&te2# C!'!"?# De)e"(e"ce*# Be''0e%e"tH# M&"(&te*<# T%+*t te%%t!%e*

XIV# Ot$e% te%/*)$%&*e*(!ct%"e*:

1# P&% " )&%e/ "!" $&et /)e%+/2# E; &e+! et !"!?# Re* "te% &'&* &ct&# Te%%& "+''+*H# D!ct%"e !. &+t! '/t&t!"<# D!ct%"e !. c!"t"0e"t *!-e%e0"t7# D%&0! D!ct%"e8# 5"te%'&"( D!ct%"e9# T$&'6e0 D!ct%"e

1=# E;t%&(t!"11# De)!%t&t!"12# D!+'e Vet!1?# Ge"!c(e1# T!%t+%e1H# S'&-e%1<# Re)%*&'17# E/&%0!

?H



18# B'!c&(e19# B!c!tt2=# A00%e**!"21# Pe%*!"& "!" 0%&t&22# A(e Me/!&%e>>1=?9

EXPLANATION OF T5E MAIN TOPICS

1#P%-&te I"te%"&t!"&' L&61# De&'* 6t$ )%-&te "(-(+&'*#2# It * %e&'' /+"c)&' !% "&t!"&' " c$&%&cte% ec&+*e e&c$ St&te $&* t* !6" c!".'ct %+'e*#?# Re'e. !% %e'e.* )%&e( .!% /& e !t&"e( .%!/ /+"c)&' t%+"&'*#

P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&61# It 0!-e%"* t$e %e'&t!" !. *!-e%e0" St&te* &"( !t$e% e"tte* 6t$ &" "te%"&t!"&' )e%*!"&'t#2# T$e &%e 0e"e%&'' &cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6, 0-"0 t! t$e *+@ect &"

"te%"&t!"&' "&t+%e#?# S&"ct!"* /& e " t$e .!%/ !. )e&ce.+' %e/e(e*# E;&/)'e: ()'!/&tc "e0!t&t!"

/e(&t!", c!"c'&t!", &%t%&t!", ()'!/&tc e..!%t*, *ett'e/e"t t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!+%t!. @+*tce#

I" e;t%e/e c&*e*, .!%c'e /e&*+%e* /& e e/)'!e( 'e 6&% &"( %e)%*&'#

BASIS OR FOUNDATION OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAWI" &ct+&' )%&ctce, c!//!" c!"*e"t &"( "&t+%&' /!%&' '&6 &%e (ete%/"&t-e .&ct!%* "

"te%*t&te %e'&t!"*$)# T$* * .!+"(e( !" t$e %e&*!" t$&t c!//!" c!"*e"t "ece**&%'

c!//&"(* t$e .&t$.+' c!/)'&"ce !. c!//t/e"t* /&(e, !% &%%-e( &t, " t$e c!+%*e !. &c!//!" &0%ee/e"t# T$e%e &%e t$%ee *c$!!'* !. t$!+0$t !" t$* /&tte%:

1 N&t+%&' L&6 Sc$!!' !. T$!+0$t 3 6$c$ c'&/* t$&t t$e &** * t$e "&t+%&' c!//!" '&6,6$c$, " t+%", * &*e( !" t$e %+'e !. $+/&" c!"(+ct /)'&"te( t$e C%e&t!% " t$e -e%"&t+%e !. /&" " $* c!"*ce"ce t! (! 6$&t * %0$t &"( t! &-!( 6$&t * e-'#

2 P!*t-*t Sc$!!' !. T$!+0$t 3 Acc!%("0 t! t$* *c$!!' !. t$!+0$t, t$e &** * t$e c!//!"c!"*e"t !. St&te*#

? Ec'ectc Sc$!!' !. T$!+0$t 3 T$* *c$!!' !. t$!+0$t $!'(* t$e -e6 t$&t P+'c I"te%"&t!"&'

L&6 * )%e/*e( !t$ !" t$e "&t+%&' /!%&' '&6 &"( !" c!//!" c!"*e"t#

3 W$ * )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 !*e%-e(4A 3 St&te* !*e%-e )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 ec&+*e: & t$e e'e-e " t$e %e&*!"&'e"e** !. t$e

'&6 !. "&t!"* t$e .e&% %e)%*&' .%!/ t$e !t$e% St&te* &"( c t$e .e&% e"0+"c!"-e"t!"&'#

>>1== 3 W$ * )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 !*e%-e( )%-&te "(-(+&'*4

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A 3 P%-&te "(-(+&'* !*e%-e )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 ec&+*e &* %&t!"&' e"0*, t$e %e&'et$&t t$e '&6* !. "&t!"* &%e .!+"(e( !" "&t+%&' /!%&' '&6 &"( !" c!//!" c!"*e"t &"( t$&tt$e*e &%e .!% t$e% !6" 0!!(# I" .&ct, t 6'' e !*e%-e( t$&t t$e%e * &" "c%e&*"0 ()'!/&tc&"( ec!"!/c "te%c!+%*e &/!"0 "&t!"* %e)%e*e"te( t$e% %e*)ect-e $e&(* !. *t&te* &"(&/&**&(!%*, A* t$e *&"0 0!e*, N! /&" * &" *'&"( &"( e&c$ c!+"t% "ee(* t$e !t$e%"!t !"' " te%/* !. 0!!(*, )%!(+ct* &"( c!//!(te* !. &'' "(* t$&t /& e "ee(e( " t$e

)+%*+t !. t$e% %e*)ect-e +*"e** !% t%&(e +t &'*! " te%/* !. tec$"!'!0 &"( .+"("0#

3 W$&t * t$e %e'&t!" et6ee" )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( /+"c)&' '&6 " 0e"e%&'4A 3 A't$!+0$ "te%"&t!"&' " c$&%&cte%, )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 c!+'( e c!"*(e%e( )&%t !. t$e

/+"c)&' '&6 !. & St&te ec&+*e !. t$e (!ct%"e !. "c!%)!%&t!" " )!'tc&' '&6# U"(e% t$*(!ct%"e, & St&te *, %e&*!" !. t* /e/e%*$) " t$e .&/' !. "&t!"*, !+"( t$e0e"e%&'' &cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6, t$e *&/e e"0 c!"*(e%e( &* )&%t !. t*!6" '&6*# I" c!"*!"&"ce 6t$ t$* (!ct%"e, t$e P$'))"e* * !+"( &" %e*!'+t!"6$c$ * (+' &))%!-e( t$e U"te( N&t!"* Ge"e%&' A**e/', !% &" t%e&t,c!//t/e"t, !% &0%ee/e"t, %e&c$e( " &" "te%"&t!"&' c!"-e"t!", e*)ec&'' 6$e" t$e

P$'))"e* * & )&%t !% & *0"&t!% t! t$e *&( &0%ee/e"t !% t%e&t# B+t e-e" . t * "!t &*0"&t!%, t$e P$'))"e* * !+"( t$e 5&0+e C!"-e"t!" ec&+*e t e/!(e( t$e0e"e%&'' &cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 "("0 +)!" &'' St&te*#

2#P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&61# It * /!%e (..c+'t t! e".!%ce ec&+*e t * e".!%ce( t$e c!''ect-e 6''* !. e+&'*

*!-e%e0" *t&te*#2# T$e )%"c)&' *&"ct!"* &%e %e)%*&'* &"( 6&%#?# T$e "te%"&t!"&' !%(e% * %e'&t-e' (ece"t%&'e(#

# C!''ect-e %e*)!"*'t * t$e %+'e .!% .&'+%e* !% !/**!"*#

M+"c)&' L&61# Oe(e"ce t! /+"c)&' '&6 * e&*e% t! e".!%ce ec&+*e t$e cte"* %ec!0"e t$e *+)e%!%t

!. t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t &"( t* (+' c!"*tt+te( &+t$!%te*#2# L&6 * e".!%ce( t$%!+0$ c%/"&' )+"*$/e"t !% e;ec+t!" !. @+(0/e"t#?# It * %e'&t-e' & ce"t%&'e( c!e%c-e !%(e% ec&+*e t$e%e * !"e ce"t%&' &+t$!%t t$e

/+"c)&' 0!-e%"/e"t 0e"e%&'' 'e0*'&te* .!% e-e%!( 6t$" t$e St&te## I"(-(+&' %e*)!"*'t 0e"e%&'' )%e-&'*#

>>1=1RELATIONS5IP BETWEEN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW

A't$!+0$ "te%"&t!"&' " c$&%&cte%, )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 c!+'( e c!"*(e%e( )&%t !.t$e /+"c)&' '&6 !. & St&te ec&+*e !. t$e (!ct%"e !. "c!%)!%&t!" " )!'tc&' '&6#

3 I* )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 "(e)e"(e"t .%!/ /+"c)&' '&64

?7



A 3 Acc!%("0 t! t$e M!"*tc Ve6: B!t$ '&6 (e)e"( !" e&c$ !t$e% &"( !t$ &%e +'t/&te'(%ecte( t! t$e *&/e "(-(+&' ec&+*e & St&te * c!/)!*e( !. "(-(+&'*# W$'e !*te"*'

)+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 (e&'* 6t$ .!%e0" &..&%* &"( "&t!"&' '&6 c!"ce%"* t*e'. 6t$(!/e*tc &..&%*, e-e% *!3c&''e( (!/e*tc &..&% !. & St&te c&" e /&(e t$e *+@ect /&tte% !.&" "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t# 5e"ce, t * t%&"*.!%/e( "t! & .!%e0" &..&%#

Acc!%("0 t! t$e D+&'*tc !% P'+%&'*tc Ve6: P+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 * c!/)'ete'(*t"ct .%!/ /+"c)&' '&6 &"( "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( "&t!"&' '&6 &%e /+t+&'' "(e)e"(e"t !.

e&c$ !t$e% &"( ec&+*e t$e *+@ect /&tte% !. )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 * .!%e0" &..&%* &"( t$e*+@ect /&tte% !. /+"c)&' '&6 * (!/e*tc &..&%*# Be*(e*, )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 * c%e&te(

t$e c!!)e%&t!" !. t6! !% /!%e St&te* 6$'e "&t!"&' '&6 * c%e&te( &ct* !. !"e St&te, &"(e-e" &ct+&t!"* 6$c$ &%e "!t !..c&'' &ct* !. St&te#

W$&t * t$e c!".'ct et6ee" )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( /+"c)&' '&64It (e)e"(*#I. t$e c!".'ct * t! e (ec(e( & '!c&' c!+%t &"( t$e c&*e * 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e c!".'ct

!. )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( !+% C!"*tt+t!", t$e" !+% C!"*tt+t!" *$!+'( e +)$e'( e"0

t$e $0$e*t '&6 !. t$e '&"(# REASON: Sect!" H2&, A%tc'e VIII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"6$c$ )%!-(e* t$&t t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *$&'' $&-e t$e )!6e% t! %e-e6, %e-*e, %e-e%*e, /!(.!% &..%/ !" &))e&' !% ce%t!%&%, &* t$e '&6 !% t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t /&, )%!-(e, ."&' @+(0/e"t*&"( !%(e%* !. '!6e% c!+%t* ": ; ; ; & A'' c&*e* " 6$c$ t$e c!"*tt+t!"&'t !% -&'(t !. &"t%e&t, "te%"&t!"&' !% e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t, '&6, )%e*(e"t&' (ec%ee, )%!c'&/&t!", !%(e%"*t%+ct!", !%("&"ce, !% %e0+'&t!" * " +e*t!"# ; ; ;

I. t$e c!".'ct * 6t$ %e*)ect t! "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( & *t&t+te, t$e %+'e* !. "te%"&t!"&''&6 &%e 0-e" e+&' *t&"("0 6t$, +t &%e "!t *+)e%!% t!, "&t!"&' 'e0*'&t-e e"&ct/e"t*# At%e&t /& %e)e&' & *t&t+te, &"( & *t&t+te /& %e)e&' & t%e&t t$+*, t$e )%"c)'e !. 'e; )!*te%!%(e%!0&t )%!%, t$&t 6$c$ c!/e* '&*t " t/e, 6'' +*+&'' e +)$e'( t$e /+"c)&' t%+"&'# I.

t$e c!".'ct * t! e (ec(e( &" "te%"&t!"&'' c%e&te( t%+"&', t$e %ec!0"e( )%"c)'e *t$&t "&t!"&' '&6* /+*t e'( t! t$e '&6* !. "&t!"*# REASON: I"te%"&t!"&' '&6 )%!-(e* t$e*t&"(&%(* 6$c$ 'e0&'t !. St&te* c!"(+ct * t! e (ete%/"e(#>>1=2 3 W$&t )%e-&'* " c&*e !. c!".'ct et6ee" & t%e&t &"( & /+"c)&' c!"*tt+t!"4A 3 F%!/ t$e )!"t !. -e6 !. t$e St&te t*e'., !+% C!"*tt+t!" )%!-(e* t$&t & t%e&t /& e

(ec'&%e( +"c!"*tt+t!"&' t$e c!+%t*# F%!/ t$* )!"t !. -e6, t$e /+"c)&' '&6 )%e-&'*#T$e e;&/)'e * t$e c&*e !. Ic$!"0 -*# 5e%"&"(e 6$e%e t 6&* t$e" $e'( t$&t t$e Ret&'T%&(e N&t!"&'&t!" L&6 )%e-&'* !-e% t$e T%e&t !. A/t 6t$ C$"&#

NOTE: T$e (ec*!" " Ic$!"0 -*# 5e%"&"(e "! '!"0e% $!'(* t%+e ec&+*e +"(e% t$e "e6 '&6,!t$e%6*e "!6" &* t$e Ret&' T%&(e Le%&'&t!" Act !. 2===, Re)+'c Act N!# 87<2.!%e0" "(-(+&'* !% c!%)!%&t!"* c&" "!6 e"0&0e " %et&' t%&(e *+@ect t! t$e c!"(t!"*&"( '/t&t!"* )%e*c%e( t$e *&( '&6#

BAR UESTION, 198=

?8



3 T$e 19<8 Ve""& C!"-e"t!" !" R!&( S0"* &"( S0"&', 6$c$ 6&* %&t.e( t$eP$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t +"(e% P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 2=7 %ec!//e"(e( t$e e"&ct/e"t !.t$e '!c&' 'e0*'&t!" !. t$e *&.et *0"* (e-ce*#

Act"0 !" t$&t %ec!//e"(&t!", Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" N!# 229 6&* **+e( %e+%"0 t$e )%!c+%e/e"t &'' /!t!% -e$c'e !6"e%* !. %e.'ect!%e( t%&"0+'&% e&%' 6&%""0 (e-ce* &* &/e&"* !. )%e-e"t"0 "0$tt/e -e$c+'&% &cc(e"t*#

D*c+** %e.' t$e -&'(t !% "-&'(t !. *&( LOI .%!/ t$e *t&"()!"t* !. 1

"te%"&t!"&' '&6 2 )!'ce )!6e% &"( ? (+e )%!ce**#

A 3 T$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* %&t.e( t$e 19<8 Ve""& C!"-e"t!" !"R!&( S0"* &"( S0"&'*, $e"ce t$e *&( LOI 6&* **+e( )%ec*e' t! e &'e t! .+'.'' t*!'0&t!" t! "*t&'' *&.et *0"* &"( (e-ce* &"( t! c&%% !+t t$e %ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e *&(c!"-e"t!"# T$e *&( LOI * t$e%e.!%e -&'(#

T$e *&( 'ette% !. "*t%+ct!" * & -&'( e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e%# It * & /e&*+%e (e*0"e(t! "*+%e t%&..c *&.et &"( t! &-!( t%&..c &cc(e"t#

T$e *&( LOI (( "!t -!'&te (+e )%!ce**# A* /e"t!"e(, t$e *&( LOI * & -&'( )!'ce

)!6e% /e&*+%e 6$c$ * )%ec*e' .!% t$e )%!tect!" !. /!t!%*t*# C!"@ect+%&' c'&/* !. )ett!"e% &* t! "+/e% !. "0$tt/e -e$c+'&% c!''*!"* c&""!t e & &** .!% *ett"0 &*(e &%e+%e/e"t !. '&6 t$&t 6&* )%!/+'0&te( &.te% & c&%e.+' *t+( t$e E;ec+t-e De)&%t/e"tT$e Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" * **+e( " t$e e;e%c*e !. )!'ce )!6e% .!% t%&..c *&.etF+%t$e%/!%e, t$e%e * "!t$"0 " Lette% !. I"*t%+ct!" N!# 229 6$c$ c!/)e'* c&% !6"e%* t!

)+%c$&*e t$e )%e*c%e( e&%' 6&%""0 (e-ce# Ve$c'e !6"e%* c&" )%!(+ce t$e (e-cet$e/*e'-e* 6t$ & 'tt'e "0e"+t# A0+*t" -*# E(+, SCRA 19H>>1=? 3 T$e De)&%t/e"t !. 5e&'t$ DO5 **+e( &" &(/"*t%&t-e !%(e% /)'e/e"t"0 & %e*!'+t!"

&(!)te( t$e W!%'( 5e&'t$ O%0&"&t!" W5O t! t$e e..ect t$&t )+'c !..ce%* &%e "!t

&''!6e( t! */!e "*(e t$e )%e/*e* !. 0!-e%"/e"t +'("0*# It * !" &cc!+"t !. t$*%e*!'+t!" t$&t t$e )ett!"e% &*e( t$&t P%e*(e"t N!"! A+"! e *&"ct!"e( .!% -!'&t"0t$e *&( !%(e% !. DO5# P%e*(e"t A+"! c'&/* t$&t t$e *&( !%(e% * "!t &))'c&'e ec&+*et$e%e * "! e"&'"0 '&6 *"ce t$e *&/e * "!t "c!%)!%&te( " t$e /+"c)&' '&6# W$c$c!"te"t!" * c!%%ect4

A 3 T$e *&( %e*!'+t!" !. W5O * "!t "("0 +"'e** &"( +"t' t ec!/e* & '&6 !% t *e*t&'*$e( &* & c+*t!/&% %+'e# I" !t$e%6!%(*, 'e0*'&t!" * "ece**&% t! t%&"*.!%/ t$e *&(%e*!'+t!" "t! & (!/e*tc '&6# P$&%/&ce+tc&' &"( 5e&'t$ C&%e A**!c&t!" !. t$eP$'))"e*, -*# D++e, G#R# N!# 17?=?, Oct!e% 9, 2==7

3 I" t$e /e&"t/e t$&t t$e *&( %e*!'+t!" * "!t et t%&"*.!%/e( "t! & (!/e*tc '&6, $!6*$&'' t e t%e&te(4

A 3 It !"' )&%t&e* !. t$e "&t+%e !. & *!.t '&6 &"( "!t & t%e&t, 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t * !"' &"e;)%e**!" !. "!"3"("0 "!%/*, )%"c)'e* &"( )%&ctce* t$&t /e%e' ".'+e"ce *t&te

e$&-!%# I(#

?9



3 I. t$e *&( %e*!'+t!" * e/!(e( " & t%e&t 6$c$ ec&/e t$e &** !. t$e !%(e% !. t$eDO5, &"( t * & t%e&t 6$e%e t$e P$'))"e* * & *0"&t!%, $!6 *$&'' t e t%e&te(4

A 3 T$e *&( !%(e%, 6$c$ * &*e( !" t$e %e*!'+t!" !. W5O, ec!/e* !'0&t!%, ec&+*e t$eP$'))"e* * & *0"&t!% t! t$e t%e&t, &"( t * !+"( t* c!//t/e"t t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e*&/e#

3 W$&t * & *!.t '&64

A 3 A* &!-e3/e"t!"e(, & *!.t '&6 * /e%e' &" e;)%e**!" !. "!"3"("0 "!%/*, )%"c)'e*&"( )%&ctce* t$&t /e%e' ".'+e"ce *t&te e$&-!%# 5e"ce, t * "!t "("0 ec&+*e t * "!tet t%&"*.!%/e( "t! & (!/e*tc '&6# F!% t t! e "("0, t$e *&/e /+*t e e*t&'*$e( &* &c+*t!/&% %+'e#

3 W$&t * t$e )+%)!*e !. "te%"&t!"&' '&64A 3 P+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6 *t%-e* t! %e0+'&te t$e &ct+&t!" !. St&te* "*!.&% &* t$e &..ect t$e

"te%"&t!"&' *ce"e &"( " *!/e "*t&"ce*, "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &''!6* & St&te t! 'e0&'' )e%.!%/&ct* 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% St&te#

>>1=?#

RECOGNITION OF STATESRec!0"t!" !. & St&te 3 Rec!0"t!" * t$e &ct !. &c"!6'e(0"0 t$e e;*te"ce !. & St&te, &

0!-e%"/e"t !% e''0e%e"c# It * & )!'tc&' &ct 6$c$ * e;e%c*e( t$e )!'tc&'(e)&%t/e"t !. t$e St&te# It * t$e%e.!%e (*c%et!"&% !" t$e )&%t !. & St&te 6$et$e% t (e*%e*t! %ec!0"e &"!t$e% St&te# T$e%e &%e t6! t$e!%e* !" %ec!0"t!": 1 t$e /&@!%t -e6, &'*!"!6" &* t$e (ec'&%&t-e -e6, 6$c$ $!'(* t$&t %ec!0"t!" /e%e' &..%/* &" e;*t"0 .&ct##e#, . & St&te )!**e**e* &'' t$e e**e"t&' e'e/e"t* t (e)e"(* !" t$e %ec!0""0 St&te . t6'' &..%/ !% "!t t$&t *+c$ St&te e"0 %ec!0"e( $&* "(ee( &'' t$e e**e"t&' e'e/e"t* !.

t$e St&te 2 t$e /"!%t -e6, &'*! "!6" &* t$e c!"*tt+t-e -e6, 6$c$ $!'(* t$&t%ec!0"t!" * c!/)+'*!% &"( 'e0&'# T$* /e&"* t$&t t$e %ec!0""0 St&te /& ec!/)e''e( t! e;te"( %ec!0"t!" . t$e e'e/e"t* !. & St&te &%e e*t&'*$e(#

W$&t * %e+%e( " !%(e% t$&t & 0!-e%"/e"t /& e %ec!0"e(4T$e 0!-e%"/e"t /+*t e"@! t$e *+))!%t &"( )!)+'&% c!"*e"t !% &))%!-&' !. t$e )e!)'e

&"( t /+*t *$!6 6''"0"e** &"( &'t t! (*c$&%0e t* "te%"&t!"&' !'0&t!"*#

D..e%e"t (!ct%"e* %e0&%("0 %ec!0"t!" !. &" 0!-e%"/e"t

1 U"(e% t$e St/*!" D!ct%"e, "! %ec!0"t!" *$&'' e e;te"(e( t! & 0!-e%"/e"t e*t&'*$e( &"( t$%!+0$ e;te%"&' &00%e**!"#

2 U"(e% t$e T!&%W'*!" D!ct%"e, %ec!0"t!" !. 0!-e%"/e"t 6$c$ * e*t&'*$e( %e-!'+t!"&% /e&"* *$&'' "!t e e;te"(e( +"t' t$e *&( 0!-e%"/e"t *$&'' $&-e e*t&'*$e( &c!"*tt+t!"&' %e!%0&"&t!" &"( *$&'' $&-e .%ee' e'ecte( t* %e)%e*e"t&t-e*#

? U"(e% t$e E*t%&(& D!ct%"e, & %ec!0""0 St&te 6'' "!t **+e & (ec'&%&t!" 0-"0%ec!0"t!" t! &"!t$e% 0!-e%"/e"t 6$c$ * e*t&'*$e( t$%!+0$ & )!'tc&' +)$e&-&'# I"*te&(

?H=



t 6'' /e%e' &cce)t 6$&te-e% 0!-e%"/e"t $&* e..ect-e c!"t%!' 6t$!+t /&"0 & @+(0/e"t!" 6$et$e% t$e 0!-e%"/e"t t$&t * %ec!0"e( * 'e0t/&te !% "!t#

W$e" 6'' %ec!0"t!" e &cc!%(e( t$e %ec!0""0 St&te4T$* * 6t$" t$e (*c%et!" !. t$e %ec!0""0 St&te# T$e +' !. t$e )%&ctce !. St&te*

)%!&' *+))!%t* t$e -e6 t$&t 0!-e%"/e"t* (! "!t (ee/ t$e/*e'-e* .%ee t! 0%&"t !% %e.+*e%ec!0"t!" t! & "e6 St&te " &" &%t%&% /&""e%, e;c'+*-e %e.e%e"ce t! t$e% !6" )!'tc&'

"te%e*t* &"( %e0&%('e** !. 'e0&' )%"c)'e*#

D..e%e"t "(* !. %ec!0"t!"1 E;)%e** %ec!0"t!"2 I/)'e( %ec!0"t!"? De F&ct! %ec!0"t!" &"( De +%e %ec!0"t!">>1=H

D*t"0+*$ (e.&ct! %ec!0"t!" .%!/ (e @+%e %ec!0"t!"

De F&ct!De .&ct! %ec!0"t!" (!e* "!t %"0 &!+t .+'' ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e# It * 0e"e%&''

)%!-*!"&' &"( t * e;te"(e( !" t$e e'e. !. t$e %ec!0""0 St&te t$&t *!/e !. t$e%e+%e/e"t* .!% %ec!0"t!" &%e &*e"t# It (!e* "!t 0-e tt'e t! &**et* !. t$e St&te $e'( !%*t+&te( &%!&(#

De +%eDe @+%e %ec!0"t!" %"0* &!+t .+'' ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e &"( !*e%-&"ce !. ()'!/&tc

//+"te* &"( c!".e%* tt'e t! &**et* &%!&(#

#DE FACTO AND DE URE GOVERNMENT

3 D*t"0+*$ (e@+%e 0!-e%"/e"t .%!/ (e.&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t#A 3 A (e@+%e 0!-e%"/e"t * &" !%0&"e( 0!-e%"/e"t !. & St&te 6$c$ $&* t$e 0e"e%&' *+))!%t

!. t* )e!)'e# A (e.&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t * c$&%&cte%e( t$e .&ct t$&t t * "!t .!+"(e( +)!"t$e e;*t"0 c!"*tt+t!"&' '&6 !. t$e St&te# 28 C## 7H

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t "(* !. (e.&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t4

A 3& T$&t 0!-e%"/e"t 6$c$ 0et* )!**e**!" &"( c!"t%!' !., !% +*+%)*, .!%ce !% t$e -!ce !.

t$e /&@!%t, t$e %0$t.+' 'e0&' 0!-e%"/e"t &"( /&"t&"* t*e'. &0&"*t t$e 6'' !. t$e '&tte%,*+c$ &* t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. E"0'&"( +"(e% t$e C!//!"6e&'t$, .%*t )&%'&/e"t &"( '&te%

C%!/6e'' &* )%!tect!%# T$&t 6$c$ * e*t&'*$e( &"( /&"t&"e( /'t&% .!%ce* 6$! "-&(e &"( !cc+) &

te%%t!% !. t$e e"e/ " t$e c!+%*e !. 6&%, &"( 6$c$ * (e"!/"&te( &* & 0!-e%"/e"t !. )&%&/!+"t .!%ce, &* " t$e c&*e* !. C&*t"e, " M&"e, 6$c$ 6&* %e(+ce( t! B%t*$

?H1



)!**e**!" " t$e W&% !. 1812, &"( !. T&/)c!, Me;c!, !cc+)e( (+%"0 t$e 6&% 6t$Me;c! t$e t%!!)* !. t$e U"te( St&te*#

c T$&t e*t&'*$e( &* &" "(e)e"(e"t 0!-e%"/e"t t$e "$&t&"t* !. & c!+"t% 6$! %*e ""*+%%ect!" &0&"*t t$e )&%e"t *t&te, *+c$ &* t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e S!+t$e%" C!".e(e%&c, "%e-!'t &0&"*t t$e U"!" (+%"0 t$e 6&% !. *ece**!"# C! J/ C$&/ &'&* C! C$&/ -*#D!" &"( T&" Je$, 7H P$'# 11?

>>1=<

3 W$&t &%e t$e c$&%&cte%*tc* !. (e .&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t !. )&%&/!+"t .!%ce4

A 3 It* (*t"0+*$"0 c$&%&cte%*tc* &%e:1# T$&t t* e;*te"ce * /&"t&"e( &ct-e /'t&% )!6e% 6t$" t$e te%%t!%e*, &"( &0&"*t

t$e %0$t.+' &+t$!%t !. &" e*t&'*$e( &"( '&6.+' 0!-e%"/e"t &"(2# T$&t 6$'e t e;*t* t /+*t "ece**&%' e !ee( " c-' /&tte%* )%-&te cte"* 6$!,

&ct* !. !e(e"ce %e"(e%e( " *+/**!" t! *+c$ .!%ce, (! "!t ec!/e %e*)!"*'e, &*6%!"0(!e%*, .!% t$!*e &ct*, t$!+0$ "!t 6&%%&"te( t$e '&6* !. t$e %0$t.+' 0!-e%"/e"tAct+&' 0!-e%"/e"t* !. t$* *!%t &%e e*t&'*$e( !-e% (*t%ct* (..e%"0 0%e&t' " e;te"t &"(

c!"(t!"*# T$e &%e +*+&'' &(/"*te%e( /'t&% &+t$!%t, +t t$e /& e&(/"*te%e( &'*! c-' &+t$!%t, *+))!%te( /!%e !% 'e** (%ect' /'t&% .!%ce# I(#

Re/e/e% / (*c+**!" t$%!+0$ +e*t!" &"( &"*6e% " t$e te;t!!, C!"*tt+t!"&' L&6V!'+/e 1

3 C!%&!" C# A+"! t!! $e% !&t$ !. !..ce !" Fe%+&% 2H, 198<, t$e '&*t (& !. & .!+%3(&)e!)'e )!6e% %e-!'t# T$* c+'/"&te( " t$e !+*te% !. P%e*(e"t Fe%("&"( E# M&%c!*#Be.!%e *$e t!! $e% !&t$ !. !..ce, *$e %e&( P%!c'&/&t!" N!# 1 6$e%e" *$e (ec'&%e( t$&t*$e &"( $e% Vce3P%e*(e"t 6e%e t&"0 )!6e% " t$e "&/e &"( t$e 6'' !. t$e F')"!

)e!)'e# W&* t$e 0!-e%"/e"t +"(e% C!%&!" C# A+"! & %e-!'+t!"&% 0!-e%"/e"t4

A 3 It * *+/tte( t$&t t$e )%!-*!"&' 0!-e%"/e"t t$&t 6&* e*t&'*$e( t$e%e+"(e% 6&*%e-!'+t!"&% " c$&%&cte% ec&+*e t 6&* "*t&''e( t$e (%ect &ct!" !. t$e )e!)'e !% )e!)'e )!6e%# 5e"ce, t (e%-e( t* e;*te"ce &"( &+t$!%t (%ect' .%!/ t$e )e!)'et$e/*e'-e*, "!t .%!/ t$e 197? C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ 6&* t$e" " e;*te"ce#

3 W&* t & (e@+%e 0!-e%"/e"t !% & (e.&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t4A 3 I"t&'', t$e 0!-e%"/e"t 6&* & (e .&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t ec&+*e t$e%e 6&* "! c!"*tt+t!"&'

&** !. t* c%e&t!", t$e *&/e "!t $&-"0 ee" *&"ct!"e( et$e% +"(e% t$e 19?H !% t$e 197?C!"*tt+t!"# 5!6e-e%, t$e (e .&ct! 0!-e%"/e"t &t t$e *t&%t &c+%e( & (e @+%e *t&t+* 6$e" t

!t&"e( t$e c!"t"+!+* )+'c &cce)t&"ce &"( *+))!%t !. t$e )e!)'e &"( t$e %ec!0"t!" !. )%&ctc&'' &'' .!%e0" 0!-e%"/e"t*#

3 I. t$e *&( 0!-e%"/e"t * & %e-!'+t!"&% 0!-e%"/e"t, 6$&t 6&* t* e..ect !" t$e B'' !.R0$t* +"(e% t$e 197? C!"*tt+t!"4

A 3 T$e B'' !. R0$t* +"(e% t$e 197? C!"*tt+t!" 6&* "!t !)e%&t-e (+%"0 t$e "te%-&' et6ee" Fe%+&% 28, 198< &"( M&%c$ 2, 198< 6$e" t$e F%ee(!/ C!"*tt+t!" t!! e..ect )%e*(e"t&' )%!c'&/&t!"#

?H2



3 5!6 &!+t t$e 0!-e%"/e"t +"(e% G'!%& M&c&)&0&'3A%%!! t$&t 6&* e*t&'*$e( &.te% t$e!+*te% !. P%e*(e"t !*e)$ E*t%&(&, * t (e @+%e !% (e.&ct!4

A 3 T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t c!"*(e%e( t & (e@+%e 0!-e%"/e"t ec&+*e P%e*(e"t !*e)$ E*t%&(&&'%e&( 0&-e +) t$e )%e*(e"c#

>>1=7T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t *&(: ;;; De*)te t$e '&)*e !. t/e &"( *t'' 6t$!+t &" .+"ct!""0

C&"et, 6t$!+t &" %ec!0"t!" .%!/ &" *ect!% !. 0!-e%"/e"t, &"( 6t$!+t &" *+))!%t .%!/t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$e P$'))"e N&t!"&' P!'ce, t$e )ett!"e% c!"t"+e*t! c'&/ t$&t $* "&'t t! 0!-e%" * !"' /!/e"t&%#

W$&t 'e&)* t! t$e ee .%!/ t$e*e %%e.+t&'e .&ct* * t$&t !t$ $!+*e* !. C!"0%e** $&-e%ec!0"e( %e*)!"(e"t A%%!! &* t$e P%e*(e"t# I/)'ct' c'e&% " t$&t %ec!0"t!" * t$e

)%e/*e t$&t t$e "&'t !. )ett!"e% E*t%&(& * "! '!"0e% te/)!%&%# C!"0%e** $&* c'e&%'%e@ecte( )ett!"e%* c'&/ !. "&'t#

I" ."e, e-e" . t$e )ett!"e% c&" )%!-e t$&t $e (( "!t %e*0", *t'', $e c&""!t *+cce**.+''c'&/ t$&t $e * & P%e*(e"t !" 'e&-e !" t$e 0%!+"( t$&t $e * /e%e' +"&'e t! 0!-e%"

te/)!%&%'# T$&t c'&/ $&* ee" '&( t! %e*t C!"0%e** &"( t$e (ec*!" t$&t %e*)!"(e"tA%%!! * t$e (e @+%e P%e*(e"t /&(e & c!e+&' %&"c$ !. 0!-e%"/e"t c&""!t e %e-e6e( t$* C!+%t# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

H#SUCCESSION OF STATE AND SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENT

D*t"0+*$ *+cce**!" !. St&te &"( *+cce**!" !. 0!-e%"/e"t

SUCCESSION OF STATE1# P!'tc&' '&6* &%e &%!0&te( 6$'e /+"c)&' '&6* %e/&" " .!%ce#

2# T%e&te* &%e (*c!"t"+e( e;ce)t t$!*e (e&'"0 6t$ '!c&' %0$t* &"( (+te*#?# A'' %0$t* !. t$e )%e(ece**!% St&te &%e "$e%te(, +t t$e *+cce**!% St&te $&* t$e (*c%et!" t!

&**+/e !% %e@ect '&'te*#

SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENTT$e St&te c!"t"+e* &* t$e *&/e "te%"&t!"&' )e%*!" e;ce)t t$&t t* '&6.+' %e)%e*e"t&t-e

* c$&"0e(# W$e" t$* $&))e"*, 6$&t &%e t$e c!"*e+e"ce*4 A'' %0$t* !. t$e )%e(ece**!%0!-e%"/e"t &%e "$e%te( t$e *+cce**!%# I. t$e "e6 0!-e%"/e"t 6&* !%0&"e( (+e t! &c!"*tt+t!"&' %e.!%/, 6$c$ * (+' %&t.e( " & )'e*cte, &'' !'0&t!"* !. t$e )%e(ece**!% &%e

&'*! &**+/e(# 5!6e-e%, . t$e "e6 0!-e%"/e"t * e*t&'*$e( t$%!+0$ -!'e"ce, t$e "e60!-e%"/e"t /& '&6.+'' (*$!"!% t$e )e%*!"&' !% )!'tc&' !'0&t!"* !. t$e )%e(ece**!%, +t"!t t$!*e !'0&t!"* !% c!"t%&ct* e"te%e( "t! " t$e !%("&% c!+%*e !. !..c&' +*"e**#>>1=8

<#SUBECTS AND OBECTS OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

SUBECTS AND OBECTS OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

?H?



3 D*t"0+*$ e&c$ .%!/ t$e !t$e%#A 3S+@ect !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 3 * &" e"tt (%ect' e"(!6e( 6t$ %0$t* &* 6e'' &* !'0&t!"* "

t$e "te%"&t!"&' 'e0&' !%(e%# E;&/)'e: I" t$e e;e%c*e !. t* %0$t*, t$e P$'))"e*, &* &*!-e%e0" St&te, c&" e".!%ce *&( %0$t &"( /& e-e" *+e " t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !.+*tce# O" t$e !t$e% $&"(, t$e P$'))"e Re)+'c /& e *+e( " t$e "te%"&t!"&' t%+"&'.!% t* !..c&' &ct+&t!"*#

O@ect !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 3 A" !@ect * & )e%*!" !% t$"0 "(%ect' -e*te( 6t$ %0$t* &"(!'0&t!"* " t$e "te%"&t!"&' !%(e%# E;&/)'e: A F')"! )%-&te cte" $&* %0$t* 6$c$!6e t! e %e*)ecte( !t$e% St&te* +t . $e $&* *!/e 0%e-&"ce*, $e $&* t! c!+%*e t$e *&/et$%!+0$ t$e Re)+'c &"( t* ()'!/&tc !..ce*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e *+@ect* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&64A 31# St&te*2# C!'!"e*

?# De)e"(e"ce*# Be''0e%e"t

3 A%e )%-&te "(-(+&'* %e0&%(e( &* *+@ect* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&64A 3 T$e %0$t* !. "(-(+&'* &* &0&"*t St&te* &%e "!6 )%!tecte(# I" .&ct, " c&*e !. c%/e*

&0&"*t $+/&"t 'e 0e"!c(e, -ct/* &%e &..!%(e( t$e !))!%t+"t t! )&%tc)&te " t$e )%!cee("0*#

NOTE: I" c&*e* 6$e%e "te%"&t!"&' '&6 (!e* "!t 0-e &" "(-(+&' (%ect %0$t* &"(!'0&t!"* !" &cc!+"t !. & t%e&t !% & 0e"e%&' )%"c)'e, t$e "(-(+&', " *+c$ & c&*e, /&

!"' e t%e&te( &* &" !@ect !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6, &"( .!% 6$c$ %e&*!", *+c$ "(-(+&' (!e*"!t $&-e & *t&"("0 t! e*)!+*e & (%ect c'&/ " t$e "te%"&t!"&' 'e0&' !%(e%#

BAR UESTION, 1982 3 W$&t * t$e *t&t+* !. &" "(-(+&' +"(e% I"te%"&t!"&' L&64A 3 I"(-(+&'* /& e %e0&%(e( &* t%+e *+@ect* !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6# I"(-(+&'* &%e &'*!

(%ect' &"( "(-(+&'' *+@ect* !. !'0&t!"*, %e*)!"*'te* &"( %0$t* e*t&'*$e( I"te%"&t!"&' L&6# T$e *t&te/e"t t$&t St&te* &* @+%*tc )e%*!"* &%e *+@ect* !. I"te%"&t!"&'L&6 !"' /e&"* t$&t "(-(+&' $+/&" e"0* &%e "(%ect' &"( c!''ect-e', " t$e%

c&)&ct &* !%0&"* !% /e/e%* !. t$e St&te, *+@ect* !. t$e !'0&t!"*, %e*)!"*'te*, &"(%0$t* )%e*e"te( &* !'0&t!"*, %e*)!"*'te* &"( %0$t* !. t$e St&te# Je'*e", 11

>>1=97#

VATICAN CIT AND T5E 5OL SEEI* t$e V&tc&" !% t$e 5!' See & St&te4

e*, t )!**e**e* t$e e**e"t&' e'e/e"t* !. & St&te# REASONS:

?H



1# T$e%e &%e &%!+"( 1,=== )e!)'e &'/!*t &'' !. 6$!/ &%e "(-(+&'* %e*("0 t$e%e" -%t+e!. t$e% !..ce

2# T$e%e * & (e."te te%%t!% &))%!;/&te' 1== &c%e*?# T$e%e * & 0!-e%"/e"t +"(e% t$e P!)e $/*e'.# T$e%e * "(e)e"(e"ce t$e St&te !. t$e V&tc&" Ct 6&* c%e&te( t$e L&te%&" T%e&t !.

Fe%+&% 11, 1929 et6ee" It&' &"( t$e 5!' See# U"(e% t$e te%/* !. t$e T%e&t, It&'%ec!0"e* t$e .+'' !6"e%*$), e;c'+*-e (!/"!", &"( *!-e%e0" &+t$!%t &"( @+%*(ct!"

!. t$e 5!' See !-e% t$e V&tc&"H# T$e V&tc&" Ct $&* & *+..ce"t (e0%ee !. c-'&t!"<# T$e V&tc&" Ct $&* ee" %ec!0"e( &'/!*t &'' t$e c!+"t%e* !. t$e 6!%'( "c'+("0

C!//+"*t R+**&#

D..e%e"ce et6ee" t$e V&tc&" Ct &"( t$e R!/&" C&t$!'c C$+%c$T$e V&tc&" Ct * c!"ce%"e( 6t$ /&te%&' t$"0* &"( !cc+)e* & (e."te te%%t!%

6$'e t$e R!/&" C&t$!'c C$+%c$ * )%e!cc+)e( 6t$ t$"0* !. t$e *!+' &"( t$e *)%t, $e"ce, t* te( t! "! '/te( te%%t!%# B!t$, $!6e-e%, &%e *+@ect* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 !t$ $&-e

*!/e "te%"&t!"&' %0$t*, t$e -!'&t!"* !. 6$c$ c&" &/!+"t t! "te%"&t!"&' (e'ct*#C&" t$e 5!' F&t$e%, &* $e&( !. t$e C&t$!'c C$+%c$, e"te% "t! t%e&te*4e*# A* $e&( !. t$e C&t$!'c C$+%c$, t$e 5!' F&t$e% c&" e"te% "t! !%("&% t%e&te* .!%

&"( " e$&'. !. t$e V&tc&" Ct# 5e /& &'*! e"te% "t! *)ec&' t%e&te* 6$c$ %e0+'&te*ecc'e*&*tc&' /&tte%*#

8#DOCTRINE OF STATE CONTINUIT

D!ct%"e !. St&te c!"t"+t 3 U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, & St&te (!e* "!t '!*e t* (e"tt +t %e/&"*!"e &"( t$e *&/e "te%"&t!"&' )e%*!" "!t6t$*t&"("0 c$&"0e* " t$e .!%/ !. t*

G!-e%"/e"t, " t* $e&(*$), " t* %&" &"( tt'e, " t* ("&*t#E;&/)'e: F%&"ce 6$c$ %et&"e( $e% )e%*!"&' (e"tt .%!/ t$e t/e t$e '&6 !. N&t!"* c&/e

"t! e;*te"ce +"t' t$e )%e*e"t (&, &'t$!+0$ *$e &c+%e(, '!*t, &"( %e0&"e( )&%t* !. $e%te%%t!%, c$&"0e( $e% ("&*t, 6&* & "0(!/, & %e)+'c&" e/)%e, &0&" & "0(!/, &0&"& %e)+'c, &0&" &" e/)%e, &"( * "!6, ."&'' &* t *ee/* & %e)+'c#

>>1=H=9#

ACT OF STATE DOCTRINEAct !. St&te (!ct%"e 3 U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, t$e .!%e0" c!+%t c$!!*e* t! +)$!'( &"( %e*)ect t$e

.!%e0" St&te* &ct (!"e 6t$" t* te%%t!% !" t$e %e&*!""0 t$&t . t 6'' "!t (! *!, t 6!+'(/)e%' t$e &/c&'e %e'&t!"* et6ee" 0!-e%"/e"t* &"( -e; t$e )e&ce !. "&t!"*# T$e(!ct%"e 6&* &))'e( " t$e c&*e !. B&"c! N&c!"&' (e C+& -*# S&&t"! ?7< U#S# ?9819<, 6$c$ +)$e'( t$e "&t!"&'&t!" !. *+0&% )%!(+ce( " C+&# T$* 6&* c%tce( &"(.!% 6$c$ %e&*!", t$e U#S# S+)%e/e C!+%t &(!)te( t$e )!*t!" .!%/+'&te( " S&&t"!A/e"(/e"t 22 U#S# C#A# 2?7= e 1, t! t$e e..ect t$&t "! c!+%t " t$e U#S# *$!+'((ec'"e ec&+*e t$e Act !. St&te (!ct%"e *ee/* t! /&e & (ete%/"&t!" !" t$e -&'(t !. &c!".*c&t!" !. )%!)e%t & .!%e0" St&te " -!'&t!" !. t$e )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6#

?HH



S"ce t$e", t$e Act !. St&te (!ct%"e 6&* &&"(!"e( t$e c!+%t*# I" F%*t N&t!"&' CtB&" -*# B&"c! N&c!"&' (e C+& =<, U#S# 7H9 19<H, t$e U#S S+)%e/e C!+%t $e'( t$&tt$e (!ct%"e *$!+'( "!t e &))'e( 6$e%e t$e E;ec+t-e B%&"c$ e;)%e**' %e)%e*e"t* t! t$ec!+%t t$&t t$e &))'c&t!" !. t$e (!ct%"e 6!+'( "!t &(-&"ce t$e "te%e*t* !. A/e%c&".!%e0" )!'c#

ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE AS APPLIED IN

CREDIT SUISSE VS# U#S# DISTRICT COURT FOR T5E CENTRAL DISTRICT OFCALIFORNIA, 1?= 7#?( ?2, 1?738

I" %e'&t!" t!PNB VS# U#S# DISTRICT COURT OF 5AWAII

=3718? D#C# NO# MDL3==8=3MLRFEBRUAR , 2==H

I" t$* c&*e, t$e S6** &**et* !. t$e M&%c!* e*t&te $&( ee" .%!e" t$e S6**0!-e%"/e"t &t t$e %e+e*t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, 6$c$ *ee* t! %ec!-e% t$e/# T$e

c'&** )'&"t..* !t&"e( &" "@+"ct!" .%!/ t$e U#S# D*t%ct C!+%t !. 5&6& %e+%"0 t$eS6** B&"* t! $!'( t$e &**et* .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e c'&** )'&"t..*#

T$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'* **+e( & 6%t !. /&"(&/+* &"( $e'( t$&t t$e"@+"ct!" -!'&te( t$e Act !. St&te (!ct%"e, 6$c$ )%ec'+(e* A/e%c&" C!+%t* .%!/ (ec'&%"0"-&'( & .!%e0" *!-e%e0"* !..c&' &ct, t$&t *, t$e .%eee !%(e% !. t$e S6** 0!-e%"/e"t#>>1=H1

T$e S6** 0!-e%"/e"t %e'e&*e( t$e .+"(* .%!e" " S6te%'&"( .!% t%&"*.e% t! t$eP$'))"e N&t!"&' B&" " e*c%!6 )e"("0 & (ete%/"&t!" !. )%!)e% (*)!*&' & c!/)ete"tc!+%t " t$e P$'))"e*#

T$e *&( .+"(* 6e%e (e)!*te( t$e PNB " S"0&)!%e# T$e%e&.te%, t$e &**et* 6e%e

.!%.ete( t! t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* .!''!6"0 t$e (ec*!" !. t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/eC!+%t#

T$e U#S# D*t%ct C!+%t !. 5&6& %+'e( &"( !%(e%e( &* .!''!6*:

1# T$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t $&( -!'&te( (+e )%!ce** &" *t&"(&%( &"( t$&t t* @+(0/e"t 6&* e"tt'e( t! "! (e.e%e"ce#

2# A" *+c$ t%&"*.e%, 6t$!+t .%*t &))e&%"0 &"( *$!6"0 c&+*e " t$* c!+%t &* t! $!6 *+c$t%&"*.e% /0$t !cc+% 6t$!+t -!'&t"0 t$e C!+%t* "@+"ct!" *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( c!"te/)t !.t$e C!+%t* e&%'e% !%(e%# A" &"( &'' )e%*!"* &"( &""0 "*tt+t!"* )&%tc)&t"0 " *+c$

t%&"*.e%* &%e $e%e "!t.e( t$&t *+c$ t%&"*.e% 6!+'( e c!"*(e%e( " c!"te/)t !. t$eC!+%t* "@+"ct!"#

?# PNB, 6$c$ 6&* "!t & )&%t t! t$e 't0&t!" " t$e (*t%ct c!+%t, 6&* %e+%e( t! *$!6 6$ t*$!+'( "!t e $e'( " c!"te/)t .!% -!'&t"0 t$e c!+%t* "@+"ct!" &0&"*t t%&"*.e% !. &**et*

t$e e*t&te#

?H<



5e"ce, PNB .'e( & )ett!" .!% /&"(&/+* " t$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'* t!%e*t%&" t$e D*t%ct C!+%t .%!/ e".!%c"0 t* O%(e% t! S$!6 C&+*e &"( .%!/ )+%*+"0(*c!-e% &0&"*t t$e B&" !..ce%#

T$* c&*e *: PNB VS# U#S# DISTRICT COURT OF 5AWAII =3718?D#C# N!# MDL3==8=3MLR FEBRUAR , 2==H

PNB c!"te"(e( t$&t t$e e"t%e )%!cee("0 &0&"*t t .!% t* t%&"*.e% !. .+"(* t! t$e

Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* -!'&te( t$e Act !. St&te D!ct%"e, &"( t$&t t$e t%&"*.e% !. .+"(*6&* /&(e " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e @+(0/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t#

ISSUE:A%e t$e !%(e%* !. t$e U#S# D*t%ct C!+%t !. 5&6& & -!'&t!" !. t$e Act !. St&te

D!ct%"e#

5ELD:1# T$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'* $e'( t$&t t$e !%(e%* !. t$e U#S# D*t%ct C!+%t !.

5&6& $&( -!'&te( t$e Act !. St&te D!ct%"e &"( %e&*!"e( !+t &* .!''!6*:>>1=H2A T! !t&" &**et* .%!/ PNB, !% t! $!'( PNB " c!"te/)t .!% t$e t%&"*.e% !. t$!*e &**et* t! t$e

Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, t$e D*t%ct C!+%t "ece**&%' $e'( "-&'( t$e .!%.et+%e @+(0/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t#

B Re0&%("0 t$e &%0+/e"t !. c'&** )'&"t..* t$&t t$e Act !. St&te D!ct%"e * (%ecte( &t t$ee;ec+t-e &"( 'e0*'&t-e %&"c$e* !. .!%e0" 0!-e%"/e"t* &"( (( "!t &))' t! @+(c&'(ec*!"* t$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'* *&(:

# 1 A @+(0/e"t !. & c!+%t /& e &" Act !. St&te#

#2 T$e%e 6&* "! +e*t!" t$&t t$e @+(0/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t 0&-e e..ect t!t$e )+'c "te%e*t !. t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t# T$e .!%.et+%e &ct!" 6&* "!t & /e%e(*)+te et6ee" )%-&te )&%te*# It 6&* &" &ct!" "t&te( t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t

)+%*+&"t t! t* *t&t+t!% /&"(&te t! %ec!-e% )%!)e%t &''e0e(' *t!'e" .%!/ t$e t%e&*+%# I"%e E*t&te !. Fe%("&"( E# M&%c!* 3 5+/&" R0$t* Lt0&t!", 9F ?( &t H<

#? T$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'* $&( e&%'e% c$&%&cte%e( t$e c!''ect!" e..!%t* !.t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* t! e 0!-e%"/e"t&'#

# T$e *+@ect /&tte% !. t$e .!%.et+%e &ct!" t$+* +&'.e( .!% t%e&t/e"t &* &" Act !. St&te#

C Re0&%("0 t$e !t$e% &%0+/e"t !. c'&** )'&"t..* t$&t t$e Act !. St&te D!ct%"e 6&*"&))'c&'e ec&+*e t$e @+(0/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t (( "!t c!"ce%"/&tte%* 6t$" t* !6" te%%t!%, t$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'* %+'e(, t$+*:

T$e &ct !. t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t 6&* "!t 6$!'' e;te%"&'# It* @+(0/e"t 6$c$t$e (*t%ct c!+%t (ec'&%e( "-&'(, 6&* **+e( " t$e P$'))"e* &"( /+c$ !. t* .!%ce +)!" t$eP$'))"e N&t!"&' B&" &%!*e .%!/ t$e .&ct t$&t t$e B&" * & P$'))"e C!%)!%&t!"# C&''e@!-*# B&"c!/e% S#A# 7< F 2( 11=1, 112132H Ht$ C%# 198H

?H7



E-e" . 6e &**+/e .!% )+%)!*e* !. (ec*!" t$&t t$e &**et* 6e%e '!c&te( " S"0&)!%e, 6ec!"c'+(e t$&t t$* .&ct (!e* "!t )%ec'+(e t%e&t/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e @+(0/e"t &* &" &ct !. St&te" t$e e;t%&!%("&% c%c+/*t&"ce* !. t$* c&*e#

D F+%t$e% &0%ee/e"t* !. t$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t !. A))e&'*:& T$e "te%e*t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* " t$e e".!%ce/e"t !. t* '&6* (!e* "!t e"( &t

t* !&%(e%*# T$e .&ct t$&t t$e e*c%!6 .+"(* 6e%e (e)!*te( " S"0&)!%e (!e* "!t )%ec'+(e

t$e &))'c&t!" !. t$e Act !. St&te D!ct%"e#>>1=H?;;; T$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* (( "!t */)' "t%+(e "t! S"0&)!%e " e;e%c*"0 t*

.!%.et+%e @+%*(ct!"# T$e )%e*e"ce !. t$e &**et* " S"0&)!%e 6&* & (%ect %e*+'t !. e-e"t*t$&t 6e%e t$e *+@ect !. t$e (ec*!" " C%e(t S+**e, *+)%&, 6$e%e t$e U#S# 9t$ C%c+t C!+%t!. A))e&'* +)$e'( &* &" Act !. St&te & .%eee !%(e% t$e S6** 0!-e%"/e"t, e"&cte( "&"tc)&t!" !. t$e %e+e*t !. t$e P$'))"e 0!-e%"/e"t t! )%e*e%-e t$e P$'))"e0!-e%"/e"t* c'&/* &0&"*t t$e -e% &**et* " **+e t!(&# C%e(t S+**e, 1?= F ?( &t 1?<3

7

1=#BELLIGERENT AND INSURGENT COMMUNITIES

W$! &%e %e.e%%e( t! &* "*+%0e"t* !% %ee'*4I"*+%0e"t* !% %ee'* &%e %e0&%(e( &* !%0&"e( 0%!+)* 6$! &%e " & *t&te !. &%/e( $!*t't

t!6&%(* &" e*t&'*$e( 0!-e%"/e"t !" &cc!+"t !. )!'tc&' %e&*!"* !% )+%)!*e*#

W$&t, . &", &%e t$e %0$t* !. "*+%0e"t* !% %ee'* +"(e% "te%"&t!"&' '&64 N!"e, +t . t$e c-' *t%.e $&* %e&c$e( & *t&0e 6$e%e t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e St&te !-e% t$e

"*+%0e"t c!//+"t * &'%e&( t$%e&te"e( &"( @e!)&%(e(, ce%t&" "*+%0e"t %0$t* /& et&ct' &(/tte(# W$e" t$* $&))e"*, t$e .!''!6"0 )%"c)'e* *$&'' 0!-e%" t$e *!3c&''e("*+%0e"t %0$t:

1# A .!%e0" St&te *$&'' %e.%&" .%!/ "te%.e%"0 " t$e $!*t'te* "-!'-"0 t$e )&%e"t St&te &"("*+%0e"t c!//+"t# E;&/)'e: 1 T$e .!%e0" St&te *$&'' "!t e;te"( $!*)t&'t t! t$e%ee'* 2 T$e .!%e0" St&te *$!+'( "!t e;t%&(te t$e "*+%0e"t t! t$e )&%e"t St&te#

2# I. t$e "*+%0e"t* c!//tte( $!*t'e &ct* &0&"*t t$e .!%e0" *t&te, t /& )+"*$ t$e/, !% t+%"t$e/ !-e% t! t$e )&%e"t St&te#

?# I. t$e &ct* c!//tte( &%e " t$e "&t+%e !. )%&c, t$e &%e c!"*(e%e( )%-&te " c$&%&cte%$e"ce, "! "*+%0e"t %0$t* &%*e#

# I. t$e e;*te"ce !. "*+%0e"t %0$t* * &(/tte( & .!%e0" St&te, t$e )&%e"t St&te * *t'' '&'e.!% t$e &ct* c!//tte( t$e "*+%0e"t c!//+"t 6t$" t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e *&( )&%e"tSt&te#

H# I. &" "*+%0e"t c!//+"t $&* ee" 0-e" "*+%0e"t %0$t*, t (!e* "!t /e&" t$&t t$ec!//+"t $&* &c+%e( t$e *t&t+* !. & e''0e%e"t &"( "et$e% * t$e%e &" !..c&' %ec!0"t!"!. t$e "*+%0e"t* &* & e''0e%e"t c!//+"t#

?H8



>>1=HW$e" &%e t$e "*+%0e"t* c!"*(e%e( &* e''0e%e"t* &"( 6$e" * t$e% c!//+"t c!"*(e%e(

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c!"*(e%e( "*+%0e"t*, /& e )%!)e%' c&''e( e''0e%e"t* &"( t$e% c!//+"t & e''0e%e"tc!//+"t# T$* *, $!6e-e%, *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 c!"(t!"*:

1# T$e $!*t'te* /+*t e !. t$e c$&%&cte% !. 6&% &"( c&%%e( !" " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e '&6* !.6&%#

2# T$e e"( /+*t e )!'tc&' " c$&%&cte%#?# T$e )%!)!%t!"* !. t$e %e-!'t /+*t e *+c$ &* t! %e"(e% t$e **+e +"ce%t&" &"( t! /&e t*

c!"t"+&"ce .!% & c!"*(e%&'e t/e )!**'e## T$e c!"(+ct !. $!*t'te* &"( 0e"e%&' 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e %e-!'t"0 c!//+"t /+*t e " t$e

$&"(* !. t$e %e*)!"*'e !%0&"&t!"# W'*!" &"( T+ce% I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )# <9

11#

T5E UNITED NATIONS5*t!%c&' &c0%!+"( !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*

T$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"* 6&* !%0&"e( " 1919, .-e e&%* &.te% W!%'( W&% I %!e !+t "191# It* )+%)!*e * t! &c$e-e "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce &"( e"c!+%&0e "te%"&t!"&' c!!)e%&t!"# T$eU"te( St&te* 6&* "!t & /e/e% !. t$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"*# T$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"* 6&* !..c&''(**!'-e( !" A)%' 19, 19<#

W$&t c&+*e( t$e c%e&t!" !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &.te% t$e c!''&)*e !. t$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"*4We $&-e &'%e&( *+..e%e( t6! 6!%'( 6&%* *"ce t$e e0"""0 !. t$e 19t$ ce"t+%# A''

"&t!"*, 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e 6e%e "-!'-e(, *$&%e( e+&'' " t$e ''* !. 6&%# W$e" &tt'e* &%e

.!+0$t, t$e '-e* !. /e" &"( 6!/e", "c'+("0 ""!ce"t c$'(%e", (*&'e( &"( e-e" t$!*e 6$!&%e t!! !'( t! .0$t, &%e et$e% e"(&"0e%e(, *e-e%e' (&/&0e( !% '!*t# C!*t* !. '-"0 &%e ".'&te(&"( &.te% t$e 6&%, (e)%e**!" &"( *t&%-&t!" !cc+%, ec!"!/c ''* &"( //e"*e '!**e* t!

+*"e** &%e e;te"*-e# W&%*, &.te% &'', &%e "!t "*t%+/e"t* !. &c$e-e/e"t*# T$e c&""!t (ec(e"te%"&t!"&' (*)+te* t! t$e *&t*.&ct!" !. 6&%%"0 "&t!"*# W&%* c&""!t /&e )e&ce# T$e(e*t%!#

D%# O*6&'(! A%&$&, E;3P%e*(e"t !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*, *&(:T$e F%*t W!%'( W&% c!*t 8,===,=== (e&(, 1H, ===, === /+t'&te(, ?,===,=== 6!+"(e(##

/!%e t$&" t$e e"t%e )!)+'&t!" !. B%&'### &"( == ''!" (!''&%* 6e"t +) " */!e !. &tt'e, &

*+/ !. 6$c$ &cc!%("0 t! M+%%& B+t'e%, 6!+'( $&-e 0-e" e-e% .&/' " t$e c!+"t%e*e"0&0e( " t$e *t%+00'e, & .+%"*$e( $!+*e 6t$ '&"(* t! c+'t-&te, 6t$ & *+%)'+* *+..ce"t t!

)+%c$&*e &'' t$e )%-&te )%!)e%te* " F%&"ce &"( Be'0+/ &"( c!"*t%+ct & +"-e%*t &"( '%&%" t$e /!*t /)!%t&"t cte* !. t$e "&t!"* 6$c$ 6e%e (e-&*t&te( " t$* te%%'e c&t&*t%!)$e#>>1=HH

I. 6e c!"*(e% t$e 0'!&' c!*t !. t$e '&*t 6&% W!%'( W&% II &"( &(( t$e &/!+"t%e+%e( .!% t$e %e3e*t&'*$/e"t !. t$e 6!%'( *t+&t!" &* t 6&* )%!% t! t$e 6&%, 6e *$!+'(&%%-e &t t$e c!"c'+*!" "e-e% /&0"e( /&" &* )!**'e, t$&t t$e%e $&* ee" & 6&*te )e%

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c&)t& !. t$e 6!%'( )!)+'&t!" !. 1=,=== !% 2== B%&'&" c!"t!*### T$* c!*t c&" "e-e% e )&( +* 6$! /&(e t$e 6&% )!**'e, +t 6'' $&-e t! e )&( /&" ""!ce"t 0e"e%&t!"*, &"(t* '+(&t!" 6!+'( %e+%e /!%e t$&" & ce"t+% !. 6!% !" t$e )&%t !. t$e -ct!%* &"(-&"+*$e( &'e# 5*t!% (!e* "!t %ec!%( & )e&ce c!/)'ete( t$e 0e"e%&t!" 6$c$ %&0e( t$e6&%### W&% *&c%.ce* t$e )%e*e"t, +t /+c$ /!%e t c!/)%!/*e* t$e .+t+%e# ; ; ;

I"(ee(, &.te% e-e% 6&% &"( &.te% &'' t$e tte%"e** t$&t %e*+'t* .%!/ 6&%, /&""( *

t&+0$t t$&t t * )e&ce, &.te% &'', t$&t * "ee(e( &'' t$e c!+"t%e* !. t$e 6!%'( t! e"&'e t$e/&"( t$e% )e!)'e t! '-e " $&))"e**# Pe&ce * 6$&t 6e "ee( t! +'( t$e 6!%'(, &"( )e&cec!/e* .%!/ t$e $e&%t, &"( "!t .%!/ t$e /"(* !. /e"#

T$* (e*%e .!% )e&ce !-e%6$e'/e( t$e $e&%t* !. t$e 0%e&t /e" &"( 6!/e" 6$! *+%--e(t$e 6&%# T$e $&-e &0%ee( t! e*t&'*$ &"( )+%*+e t$e (e& !. !%0&""0 t$e U"te( N&t!"*#

PURPOSES OF T5E UNITED NATIONSF!+% *&'e"t )+%)!*e* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*

T$e .!+% *&'e"t )+%)!*e* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &%e t$e .!''!6"0:

1 T$e &tt&"/e"t !. "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce &"( *ec+%t2 T$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. .%e"(' %e'&t!"*? T$e &c$e-"0 !. "te%"&t!"&' c!!)e%&t!" T$e +*e !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &* t$e ce"te% .!% t$e $&%/!""0 !. &ct!"* t! &tt&" t$e*e

t$%ee &/*#

PRINCIPLES OF T5E UNITED NATIONSP%"c)'e* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*

T$e O%0&"&t!" * *+))!*e( t! &ct " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e .!''!6"0 )%"c)'e*:

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ORGANS OF T5E UNP%"c)&' !%0&"* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*

T$e )%"c)&' !%0&"* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &%e t$e .!''!6"0:

1 Ge"e%&' A**e/'2 Sec+%t C!+"c'? Ec!"!/c &"( S!c&' C!+"c' T$e T%+*tee*$) C!+"c'

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H I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce< Sec%et&%&t A%tc'e 7, N!# 1, UN C$&%te%

E;)'&" e&c$#1 Ge"e%&' A**e/'C!/)!*t!": C!"**t* !. &'' t$e /e/e%* !. t$e !%0&"&t!", e&c$ !. 6$c$ * e"tt'e( t! *e"(

"!t /!%e t$&" H %e)%e*e"t&t-e* &"( H &'te%"&te*#

V!t"0 )!6e%: E&c$ /e/e% $&* !"' !"e -!te#

C'&**.c&t!" !. .+"ct!"*:1 De'e%&t-e, 'e "t&t"0 *t+(e* &"( /&"0 %ec!//e"(&t!"* .!% t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !.

"te%"&t!"&' '&6, etc#2 S+)e%-*!%, *+c$ &* %ece-"0 &"( c!"*(e%"0 &""+&' &"( *)ec&' %e)!%t* .%!/ !t$e% !%0&"*

!. t$e UN? F"&"c&', 'e c!"*(e%&t!" &"( &))%!-&' !. t$e +(0et !. t$e !%0&"&t!", t$e

&))!%t!"/e"t !. e;)e"*e*, etc#

E'ect-e, *+c$ &* t$e e'ect!" !. t$e "!"3)e%/&"e"t /e/e%* !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' &"(H C!"*tt+e"t, *+c$ &* t$e &(/**!" !. /e/e%* &"( t$e &/e"(/e"t !. t$e C$&%te%#

Se**!" !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/': It* %e0+'&% *e**!" * $e'( !"ce & e&%# It /& $!'(*)ec&' *e**!"* c&''e( t$e Sec%et&% Ge"e%&' &t t$e %e+e*t !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' !% &/&@!%t !. t$e /e/e%*#

Re+%e( -!te !" *e-e%&' +e*t!"*:& O" /)!%t&"t +e*t!"* #e#, )e&ce, *ec+%t, /e/e%*$), e'ect!"*, t%+*tee*$) **te/

+(0et 2? -!te !. t$e /e/e%* )%e*e"t &"( -!t"0 * %e+%e(

O" !t$e% +e*t!"*, & */)'e /&@!%t * *+..ce"t# T! c'&**. & +e*t!" &* /)!%t&"t, t$e-!te %e+%e( * & */)'e /&@!%t#

>>1=H72 Sec+%t C!+"c' 3 It * t$e e !%0&" " t$e /&"te"&"ce !. "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce &"( *ec+%t#C!/)!*t!": It * c!/)!*e( !. .-e H )e%/&"e"t /e/e%*, "&/e': C$"&, F%&"ce, R+**&,

t$e U"te( J"0(!/ &"( t$e U"te( St&te* &"( te" 1= e'ect-e /e/e%*, e'ecte( .!% t6!3e&% te%/* t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/', .-e .%!/ A.%c&" &"( A*&" St&te*, t6! .%!/ L&t"A/e%c&" St&te*, t6! .%!/ We*te%" E+%!)e&" &"( !t$e% St&te*, &"( !"e .%!/ E&*te%"E+%!)e&" St&te*#

V!t"0 )!6e%: F!% t$e e'ect-e /e/e%*, "! //e(&te %ee'ect!" * &''!6e(#C'&**.c&t!" !. .+"ct!"*: T$e Sec+%t C!+"c' * e;)ecte( t! .+"ct!" c!"t"+!+*', &"(

*e**!"* /& e c&''e( &t &" t/e t$+*, t$e %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e /e/e% St&te* *$!+'(&'6&* e &-&'&'e#

Re+%e( -!te !" *e-e%&' +e*t!"*: E&c$ /e/e% !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' *$&'' $&-e !"e -!te, +t (*t"ct!" * /&(e et6ee" t$e )e%/&"e"t /e/e%* &"( t$e "!"3)e%/&"e"t /e/e%* "t$e %e*!'+t!" !. *+*t&"t-e +e*t!"*#

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BAR UESTION, 198 3 I* t$e U"te( N&t!"* &+t$!%e( t! %e*!%t t! e".!%ce/e"t &ct!", "c'+("0 t$e +*e !. .!%ce,

" %e0&%( t! t$e I%&"3I%& 6&%4 I. *!, t$%!+0$ 6$&t &0e"c4 St&te t$e 'e0&' &** !. t$e )!6e%&"( c!"(t!"* .!% t* e;e%c*e

A 3 T$e Sec+%t C!+"c' /& e;e%t e..!%t t! *ett'e t$e (*)+te +t . t$* .&'*, t /& %e*!%t t!e".!%ce/e"t &ct!" 'e t$e +*e !. &%, "&-&' &"( '&"( .!%ce* t! %e*t!%e "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce !%

t /& %e+%e t$e /e/e% *t&te* t! )+t "t! e..ect "te%%+)t!" !. ec!"!/c, t%&"*)!%t&t!"!% c!//+"c&t!"* %e'&t!" 6t$ I%&" !% I%& +*"0 &* &** t$e )%!-*!" !. A%tc'e ?? "%e'&t!" t! A%tc'e* 1 2 !. t$e U#N# C$&%te%#

T$e U#N# C$&%te% %e+%e* t$e &..%/&t-e !t$ !. *e-e" !. t$e e'e-e" /e/e%*c!"*tt+t"0 t$e C!+"c', &"( *&( *e-e" -!te* /+*t "c'+(e t$e c!"c+%%e"t -!te !. &'' .-e

)e%/&"e"t /e/e%* !. t$e C!+"c' 'e U#S#, R+**&, C$"&, G%e&t B%t&" &"( F%&"ce# T$* *"ee(e( .!% t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' t! &**+/e @+%*(ct!" &"( /&e t$e %e*!'+t!" &*&.!%e/e"t!"e(#>>1=H8

BAR UESTION, 198 3 At t$e U"te* N&t!"*, t$e A%& Le&0+e, t$%!+0$ S%&, *)!"*!%* & /!-e t! "c'+(e " t$e

&0e"(& !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' t$e (*c+**!" !. t$* /&tte%:T$e M+*'/ )!)+'&t!" !. M"(&"&!, P$'))"e* $&* e;)%e**e( t$e (e*%e t! *ece(e

.%!/ t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* " !%(e% t! c!"*tt+te & *e)&%&te &"( "(e)e"(e"t *t&te &"($&* (%&6" &tte"t!" t! t$e )%!&'t t$&t t$e c!"t"+&t!" !. t$e &%/e( c!".'ct " M"(&"&!c!"*tt+te* & t$%e&t t! )e&ce#

!+ &%e &*e( t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t t! (%&.t & )!*t!" )&)e% !))!*"0 t$e /!-eB%e.' !+t'"e !+% &%0+/e"t* *+))!%t"0 t$e P$'))"e )!*t!", *)ec.c&'' (*c+**"0 t$ete"&'t !. t$e A%& Le&0+e* &ct!" .%!/ t$e *t&"()!"t !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6#

A 3 T$e /!t!" e"0 *)!"*!%e( t$e A%& Le&0+e * & /&tte% 6t$" t$e (!/e*tc @+%*(ct!"!. t$e P$'))"e*# Be*(e*, t$e /!-e/e"t t! *ece(e .%!/ t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* *"!t &" "te%"&t!"&' (*)+te 6$c$ & U#N# /e/e% /& %"0 t! t$e &tte"t!" !. t$e Sec+%tC!+"c' !% !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/'#

? Ec!"!/c &"( S!c&' C!+"c'C!/)!*t!": C!/)!*e( !. ..t3.!+% H /e/e%* e'ecte( t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' .!% &

t$%ee3e&% te%/#

F+"ct!"*:1 It *$&'' e;e%t e..!%t* t!6&%(* $0$e% *t&"(&%(* !. '-"0, c!"(t!"* !. ec!"!/c &"( *!c&'

)%!0%e** &"( (e-e'!)/e"t2 It *$&'' e;e%t e..!%t* t! *!'+t!"* !. "te%"&t!"&' ec!"!/c, *!c&', $e&'t$ &"( %e'&te(

)%!'e/*? It *$&'' e;e%t e..!%t* .!% +"-e%*&' %e*)ect .!% &"( !*e%-&"ce !. $+/&" %0$t* &"(

.+"(&/e"t&' .%ee(!/*#

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V!t"0 P!6e%: Dec*!"* &%e %e&c$e( & */)'e /&@!%t -!te#

T$e T%+*tee*$) C!+"c'C!/)!*t!":& It * c!/)!*e( !. /e/e%* !. t$e UN &(/"*te%"0 t%+*t te%%t!%e* It * c!/)!*e( !. )e%/&"e"t /e/e%* !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' "!t &(/"*te%"0 t%+*t

te%%t!%e* &"(c It * c!/)!*e( &* /&" !t$e% /e/e%* e'ecte( t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' &* /& e

"ece**&% t! e"*+%e t$&t t$e t!t&' "+/e% !. /e/e%* * e+&'' (-(e( et6ee" t$!*e/e/e%* !. t$e UN 6$c$ &(/"*te% t%+*t te%%t!%e* &"( t$!*e 6$c$ (! "!t#

V!t"0 P!6e%:& E&c$ /e/e% !. t$e T%+*tee*$) C!+"c' *$&'' $&-e !"e -!te# Dec*!"* !. t$e T%+*tee*$) C!+"c' *$&'' e /&(e & /&@!%t !. t$e /e/e%* )%e*e"t

&"( -!t"0# A%tc'e 89, UN C$&)te%

>>1=H9H I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tceF+"ct!": It * t$e )%"c)&' @+(c&' !%0&" !. t$e UN A%tc'e 1, St&t+te !. t$e I"te%"&t!"&'

C!+%t !. +*tceC!/)!*t!" &"( +&'.c&t!": T$e c!+%t *$&'' e c!/)!*e( !. & !( !. "(e)e"(e"t @+(0e*

e'ecte( %e0&%('e** !. t$e% "&t!"&'t .%!/ &/!"0 )e%*!"* !. $0$ /!%&' c$&%&cte%, 6$! )!**e** t$e +&'.c&t!"* %e+%e( " t$e% %e*)ect-e c!+"t%e*, !% &%e @+%*c!"*+'t* !.%ec!0"e( c!/)ete"ce " "te%"&t!"&' '&6#

T$e C!+%t *$&'' c!"**t !. 1H /e/e%*, "! t6! !. 6$!/ /& e "&t!"&'* !. t$e *&/e

St&te# A%tc'e 2 &"( ?, (

5!6 &%e t$e e'ecte(4T$e *$&'' e e'ecte( t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' &"( t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' .%!/ & '*t !.

)e%*!"* "!/"&te( t$e "&t!"&' 0%!+)* " t$e Pe%/&"e"t C!+%t !. A%t%&t!"# A%tc'e ,(#

Te%/ !. !..ce: T$e &%e e'ecte( .!% 9 e&%* &"( /& e %e3e'ecte( )%!-(e(, $!6e-e%, t$&t !.t$e @+(0e* e'ecte( &t t$e .%*t e'ect!", t$e te%/ !. H @+(0e* *$&'' e;)%e &t t$e e"( !. ? e&%*

&"( t$e te%/* !. .-e /!%e @+(0e* *$&'' e;)%e &t t$e e"( !. < e&%*#C!+%t * )e%/&"e"t' " *e**!": T$e c!+%t *$&'' %e/&" )e%/&"e"t' " *e**!" e;ce)t (+%"0

t$e @+(c&' -&c&t!"*, t$e (&te* &"( (+%&t!" !. 6$c$ *$&'' e .;e( t$e C!+%t# A%tc'e2?, (#

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B&** !. C!+%t* @+%*(ct!": It * &*e( !" t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e )&%te*# A%t# ?< !. t$e St&t+te !.t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce )%!-(e*: T$e St&te* )&%te* t! t$e )%e*e"t St&t+te /& &t&" t/e (ec'&%e t$&t t$e %ec!0"e &* c!/)+'*!% )*! .&ct!, &"( 6t$!+t *)ec&'&0%ee/e"t, " %e'&t!" t! &" !t$e% St&te &cce)t"0 t$e *&/e !'0&t!", t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$eC!+%t, (*)+te* c!"ce%""0:

& T$e "te%)%et&t!" !. & t%e&t A" +e*t!" !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6

c T$e e;*te"ce !. &" .&ct 6$c$, . e*t&'*$e(, c!+'( c!"*tt+te & %e&c$ !. &" "te%"&t!"&'!'0&t!"

( T$e "&t+%e !% e;te"t !. t$e %e)&%&t!" t! e /&(e .!% t$e %e&c$ !. &" "te%"&t!"&'!'0&t!"#

C&" t 0-e &(-*!% !)"!"4T$e C!+%t /& 0-e &" &(-*!% !)"!" !" &" 'e0&' +e*t!" &t t$e %e+e*t !. 6$&te-e%

!( t$&t /& e &+t$!%e( !% " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e UN C$&%te% t! /&e *+c$ & %e+e*tA%tc'e <H, ( #e#, Ge"e%&' A**e/' !% t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' !% !t$e% !%0&"* !. t$e UN

6$e" &+t$!%e( t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/'#>>1=<=O..c&' '&"0+&0e* !. t$e C!+%t: F%e"c$ &"( E"0'*$# I. t$e )&%te* &0%ee( t$&t t$e c&*e *$&'' e

c!"(+cte( " F%e"c$, t$e @+(0/e"t *$&'' e (e'-e%e( " F%e"c$# I. t$e )&%te* &0%ee t$&t t$ec&*e *$&'' e c!"(+cte( " E"0'*$, t$e @+(0/e"t *$&'' e (e'-e%e( " E"0'*$# A%tc'e?91, (#

C&" !t$e% '&"0+&0e* e +*e(4 e*, . %e+e*te( t$e )&%te* !% &" !. t$e )&%te* A%tc'e?9?, (#

BAR UESTION, 1979

3 M& t$e U"te( St&te* e *+e( " !+% c!+%t* .!% t$e -&'+e !. )%-&te )%!)e%te* %e+*t!"e( t* A%/ (+%"0 t$e '&*t W!%'( W&%, &* 6e'' &* &)&" .!% t$e Mce M!+*e /!"e " )&/e"t .!% )%-&te )%!)e%te*, 6$c$ $&-e "!t ee" %e(ee/e( +"t' "!64 M& t$e *+t e %!+0$t t! t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce4

A 3 T$e *&( *+t /& "!t e %!+0$t t! t$e "te%"&t!"&' '&6 !. @+*tce 6t$!+t t$e c!"*e"t !.t$e USA# REASON: I" c!"te"t!+* c&*e* *+c$ &* t$* !"e, c!"*e"t !. t$e )&%te* * "ee(e(#

BAR UESTION, 2==< 3 &# W$e%e * t$e *e&t !. t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce4

# 5!6 /&" &%e t* /e/e%*4c# W$&t * t$e te%/ !. te%/ !. t$e !..ce4(# W$! * t* "c+/e"t P%e*(e"t4 W$&t * $*$e% "&t!"&'t4

A 3 &# T$e *e&t !. t$e IC * &t t$e Pe&ce P&'&ce, 5&0+e Net$e%'&"(*## Me/e%* !. IC: ..tee" /e/e%*, "! t6! !. 6$!/ /& e "&t!"&'* !. t$e *&/e St&te#c# Te%/ !. t$e% O..ce: /e/e%* !. IC &%e e'ecte( .!% ""e e&%* &"( /& e %e3e'ecte(#(# I"c+/e"t P%e*(e"t !. IC: R!*&'" 500"*, & B%t*$#

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< Sec%et&%&t 3 T$e c$e. &(/"*t%&t-e !%0&" !. t$e UN#C!/)!*t!" 3 5e&(e( & Sec%et&%3Ge"e%&' 6$! * c$!*e" t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' +)!"

%ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c'# 5e *$&'' e t$e c$e. &(/"*t%&t-e !..ce% !. t$eO%0&"&t!"# A%tc'e 97, UN C$&%te%

F+"ct!"*

1 T$e Sec%et&%3Ge"e%&' * t$e $0$e*t %e)%e*e"t&t-e !. t$e UN, &"( * &+t$!%e( t! &ct " t* e$&'.#

2 Act* &* Sec%et&% " &'' /eet"0* !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/', t$e Sec+%t C!+"c', t$eEc!"!/c &"( S!c&' C!+"c', &"( t$e T%+*tee*$) C!+"c'#

? T$e Sec%et&%3Ge"e%&' &"( $* *t&.. &%e "te%"&t!"&' c-' *e%-&"t*, &"( t$e c&""!t %ece-e"*t%+ct!"* .%!/ &" 0!-e%"/e"t !% *!+%ce !+t*(e t$e UN#

T$e Sec%et&%3Ge"e%&' e"@!* t$e %0$t !. )!'tc&' "t&t-e, &"( /& %"0 t! t$e &tte"t!"!. t$e UN Sec+%t C!+"c' &" /&tte% 6$c$, " $* !)"!", /& t$%e&te" "te%"&t!"&'

)e&ce &"( *ec+%t#

>>1=<1MEMBERS OF T5E UNITED NATIONS

C&te0!% !. /e/e%* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*& T$e !%0"&' /e/e%* &"( T$!*e 6$! 6e%e *+*e+e"t' &(/tte( &* /e/e%*#

W$! &%e t$e !%0"&' /e/e%*4T$e !%0"&' /e/e%* &%e t$e St&te* 6$! *0"e( t$e UN C$&%te% &"( %&t.e( t#

W$! &%e t$e &((t!"&' /e/e%*4

T$e &((t!"&' /e/e%* &%e t$!*e 6$! 6e%e *+*e+e"t' &(/tte(#

+&'.c&t!"* .!% /e/e%*$)Me/e%*$) " t$e UN * !)e" t! &'' )e&ce3'!-"0 *t&te* 6$c$ &cce)t t$e !'0&t!"*

+"(e% t$e c$&%te% &"( &%e &'e &"( 6''"0 t! c&%% !+t t$e% !'0&t!"*#

V!te "ee(e( t! &(/t, *+*)e"( !% e;)e' & /e/e% !. t$e UN

TO ADMIT

T$e (ec*!" !. 2? !. t$!*e )%e*e"t &"( -!t"0 " t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' +)!" t$e%ec!//e"(&t!" !. &t 'e&*t ""e 9 /e/e%* !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c', "c'+("0 &'' t$e

)e%/&"e"t /e/e%* !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c'#

TO SUSPENDT$e *&/e -!te * %e+%e( t! *+*)e"(#

TO EXPEL

?<H



2? -!te !. t$!*e )%e*e"t &"( -!t"0 " t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' +)!" %ec!//e"(&t!" !. &+&'.e( /&@!%t !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' !" 0%!+"(* !. )e%**te"t' -!'&t"0 t$e )%"c)'e* "t$e C$&%te%#

T5E UN C5ARTER It *e%-e* &* t$e C!"*tt+t!" t$&t 0!-e%"* t$e %e'&t!"* !."te%"&t!"&' )e%*!"*>>1=<2

C&" t e &/e"(e(4e*, t /& e &/e"(e( " t$e .!''!6"0 /&""e%:B 2? -!te !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' &"( %&t.e( 6t$ t$e% %e*)ect-e c!"*tt+t!"&'

)%!ce**e* 2? !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e UN, "c'+("0 &'' t$e )e%/&"e"t /e/e%* !. t$eSec+%t C!+"c'

A 0e"e%&' c!".e%e"ce, c&''e( & /&@!%t -!te !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' &"( &" ""e 9/e/e%* !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c', /& )%!)!*e &/e"(/e"t* & 2? -!te !. t$e c!".e%e"ce#

W$e" *$&'' t$e &/e"(/e"t t&e e..ect4

It *$&'' t&e e..ect 6$e" %&t.e( 2? !. t$e /e/e%* !. t$e UN, "c'+("0 t$e )e%/&"e"t /e/e%* !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c'#

12#FUNDAMENTAL RIG5TS OF STATES

1# R0$t* !. e;*te"ce, "te0%t &"( *e'.3)%e*e%-&t!"2# R0$t !. *!-e%e0"t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce?# R0$t !. e+&'t# R0$t !. )%!)e%t &"( @+%*(ct!"H# R0$t !. 'e0&t!" !% ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e

CODE: ESEP3LEGE3;*te"ceS!-e%e0"tE+&'tP%!)e%t &"( @+%*(ct!"LEG3&t!"

RIG5T OF EXISTENCE 3 A St&te e;*t* ec&+*e t )!**e**e* t$e e**e"t&' e'e/e"t*, t$+*: 1

Pe!)'e 2 Te%%t!% ? G!-e%"/e"t &"( S!-e%e0"t# It * !" t$* &** t$&t t &c+%e*& )e%*!"&'t " t$e "te%"&t!"&' !%(e%, &"( &%*"0 .%!/ t$* )e%*!"&'t &%e c!%%e*)!"("0%0$t* &"( %e*)!"*'te*# It* *+cce** &"( &'t t! e;e%c*e t* e;)ecte( %!'e " t$e 6!%'(!%(e% (e)e"(* !" t* c!"t"+e( e;*te"ce# I" .&ct, t! e &'e t! "*+%e t* *+%--&', A%tc'e H !.t$e UN C$&%te% 0%&"t* t t$e RIG5T OF INDIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE SELF3DEFENSE#

SELF3DEFENSE

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Se'.3(e.e"*e 3 It * %0$t !. & St&te t! (e.e"( t*e'. .%!/ &" e;te%"&' &00%e**!"# T$e "ece**t .!%*e'.3(e.e"*e * (ete%/"e( t$e )&%t &tt&ce( &"( " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$* %0$t, t $&* t$e%0$t t! %e)e' .!%ce 6t$ .!%ce#

>>1=<?Re+*te* !. *e'.3(e.e"*e +"(e% A%tc'e H11# T$e%e * &" &%/e( &tt&c 2# T$e &tt&c /+*t e &0&"*t & UN Me/e%

?# T$e Sec+%t C!+"c' /+*t "!t $&-e &cte( et

De."e &%/e( &tt&cT$e UN C$&%te% $&* "! (e."t!" !. &%/e( &tt&c# W$et$e% !% "!t &" &tt&c e;*t* &"(

6$! * %e*)!"*'e .!% t$e *&/e 6'' e (ete%/"e( t$e Sec+%t C!+"c'#

COLLECTIVE SELF3DEFENSEC!''ect-e *e'.3(e.e"*e 3 It * t$e c!''ect-e %0$t !. t$e /e/e%* !. & )&%tc+'&% !%0&"&t!" t!

(e.e"( t$e/*e'-e* .%!/ &" &00%e**!" !% &tt&c 6$c$ e"(&"0e%* t$e% )e&ce &"( *&.et#

E;&/)'e:&# NATO N!%t$ At'&"tc T%e&t O%0&"&t!" 3 T$* * & t%e&t *0"e( " W&*$"0t!" !" A)%'

, 199, c!/)!*e( !. N&t!"* " t$e N!%t$ At'&"tc &%e&# T$e% &0%ee/e"t: T$e )&%te*&0%ee(, &/!"0 !t$e%*, t$&t &" &%/e( &tt&c &0&"*t !"e !% /!%e !. t$e/ " E+%!)e !% "

N!%t$ A/e%c& * c!"*(e%e( &* &" &tt&c &0&"*t &'' !. t$e/# # SEATO S!+t$e&*t A*& T%e&t O%0&"&t!" 3 T$* * &'*! "!6" &* t$e M&"'& P&ct !% t$e

S!+t$ E&*t A*& C!''ect-e De.e"*e T%e&t !. Se)te/e%, 19H# T$e% &0%ee/e"t: A"&00%e**!" &0&"*t &" !. t$e *0"&t!%e* 6'' e c!"*(e%e( &* e"(&"0e%"0 t$e% )e&ce &"(*&.et, " 6$c$ c&*e, t$e !'0&te t$e/*e'-e* t! /eet t$e c!//!" (&"0e% " &cc!%(&"ce

6t$ t$e% c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!ce**e*#

R&t!"&'e e$"( c!''ect-e *e'.3(e.e"*e !% &''&"ce*1# T$e%e * *t%e"0t$ " +"!" &"( t$e%e * *ec+%t " c!''ect-e *t%e"0t$#2# T! 0-e t$e /e/e%* t$e .ee'"0 !. *&.et t$%!+0$ /+t+&' )%!tect!" &"( !+t%0$t

c!/"&t!" !. *t%e"0t$#>>1=<CASES:1# N+c'e&% )!6e% .&c't " I%& 6&* (e*t%!e( 6&% )'&"e* !. I*%&e' *!/et/e " 1981# I*%&e'

c'&/* t$&t t 6&* @+*t.e( " (!"0 *! &"( "te%)!*e( t$e 0%!+"( !. )%ee/)t-e *e'.3(e.e"*e#T$e /&tte% %e&c$e( t$e UN Sec+%t C!+"c' .!% %e*!'+t!"# RULING: It 6&* c!"(e/"e( &*& c'e&% -!'&t!" !. t$e UN C$&%te% &"( t$e "!%/* !. "te%"&t!"&' c!"(+ct, $e"ce, I*%&e' 6&*(%ecte( t! %e.%&" .%!/ *+c$ &ct#

2# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ U#S# /**'e &tt&c 6$c$ %e*+'te( t! t$e (e*t%+ct!" !. t6! I%&"&"!..*$!%e !' )%!(+ct!" "*t&''&t!"*, &''e0"0 t$&t I%&"&" !' )'&t.!%/* 6e%e +*e( &* &*t&0"0 .&c't .!% &tt&c* I%&"&" .!%ce* &0&"*t *$))"0 " t$e G+'., t$e U#S# @+*t.e( t*&tt&c &* & 'e0t/&te +*e !. .!%ce &"( *e'.3(e.e"*e# RULING: T$e IC 6&* "!t c!"-"ce(

?<7



t$&t t$e U#S# &tt&c 6&* "ece**&% &* & %e*)!"*e t! t$e *$))"0 "c(e"t* " t$e G+'.# I"!t$e% 6!%(*, t$e .!%ce 6&* "!t c!"*(e%e( & )%!)!%t!"&te +*e !. .!%ce " *e'. (e.e"*e# T$eU#S# c!+'( c'&/ t$e %0$t !. *e'.3(e.e"*e !"' . t * t$e -ct/ !. &" &%/e( &tt&c I%&"I%&" -*# U#S#, N!-e/e% <, 2==?

?# A St&te /& "!t e;e%c*e t$e c!''ect-e %0$t !. *e'.3(e.e"*e 6t$!+t t$e e;)'ct %e+e*t .!%&***t&"ce .%!/ t$e St&te !% St&te* !" 6$!*e e$&'. t$e %0$t * t! e e;e%c*e(# T$* * t$e%+'"0 !. t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce 6$e" t$e U#S# c&/e t! t$e (e.e"*e !. E' S&'-&(!%,

5!"(+%&* &"( C!*t& Rc&# I" t$* c&*e, t$e c!+%t "!te( t$&t t$e%e 6&* "! e;)'ct %e+e*t .!%&***t&"ce t$e *&( c!+"t%e*, $e"ce, t$e IC %+'e( t$&t t$e c!"(t!" *"e +& "!" %e+%e(.!% t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e %0$t !. c!''ect-e *e'.3(e.e"*e 6&* "!t .+'.''e(# Nc&%&0+& -*# U#S#198<# I#C Re)# 1, +"e 27, 198<

2# RIG5T OF SOVEREIGNT AND URISDICTIONS!-e%e0"t 3 S!-e%e0"t * (e."e( &* t$e *+)%e/e )!6e% " & St&te 6$c$ t$&t St&te *

0!-e%"e( M!!%e, D0e*t !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, !% t$e *+)%e/e, &*!'+te, +"c!"t%!''&'e )!6e% 6$c$ &" St&te * 0!-e%"e(# C!!'e* C!"*tt+t!"&' L/t

It * &'*! (e."e( &* t$e +"!" &"( e;e%c*e !. &'' $+/&" )!6e%* )!**e**e( " & St&te t *& c!/"&t!" !. &'' )!6e%* t * t$e )!6e% t! (! e-e%t$"0 " & St&te 6t$!+t &cc!+"t&'t 3t! /&e '&6*, t! e;ec+te &"( &))' t$e/, t! /)!*e &"( c!''ect t&;e* &"( 'e- c!"t%+t!"*, t!/&e 6&% !% )e&ce, t! .!%/ t%e&te* !. &''&"ce !% c!//e%ce 6t$ .!%e0" "&t!"*, &"( t$e 'eSt!%, C!"*tt+t!", Sect!" 2=7

BAR UESTION, 2=== 3 T$e P$'))"e* $&* ec!/e & /e/e% !. t$e W!%'( T%&(e O%0&"&t!" WTO &"(

%e*+'t&"t' &0%ee( t$&t t *$&'' e"*+%e t$e c!".!%/t !. t* '&6*, %e0+'&t!"* &"(&(/"*t%&t-e )%!ce(+%e* 6t$ t* !'0&t!"* &* )%!-(e( " t$e &""e;e( A0%ee/e"t*# T$*

* &**&'e( .!% e"0 +"c!"*tt+t!"&' ec&+*e t$* +"(e%t&"0 +"(+' '/t*, %e*t%ct* &"(/)&%* P$'))"e *!-e%e0"t &"( /e&"* &/!"0 !t$e%* t$&t C!"0%e** c!+'( "!t )&**'e0*'&t!" t$&t 6'' e 0!!( .!% !+% "&t!"&' "te%e*t &"( 0e"e%&' 6e'.&%e . *+c$ 'e0*'&t!"6'' "!t c!".!%/ t! t$e WTO A0%ee/e"t*# Re.+te t$* &%0+/e"t#

>>1=<HA 3 L&6 !. "&t!"* &%e .!+"(e( " "&t+%&' /!%&' '&6 &"( c!//!" c!"*e"t &"( t$&t t$e*e &%e .!%

t$e% !6" 0!!(# I" .&ct, t 6'' e !*e%-e( t$&t t$e%e * &" "c%e&*"0 ()'!/&tc &"(ec!"!/c "te%c!+%*e &/!"0 "&t!"* %e)%e*e"te( t$e% %e*)ect-e 5e&(* !. St&te* &"(A/&**&(!%*# A* t$e *&"0 0!e*, "! /&" * &" *'&"( &"( e&c$ c!+"t% "ee(* t$e !t$e%

"!t !"' " te%/* !. 0!!(*, )%!(+ct* &"( c!//!(te* !. &'' "(* t$&t /& e "ee(e( " t$e )+%*+t !. t$e% %e*)ect-e +*"e** !% t%&(e +t &'*! " te%/* !. tec$"!'!0 &"( .+"("0# T$eP$'))"e* &(!)t* t$e 0e"e%&'' &cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &* )&%t !. t$e '&6!. t$e '&"( &"( &($e%e* t! t$e )!'c !. )e&ce, e+&'t, .%ee(!/, c!!)e%&t!" &"( &/t 6t$&'' "&t!"*# A c!"t%&ct e"te%e( "t! &"( e;ec+te( t$e St&te * "("0 t! t, &"( t /&, ."ece**&%, )&** !% &))%!-e & '&6 t! e &'e t! .+'.'' t$e !'0&t!"* t $&* +"(e%t&e"#T&&(& -*# A"0&%&, G#R# N!# 11829H, M& 2, 1997

?<8



D*t"0+*$ *!-e%e0"t .%!/ "(e)e"(e"ceS!-e%e0"t * t$e *+)%e/e, )!6e% !. t$e St&te 6$c$ t$&t St&te * 0!-e%"e(# It $&* t6!

&*)ect*: "te%"&' &"( e;te%"&'# I" t* "te%"&', &*)ect, *!-e%e0"t * t$e )!6e% "$e%e"t " t$e )e!)'e !% -e*te( " t* %+'e% t$e C!"*tt+t!" t! 0!-e%" t$e St&te# S+c$ *!-e%e0"t (!e* "!t" &" (e0%ee, (e)e"( +)!" t* %ec!0"t!" !t$e% St&te*# A "e6 St&te, *)%"0"0 "t!e;*te"ce, (!e* "!t %e+%e t$e %ec!0"t!" !. !t$e% St&te* t! c!".%/ t* "te%"&' *!-e%e0"t# I"t* e;te%"&' &*)ect, *!-e%e0"t c!"**t* " t$e "(e)e"(e"ce !. !"e )!'tc&' *!cet " %e*)ect t!

&'' !t$e% )!'tc&' *!cete*# T$e e;te%"&' *!-e%e0"t !. &" St&te %e+%e* t$e %ec!0"t!" !t$e% St&te* " !%(e% t! %e"(e% t )e%.ect &"( c!/)'ete# T$* e;te%"&' /&".e*t&t!" * 6$&t *c&''e( "(e)e"(e"ce# M&'c!'/, C!"*tt+t!"&' L&6

S/)' *t&te(, "(e)e"(e"ce * .%ee(!/ .%!/ e;te%"&' c!"t%!' " t$e c!"(+ct !. e;te%"&'&"( "te%"&' &..&%*# I. t$e *!-e%e0"t !. & c!+"t% 6t$" t* te%%t!% * /!%e !% 'e** %ec!0"e(

!t$e% St&te*, *&( c!+"t% * %e.e%%e( t! &* "(e)e"(e"t#

I* t$e *!-e%e0"t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce !. & St&te &*!'+te4 N!# It * *+@ect t! t$e '/t&t!"* /)!*e( t%e&t *t)+'&t!"*, !% t$!*e &%*"0 .%!/

/e/e%*$) " t$e UN#

R0$t* &"( e"e.t* &%*"0 .%!/ St&te* *!-e%e0"t &"( "(e)e"(e"ce1# It (ete%/"e* t* !6" .!%/ !. 0!-e%"/e"t2# It /&"&0e* t* !6" 0!-e%"/e"t?# It c&" e"te% "t! t%e&te* &"( c!"(+ct .!%e0" %e'&t!"*# It c&" (ete%/"e t* "&t!"&' )!'ce* %e0&%("0 "&t!"&' (e.e"*e, "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*

//0%&t!", c+%%e"c, etc#H# It /&"&0e* t* !6" &..&%* .%ee .%!/ c!"t%!', (ct&t!" !% "te%-e"t!" !. !t$e% St&te*#>>1=<<

O'0&t!"* e%0& !/"e* 3 O'0&t!" !. & St&te t!6&%(* t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!//+"t &* & 6$!'e#e#, )%!$t!" &0&"*t )%&c, 0e"!c(e, %&c&' (*c%/"&t!", !'0&t!"* %e'&te( t! !% .!%t$e )%!tect!" !. $+/&" %0$t*, e"-%!"/e"t &"( *e'.3(ete%/"&t!"

3 I" c&*e !. %e&c$ !. !'0&t!" e%0& !/"e*, &%e t$e St&te* &..ecte( *+c$ %e&c$ !% t$eSt&te* t! 6$c$ t$e !'0&t!" * !6e(, e"tt'e( t! &" %e/e(4

A 3 e*# T$e, &"( e-e" . t$e &%e "!t &..ecte(, /& c'&/ .%!/ t$e %e*)!"*'e S&te t$e.!''!6"0:

1# Ce**&t!" !. t$e "te%"&t!"&'' 6%!"0.+' &ct2# Pe%.!%/&"ce !. t$e !'0&t!"* !. %e)&%&t!" " t$e "te%e*t !. t$e St&te, e"tt !% "(-(+&'

6$c$ * e*)ec&'' &..ecte( t$e %e&c$?# Re*tt+t!" *$!+'( e e..ecte( +"'e** /&te%&'' /)!**'e#

BAR UESTION, 2==< 3 W$&t * t$e )%"c)'e !. &+t! '/t&t!"4

?<9



A 3 A" St&te /&, t* c!"*e"t, e;)%e** !% /)'e(, *+/t t! & %e*t%ct!" !. t* *!-e%e0"%0$t*# It /&, . t c$!!*e* t!, %e.%&" .%!/ t$e e;e%c*e !. 6$&t !t$e%6*e * ''/t&'ec!/)ete"ce# Re&0&" -*# C!//**!" !. I"te%"&' Re-e"+e, G#R# N!# L32<?79, Dece/e%27, 19<9

D..e%e"t "(* !. "te%-e"t!"1# I"te%"&' &"( E;te%"&' I"te%-e"t!"

&# I"te%"&' "te%-e"t!" 3 * t$e "te%.e%e"ce !"e St&te " t$e )+%e' (!/e*tc &..&%* !.&"!t$e% *t&te#

# E;te%"&' "te%-e"t!" 3 * t$e "te%.e%e"ce !"e St&te " t$e .!%e0" %e'&t!"* !. &"!t$e%St&te#

2# I"(-(+&' &"( C!''ect-e I"te%-e"t!"&# I"(-(+&' "te%-e"t!" 3 e;*t* 6$e" !"' !"e St&te "te%.e%e*#

# C!''ect-e "te%-e"t!" 3 e;*t* 6$e" t6! !% /!%e St&te* "te%.e%e &* & 0%!+)#

?# D)'!/&tc &"( A%/e( I"te%-e"t!"&# D)'!/&tc "te%-e"t!" &'*! c&''e( "te%ce**!"Y 3 * "te%.e%e"ce t$%!+0$ ()'!/&tc

c$&""e'*# # A%/e( *!/et/e* c&''e( )+"t-e "te%-e"t!" 3 "te%-e"t!" t$%!+0$ t$e +*e !. &%/e(

.!%ce# It 6!+'( *ee/ t$&t t!(& &%/e( "te%-e"t!" * +"'&6.+' +"(e% &t 'e&*t t6! )%!-*!"*!. t$e UN C$&%te%:

>>1=<71# A%tc'e 2, )&%# ? 3 A'' /e/e%* *$&'' *ett'e t$e% "te%"&t!"&' (*)+te* )e&ce.+' /e&"* "

*+c$ & /&""e% t$&t "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce &"( *ec+%t, &"( @+*tce &%e "!t e"(&"0e%e(#2# A%tc'e 2, )&%# 3 A'' /e/e%* *$&'' %e.%&" " t$e% "te%"&t!"&' %e'&t!"* .%!/ t$e t$%e&t !%

+*e !. .!%ce &0&"*t t$e te%%t!%&' "te0%t !% )!'tc&' "(e)e"(e"ce !. &" St&te, !% " &"!t$e% /&""e% "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e )+%)!*e* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*#

?# RIG5T OF EUALITMe&""0 !. e+&'t " )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6

It (!e* "!t /e&" &*!'+te e+&'t# It /e&"* 'e0&' e+&'t !% e+&'t e.!%e t$e '&6,6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e %0$t* !. & St&te, %e0&%('e** !. t* *e, )!)+'&t!", )!6e%, (e0%ee !.c-'&t!", 6e&'t$, etc# /+*t e %e*)ecte(, &"( . & St&te $&* !'0&t!"*, t $&* t! %e*)ect t$e/&"( c!/)' 6t$ t$e/#

E;&/)'e !. 'e0&' e+&'t:1# E&c$ St&te $&* !"e -!te#2# T$e -!te !. t$e */&''e*t St&te $&* t$e *&/e %0$t &* t$e -!te !. t$e /!*t )!6e%.+' St&te#?# N! St&te c&" c'&/ @+%*(ct!" !-e% &"!t$e% St&te P&% " )&%e/ "!" $&et /)e%+/## E+&'t c&" !"' e %et&"e( . t$e%e * (0"t#H# T$e c!+%t* !. !"e St&te (! "!t, &* & %+'e, +e*t!" t$e -&'(t !% 'e0&'t !. t$e !..c&' &ct* !.

&"!t$e% *!-e%e0" St&te#

?7=



ARTICLE 2 OF T5E UN C5ARTER REGARDING T5E PRINCIPLE OF SOVEREIGNEUALIT OF ITS MEMBERS

We&"e** !% '/t&t!" !. t$e )%"c)'e !. *!-e%e0" e+&'tIt * (..c+'t, . "!t &*!'+te' /)!**'e, t! e".!%ce t$e *&( )%"c)'e ec&+*e 1 &

)e%/&"e"t /e/e% $&* & -et! )!6e% &"( 2 t$e%e &%e )e%/&"e"t &"( te/)!%&% /e/e%* "t$e Sec+%t C!+"c'#

# RIG5T OF PROPERT AND URISDICTIONT$%ee (!/&"* !. & St&te1# Te%%e*t%&' (!/&"2# F'+-&' !% /&%t/e (!/&"?# Ae%&' (!/&">>1=<8EXPLANATION OF T5E T5REE DOMAINS OF T5E STATE1# TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN 3 %e.e%* t! t$e &%e& !. '&"( 6$c$ t$e St&te !cc+)e*

POINTS TO REMEMBER:1# De."t!" !. !+% N&t!"&' te%%t!% Sect!" 1, A%tc'e 1, 1987 C!"*tt+t!"2# A%c$)e'&0c (!ct%"e 3 A'%e&( (*c+**e(?# E..ect !. t$e 6!%(* &"( &'' !t$e% te%%t!%e* !-e% 6$c$ t$e P$'))"e* $&* *!-e%e0"t !%

@+%*(ct!"# A'%e&( (*c+**e(# W$&t (e."te' .;e* t$e e;te"t !. P$'))"e te%%t!%4 A'%e&( (*c+**e(

MODES OF ACUIRING TERRITORIESD..e%e"t /!(e* !. &c+%"0 te%%t!%e*

1# D*c!-e% &"( !cc+)&t!"2# P%e*c%)t!"?# Ce**!"# C!"+e*t &"( *+@+0&t!"H# Acc%et!"

EXPLANATION OF EAC5DISCOVER AND OCCUPATION 3 t$* * &" !'( /!(e !. &c+%"0 !6"e%*$) 6$e"

te%%t!%e* 6$c$ 6e%e "!t et (*c!-e%e( &"( !cc+)e( c&" e &c+%e( t$e (*c!-e%"0

St&te +"(e% t$e )%"c)'e !. Te%%& N+'+* 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t *"ce t * & te%%t!% 6$c$ *"!t et !6"e( !% e'!"0"0 t! &" St&te *t&te'e** te%%t!%, t c&" e &c+%e( +"(e% t$e

)%"c)'e !. (*c!-e% &"( !cc+)&t!"#

3 X St&te (*c!-e%e( & St&te'e** te%%t!% &"( //e(&te', t t!! t$e .!''!6"0 *te)*: & t )%!c'&/e( *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$e &%e& 2 )'&"te( *e-e%&' .'&0* " (..e%e"t )&%t* !. t$ete%%t!%# W'' t$&t e *+..ce"t t! %)e" "t! &ct+&' !% %e&' tt'e4

?71



A 3 N!# Me%e (*c!-e% * "!t e"!+0$# A*(e .%!/ (*c!-e%, t$e%e $&( t! e &" e..ect-e!cc+)&t!" &"( &(/"*t%&t!"# X St&te /e%e' $&( &" "c$!&te tt'e 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t*&''e0e( (*c!-e% (( "!t %)e" "t! &" &ct+&' !% %e&' tt'e e..ect-e )!**e**!" &"(&(/"*t%&t!"#

>>1=<9 3 W$&t %0$t &%*e* .%!/ (*c!-e% &"( e..ect-e !cc+)&t!" &"( &(/"*t%&t!"4

A1# Act+&' !% %e&' tt'e !. t$e te%%t!% &c+%e( e..ect-e )!**e**!" &"( &(/"*t%&t!" I*'&"(

!. P&'/&* A%t%&t!" C&*e2# T$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. !. t$e te%%t!% (*c!-e%e( &"( e..ect-e' !cc+)e( *$!+'( &'*!

e'!"0 t! t$e &c+%"0 St&te#

C!"t"e"t&' *$e'' !. & c!+"t% 3 It * t$&t )&%t !. t$e *e&e( &"( *+*!' !. t$e *+/&%"e &%e&*c!"t0+!+* t! t$e c!&*t +t !+t*(e t$e &%e& !. t$e /&%t/e !"e#

W$ * t$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. /)!%t&"t4It * /)!%t&"t ec&+*e !. t$e %c$ "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* .!+"( t$e%e"# T$* *, " .&ct

"c!%)!%&te( " t$e Pet%!'e+/ Act#

3 A%e t$e J&'&&&" I*'&"(* t$!*e (*c!-e%e( t$e" T!/&* C'!/& *+@ect t! t$e*!-e%e0"t !. t$e P$'))"e*4

A 3 T$e%e &%e @+*t.&'e %e&*!"* *+))!%t"0 t$e -e6 t$&t t$e J&'&&&" I*'&"(* &%e *+@ect t!P$'))"e *!-e%e0"t# F%*t, t$e%e 6&* (*c!-e% T!/&* C'!/&, & F')"!, 6$!*+*e+e"t' ce(e( t$e*e %0$t* t! t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t# Sec!"(, t$e P$'))"e*e;e%c*e( t* @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e *'&"(* T$%(, t$e P$'))"e* '&( .!%/&' c'&/ t! t$e

*'&"(* -%t+e !. !cc+)&t!" F!+%t$, t$e *'&"(* &%e )&%t !. P&'&6&" P%!-"ce F.t$, t$eP$'))"e* %e0*te%e( t* c'&/ 6t$ t$e UN Sec%et&%&t#

PRESCRIPTIONE'e/e"t* !. )%e*c%)t!" &* & /!(e !. &c+%"0 te%%t!%#1# P!**e**!" 6$c$ /+*t e c!"t"+!+*, )+'c &"( &(-e%*e#2# L&)*e !. & %e&*!"&'e )e%!( !. t/e 6$c$ * & +e*t!" !. .&ct &"( (e)e"(e"t !" t$e

c%c+/*t&"ce* !. e&c$ c&*e#

CESSIONCe**!" 3 It * & /!(e !. &c+%"0 te%%t!% /&(e et$e% -!'+"t&%' *&'e !% (!"&t!" !%

"-!'+"t&%' !" &cc!+"t !. !% &* & %e*+'t !. 6&%#

E;&/)'e:1# Ce**!" !. A'&*& R+**& t! t$e US " 18<7#2# Ce**!" !. t$e P$'))"e* S)&" t! t$e US# T%e&t !. P&%*, Dece/e% 1=, 189<

?72



CONUEST AND SUBUGATIONC!"+e*t 3 It * t$e &c+*t!" !. *!-e%e0"t !. & c!+"t% .!%ce !. &%/*, e;e%c*e( &"

"(e)e"(e"t )!6e%, 6$c$ %e(+ce* t$e -&"+*$e( t! t$e *+/**!" !. t* e/)%e#>>1=7=I* )$*c&' c!"+e*t e"!+0$ .!% t$e tt'e t! %)e" t! %e&' !6"e%*$)4

It * "!t e"!+0$# A""e;&t!" !% *+@+0&t!" /+*t .!''!6#

W$e" * t$e%e &" &""e;&t!" !% *+@+0&t!"4It t&e* )'&ce . & .!%/&' ce**!" * /&(e " t$e t%e&t !. )e&ce#

3 I* c!"+e*t & 'e0t/&te /!(e !. &c+%"0 te%%t!% +"(e% t$e UN C$&%te%4A 3 N!# REASON: A'' /e/e%* *$&'' %e.%&" " t$e% "te%"&t!"&' %e'&t!"* .%!/ t$e t$%e&t t!

+*e !. .!%ce &0&"*t t$e te%%t!%&' "te0%t !% )!'tc&' "(e)e"(e"ce !. &" St&te, !% " !t$e%/&""e% "c!"**te"t 6t$ )+%)!*e !. t$e UN# A%tc'e 2, UN C$&%te%

ACCRETION

Acc%et!" 3 It * & /!(e !. &c+%"0 )%!)e%t )%!(+ce( !% 6$c$ * &tt&c$e( !% +"te( t! &t$"0 &'%e&( !6"e( & )e%*!"# I" R!/&" L&6, t$* * "!6" &* &cce**! 6$c$ /& et$e%

e:Acce**! C!"t"+& 3 Acce**!" !cc+%%"0 &* & c!"*e+e"ce !. .!%ce* e;te%"&' !. t$e t$"0 t*e'.#Acce**! D*c%et& 3 Acce**!" !cc+%%"0 &* & c!"*e+e"ce !. .!%ce* "$e%e"t " t$e t$"0 t*e'.#Acce**! C!"t"+& /& e "&t+%&' !% &%t.c&'#

NATURAL ACCESSIO CONTINUA1# A''+-!" 3 G%&(+&' &"( /)e%ce)t'e &((t!" t! t$e &" !. %-e%*#2# A-+'*!" 3 Acc%et!" 6$c$ t&e* )'&ce 6$e" t$e c+%%e"t !. & %-e%, c%ee !% t!%%e"t

*e0%e0&te* & "!6" )!%t!" !. '&"( .%!/ &" e*t&te !" t* &"* &"( t%&"*.e%* t t! &"!t$e%e*t&te#

?# I"*+'& N&t& 3 A" *'&"( .!%/e( " t$e *e&# It * t$e )%!)e%t !. t$e .%*t !cc+)&"t +t t e'!"0*t! "! !"e e.!%e t 6&* !cc+)e(# I. t * .!%/e( " & %-e%, &"( t !cc+)e* t$e /(('e !. t$e%-e%, t e'!"0* t! t$e !6"e% !. t$e "e&%e% /&%0"# I. t * "e&%e% t! !"e *(e t$&" t$e !t$e%, t

e'!"0* t! t$e )e%*!" 6$! )!**e** '&"(* c!"t0+!+* t! t$e &" !" t$&t *(e## A'-e+* De%e'ct+* 3 W$e"e-e% t$e%e * & c$&"0e " t$e c!+%*e !. t$e %-e%, t$e !'( %-e%e(

e'!"0* t! t$!*e 6$! )!**e** t$e '&"(* &(@!""0 t* &"* " )%!)!%t!" t! t$e e;te"t &'!"0t$e &"* !. t$e% %e*)ect-e e*t&te*# T$e "e6 %-e% e( ec!/e* & )+'c )%!)e%t#

NOTE: T$e *&/e &%e !'( R!/&" L&6 P%"c)'e* 6$c$ &%e *t'' .!+"( &"( (*c+**e( " !+%C-' C!(e, )&%tc+'&%' " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e '&6 !" )%!)e%t#

>>1=71T5E SAID PRINCIPLES BECAME T5E BASIS OF T5E PRINCIPLE T5AT W5EN

ISLANDS ARE FORMED OFF T5E COAST OF A STATE B ALLUVION, VOLCANICACTION, OR OT5ER CAUSES, T5E BECOME PART OF T5E STATE TO W5IC5 T5ECOAST BELONGS#

?7?



2# FLUVIAL DOMAIN 3 t %e.e%* t! t$e "te%"&' &"( e;te%"&' 6&te%* 3 W$&t * "c'+(e( " t$e .'+-&' !% /&%t/e (!/&"4A 31# I"te%"&' 6&te%* 3 T$e*e &%e c!/)'ete' 6t$" t$e te%%t!%

& R-e%* B&* &"( 0+'.*

c St%&t*( C&"&'*

?# A%c$)e'&0c 6&te%* 2"( *e"te"ce !. Sect!" 1, A%tc'e 1, 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 3 T$e 6&te%*&%!+"(, et6ee", &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(* !. t$e &%c$)e'&0!, %e0&%('e** !. t$e%(/e"*!"*, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e*#

3 W$&t * t$e &%c$)e'&0c (!ct%"e4A 3 U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, t$e P$'))"e A%c$)e'&0! * c!"*(e%e( &* !"e "te0%&te( +"t "*te&(

!. e"0 (-(e( "t! /!%e t$&" *e-e" t$!+*&"( *'&"(*# T$* &**e%t!", t!0et$e% 6t$ t$e&))'c&t!" !. t$e *t%&0$t &*e '"e /et$!(, * 6$&t * %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e A%c$)e'&0cD!ct%"e# B +*"0 t$* /et$!(, t$e !+te%/!*t )!"t* !. !+% &%c$)e'&0! &%e c!""ecte( 6t$*t%&0$t &*e'"e* &"( &'' 6&te%* "*(e t$e &*e'"e* &%e c!"*(e%e( &* "te%"&' 6&te%*#

3 C&" -e**e'* e &''!6e( ""!ce"t )&**&0e 6t$" t$e &%c$)e'&0c 6&te%*4A 3 e*, +t t$* %0$t /& e *+*)e"(e(, &.te% )+'c&t!" " t$e "te%e*t !. "te%"&t!"&'

*ec+%t#

3 C&" t$e &%c$)e'&0c *e& '&"e* e (e*0"&te( .!% c!"t"+!+*, +"!*t%+cte( t%&"*t !. -e**e'*4

A 3 e*#

3 W$&t * t$e e&*e/e"t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e4

A 3 It * t$e %0$t !. .!%e0" -e**e'* t! )&** t$%!+0$ te%%t!%&' 6&te%*, e*)ec&'' t$!*ec!""ect"0 t6! !)e" *e&*, )%!-(e(:

1# T$&t t$e )&**&0e * ""!ce"t 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e%e * "! +'te%!% /!t-e .!% t$e )&**&0e,&"( &'' t$e %e0+'&t!"* !. t$e St&te c!"ce%"e( /+*t $&-e ee" c!/)'e( 6t$ &"(

2# T$&t t$e%e * !"' & )&**&0e 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e%e * /e%e' & )&**"0 t$%!+0$, 6t$ "!

'!&("0 !% +"'!&("0 !. &" )e%*!" !% 0!!(*#>>1=72 3 A# W$&t * t$e &%c$)e'&0c t$e!% &* )%!)!*e( t$e P$'))"e* " t$e U#N

C!".e%e"ce !" T$e L&6 !. t$e Se&, &"( 0-e t* @+*t.c&t!", 'e0&' !% )%&ctc&', .%!/ t$e*t&"()!"t !. t$e P$'))"e )!*t!"4

A 3 & U"(e% t$e &%c$)e'&0! t$e!%, t$e 6&te%* &%!+"(, et6ee", &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(*!. t$e &%c$)e'&0!, %e0&%('e** !. t$e% %e&(t$ &"( (/e"*!"*, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e "te%"&'6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$* * )%!-(e( " A%tc'e 1, Sect!" 1 !. t$e 197?

?7



C!"*tt+t!", "!6 A%tc'e 1 !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"# I" t$* c!""ect!", !+% )!*t!" * t$&tt$e 7,1== *'&"(* c!/)%*"0 !+% te%%e*t%&' (!/&" *$!+'( e c!"*(e%e( &* !"e "te0%&te(+"t "*te&( !. e"0 .%&0/e"te( !% *e)&%&te c!/)!"e"t* t! e )%!-(e( 6t$ t* !6"te%%t!%&' *e&, &* t$* 6!+'( /&e t$e "te%-e""0 6&te%* !)e" *e&* &"( 6'' e &-&'&'e t!+*e* !. !t$e% St&te* t! t$e )%e@+(ce !. !+% c!+"t%

3 B# 5!6 c&" t$e !*e%-&"ce !. !+% '&6 !" "&t!"&' t$e!% e e".!%ce( +)!" "(-(+&'*

&"( +)!" St&te*4

A 3 O+% St&te $&* )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" !-e% )e%*!"* &"( t$"0* 6t$" t* te%%t!%# T$!*e 6$!&%e e;e/)t .%!/ t$* )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" &%e t$e .!''!6"0:

& F!%e0" *t&te*, $e&(* !. *t&te, ()'!/&tc %e)%e*e"t&t-e*, &"( c!"*+'* t! & ce%t&" (e0%ee F!%e0" *t&te )%!)e%t, "c'+("0 e/&**e*, c!"*+'&te*, &"( )+'c -e**e'* e"0&0e( " "!"3

c!//e%c&' &ct-te*c Act* !. *t&te( F!%e0" /e%c$&"t -e**e'* e;e%c*"0 t$e %0$t* !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e !% "-!'+"t&% e"t%, *+c$

&* &%%-&' +"(e% *t%e**e F!%e0" &%/e* )&**"0 t$%!+0$ !% *t&t!"e( " t* te%%t!% 6t$ t* )e%/**!" &"(. S+c$ !t$e% )e%*!"* !% )%!)e%t, "c'+("0 !%0&"&t!"* 'e t$e U"te( N&t!"*, !-e% 6$c$ t

/&, &0%ee/e"t, 6&-e @+%*(ct!"#

BAR UESTIONS, 1979 3 C# M& t$e USA '& e;c'+*-e c'&/ !-e% t$e /!!", $&-"0 e;)'!%e( t &"( $&-"0

)'&"te( $e% .'&0 t$e%e!" t! t$e e;c'+*!" !. t$e !t$e% St&te*4A 3 T$e USA c&""!t (! *! ec&+*e t$e /!!", t$e !+te% *)&ce &"( &'' ce'e*t&' !(e* t$e%e" &%e

%e* c!//+"e*#

3 A c%/e 6&* c!//tte( " & )%-&te -e**e' %e0*te%e( " &)&" & F')"! &0&"*t &"E"0'*$/&" 6$'e t$e -e**e' * &"c$!%e( " & )&%t !. St&te A# W$e%e c&" $e e t%e(4 I.

!t$ &%e /e/e%* !. t$e c%e6, 6$e%e 6'' t$e t%&' e4A 3 T$e c%/e 6'' e t%&'e t$e '!c&' St&te, . t$e c%/e c!//tte( * & *e%!+* !"e,

!t$e%6*e, t 6'' e t%&'e t$e .'&0 *t&te, &)&", . t$e /e/e%* !. t$e c%e6 &%e t$e !"e*"-!'-e( &"( t$e c%/e &''e0e( t! $&-e ee" c!//tte( * *+c$ 6$c$ * )ett 6$c$ (!e*"!t (*t+% t$e )e&ce !. t$e '!c&' *t&te#

>>1=7?

3 T$e U"te( St&te* A/&**&(!% t! t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$e A/e%c&" C!"*+' Ge"e%&' &'*! "t$e P$'))"e* +&%%e'e( " t$e M&"'& 5!te' &"( *$!t &t e&c$ !t$e%# M& t$e P$'))"eC!+%t* t&e @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e/ .!% t%&' &"( )+"*$/e"t .!% t$e c%/e t$e /& $&-ec!//tte(4

A 3 T$e US A/&**&(!% e"@!* //+"t .%!/ )%!*ec+t!" .!% t$e c%/e $e c!//tte(,6$et$e% !..c&'' !% " )%-&te c&)&ct# T$e A/e%c&" C!"*+' Ge"e%&' e"@!* //+"t.%!/ c%/"&' )%!*ec+t!" !"' .!% t$e &ct* c!//tte( $/ " c!""ect!" 6t$ $* !..c&'.+"ct!"*#

?7H



3 M& t$e U"te( N&t!"* e *+e( .!% +")&( %e"t&'* !. +'("0* +*e( t .!% t* *e**!"* "t$e P$'))"e*4

A 3 I. t$e 'e&*e !. t$e +'("0 * c!-e%e( & c!"t%&ct !. 'e&*e 6$c$ 6&* e"te%e( "t! t$eUN &"( *0"e( t$e '&tte% &"( t$e !6"e% !. t$e +'("0, t$e" t$e UN * (ee/e( t! $&-e6&-e( t* //+"te* &"( /& e *+e( .!% +")&( %e"t&'* +"(e% &"( -%t+e !. t$e *&(c!"t%&ct !. 'e&*e#

TERRITORIAL SEA 3 T$* * &'*! "!6" &* t$e /&%t/e e't# It * t$&t )!%t!" !. t$e *e&&(@&ce"t t! t$e c!&*t !. & St&te 6$c$ * +"(e% t* @+%*(ct!"&' c!"t%!'

3 W$&t * t$e %e&(t$ !% 6(t$ !. t$e te%%t!%&' *e&4A 3 D+%"0 t$e 18t$ ce"t+% 3 ? "&+tc&' /'e*# REASON: Bec&+*e &t t$&t t/e, t$e %&"0e !.

&%t''e% 6&* &!+t ? /'e*# N!6, t$* * e;te"(e( t! 12 "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e '!6 6&te%/&%, !% " t$e c&*e !. &%c$)e'&0c St&te*, .%!/ t$e &*e'"e*#

NOTE: P'e&*e %e.e% t! & /!%e e;te"*-e (*c+**!" !. t$* *+@ect " c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e

C!"-e"t!" !" t$e L&6 !. t$e Se&# L&*t t!)c

OPEN SEAS 3 T$&t )&%t !. t$e *e& 6$c$ * "!t "c'+(e( " t$e te%%t!%&' *e& !% " t$e "te%"&'6&te%* !. &" St&te

3 A%e t$e !)e" *e&* "c'+(e( " t$e /&%t/e !"e !. &" St&te4A 3 N!# B t* -e% "&t+%e, t$e *e& c&""!t e t$e )%!)e%t !. &" St&te#

3 W$&t * t$e )%"c)'e !. T$e F%ee(!/ !. t$e Se&*4A 3 It /e&"* t$&t "! )&%t !. t$e *e& &* *+c$ c&" e *+@ecte( t! t$e *!-e%e0"t !. &" St&te# It

c&""!t t$e%e.!%e e "c!%)!%&te( "t! t$e te%%t!% !. &" St&te t$%!+0$ !cc+)&t!"#

>>1=7 3 W$&t t$e" * t$e /e&""0 !. t$e *t&te/e"t t$&t t$e !)e" *e&* * "!t )%!)e%t !. &" St&te4

A 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t t * t$e c!//!" $0$6& !. &'', &))%!)%&te( t! t$e +*e !. &'' &"( "! !"ec&" &%%!0&te t! $/*e'. & *+)e%!% !% e;c'+*-e )%e%!0&t-e t$e%e# E-e% *$) *&'* t$e%e 6t$&" +"+e*t!"&'e %0$t !% )+%*+"0 $e% !6" '&6.+' +*"e** 6t$!+t "te%%+)t!"# A"(6$&te-e% /& e t$&t +*"e**, *$e * !+"( t! )+%*+e t " *+c$ & /&""e% &* "!t t! -!'&te!t$e%* +"(e% t$e L&t" M&;/, SIC UTERE TUO, NON ALIENUMLAEDAS# P&%&*+!t"0 +*tce St!%

I" !t$e% 6!%(*, t$e &%e !)e" &"( &-&'&'e t! t$e +*e !. &'' St&te* .!% & -&%et !. )+%)!*e* #e#, "&-0&t!", .'0$t !-e% t$e/, '&"0 *+/&%"e c&'e* &"( )&)e%*, .*$"0%e*e&%c$, /""0, !% " )+%*+"0 &" '&6.+' +*"e**# U"(e% A%t# 88 !. t$e UN C!".e%e"ce !"t$e L&6 !. t$e Se&, t$e $0$ *e&* *$&'' e %e*e%-e( .!% )e&ce.+' )+%)!*e*#

3 I* t$* %+'e &*!'+te4A 3 N!# T$* /& e %e0+'&te( & t%e&t#

?7<



3 W$&t * t$e .%ee(!/ !. "&-0&t!"4A 3 It %e.e%* t! t$e %0$t t! *&' *$)* !" t$e $0$ *e&*, *+@ect !"' t! "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( t$e

'&6* !. t$e .'&0 *t&te#

3 W$&t * %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e4A 3 It * t$e !"e e;te"("0 +) t! 12 "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e te%%t!%&' *e&# A't$!+0$ t * "!t

tec$"c&'' & )&%t !. t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te, t$e c!&*t&' St&te /& e;e%c*e '/te(

@+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e &* & )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e t! "*+%e t$&t c+*t!/* '&6*,//0%&t!" &"( *&"t&% '&6* &%e )%!)e%' &"( e..ect-e' e".!%ce(#

3 W$&t * %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e e;c'+*-e ec!"!/c !"e4A 3 It * t$e !"e 6$c$ e;te"(* +) t! 2== /'e* .%!/ t$e '!6 6&te% /&% !% t$e &*e'"e* &* t$e

c&*e /& e#

3 It 6&* /e"t!"e( e&%'e% t$&t t$e &%e& e!"( t$e te%%t!%&' *e& * "!t )&%t !. t$e te%%t!% !.& St&te# D!e* t$* /e&" t$&t t$e c!&*t&' St&te $&* &*!'+te' "! %0$t* !-e% t$e *&( &%e&4

A 3 W$'e t * t%+e t$&t t$e *&( &%e& * "!t !6"e( &" St&te, t (!e* "!t /e&" t$&t !t$e%St&te* $&-e &*!'+te' "! %0$t* 6$&t*!e-e% t! t$e +*e !. t$e *&/e# T$e /& e"@! t$e.!''!6"0 %0$t*:

1# A* &'%e&( /e"t!"e( e&%'e%, !t$e% St&te* /& e"@! t$e %0$t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e t$%!+0$t$e *&( &%e& !" t6! c!"(t!"*, &* &.!%e/e"t!"e(#

2# T$e c!&*t&' St&te /& e;e%c*e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !-e% ec!"!/c %e*!+%ce* !. t$e *e&, *e&e(*+*!'#

?# Ot$e% St&te* *$&'' $&-e .%ee(!/ !. "&-0&t!" &"( !-e%3.'0$t, t! '& *+/&%"e c&'e* &"( )%!)e% '"e* &"( !t$e% '&6.+' +*e*#

>>1=7HA" e;&/)'e !. t$e P$'))"e e;c'+*-e ec!"!/c !"e * t$e SCARBOROUG5

S5OAL, 6$c$ * *t+&te( &!+t 1?H '!/ete%* .%!/ I&, K&/&'e*#

3 W$&t * %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'.4A 3 It * t$e *e&3e( &"( t$e *+*!' !. t$e *+/&%"e &%e&* t$&t e;te"( e!"( t* te%%t!%&' *e&

t$%!+0$!+t t$e "&t+%&' )%!'!"0&t!" !. t* '&"( te%%t!% t! t$e !+te% e(0e !. t$e c!"t"e"t&'/&%0", !% t! & (*t&"ce !. 2== /'e* .%!/ t$e &*e'"e* .%!/ 6$c$ t$e te%%t!%&' *e& &*/e&*+%e( 6$e%e t$e !+te% e(0e !. t$e c!"t"e"t&' /&%0" (!e* "!t e;te"( +) t! t$&t (*t&"ce#

3 C&" t$e c!&*t&' St&te e"@! t$e %0$t !. e;)'!t&t!" !. !' (e)!*t* &"( !t$e% %e*!+%ce* " t$ec!"t"e"t&' *$e'.4

A 3 e*#

?# AERIAL DOMAIN 3 t %e.e%* t! t$e &% *)&ce &!-e t$e '&"( &"( 6&te%* 3 W$&t &%e t$e /)!%t&"t )%"c)'e* %e0&%("0 &e%&' @+%*(ct!"4A 3

?77



1# AIR SPACE ABOVE T5E TERRITOR OF T5E STATE 3 T$e &%e c!/)'ete' *+@ect t!t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e St&te @+*t 'e t$e .'+-&' (!/&"#

2# FREE AERIAL NAVIGATION 3 A%, 'e t$e $0$ &"( !)e" *e&*, * !)e" t! .%ee "&-0&t!" &'' &%c%&.t, (!/e*tc &"( .!%e0", *+@ect t! t$e %0$t !. t$e St&te t! )%!-(e .!% t$e*ec+%t !. t$e te%%t!%#

?# TWO3KONE T5EOR 3 T$e%e * & '!6e% !"e !. te%%t!%&' &% *)&ce &"( & $0$e% +"'/te(!"e !. .%ee &% *)&ce#

# SOVEREIGNT IS SUBECT TO EASEMENT 3 W$'e t$e *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$e &% *)&ce%e/&"* 6t$ t$e *+@&ce"t St&te, t * *+@ect t! t$e e&*e/e"t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e .!% .!%e0"&%c%&.t#

3 W$&t &%e t$e )%e*e"t %+'e* !" "te%"&t!"&' &-&t!"4A 31# Re0+'&% A%'"e Se%-ce* 3 Sc$e(+'e( '&"("0* &"( (e)&%t+%e*2# A'' !t$e% .!%/* !. "te%"&t!"&' &-&t!"

& F'0$t* " t%&"*t * %ec!0"e( 6t$!+t )%!% )e%/**!"#

Re.+e'"0 *t!)* * %ec!0"e( 6t$!+t )%!% )e%/**!"#c R0$t !. c&!t&0e 3 R0$t t! t%&"*)!%t 0!!(* &"( )e%*!"* et6ee" )!"t* " t$e *&/e

St&te#( A%c%&.t c&%% t$e "&t!"&'t !. t$e St&te !. %e0*t%&t!"#

>>1=7< 3 W$&t &%e t$e !t$e% %+'e* t! %e/e/e%4A 31# E-e% St&te $&* c!/)'ete &"( e;c'+*-e *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$e &%*)&ce &!-e t* te%%t!%# T$*

*$&'' "!t "c'+(e !+te% *)&ce#2# N! !t$e% St&te* $&-e %0$t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e !-e% t$e &% te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% St&te#

?# O+te% *)&ce * %e* c!//+"e*, 'e t$e $0$ *e&*# It * .%ee .!% e;)'!%&t!" &"( +*e &'' St&te* +t t c&""!t e &""e;e( &" St&te O+te% S)&ce T%e&t !. 19<7# A"( t$e /& e +*e(!"' .!% )e&ce.+' )+%)!*e*, #e#, "+c'e&% 6e&)!"* !. /&** (e*t%+ct!" /& "!t e )'&ce( "!%t &%!+"( t$e e&%t$#

H# RIG5T OF LEGATION OR DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE 3 W$&t * t$e %0$t !. 'e0&t!"4A 3 T$* * t$e %0$t !. & St&te t! *e"( e"-!* !% e*t&'*$ ()'!/&tc /**!"*, !% t$e %0$t t!

%ece-e *+c$ e"-!* !% /**!"*# T$e .%*t * "!6" &* t$e &ct-e %0$t !. 'e0&t!"# T$e

*ec!"( * "!6" &* t$e )&**-e %0$t !. 'e0&t!"#

3 W$! &%e t$e &0e"t* !. ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e4A 31# 5e&( !. St&te 3 5e %e)%e*e"t* t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e St&te#P!"te%*:1# T$e c!"(+ct !. .!%e0" %e'&t!"* * e**e"t&'' &" e;ec+t-e .+"ct!"#

?78



2# T$e P%e*(e"t &'!"e c&""!t, $!6e-e%, e;ec+te &"( /)'e/e"t !+% .!%e0" )!'ce*# T$e DFA,%e)%e*e"te( t$e Sec%et&% !. F!%e0" A..&%*, e;ec+te* !+% .!%e0" )!'ce* t$%!+0$ t$e-&%!+* ()'!/&tc &"( c!"*+'&% !..c&'*#

?# T$e 5e&( !. St&te /& c!"(+ct ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e )e%*!"&'' " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:&# W$e" $e &tte"(* & *+//t c!".e%e"ce

# W$e" $e -*t* .!%e0" *t&te* !..c&''# #1# I" c&*e !. !..c&' -*t, t$e $e&( !. St&te * e"tt'e( t! .+'' ()'!/&tc $!"!%* &"( )%-'e0e*# #2# I. t$e $e&( !. St&te t%&-e'* "c!0"t!, $e c&""!t c'&/ ()'!/&tc //+"t +"'e** $e

(ec(e* t! %e-e&' &"( )%!-e $* (e"tt# #?# I. t$e "c!0"t! -*t * 6t$ t$e "!6'e(0e !. t$e St&te c!"ce%"e(, $e %ece-e* ()'!/&tc

)%-'e0e*# 5!6e-e%, t! )%e*e%-e t$e +"!..c&' c$&%&cte% !. t$e /**!", $e (!e* "!t 0etce%e/!"&' $!"!%*#

>>1=77FOUR CLASSES OF DIPLOMATIC OFFICERS

1# A/&**&(!%* 3 t$e &%e t$e )!'tc&', c+'t+%&', ec!"!/c, &"( *!c&' %e)%e*e"t&t-e* !. t$e%c!+"t%e* t! & .!%e0" St&te# T$e% !..ce* &%e c&''e( &* e/&**e*#

2# M"*te%* )'e")!te"t&% !% e"-!* e;t%&!%("&% 3 t$e &%e /"*te%* &**0"e( t! &tte"( t! &*)ec&' .+"ct!" #e#, *0""0 & t%e&t#

?# M"*te%* %e*(e"t 3 t$e &%e t$e )!'tc&', c+'t+%&', ec!"!/c, &"( *!c&' %e)%e*e"t&t-e* !.t$e% c!+"t%e* t! & .!%e0" )%"c)&' ct# T$e% !..ce* &%e "!6" &* 'e0&t!"*#

# T$e C$&%0e* (&..&%e* " c$&%0e !. &..&%* 3 T$e &%e t$!*e !..c&'' e'!6 t$e %&" !. t$e/"*te%* %e*(e"t# T$e t&e !-e% 6$e" t$e '&tte% * &*e"t# I" !t$e% 6!%(*, t$e &%ete/)!%&%' " c$&%0e "! /&tte% 6$&t t$e% !..c&' %&" !% (e*0"&t!" /& e#

3 W$! &***t t$e 5e&(* !. M**!"4A 31# D)'!/&tc St&.. E"0&0e " ()'!/&tc &ct-te* &"( &cc!%(e( ()'!/&tc %&"2# A(/"*t%&t-e &"( Tec$"c&' St&.. t$!*e e/)'!e( " t$e &(/"*t%&t-e &"( tec$"c&'

*e%-ce !. t$e /**!"#?# Se%-ce St&.. t$!*e e"0&0e( " t$e (!/e*tc *e%-ce !. t$e /**!"

3 W$&t * t$e /e&""0 !. D)'!/&tc C!%)*4A 3 A'' ()'!/&tc e"-!* &cc%e(te( t! t$e *&/e St&te .!%/ & !( "!6" &* & D)'!/&tc

C!%)*# T$e $e&( !. t$* !( * +*+&'' t$e P&)&' N+"c!, . t$e%e * !"e, !% t$e !'(e*t&/&**&(!%# I. t$e%e &%e "! &/&**&(!%*, t * t$e !'(e*t /"*te% )'e")!te"t&% 6$! * t$e$e&( !. t$e ()'!/&tc c!%)*#

APPOINTMENT OF DIPLOMATIC OFFICIALS 3 W$! &))!"t* &/&**&(!%*, !t$e% )+'c /"*te%* &"( c!"*+'*4

?79



A 3 T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' "!/"&te &"(, 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e C!//**!" !" A))!"t/e"t*,&))!"t &/&**&(!%*, !t$e% )+'c /"*te%* &"( c!"*+'*# Sect!" 1<, A%tc'e VII, 1987C!"*tt+t!"

3 I* t$e *e"("0 St&te &*!'+te' .%ee " t$e c$!ce !. ()'!/&tc %e)%e*e"t&t-e* !% !..c&'*4A 3 N!# T$e %ece-"0 St&te $&* t$e %0$t t! %e.+*e t! %ece-e &* e"-! !. &"!t$e% St&te !"e

6$!/ t c!"*(e%* &* )e%*!"& "!" 0%&t&#

3 W$&t * &0%e&t!"4A 3 It * &" ".!%/&' "+% e"+% t! ."( !+t t$e &cce)t&'t !. & )%!)!*e( e"-! &"( &"

".!%/&' c!".!%/t &0%e/e" !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te t! t$e &))!"t/e"t !. t$e *&( e"-!#

3 W$&t $&))e"* . &" &))!"t/e"t * /&(e 6t$!+t &0%e&t!"4A 3 T$* &/!+"t* t! ()'!/&tc .&+; )&* ec&+*e 6t$!+t &0%e&t!", t$e%e /& )!**' e &"

e/&%%&**/e"t#>>1=78

3 W$&t &%e t$e )&)e%* t$&t t$e e"-! )%e*e"t* t! t$e %ece-"0 St&te4A 31# A 'ette% !. c%e(e"ce 'et%e (e c%e&"ce 3 T$* *t&te* t$e "&/e !. t$e %e)%e*e"t&t-e, $* %&"

t$e c$&%&cte% &"( 0e"e%&' !@ect !. t$* /**!"# It &'*! c!"t&"* & %e+e*t .!% .&-!%&'e%ece)t!" &"( .+'' c%e(e"ce# It * *e&'e( +t t$e &/&**&(!% $&* c!)e* !. t$e *&/e#

2# A ()'!/&tc )&**)!%t 3 T$* &+t$!%e* $* t%&-e' &"( (e*c%e* !t$ $* )e%*!" &"( $*!..ce#

?# 5* "*t%+ct!"* 3 S)ec&' ()'!/&tc &0e"t* %ece-e & (!c+/e"t !. 0e"e%&' .+'' )!6e%* )'e" )!+-!%* 6t$ &+t$!%t t! "e0!t&te !" e;t%&!%("&% !% *)ec&' +*"e**#

# T$e c)$e% !% c!(e !% *ec%et e 3 F!% c!//+"c&t!" 6t$ $* c!+"t%#

3 W$&t &%e t$e .+"ct!"* &"( (+te* !. & ()'!/&tc /**!"4A 3 T$e /&" .+"ct!"* !. & ()'!/&tc /**!" &%e:& T! )%!/!te .%e"(' %e'&t!"* et6ee" t$e *e"("0 St&te &"( t$e %ece-"0 St&te, &"( t$e

(e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e% ec!"!/c, c+'t+%&' &"( *ce"t.c %e'&t!"* T! !*e%-e &"( %e)!%t t! $* c!+"t% t$e (e-e'!)/e"t* " t$e %ece-"0 St&tec T! )%!tect t$e "te%e*t* !. t$e "&t!"&'* !. $* c!+"t% 6t$" t$e '/t* &''!6e(

"te%"&t!"&' '&6( T! %e)%e*e"t $* c!+"t% " t$e %ece-"0 St&te

e T! "e0!t&te 6t$ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te#

WAIVER OF IMMUNITIES 3 C&" ()'!/&tc //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e* e 6&-e(4A 31 I. )+%e' )e%*!"&', t$e "(-(+&' c!"ce%"e( /& /&e t$e 6&-e%#2 I. t$e %0$t * "!t )e%*!"&' +t !..c&', t$e $!/e 0!-e%"/e"t /+*t /&e t$e 6&-e% " e$&'.

!. t$e c$e. !. /**!"#

?8=



? I" t$e c&*e !. *+!%("&te*, t$e 6&-e% !. "!"3)e%*!"&' %0$t* * (!"e et$e% t$e $!/e0!-e%"/e"t !% t$e c$e. !. /**!" $/*e'.#

3 5!6 /& t$e 6&-e% e /&(e4

A 3 W&-e% /& e /&(e " t$e .!''!6"0 6&*:1 E;)%e** 6&-e% 3 &* &'%e&( (*c+**e(

2 I/)'e( 6&-e% 3 .&'+%e t! &**e%t //+"t &t t$e t/e !. *+t? P%e*+/e( 6&-e% 3 6$e" t$e e"-! $/*e'. *+e*, $e "ece**&%' *$!+'( &''!6 & c!+"te%c'&/

&0&"*t $/*e'. . t *$!+'( &%*e .%!/ t$e *&/e t%&"*&ct!" &"( *!/et/e* e-e" . t$ec!+"te%*+t c!/e* .%!/ &" +"%e'&te( c'&/# N&t!"&' Ct B&" !. Ne6 !% -*# Re)# !.C$"&, ?8 U#S# ?H<

>>1=79ASLUM 3 W$&t * t$e %0$t !. &*'+/4A 3 T$e %0$t !. &*'+/ * t$e &+t$!%t !. & St&te t! &''!6 &" &'e" 6$! $&* *!+0$t %e.+0e

.%!/ )%!*ec+t!" !% )e%*ec+t!" t! %e/&" 6t$" t$e te%%t!% &"( +"(e% t* )%!tect!"#O))e"$e/3L&+te%)&ct, P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, V!'# I, )# <18

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! *)ece* !. &*'+/4

A 3 1# Te%%t!%&' &*'+/ 3 %e.+0e 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. t$e *$e'te%"0 *t&te, t$e )%!tect!"6$c$ & %e.+0ee !t&" e*c&)"0 t!, !% %e/&""0 +)!", t$e te%%t!% !. & St&te !t$e% t$&"t$&t t$e St&te t$&t 6&"t* $/, +"t' t$e )%!tect!" * te%/"&te( $* e;t%&(t!"# McN&%,L&6 !" T%e&te*, V!'# II, )# <7

2# E;te%%t!%&' &*'+/ 3 &*'+/ " 6$&t &%e c!"*(e%e( t$e e;te"*!"* !. & St&te* te%%t!%T$* t)e "c'+(e*:

& &*'+/ " .!%e0" )+'c *$)* ()'!/&tc &*'+/ 3 t$e )%!tect!" &..!%(e( & St&te t! & %e.+0ee 0%&"t"0 $/ &"

&*'+/ " !% +)!" t* ()'!/&tc +'("0* 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te t$&t 6&"t* $/I(#

3 W$&t * t$e (+%&t!" !. t$e *&( //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e*4A 3 T$e *&/e &%e e"@!e( t$e e"-! .%!/ t$e /!/e"t $e e"te%* t$e te%%t!% !. t$e %ece-"0

St&te &"( *$&'' ce&*e 6$e" $e 'e&-e* t$e c!+"t%# Wt$ %e*)ect t! !..c&' &ct*, $!6e-e%,//+"t *$&'' c!"t"+e "(e."te'#

3 A%e t$e *&( //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e* &-&'&'e 6$e" t$e e"-! * "!t " t$e te%%t!% !. t$e%ece-"0 St&te4

A 3 e*# T$e &%e &-&'&'e e-e" " t%&"*t+, !% 6$'e t%&-e''"0 t$%!+0$ & t$%( St&te !" t$e 6&t! !% .%!/ t$e %ece-"0 St&te#

?81



3 W$e" * & ()'!/&tc /**!" te%/"&te(4A 3 It * te%/"&te( " c&*e !. (e&t$, %e*0"&t!", %e/!-&' !% &!'t!" !. !..ce, %ec&'' t$e

*e"("0 St&te, (*/**&' t$e %ece-"0 St&te, 6&% et6ee" t$e %ece-"0 &"( t$e *e"("0St&te, !% t$e e;t"ct!" !. t$e St&te#

>>1=8=EXTRADITIONBAR UESTION, 19?7, 191, 19<, 199

3 W$&t * e;t%&(t!"4A 3 E;t%&(t!" * t$e %e/!-&' !. &" &cc+*e( .%!/ t$e %e+e*te( St&te t$e A*'+/ St&te 6t$

t$e !@ect !. )'&c"0 $/ &t t$e (*)!*&' !. .!%e0" &+t$!%te* t! e"&'e t$e %e+e*t"0 St&te!% 0!-e%"/e"t t! $!'( $/ " c!""ect!" 6t$ &" c%/"&' "-e*t0&t!" (%ecte( &0&"*t$/ !% t$e e;ec+t!" !. & )e"&'t /)!*e( !" $/ +"(e% t$e )e"&' !% c%/"&' '&6 !. t$e%e+e*t"0 St&te !% 0!-e%"/e"t# P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 1=<9, P$'))"e E;t%&(t!" L&6A%tc'e 2&

BAR UESTION, 1922, 192, 19?=, 19?1, 19?7, 19?9, 191, &"( 19<

3 B%e.' St&te & +"(e% 6$&t &+t$!%t & .+0t-e .%!/ @+*tce /& e e;t%&(te(, t$e )e%*!"*, &"( c !..e"*e* *+@ect t! e;t%&(t!"#

A 3& t$e e;t%&(t!" /& e /)'e/e"te( !" t$e &** !. &" e;t%&(t!" t%e&t et6ee" t$e )&%te*

t$e )&%t %e+e*t"0 t$e *&/e &"( t$e )&%t e"0 %e+e*te(# t$e &%e t$!*e c$&%0e( !% c!"-cte( !. !..e"*e* 6$c$ +"(e% t$e t%e&t &%e 0%!+"(* .!%

e;t%&(t!"#c t$e &%e t$!*e !..e"*e* 6$c$ &%e (e."e( &"( '*te( " t$e e;t%&(t!" t%e&t#

3 C&" t$e St&te e"0 %e+e*te( e c!/)e''e( t! *+%%e"(e% & c%/"&' t! & %e+e*t"0 St&te4

A 3 e*, . t$e%e * &" e;t%&(t!" t%e&t t! t$&t e..ect# O. c!+%*e, & St&te /& -!'+"t&%'e;t%&(te & c%/"&' e-e" 6t$!+t &" e;t%&(t!" t%e&t#

BAR UESTION, 199? 3 W$&t * t$e (..e%e"ce, . &", et6ee" e;t%&(t!" &"( (e)!%t&t!"4A 3

E;t%&(t!"1# T$e *+%%e"(e% .!%ce !. & 6&"te( )e%*!" t$e %e+e*te( St&te t! t$e %e+e*t"0 St&te#

2# M& !"' e /&(e )+%*+&"t t! & t%e&t et6ee" t$e %e+e*t"0 St&te &"( t$e %e+e*te( St&te#?# It * .!% t$e e"e.t !. t$e %e+e*t"0 St&te#

De)!%t&t!"1# T$e e;)+'*!" !. &" +"6&"te( !% +"(e*%&'e &'e"#2# It * &" e;e%c*e !. *!-e%e0"t &"( & (ec*!" /&(e & St&te#?# It * &" !%(e% !. & St&te &ct"0 !" t* !6" &"( &cc!%("0 t! t* '&6*, "te%e*t &"( )%!ce**e*#>>1=81

?82



BAR UESTION, 19<9 3 A &)&"e*e 6!/&" c&/e t! t$e P$'))"e* &"( 6&* &(/tte( &* & t%&"*e"t# It 6&* .!+"( &

.e6 (&* '&te% t$&t $e% )&**)!%t 6&* .!%0e(# De)!%t&t!" )%!cee("0* 6e%e t$e" *t&%te(&0&"*t $e%# Te" (&* '&te%, *$e /&%%e( & F')"!# C!+'( *$e *t'' e *+@ect !. (e)!%t&t!"4

A 3 T$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. P$'))"e* $&* &*!'+te' t$e %0$t t! &''!6, )%!$t !%(e)!%t &" &'e" 6$!*e )%e*e"ce * "/c&' t! t* "te%e*t# T$e c!"t"+"0 *t& !. &" &'e" *t$e%e.!%e *+@ect t! t$e &))%!-&' &"( c!"*e"t !. !+% 0!-e%"/e"t &"( . t (ec(e* t! (e)!%t &"

&'e", t$&t * )+%e' & /&tte% !. %0$t !" t$e )&%t !. !+% 0!-e%"/e"t#

CONSULAR OFFICIALS 3 W$&t * & c!"*+'4A 3 A c!"*+' * & c!//e%c&' &0e"t &))!"te( $* G!-e%"/e"t t! %e*(e " & .!%e0" ct, &"(

)e%/tte( t$e .!%e0" St&te t! (! *! " !%(e% t$&t $e /& 6&tc$ !-e% t$e c!//e%c&'%0$t* &"( )%-'e0e* !. $* !6" c!+"t% t$e%e" &"( t$+* )%!tect t$e %0$t* !. $* c!+"t%*"&t!"&'*# P&%&* ct"0 W'*!" &"( T+ce%, I"te%"&t!"&' L&6

3 W$&t &%e t$e (..e%e"t ."(* !. c!"*+'*4

A 3 A* t! c$&%&cte% & C!"*+'e* /** c!"*+'* (e c&%%e%e 3 Lte%&'' t$* /e&"* c!"*+'* !. c&%ee%# T$e &%e

)%!.e**!"&' c!"*+'*, $e"ce, t$e &%e "!t &''!6e( t! e"0&0e " &" !t$e% )%!.e**!" !% +*"e**

C!"*+'e* e'ect 3 T$e &%e &'*! "!6" &* $!"!%&% !% c!//e%c&' c!"*+'*# T$e &%e *e'ecte( t$e &))!"t"0 G!-e%"/e"t et$e% .%!/ t* !6" cte"* e"0&0e( " +*"e** " t$ec!+"t% " 6$c$ t$e 6'' e &''!6e( t! e;e%c*e c!"*+'&% .+"ct!"*, !% .%!/ &/!"0 t$e"&t!"&'* !. t$e .!%e0" *t&te "-!'-e(#

A* t! %&" & C!"*+'30e"e%&' 3 5e $e&(* *e-e%&' c!"*+'&% (*t%ct*, !% !"e e;ce)t!"&'' '&%0e c!"*+'&%

(*t%ct C!"*+' 3 5e t&e* c$&%0e !. & */&'' (*t%ct !% t!6" !% )!%tc Vce3c!"*+' 3 5e &***t* t$e c!"*+'( C!"*+'&%3&0e"t 3 5e * +*+&'' e"t%+*te( 6t$ t$e )e%.!%/&"ce !. ce%t&" .+"ct!"* !. t$e

c!"*+'#>>1=82

3 W$&t &%e t$e t6! /)!%t&"t (!c+/e"t* "ece**&% e.!%e t$e &**+/)t!" !. c!"*+'&%.+"ct!"*4

A 31 Lette% )&te"t 'ett%e (e )%!-*!" 3 T$* * t$e 'ette% !. &))!"t/e"t !% c!//**!" 6$c$ *

t%&"*/tte( t$e *e"("0 St&te t! t$e Sec%et&% !. F!%e0" A..&%* !. t$e c!+"t% " 6$c$t$e c!"*+' * t! *e%-e &"(

2 E;e+&t!% 3 T$* * t$e &+t$!%&t!" 0-e" t$e *!-e%e0" !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te t! t$ec!"*+', &''!6"0 $/ t! e;e%c*e $* .+"ct!"* 6t$" t$e te%%t!% See L&6%e"ce, P%"c)'e*

?8?



!. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )# 297# T$e e;e+&t!% /& e 0%&"te( c!"(t!"&'' t$e 0%&"t /&e-e" e %e.+*e( .!% &" !% "! %e&*!" !"ce 0%&"te(, t$e e;e+&t!% /& e +"'&te%&''6t$(%&6"#

3 W$&t &%e t$e .+"ct!"* !. c!"*+'&% !..ce%*4A 3 Ge"e%&'', t$e .+"ct!"* )e%t&" t! c!//e%ce &"( "&-0&t!" &"( !t$e% &(/"*t%&t-e

.+"ct!"* 'e **+"0 -*&* )e%/t* t! -*t $* c!+"t%, &* c!"t%&(*t"0+*$e( .%!/

)&**)!%t* )e%/t* t! 'e&-e t$e c!+"t%, &"( 6$c$ &%e +*+&'' **+e( t$e De)&%t/e"t !.F!%e0" A..&%*# U"(e% A%tc'e 1= !. t$e F&/' C!(e !. t$e P$'))"e*, /&%%&0e*

et6ee" F')"! cte"* &%!&( /& e *!'e/"e( & c!"*+' !% -ce3c!"*+' !. t$eRe)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*# T$e **+&"ce !. t$e /&%%&0e 'ce"*e &"( t$e (+te* !. t$e '!c&'c-' %e0*t%&% &"( !. t$e *!'e/""0 !..ce% 6t$ %e0&%( t! t$e ce'e%&t!" !. /&%%&0e *$&''

e )e%.!%/e( *&( c!"*+'&% !..c&'#

3 W$&t &%e t$e //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e* !. c!"*+'&% !..c&'*4

A 3 U"'e** 0-e" *!/e ()'!/&tc .+"ct!"*, c!"*+'* &%e "!t 0e"e%&'' e"tt'e( t! ()'!/&tc//+"t U#S# -*# W!"0 J/ A%, 1<7 U#S# <9# T$e &%e, $!6e-e%, 0%&"te( *!/e

)%-'e0e* &"( //+"te* 6$c$ /& e e**e"t&' .!% t$e )%!)e% )e%.!%/&"ce !. t$e%c!"*+'&% (+te*, *+c$ &* t$!*e 0%&"te( +"(e% t$e 19<? Ve""& C!"-e"t!" !" C!"*+'&%Re'&t!"*, t! 6t:

1# T$e &%e "!t &''!6e( .%ee(!/ !. c!//+"c&t!" " c)$e% !% !t$e%6*e2# I"-!'&'t !. &%c$-e*, +t "!t !. t$e )%e/*e* 6$e%e 'e0&' )%!ce**e* /& e *e%-e( &"(

&%%e*t* /&(e?# T$e &%e e;e/)t .%!/ '!c&' @+%*(ct!" .!% !..e"*e* c!//tte( " t$e (*c$&%0e !. !..c&'

.+"ct!"*, +t "!t !t$e% !..e"*e* e;ce)t /"!% ".%&ct!"*

# T$e &%e e;e/)t .%!/ te*t."0 !" !..c&' c!//+"c&t!"* !% !" /&tte%* )e%t&""0 t!c!"*+'&% .+"ct!"*

H# T$e &%e e;e/)t .%!/ t&;e*, c+*t!/* (+te*, /'t&% !% @+% *e%-ce &"(<# T$e /& (*)'& t$e% "&t!"&' .'&0 &"( e/'e/ " t$e c!"*+'&te#>>1=8? 3 W$&t &%e t$e c&+*e* !. te%/"&t!" !. c!"*+'&% .+"ct!"*4A 31 De&t$ !. c!"*+'&% !..c&'2 Rec&'' !% (*/**&' !. t$e c!"*+'

? Wt$(%&6&' !. t$e e;e+&t!% O+t%e& !. 6&% et6ee" t$e t6! *t&te* "-!'-e(H E;)%&t!" !. t$e )e%!( !. &))!"t/e"t . *+c$ )e%!( $&( ee" *)ec.e(< D*%+)t!" !. c!"*+'&% %e'&t!"*#

1?#URISDICTION OF STATES

3 W$&t * %e.e%%e( t! &* t$e @+%*(ct!" !. & St&te4

?8



A 3 It * t$e )!6e% e;e%c*e( t$e St&te !-e% )e%*!"*, )%!)e%t, t%&"*&ct!"* !% e-e"t*#

3 W$&t /+*t e c!"*(e%e( & St&te " t$e (e."t!" !. t* @+%*(ct!" !-e% )e%*!"*, )%!)e%t, t%&"*&ct!"* !% e-e"t*4

A 3 A St&te /+*t 0-e (+e c!"*(e%&t!" t! t$e "te%e*t* !. t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!//+"t &* &6$!'e &"( t *$!+'( &-!( +"(+e e"c%!&c$/e"t* !" t$e "te%e*t* !. t$e !t$e% /e/e%* !. t$ec!//+"t#

3 W$&t * t$e &** !. @+%*(ct!" !. & St&te4

A 3 It * &*e( !" t$e .!''!6"0 )%"c)'e*:1# Te%%t!%&' )%"c)'e2# N&t!"&'t )%"c)'e?# P%!tect-e )%"c)'e# U"-e%*&'t )%"c)'eH# P&**-e )e%*!"&'t )%"c)'e

EXPLANATION OF EAC51# TERRITORIAL PRINCIPLE&# Wt$ %e*)ect t! &'' )e%*!"*, t$"0*, t%&"*&ct!"* !% $&))e""0* 6t$" t* te%%t!%&' '/t*

A St&te e;e%c*e* e;c'+*-e @+%*(ct!" e;ec+t-e, 'e0*'&t-e, &"( @+(c&'

# E;te"t t! 6$c$ & St&te e;e%c*e* @+%*(ct!" !-e% )e%*!"* !% &ct* (!"e !+t*(e t* te%%t!%#It * "&%%!6e% &"( (e)e"(* !" t$e "( !. @+%*(ct!" t *ee* t! "-!e#

>>1=8E;&/)'e:

T$e%e &%e "! te%%t!%&' '/t&t!"* !" t$e e;e%c*e !. 'e0*'&t-e .+"ct!"* " c-' /&tte%* +t t$e St&te, &* & %+'e, $&* c%/"&' @+%*(ct!" !"' !-e% !..e"*e* c!//tte( 6t$" t*te%%t!% e;ce)t " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*: & I. t$e *&/e &%e c!"t"+"0 !..e"*e* 6$c$ /e&"*t$&t t$e c!//**!" !. t$e c%/e $&* *t&%te( " !"e St&te &"( * c!"*+//&te( " &"!t$e% St&te" 6$c$ c&*e, !t$ St&te* $&-e @+%*(ct!"# T$e St&te 6$e%e t$e c%/e * c!//tte( &**+/e*6$&t /& e c&''e( *+@ect-e @+%*(ct!", 6$'e t$e St&te 6$e%e t$e c%/e * c!/)'ete(&**+/e* !@ect-e te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!"#

NOTE: T$e e;e/)t!"* .%!/ te%%t!%&' )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!", &* (*c+**e( '&te%#

2# NATIONALIT PRINCIPLE 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t t$e St&te /& )+"*$ !..e"*e* c!//tte( t* "&t!"&'* &"6$e%e " t$e 6!%'(# I" c-' /&tte%*, t$e )e%*!"&' '&6* !. /&" c!+"t%e*6$c$ $&-e &(!)te( t$e c!"t"e"t&' 'e0&' **te/ .!''!6 t$e% "&t!"&'* 6$e%e-e% t$e &%e##e#, I"c!/e t&; '&6* &'*! &))' t! )e%*!"* !" t$e &** !. "&t!"&'t %&t$e% t$&"te%%t!%&'t#

?8H



E;&/)'e: A%tc'e 1H !. !+% Ne6 C-' C!(e 6$c$ )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: L&6* %e'&t"0 t! .&/'%0$t* &"( (+te* !% t! t$e *t&t+*, c!"(t!" &"( 'e0&' c&)&ct !. )e%*!"* &%e "("0 +)!"cte"* !. t$e P$'))"e*, e-e" t$!+0$ '-"0 &%!&(#

?# PROTECTIVE PRINCIPLE 3 St&te* c'&/ e;t%&te%%t!%&' c%/"&' @+%*(ct!" t! )+"*$c%/e* c!//tte( &%!&( 6$c$ &%e )%e@+(c&' t! t$e% "&t!"&' *ec+%t !% -t&' "te%e*t*,e-e" 6$e%e t$e !..e"*e* &%e )e%)et%&te( "!"3"&t!"&'*# A%tc'e 2 !. !+% Re-*e( Pe"&'

C!(e )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: E;ce)t &* )%!-(e( " t$e t%e&te* &"( '&6* !. )%e.e%e"t&'&))'c&t!", t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$* C!(e *$&'' e e".!%ce( "!t !"' 6t$" t$e P$'))"eA%c$)e'&0!, "c'+("0 t* &t/!*)$e%e, t* "te%!% 6&te%* &"( /&%t/e !"e, +t &'*! !+t*(e!. t* @+%*(ct!", &0&"*t t$!*e 6$!:

1# S$!+'( c!//t &" !..e"*e 6$'e !" & P$'))"e *$) !% &%*$)2# S$!+'( .!%0e !% c!+"te%.et &" c!" !% c+%%e"c "!te !. t$e P$'))"e I*'&"(* !% !'0&t!"*

&"( *ec+%te* **+e( t$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e I*'&"(*?# S$!+'( e '&'e .!% &ct* c!""ecte( 6t$ t$e "t%!(+ct!" "t! t$e*e *'&"(* !. t$e !'0&t!"*

&"( *ec+%te* /e"t!"e( " t$e )%ece("0 "+/e%

# W$'e e"0 )+'c !..ce%* !% e/)'!ee*, *$!+'( c!//t &" !..e"*e " t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e%.+"ct!"* !%

H# S$!+'( c!//t &" !. t$e c%/e* &0&"*t "&t!"&' *ec+%t &"( t$e '&6 !. "&t!"*, (e."e( "Tt'e O"e !. B!! T6! !. t$* C!(e#

>>1=8H# T5E UNIVERSALIT PRINCIPLE 3 U"(e% t$* )%"c)'e, & St&te &'*! c'&/*

e;t%&te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" !-e% &'' c%/e* %e0&%('e** !. 6$e%e t$e &%e c!//tte( !% 6$!c!//tte( t$e/, 6$et$e% "&t!"&'* !% "!"3"&t!"&'*# A't$!+0$ t$* )%"c)'e * 0e"e%&''c!"*(e%e( &* .!%((e" "te%"&t!"&' '&6, t * %ec!0"e( 6t$ %e*)ect t! c%/e* 6$c$t$%e&te" t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!//+"t &* & 6$!'e &"( 6$c$ &%e c!"*(e%e( c%/"&' !..e"*e*

" &'' c!+"t%e*# T$e*e &%e %e.e%%e( t! &* +"-e%*&' c%/e* #e#, te%%!%*/, 0e"!c(e, )%&c*'&-e% &"( $@&c"0# T$e %ec!0"t!", $!6e-e%, (!e* "!t e;te"( 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$ee".!%ce/e"t !. &" &ct!" #e#, T$e &0e"t* !. & St&te c&""!t e..ect &" &%%e*t !% /&e &"&))%e$e"*!" " t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% St&te 6t$!+t t$e '&tte%* c!"*e"t# T$* * c!"*(e%e(&* & *e%!+* -!'&t!" !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( &" ".%"0e/e"t !. t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e "!"3c!"*e"t"0 St&te#

H# PASSIVE PERSONALIT PRINCIPLET$e St&te e;e%c*e* @+%*(ct!" !-e% c%/e* &0&"*t t* !6" "&t!"&'* e-e" . c!//tte(

!+t*(e t* te%%t!%#

3 W$&t * t$e )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" !. t$e St&te 1 !-e% )e%*!"* &"( t$"0* 6t$" t*te%%t!% 2 !-e% t* "&t!"&'* ? !+t*(e t* te%%t!%4

A 31# Te%%t!%&' )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" 3 T$e St&te $&* )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" !-e% )e%*!"* &"(

t$"0* 6t$" t* te%%t!%# T$!*e 6$! &%e e;e/)t .%!/ t$* )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" &%e t$e.!''!6"0:

?8<



It * &'*! C&''&(!* )!*t!" t$&t & (*/**&' !. $* c!/)'&"t e.!%e t$e L&!% A%te%'e&-e* $/ "! !t$e% %e/e( t$%!+0$ 6$c$ $e c&" *ee %e(%e**# 5e .+%t$e% *t&te* t$&t *"ce t$e"-e*t0&t!" !. $* c&*e 6&* "!t %e.e%%e( t! t$e C!+"c' !. IRRI E/)'!ee* &"( M&"&0e/e"tCIEM, $e 6&* (e"e( $* c!"*tt+t!"&' %0$t t! (+e )%!ce**#

ISSUE:I* PD# N!# 1<2= c!"*tt+t!"&'4 I* IRRI //+%e( .%!/ t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e De)&%t/e"t

!. L&!% &"( E/)'!/e"t4

5ELD:P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee N!# 1<2=, A%tc'e ?, )%!-(e*:

A%tc'e ?# I//+"t .%!/ Le0&' P%!ce**# T$e I"*tt+te *$&'' e"@! //+"t .%!/ &" )e"&', c-' &"( &(/"*t%&t-e )%!cee("0*, e;ce)t "*!.&% &* t$&t //+"t $&* ee" e;)%e**'6&-e( t$e D%ect!%3Ge"e%&' !. t$e I"*tt+te !% $* &+t$!%e( %e)%e*e"t&t-e*#>>1=87

T$e 0%&"t !. //+"t t! IRRI * c'e&% &"( +"e+-!c&' &"( &" e;)%e** 6&-e% t*

D%ect!%3Ge"e%&' * t$e !"' 6& 6$c$ t /& %e'"+*$ !% &&"(!" t$* //+"t#O" t$e /&tte% !. 6&-"0 t* //+"t .%!/ *+t, IRRI $&( /&(e t )!*t!" c'e&%#

T$%!+0$ c!+"*e', t$e I"*tt+te 6%!te t$e L&!% A%te% c&te0!%c&'' ".!%/"0 $/ t$&t t$eI"*tt+te 6'' "!t 6&-e t* ()'!/&tc //+"t# I" t$e *ec!"( )'&ce, C&''&(!* %e'&"ce !" t$eMe/!%&"(+/ 6t$ G+(e'"e " $&"('"0 c&*e* !. (*/**&' !. e/)'!ee* " %e'&t!" t! P#D1<2= (&te( +' 2<, 198?, * /*)'&ce(# T$e Me/!%&"(+/ %e&(*, " )&%t:

T/e &"( &0&" t$e I"*tt+te $&* %ete%&te( t$&t t 6'' "!t +*e t* //+"t +"(e% PD#1<2= .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. te%/"&t"0 t$e *e%-ce* !. &" !. t* e/)'!ee*# De*)te c!"t"+"0e..!%t* !" t$e )&%t !. IRRI t! '-e +) t! $* +"(e%t&"0, t$e%e &))e&%* t! e &))%e$e"*!" " t$e/"(* !. *!/e IRRI e/)'!ee*# T! $e') &''& t$e*e .e&%* t$e .!''!6"0 0+(e'"e* 6'' e

.!''!6e( $e%e&.te% t$e )e%*!""e''e0&' !..ce 6$'e $&"('"0 c&*e* !. (*/**e( e/)'!ee*#C&''&(!* &''e0&t!" t$&t $e 6&* (e"e( (+e )%!ce** * +".!+"(e( &"( $&* "! &**# 5e

6&* ".!%/e( !. t$e ."("0* &"( c$&%0e* %e*+'t"0 .%!/ &" "-e*t0&t!" c!"(+cte( !. $* c&*e" &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ IRRI )!'ce* &"( )%!ce(+%e*# 5e $&( & c$&"ce t! c!//e"t t$e%e!" " &Me/!%&"(+/ $e *+/tte( t! t$e M&"&0e% !. 5+/&" Re*!+%ce &"( De-e'!)/e"t De)&%t/e"tT$e%e.!%e, $e 6&* 0-e" )%!)e% "!tce &"( &(e+&te !))!%t+"t t! %e.+te t$e c$&%0e* &"(."("0*, $e%e .+'.''"0 t$e &*c %e+%e/e"t* !. (+e )%!ce**#

C&''&(! 6&* "!t (e"e( (+e )%!ce**, &"( t$*, "!t6t$*t&"("0 t$e "!"3%e.e%%&' t! t$eC!+"c' !. IRRI E/)'!ee* &"( M&"&0e/e"t# IRRI c!%%ect' )!"te( !+t t$&t C&''&(!, $&-"0

!)te( "!t t! *ee t$e $e') !. t$e CIEM G%e-&"ce C!//ttee, )%e)&%e( $* &"*6e% $* !6"*e'.# 5e c&""!t "!6 .&+'t t$e I"*tt+te .!% "!t %e.e%%"0 $* c&*e t! t$e CIEM#

OT5ER CASESI" I"te%"&t!"&' C&t$!'c M0%&t!" C!//**!" -*# 5!"# C&''e@&, et &'#, &"( t$e

J&)*&"&" "0 M&"00&0&6& &t TAC *& IRRI -*# Sec%et&% !. L&!% &"( E/)'!/e"t &"( IRRI,19= SCRA 1?= 199= 3 I" t$* c&*e, t$e c!"*tt+t!"&'t !. P#D# N!# 1<2= 6&* *+*t&"e(# T$ec!+%t t!! "t! c!"*(e%&t!" t$&t t$e Act"0 Sec%et&% !. F!%e0" A..&%* 6%!te & 'ette% t! t$e

?88



Sec%et&% !. L&!% &"( E/)'!/e"t# T$e C!+%t *t&te( t$&t t$e !)"!" c!"t&"e( " t$e *&('ette% c!"*tt+te( & c&te0!%c&' %ec!0"t!" t$e E;ec+t-e B%&"c$ !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t t$&tIRRI e"@! //+"te* &cc!%(e( t! "te%"&t!"&' !%0&"&t!", 6$c$ (ete%/"&t!" $&* ee"$e'( t! e & )!'tc&' +e*t!" c!"c'+*-e +)!" t$e c!+%t* " !%(e% "!t t! e/&%%&** & )!'tc&'(e)&%t/e"t !. 0!-e%"/e"t#>>1=88

I" S!+t$e&*t A*&" F*$e%e* De-e'!)/e"t Ce"te% -*# NLRC, et &L#, G#R# N!# 82<?1

Fe%+&% 2?, 199H 3 I" t$* c&*e, S!+t$e&*t A*&" F*$e%e* De-e'!)/e"t Ce"te%3A+&c+'t+%eDe)&%t/e"t SEAFDEC3AD, &" "te%"&t!"&' &0e"c, e"@!* ()'!/&tc //+"t#

L&*c!, et &'# -*# UNRFNRE, etc#, G#R# N!# 1=9=9H, Fe%+&% 2?, 199H 3 I" t$* c&*e, t$e()'!/&tc //+"t !. %e*)!"(e"t 6&* *+*t&"e(#

I" W!%'( 5e&'t$ O%0&"&t!" -*# A+"!, 8 SCRA 22 119721 3 I" t$* c&*e, t$e()'!/&tc //+"t !. W!%'( 5e&'t$ O%0&"&t!" 6&* *+*t&"e(# T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t @+*t.e(t* (ec*!" " t$* /&""e%: A* & /&tte% !. *t&te )!'c &* e;)%e**e( " t$e C!"*tt+t!", t$eP$'))"e 0!-e%"/e"t &(!)t* t$e 0e"e%&'' &cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 1987C!"*tt+t!", A%tc'e II, Sect!" 2=# Be"0 & /e/e% !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &"( & )&%t t! t$e

c!"-e"t!" !" t$e P%-'e0e* &"( I//+"te* !. t$e S)ec&'e( A0e"ce* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*,t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t &($e%e* t! t$e (!ct%"e !. //+"t 0%&"te( t! t$e U"te( N&t!"*&"( t* *)ec&'e( &0e"ce*# B!t$ t%e&te* $&-e t$e .!%ce !. '&6#

It * & %ec!0"e( )%"c)'e !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( +"(e% !+% **te/ !. *e)&%&t!" !. )!6e%* t$&t ()'!/&tc //+"t * e**e"t&'' & )!'tc&' +e*t!" &"( c!+%t* *$!+'( %e.+*e t!'!! e!"( & (ete%/"&t!" t$e e;ec+t-e %&"c$ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, &"( 6$e%e t$e )'e& !.()'!/&tc //+"t * %ec!0"e( &"( &..%/e( t$e e;ec+t-e %&"c$ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t# It* t$e (+t !. t$e c!+%t t! &cce)t t$e c'&/ !. t$e //+"t +)!" &))%!)%&te *+00e*t!" t$e

)%"c)&' '&6 !..ce% !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, t$e S!'ct!% Ge"e%&' !% !t$e% !..ce% &ct"0 +"(e% $*(%ect!"# 5e"ce, " &($e%e"ce t! t$e *ett'e( )%"c)'e t$&t c!+%t* /& "!t *! e;e%c*e t$e%

@+%*(ct!" *e+%e &"( (ete"t!" !. )%!)e%t, &* t! e/&%%&** t$e e;ec+t-e &%/ !. t$e0!-e%"/e"t " c!"(+ct"0 .!%e0" %e'&t!"*, t * &" &cce)te( (!ct%"e t$&t " *+c$ c&*e* t$e

@+(c&' (e)&%t/e"t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t .!''!6* t$e &ct!" !. t$e )!'tc&' %&"c$ &"( 6'' "!te/&%%&** t$e '&tte% &**+/"0 &" &"t&0!"*tc @+%*(ct!"#

I" 5!' See -*# R!*&%!, G#R# N!# 1=199, Dece/e% 1, 199 3 I" t$* c&*e, t$e()'!/&tc //+"t !. %e*)!"(e"t 6&* *+..ce"t' e*t&'*$e( t$e 'ette% !. t$e De)&%t/e"t!. F!%e0" A..&%* %ec!0""0 &"( c!".%/"0 t$e //+"t !. t$e UNRFNRE " &cc!%(&"ce6t$ t$e 19< C!"-e"t!" !" P%-'e0e* &"( I//+"te* !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* 6$e%e t$eP$'))"e 0!-e%"/e"t 6&* & )&%t#

2# Pe%*!"&' @+%*(ct!" 3 T$e St&te $&* )!6e% !. @+%*(ct!" !-e% t* "&t!"&'*, 6$c$ /& ee;e%c*e( t$e St&te e-e" . t$e "(-(+&' * !+t*(e t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te#

>>1=89?# E;t%&te%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" 3 T$e St&te $&* )!6e% &"( @+%*(ct!" e!"( !% !+t*(e t*

te%%t!%:

?89



?#&# W$e" t &**e%t* t* )e%*!"&' @+%*(ct!" !-e% t* "&t!"&'* &%!&( !% t$e e;e%c*e !. t*%0$t* t! )+"*$ ce%t&" !..e"*e* c!//tte( !+t*(e t* te%%t!% &0&"*t t* "&t!"&' "te%e*t*e-e" . t$e !..e"(e%* &%e "!"3%e*(e"t &'e"*

?## W$e" t$e '!c&' *t&te 6&-e* t* @+%*(ct!" !-e% )e%*!"* &"( t$"0* 6t$" t* te%%t!%, *+c$&* 6$e" & .!%e0" &%/ *t&t!"e( t$e%e" %e/&"* +"(e% t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e *e"("0 *t&te

?#c# W$e" t e*t&'*$e* & c!'!"&' )%!tect!%&te, !% & c!"(!/"+/, !% &(/"*te%* & t%+*tte%%t!%, !% !cc+)e* e"e/ te%%t!% " t$e c!+%*e !. 6&%

?#(# W$e" t e"@!* e&*e/e"t* !% *e%-t+(e* #e#, e&*e/e"t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e !% &%%-&' +"(e%*t%e**

?#e# W$e" t e;e%c*e* @+%*(ct!" !-e% t* -e**e'* " t$e $0$ *e&*, !% !-e% )%&te* 6$'e (!"0 &$!t )+%*+t !)e%&t!"

?#.# W$e" t e;e%c*e* '/te( @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e &"( t$e )&t%/!"&' *e& t! )%e-e"t ".%"0e/e"t !. t* c+*t!/*, .*c&', //0%&t!" !% *&"t&% %e0+'&t!"*

?#0# W$e" t e;e%c*e* t$e )%"c)'e !. e;te%%t!%&'t #e#, //+"te* !. & $e&( !. *t&te " &.!%e0" c!+"t%#

1#EXEMPTIONS FROM URISDICTION

3 W$&t &%e t$e e;e/)t!"* .%!/ @+%*(ct!"4A 31 D!ct%"e !. *!-e%e0" //+"t&# Re*t%ct-e (!ct%"e !. *!-e%e0" //+"t2 Act !. St&te (!ct%"e? D)'!/&tc //+"t

EXPLANATION OF EAC5

1# DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNIT 3 W$&t * t$e (!ct%"e !. *!-e%e0" //+"t4A 3 U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, & St&te e"@!* //+"t .%!/ t$e e;e%c*e !. @+%*(ct!" &"!t$e%

St&te# T$e c!+%t* !. !"e St&te /& "!t &**+/e @+%*(ct!" !-e% &"!t$e% St&te#

3 I* t$* %+'e &*!'+te4A 3 O%0"&'', t 6&* &*!'+te, $e"ce, & St&te t$e" /& "-!e *!-e%e0" //+"t %%e*)ect-e

!. t$e "&t+%e !. t* &ct-te*# 5!6e-e%, t$e &))'c&t!" !. t$* (!ct%"e 6&* %e*t%cte( &"(+&'.e( " t$e .!''!6"0 /&""e%:

>>1=9=1# S!-e%e0" //+"t 6&* 0%&"te( !"' t! &ct& @+%e /)e%' 0!-e%"/e"t &ct &"( "!t t! &ct&

@+%e 0e*t!"* c!//e%c&' &ct# E;&/)'e: W$e" & St&te e"0&0e* " "te%"&t!"&' t%&(e, t*$&'' e %e0&%(e( &* & )%-&te e"tt &"( /& "!t c'&/ t$e %0$t*, )%-'e0e* &"( //+"te*!. & *!-e%e0"#

1#& RESTRICTIVE DOCTRINE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNIT

?9=



A* &'%e&( /e"t!"e(, &*!'+te *!-e%e0" //+"t * "! '!"0e% %ec!0"e(# T$*(!ct%"e (e"e* *!-e%e0" //+"t 6t$ %e*)ect t! St&te* &ct-te* !. c!//e%c&' "&t+%e#

2# ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE A'%e&( (*c+**e(?# DIPLOMATIC IMMUNIT

3 W$&t &%e t$e ()'!/&tc //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e* 6$c$ &%e &cc!%(e( t%&(t!"&' +*&0e4

A 31# Pe%*!"&' (0"t &"( "-!'&'t !. ()'!/&tc e"-!2# I"-!'&'t !. t$e !..c&' %e*(e"ce, &%c$-e*, &"( 'ette%*?# F%ee(!/ t! c!//+"c&te !" !..c&' /&tte%* 6t$ t$e $!/e *t&te &"( 6t$ t$e e"-!*

"&t!"&'*# E;e/)t!" .%!/ '!c&' c%/"&' &"( c-' @+%*(ct!" .!% !..c&' &"( )%-&te &ct*H# E;e/)t!" .%!/ e"0 *+)!e"&e( &* & 6t"e** !% .%!/ e"0 .!%ce( t! 0-e te*t/!"

t$%!+0$ & (e)!*t!"<# E;e/)t!" .%!/ t&;&t!" &"( c+*t!/* (+te*# NOTE: T$* * 0%&"te( ec&+*e !.

"te%"&t!"&' c!+%te*7# R0$t t! (*)'& t$e "&t!"&' .'&0* &"( c!&t !. &%/* " t$e )%!)e% +'("0*8# F%ee(!/ !. /!-e/e"t 6t$" t$e te%%t!%9# R0$t !. t%&"*t t$%!+0$ t$%( *t&te*# NOTE: A ()'!/&t " t%&"*t+ 6!+'( e e"tt'e( t! t$e

*&/e //+"t &* & ()'!/&t " *t+ Be%0/&"" -*# De See*, 17= F 2"( ?<=#1=# F%ee(!/ !. %e'0!"11# R0$t t! e;e%c*e @+%*(ct!" 6t$" $* %e*(e"t&' &"( !..c&' (!/c'e t$+* $e /& .!%

"*t&"ce &%%e*t & /e/e% !. $* *+te#12# R0$t t! )%ece(e"ce &"( t! ce%t&" ce%e/!"&' $!"!%*, &cc!%("0 t! %&"# O))%e"$e/, !)#

ct#, ))# <273<?1

1?# R0$t t! 0%&"t &*'+/# I" ce%t&" "*t&"ce*#>>1=91BAR UESTION, 198= 3 , & .!%e0" "&t!"&', * &" !..c&' !. *)ec&'e( &0e"c !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &**0"e( t!

t$e P$'))"e*# A'/!*t & e&% &.te% $* &%%-&' " M&"'& 6$e%e $* !..ce * '!c&te(, 2= 0c%&te* &'' c!"*0"e( t! $/ &%%-e( " t$e )!%t !. M&"'& &"( 6e%e //e(&te' *t!%e( " &

!"(e( 6&%e$!+*e# T$e C!"*t&+'&% A"t3*/+00'"0 U"t, &ct"0 !" & %e'&'e t) t$&t t$ec%&te* c!"t&"e( &" &**!%t/e"t !. $0$' (+t&'e 0!!(* &"( &'*! )%!$te( /)!%t&t!"*&))' t! !+, &* & +(0e !. t$e C!+%t !. F%*t I"*t&"ce, t! **+e & *e&%c$ 6&%%&"t# T$e

&))'c&t!", +"(e% !&t$, (e*c%e* )&%tc+'&%' t$e 0!!(* t! e *e&%c$e( &* 6e'' &* t$e )'&ce6$e%e t$e &%e '!c&te(#1 W!+'( !+, &**+/"0 !+ 6e%e & CFI +(0e, **+e t$e *e&%c$ 6&%%&"t4 W$42 A**+/"0 t$&t !+ (ec(e t! **+e t$e *e&%c$ 6&%%&"t, &"( t$e S!'ct!% Ge"e%&' /!-e* t!

+&*$ t$e *&/e ec&+*e t$e !6"e% !. t$e 0!!(* t! e *e&%c$e( * e"tt'e( t! ()'!/&tc )%-'e0e* "c'+("0 //+"t .%!/ *e&%c$ 6&%%&"t*, 6$&t 6'' !+ (!, c!"-"ce( &* !+&%e t$&t t$e c%&te* " +e*t!" c!"t&" $0$' (+t&'e 0!!(* &"( e-e" )%!$te( te/* !./)!%t&t!"4

?91



A 31 I. T * "(ee( &" !..c&' !. & *)ec&'e( &0e"c !. t$e U#N# 6t$ &" &**0"/e"t " t$e

P$'))"e* &"( t$* * ce%t.e( t$e De)&%t/e"t !. F!%e0" A..&%* &"( t$e O..ce !.S!'ct!% Ge"e%&', I 6'', " t$e e;e%c*e !. )%+(e"ce &"( c&+t!", &ct +)!" &(-ce,c!"*+'t&t!" 6t$ &"( /!t!" !. t$e O..ce S!'ct!% Ge"e%&'#

2 It * t$e (+t !. t$e c!+%t t! &cce)t t$e c'&/ !. t$e //+"t +)!" &))%!)%&te *+00e*t!" t$e )%"c)&' '&6 !..ce% !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t, t$e S!'ct!% Ge"e%&' !% !t$e% !..ce% &ct"0

+"(e% $* (%ect!"# 5e"ce, " &($e%e"ce t! t$e *ett'e( )%"c)'e t$&t c!6'* /& "!t *!e;e%c*e t$e% @+%*(ct!" *e+%e &"( (ete"t!" !. )%!)e%t, &* t! e/&%%&** t$e e;ec+t-e&%/ !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t " c!"(+ct"0 .!%e0" %e'&t!"*, t * &" &cce)te( (!ct%"e t$&t " *+c$c&*e* t$e @+(c&' (e)&%t/e"t !. t$e 0!-e%"/e"t .!''!6* t$e &ct!" !. t$e )!'tc&' %&"c$&"( 6'' "!t e/&%%&** t$e '&tte% &**+/"0 &" &"t&0!"*tc @+%*(ct!"#

NOTE: T$e (ec*!"* !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t, &* /e"t!"e( e&%'e%: BAR UESTION, 2==H

3 A(&/* &"( B&e% &%e A/e%c&" cte"* %e*("0 " t$e P$'))"e*# A(&/* e.%e"(e(

B&e% &"( ec&/e & .%e+e"t -*t!% &t $* $!+*e# O"e (& A(&/* &%%-e( 6t$ ?= /e/e%*!. t$e P$'))"e N&t!"&' P!'ce, &%/e( 6t$ & Se&%c$ W&%%&"t &+t$!%"0 t$e *e&%c$ !.B&e%* $!+*e &"( t* )%e/*e* .!% (&"0e%!+* (%+0* e"0 t%&..ce( t! t$e U"te( St&te*#

>>1=92T$e *e&%c$ )+%)!%te(' e'( )!*t-e %e*+'t*, &"( B&e% 6&* c$&%0e( 6t$ V!'&t!" !.

t$e D&"0e%!+* D%+0* Act# A(&/* 6&* )%!*ec+t!"* )%"c)&' 6t"e**# 5!6e-e%, .!% .&'+%e t! )%!-e $* 0+'t e!"( %e&*!"&'e (!+t, B&e% 6&* &c+tte(#

B&e% t$e" *+e( A(&/* .!% (&/&0e* .!% .'"0 t%+/)e( +) c$&%0e* &0&"*t $/# A/!"0t$e (e.e"*e* %&*e( A(&/* * t$&t $e $&* ()'!/&tc //+"t, c!".!%/&' 6t$ Ve""&C!"-e"t!" !" D)'!/&tc Re'&t!"*# 5e )%e*e"te( D)'!/&tc N!te* .%!/ t$e U#S# D%+0

E".!%ce/e"t &0e"c t&*e( 6t$ c!"(+ct"0 *+%-e''&"ce !)e%&t!"* !" *+*)ecte( (%+0(e&'e%* " t$e P$'))"e* e'e-e( t! e t$e *!+%ce* !. )%!$te( (%+0* e"0 *$))e( t! t$eU#S# It 6&* &'*! *t&te( t$&t &.te% $&-"0 &*ce%t&"e( t$e t&%0et, A(&/* 6!+'( t$e" ".!%/ t$eP$'))"e "&%c!tc &0e"t* t! /&e t$e &ct+&' &%%e*t#

3 A* c!+"*e' !. )'&"t.. B&e%, &%0+e 6$ $* c!/)'&"t *$!+'( "!t e (*/**e( !" t$e0%!+"( !. (e.e"(&"t A(&/* ()'!/&tc //+"t#

A 3 It * *+/tte( t$&t A(&/* &''e0&t!" !. e"0 & ()'!/&tc &0e"t * "!t *+))!%te( /!%e&))%!)%&te e-(e"ce +*+&'' &cc!%(e( t! ()'!/&tc &0e"t*# 5e $&* "! -&'( ()'!/&tc

)&**)!%t !% & ()'!/&tc "!te t! )%!-e $* &**0"/e"t t! ()'!/&tc .+"ct!"*# 5* &''e0&t!"t$&t $e 6&* t&*e( 6t$ c!"(+ct"0 *+%-e''&"ce !)e%&t!"* * "!t & ()'!/&tc .+"ct!"&"( .!% 6$c$ %e&*!" $* c'&/ !. ()'!/&tc //+"t c&""!t e *+*t&"e(#

3 A* c!+"*e' !. (e.e"(&"t A(&/*, &%0+e .!% t$e (*/**&' !. t$e c!/)'&"t#A 3 A* c!+"*e' .!% (e.e"(&"t A(&/*, I 6'' &*e / &%0+/e"t !" t$e (e.e"*e t$&t / c'e"t 6&*

t%+' &**0"e( t! )e%.!%/ *)ec.c .+"ct!" &* &" &0e"t !. t$e U#S# D%+0 E".!%ce/e"tA0e"c# A* *+c$, A(&/* * &ct"0 .!% " &"( e$&'. !. $* )%"c)&', t$e US, 6$c$ *

?92



//+"e .%!/ *+t# T! &''!6 t$e *+t t$e%e.!%e &0&"*t A(&/* &/!+"t* t! *+"0 $* )%"c)&'6$c$ * t$e St&te t*e'.#

EXPLANATION OF IMPORTANT DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES1# Pe%*!"&' (0"t &"( "-!'&'t: A* & %+'e, $e *$&'' "!t e '&'e t! &" .!%/ !. &%%e*t !%

(ete"t!"# A" )e%*!" 6$! ".'ct* )$*c&' $&%/ t! &" &/&**&(!% !% /"*te% * c%/"&'''&'e +"(e% Re)+'c Act N!# 7H#

3 I* t$* %+'e &*!'+te4>>1=9?A 3 N!# It * *+@ect t! t$e .!''!6"0 e;ce)t!"*: 1 A ()'!/&tc e"-! /& e &%%e*te(

te/)!%&%' . $e c!//t* &" &ct !. -!'e"ce# 5e *$!+'(, $!6e-e%, e %e'e&*e( &"( *e"t $!/e" (+e t/e#

2# I"-!'&'t !. !..c&' %e*(e"ce, &%c$-e* &"( 'ette%*: T$e &0e"t* !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te /&"!t e"te% t$e )%e/*e* !cc+)e( & ()'!/&tc /**!" e;ce)t 6$e" t * "ece**&% t! e"te%t$e )%e/*e* #e#, 6$e" t$e%e * //"e"t (&"0e% t$&t c%/"&' -!'e"ce 6'' e )e%)et%&te(" t$e )%e/*e*

3 S+))!*e )e&ce !..ce%* !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te &%e )+%*+"0 & c%/"&' !% c%/"&'* 6$! &%et&"0 %e.+0e 6t$" t$e )%e/*e* !. t$e ()'!/&tc /**!", c&" t$e e"te% t$e )%e/*e* *!t$e c&" &))%e$e"( t$e *&( c%/"&'*4

A 3 T$* * )%!$te(# 5!6e-e%, t$e *&( c%/"&'* *$!+'( e *+%%e"(e%e( +)!" (e/&"( '!c&'&+t$!%te* e;ce)t 6$e" t$e %0$t !. &*'+/ e;*t*#

?# F%ee(!/ !. !..c&' c!//+"c&t!": T$e ()'!/&tc /**!" /& *e"( &"( %ece-e /e**&0e*,6$et$e% !%("&% !% " c)$e%, &" !. t$e +*+&' /e&"* !. c!//+"c&t!" !% /e&"* !.()'!/&tc c!+%e%*#

# E;e/)t!" .%!/ '!c&' c%/"&' &"( c-' @+%*(ct!": A ()'!/&tc &0e"t c&""!t e &%%e*te( )%!*ec+te( &"( )+"*$e( .!% &" !..e"*e $e /& c!//t, +"'e** $e 6&-e* $* //+"tD)'!/&tc )%-'e0e (!e* "!t /)!%t //+"t .%!/ 'e0&' '&'t +t !"' e;e/)t!" .%!/'!c&' @+%*(ct!" Dc"*!" -*# De' S!'&%, 1 J#B# ?7<# A c!/)'&"t .!% 'e0&' *e)&%&t!"/& e (*/**e( !" t$e 0%!+"( !. ()'!/&tc //+"t# T*&"0 -*# T*&"0, 8< N# #S# 2"(

)# HH<

3 A%e $* )%!)e%te* *+@ect t! 0&%"*$/e"t, *e+%e &"( e;ec+t!"4

A 3 N!, e;ce)t " t$e .!''!6"0 "*t&"ce*:1# I" &" &ct!" %e'&t"0 t! $* )%!.e**!"&' !% c!//e%c&' &ct-t " t$e %ece-"0 St&te !+t*(e

$* !..c&' .+"ct!"*#2# I" &" &ct!" %e'&t"0 t! *+cce**!" " 6$c$ t$e ()'!/&tc &0e"t * "-!'-e( &* e;ec+t!%,

&(/"*t%&t!%, $e% !% 'e0&c &* & )%-&te )e%*!" &"( "!t !" e$&'. !. t$e *e"("0 St&te#?# I" &" %e&' &ct!" %e'&t"0 t! )%-&te &"( /!-&'e )%!)e%t *t+&te( " t$e te%%t!% !. t$e

%ece-"0 St&te, +"'e** t$e e"-! $!'(* t !" e$&'. !. t$e *e"("0 St&te .!% t$e )+%)!*e* !.t$e /**!"#

?9?



C&" & ()'!/&tc &0e"t e c!/)e''e( t! te*t. e.!%e &" @+(c&' !% &(/"*t%&t-e t%+"&' "t$e %ece-"0 St&te4

N!# It c&" !"' (! *! 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !. $* 0!-e%"/e"t#

C&" $e e *+e( .!% +"'&6.+' &ct* c!//tte( $/ " $* )%-&te c&)&ct4e*# S$&+. -*# C!+%t !. A))e&'*, 191 SCRA 71?

W$&t * t$e e..ect !. & 6%t !% )%!ce** **+e( !+t !% )%!*ec+te( &" )e%*!" " &" c!+%t!. t$e P$'))"e*, !% &" @+(0e !% @+*tce 6$e%e t$e )e%*!" !. &" &/&**&(!% !% )+'c/"*te% !. &" .!%e0" St&te, &+t$!%e( &"( %ece-e( &* *+c$ t$e P%e*(e"t, * &%%e*te( !% "

)%*!"4>>1=9

S&( 6%t * -!(, *+@ect t! t$e %+'e !" %ec)%!ct# Re)+'c Act N!# 7H

A%e t$e%e "*t&"ce* 6$e%e t$e*e )%-'e0e* &%e "!t 0%&"te(4e*# It * "!t 0%&"te(: & t! (!/e*tc *e%-&"t* !. t$e &/&**&(!% !% /"*te% 6$!*e

"&/e* &%e "!t %e0*te%e( 6t$ t$e DFA t! cte"* !% "$&t&"t* !. t$e P$'))"e*, . t$e )%!ce** * .!+"(e( +)!" & (e&t$ c!"t%&cte( e.!%e t* e/)'!/e"t " t$e ()'!/&tc *e%-ce#

W$&t e'*e * &" e"-!* //+"t .%!/ '!c&' @+%*(ct!"4I. c$'(%e" &%e !%" t! $/ 6$'e $e )!**e**e* ()'!/&tc *t&t+*, *&( c$'(%e" &%e

%e0&%(e( &* !%" " t$e te%%t!% !. $* $!/e St&te#

H# R0$t !. t%&"*t t$%!+0$ t$%( St&te*: A ()'!/&t " t%&"*t+ * e"tt'e( t! t$e *&/e //+"t&* & ()'!/&t " *t+# Be%0/&"" -*# De See*, 17= F 2"( ?<=

<# R0$t t! e;e%c*e @+%*(ct!" 6t$" $* %e*(e"t&' &"( !..c&' (!/c'e: T$* * %ec!0"e(

" c&*e* 6$e%e $e /&e* &" &%%e*t !. & /e/e% !. $* *+te#

7# E;e/)t!" .%!/ t&;e* &"( c+*t!/* (+te*: D)'!/&tc &0e"t* &%e e;e/)t .%!/ &'' (+e* &"(t&;e*, 6$et$e% t$e &%e )e%*!"&' !% %e&', "&t!"&', %e0!"&' !% /+"c)&' e;ce)t t$e .!''!6"0

1# I"(%ect t&;e* "!%/&'' "c!%)!%&te( " t$e )%ce !. 0!!(* !% *e%-ce*2# D+e* &"( t&;e* !" )%-&te //!-&'e )%!)e%t *t+&te( " t$e te%%t!% !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te,

+"'e** $e $!'(* t !" e$&'. !. t$e *e"("0 St&te .!% )+%)!*e !. t$e /**!"?# E*t&te, *+cce**!" !% "$e%t&"ce t&;e* 'e-e( t$e %ece-"0 St&te# D+e* &"( t&;e* !" )%-&te "c!/e $&-"0 t* *!+%ce " t$e %ece-"0 St&te &"( c&)t&' t&;e* !"

"-e*t/e"t* " c!//e%c&' -e"t+%e* " t$e %ece-"0 St&teH# C$&%0e* 'e-e( .!% *)ec.c *e%-ce* %e"(e%e( &"(<# Re0*t%&t!", c!+%t !% %ec!%( .ee*, /!%t0&0e (+e* &"( *t&/) (+t, 6t$ %e*)ect t! //!-&'e

)%!)e%t# Ve""& C!"-e"t!"

1H#PRINCIPLES CONCERNING TREATIES

3 W$&t * & t%e&t4

?9



A 3 It * &" "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t e/!(e( " & *"0'e, .!%/&' "*t%+/e"t e"te%e( "t! &"( et6ee" *0"&t!% St&te* !% "te%"&t!"&' !%0&"&t!"* !. St&te*, "te"(e( t! c%e&te %0$t*&"( !'0&t!"*, !% t! e*t&'*$ %e'&t!"*$)*, 0!-e%"e( "te%"&t!"&' '&6#

>>1=9HV&%!+* &))e''&t!"* $&-e ee" 0-e" t! t%e&te*, t$+*:& P&ct 3 t$* * & *)ec&' t%e&t +*+&'' e"te%e( "t! .!% *e"t/e"t&' %e&*!"*# C!"-e"t!" 3 t$* * &" ".!%/&' t%e&t 6$c$ (e&'* 6t$ *)ec.c *+@ect*#

c A0%ee/e"t, &%%&"0e/e"t*, &cc!%( 3 t$* * &" &0%ee/e"t !" &(/"*t%&t-e !% tec$"c&'/&tte%*#

( C!"c!%(&t* 3 &0%ee/e"t* e"te%e( "t! t$e P!)e 6t$ -&%!+* 5e&(* !. St&te*#

e Dec'&%&t!"* 3 t$e*e &%e .!%/&' %ec)%!c&' &0%ee/e"t* 6$c$ /& (e&' 6t$: 1 t$e %0$t*&"( )%-'e0e* !. t$e "&t!"&'* !. & *t&te !% 2 )%"c)'e* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ 6$c$ St&te*

)%!)!*e t! &ct !% ? 0%!+"(* .!% /+t+&' &ct!" !" t$e )&%t !. St&te* W'*!" &"( T+ce%, !)ct# )# 2=9# T$e%e &%e t6! *)ec&' "(* !. (ec'&%&t!"*, t! 6t:

1 %e-e%*&'e* 3 (ec'&%&t!"* t$&t &" e%%!% " et+ette !% " t$e (%&.t/&"*$) !. & t%e&t *$!+'(

"!t e c!"*(e%e( &* & )%ece(e"t2 'ett%e* %e-e%*&'e* 3 (ec'&%&t!"* t$&t &" &'te%&t!" " ce%e/!"&' )%&ctce* * e"0 /&(e

!"' &* &" e;ce)t!" t! t$e 0e"e%&' %+'e#

. P%!t!c!' 3 t$* /& %e.e% et$e% t! & *+))'e/e"t&' t%e&t !% t! &" &/e"(/e"t t! & t%e&t#P&%&*, P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )# 192

3 I* &" e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t & t%e&t4A 3 Wt$" t$e c!"te;t !. /+"c)&' '&6, t /& "!t e c!"*(e%e( &* & t%e&t C!//**!"e% !.

C+*t!/ -*# E&*te%" Se& T%&("0, SCRA ?H1# It *, $!6e-e%, e+&'' "("0 &* & t%e&t .%!/

t$e *t&"()!"t !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6#

3 W$&t, . &" * t$e (*t"ct!" et6ee" & t%e&t &"( e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t4A 3 A t%e&t * c!"c'+(e( t$e P%e*(e"t 6t$ t$e &(-ce &"( c!"*e"t !. t$e Se"&te# N! t%e&t

!% "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t *$&'' e -&'( &"( e..ect-e +"'e** c!"c+%%e( " &t 'e&*t t6!3t$%(* !. &'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e Se"&te 1987 A%tc'e VII, Sect!" 21, 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#A" e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t * c!"c'+(e( t$e P%e*(e"t &*e( !" &+t$!%t 0%&"te( C!"0%e** !% &*e( !" t$e "$e%e"t &+t$!%t 0%&"te( t$e P%e*(e"t t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

>>1=9<

NOTE: CONCURRENCE OF CONGRESS TO T5E TREAT OR INTERNATIONALAGREEMENT IS NEEDED

T! 0+(e t$e %e-e6ee !" t$e !t$e% &"c''&% **+e* &!+t t$* t!)c, &"( t$e%e e"0 "!te*t c&*e t$&t 6&* %&*e( " t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t !" 6$et$e% t$e VFA V*t"0 F!%ce*A0%ee/e"t * &" &0%ee/e"t !% & t%e&t, I *$&%e / t$!+0$t* !" t$e /&tte% &* I $&-e !%0"&''6%tte" " t$e te;t!! " 1999, t$+*:

?9H



T$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. &'' /e/e%* !. C!"0%e** * "ee(e( " !%(e% t$&t & t%e&t !%"te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t *$&'' e -&'( &"( e..ect-e# T$e %e&*!" .!% t$* * ec&+*e & t%e&t !%"te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t c!"t&"* te%/* &"( c!"(t!"* 6$c$ "( t$e 6$!'e c!+"t% &"( t*

)e!)'e &"( t$e c!"*e+e"ce* &"( %e*)!"*'te* &%*"0 t$e%e.%!/ *$!+'( "!t e t&e" '0$t'#T$e V*t"0 F!%ce* A0%ee/e"t, )!)+'&%' "!6" &* VFA, $&* ee" &))%!-e( t$e

Se"&te# I* t c!"*tt+t!"&'4A%tc'e 18, Sect!" 2H, )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:

Sect!" 2H# A.te% t$e e;)%&t!" " 1991 !. t$e A0%ee/e"t et6ee" t$e Re)+'c !. t$eP$'))"e* &"( t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c& c!"ce%""0 M't&% B&*e*, .!%e0" /'t&% &*e*,t%!!)*, !% .&c'te* *$&'' "!t e &''!6e( " t$e P$'))"e* e;ce)t +"(e% & t%e&t (+' c!"c+%%e(" t$e Se"&te &"(, 6$e" t$e C!"0%e** *! %e+%e*, %&t.e( & /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t t$e )e!)'e " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/ $e'( .!% t$&t )+%)!*e, &"( %ec!0"e( &* & t%e&t t$e!t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 St&te#

T$e &!-e3+!te( )%!-*!" $&* .!+% e**e"t&' )&%t*, 6$c$ &%e &* .!''!6*:

1# A.te% t$e e;)%&t!" " 1991 !. t$e &0%ee/e"t et6ee" t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* &"(

t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c& c!"ce%""0 /'t&% &*e*, .!%e0" /'t&% &*e*, t%!!)*, !%.&c'te*, *$&'' "!t e &''!6e( " t$e P$'))"e*#

2# S&( .!%e0" /'t&% &*e*, t%!!)*, !% .&c'te* /& e &''!6e( " t$e P$'))"e* . t$e%e * &t%e&t (+' c!"c+%%e( " t$e Se"&te#

?# E-e" . t$e%e * & t%e&t (+' c!"c+%%e( " t$e Se"&te, t$e *&/e $&* *t'' t! e %&t.e( t$e /&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t t$e )e!)'e " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/ $e'( .!% t$&t )+%)!*e#6$e" t$e C!"0%e** *! %e+%e*#

# E-e" . t$e%e * & t%e&t &))%!-e( t$e Se"&te &"( %&t.e( t$e )e!)'e, t$e *&/e $&* & *t''t! e %ec!0"e( &* & t%e&t t%e&t t$e !t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 S&te#

>>1=97

T$e )%!$t!"* " t$e .%*t *e"te"ce !. Sect!" 2H, A%tc'e 18, *+))!%t* t$e -e6 !. *!/e'e0&' '+/"&%e* t$&t t$e *&( VFA &0%ee/e"t, e-e" . &))%!-e( &"( e-e" . c!"*(e%e( &* &t%e&t, * *t'' & -!'&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!"#

T$e '&*t t6! %e+%e/e"t* &%e %e*t%&"t* t! t$e ."&' &))%!-&' !. t$e VFA &0%ee/e"t#A**+/"0 t$&t t * &))%!-e( &* & t%e&t !+% Se"&te, t 6'' "ee( %&t.c&t!" &

/&@!%t !. t$e -!te* c&*t t$e )e!)'e " & "&t!"&' %e.e%e"(+/, 6$e" C!"0%e** *! %e+%e*#I. t$* $&))e"*, t$* 6'' &0&" e"t&' & '!t !. t/e, (e&te &"( )%!t%&cte( (e'e%&t!"* e*)ec&''*! t$&t Sect!" 2H +*e* t$e 6!%( C!"0%e** 6$c$ !-!+*' %e.e%* t! t$e t6! $!+*e* !.C!"0%e**#

A**+/"0 .+%t$e% t$&t &'' .%*t t$%ee %e+%e/e"t* &%e c!/)'e( 6t$, &"!t$e% +e*t!"&%*e*: W'' t e %ec!0"e( &* & t%e&t t$e !t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 St&te4

T$* **+e 6'' e (ec(e( t$e U#S# Se"&te &"( "!t !+% 0!-e%"/e"t, "!% t$eF')"! )e!)'e, &"( .!% t$* %e&*!", &'' t$e e..!%t, t/e, e"( %e*!+%ce* !. !+% Se"&te &"( t$ee;ec+t-e (e)&%t/e"t, "c'+("0 t$!*e c!"t%+te( %!&(c&*t &"( )%"t /e(&, /&, &.te% &'',e"( +) &* &" e;e%c*e " .+t't#

M!%e t$&" t$*, t 6'' )'&ce !+% 0!-e%"/e"t " & %(c+'!+* *t+&t!" !. $&-"0 t! t&e &''t$e "t&t-e* !. $&-"0 t &))%!-e(, !"' e0$t e&%* &.te% %e@ect"0 t$e /'t&% &*e*

?9<



&0%ee/e"t " 1991, t$e%e %&*"0 *)ec+'&t!"* &"( *e%!+* (!+t t$&t !+% 0!-e%"/e"t * (!"0&'' t c&" t! $&-e t &))%!-e( " e;c$&"0e .!% &''e0e( ec!"!/c &***t&"ce .%!/ t$e U#S#0!-e%"/e"t# U".!+"(e( !% "!t, 6$&t * (*t+%"0 * t$&t t$e '&*t *&, &.te% &'', * t$e %ec!0"t!"!. t$e t%e&t t$e !t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 St&te, 6$e" t * !+% c!+"t%* )e%/**!" &"($!*)t&'t t! t$e -*t"0 .!%ce* t$&t * )%ec*e' e"0 *!+0$t .!%#

3 Rece"t', t$e%e 6&* & *+00e*t!" c!/"0 .%!/ "! 'e** t$&" P%e*(e"t Be"0"! S/e!" C

A+"! III &"( Se"&t!% M%&/ De.e"*!% S&"t&0!, t$&t t$e VFA *$!+'( e %e-e6e( &"( %e3e;&/"e(, 6$&t c!+'( e t$e )!**'e &%e&* !. c!"ce%" t$&t *$!+'( e &((%e**e( C!"0%e**4

A 3 T$e%e *$!+'( e & (e."t!" !" 1 6$et$e% t * & t%e&t !% e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t 2 t$e*)ec.c @+%*(ct!" !. t$e P$'))"e* %e0&%("0 c%/e* !% !..e"*e* c!//tte( " !+%

@+%*(ct!" !..ce%**!'(e%* !% &" e/)'!ee !% *t&.. !. t$e U#S# G!-e%"/e"t 6$! &%e "t$e P$'))"e* !" &cc!+"t !. t$e -*t"0 .!%ce* &0%ee/e"t ? .;e( %e"t&'* (+e &"( )&&'et! t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t .!% +*e !. &" '&"( &%e& !% .&c't &"6$e%e " t$eP$'))"e* Re*)ect &"( c!/)'&"ce 6t$ !+% '!c&' '&6* &"( 6t$ t$e )%!ce**e*,

&+t$!%t &"( @+%*(ct!" !. !+% c!+%t* !. @+*tce, &/!"0 *e-e%&' !t$e%* t$&t /& e (ec(e( C!"0%e**#

>>1=98 3 I" c&*e !. c!".'ct et6ee" t$e *&( c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" &"( & )%!-*!" " & t%e&t

&''!6"0 .%e"(' .!%e0" t%!!)* )&%tc)&t"0 " t%&""0 e;e%c*e*, 6$c$ )%e-&'*4A 3 T$e *&( c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!-*!" )%e-&'* e;)%e** )%!-*!" !. A%tc'e 8, Sect!" H2&

!. 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#

3 M& t$e c!"*tt+t!"&'t !% -&'(t !. & t%e&t, "te%"&t!"&' !% e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t e%e-e6e( t$e '!6e% c!+%t*4

A 3 T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t $&* t$e )!6e% t! %e-e6, %e-*e, /!(., !% &..%/ !" &))e&' !"ce%t!%&%, &* t$e '&6 !% t$e R+'e* !. C!+%t /& )%!-(e, ."&' @+(0/e"t* &"( !%(e%* !. '!6e%c!+%t* " &'' c&*e* " 6$c$ t$e c!"*tt+t!"&'t !% -&'(t !. &" t%e&t, "te%"&t!"&' !%e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t, * " +e*t!" A%tc'e VIII, Sect!" H2&# O" t$e &** !. t$*

)%!-*!", t$e '!6e% c!+%t* /&, . 6&%%&"te(, %e-e6 +e*t!" !% +e*t!"* %e'&te( t! t$e*&/e +t t$e %e*!'+t!" * *+@ect t! %e-e6 t$e $0$e*t t%+"&'# C!"*(e%"0, $!6e-e%t$&t t$e %e*!'+t!" !. '!6e% c!+%t* 6'' &..ect !+% %e'&t!"*$) 6t$ & .!%e0" c!+"t%, '!6e%c!+%t* *$!+'( !*e%-e & ec!/"0 /!(e*t " e;&/""0 c!"*tt+t!"&' +e*t!"# F!% t$e*&( %e&*!", t$e '!6e% c!+%t* *$!+'( (e.e% t! t$e $0$e*t @+(0/e"t !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t "

t$e c!"*(e%&t!" !. t* -&'(t, 6$c$ * ette% (ete%/"e( &.te% & t$!%!+0$ (e'e%&t!" &c!''e0&te !( &"( 6t$ t$e c!"c+%%e"ce !. t$e /&@!%t !. t$!*e 6$! )&%tc)&te( " t*(*c+**!"# D%'!" -*# L/, G#R# N!# 11297, A+0+*t , 199

3 M& & t%e&t e "+''.e( 6$e" t c!".'ct* 6t$ !+% C!"*tt+t!" !% 6$e" t * c!"t%&% t! &"&ct !. C!"0%e**4

?97



A 3 e*# Re/e/e% t$* 6&* t$e %+'"0 !. t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t " Ic$!"0 -*# 5e%"&"(e 6$e%e t6&* t$e" $e'( t$&t t$e Ret&' T%&(e N&t!"&'&t!" L&6 )%e-&'* !-e% t$e T%e&t !. A/t6t$ C$"&#

3 N&/e *!/e t%e&te* t! 6$c$ t$e P$'))"e* * & )&%tA 31# RP3US T%e&t !. Ge"e%&' Re'&t!", 19<

2# UN c$&%te%, 19H?# Ge"!c(e C!"-e"t!", 19H=# RP3US M+t+&' De.e"*e T%e&t, 19H1H# T%e&t !. Pe&ce 6t$ &)&", 19H1<# SEATO, 19H7# C!"-e"t!" !" t$e L&6 !. t$e Se&, 19828# RP3US E;t%&(t!" T%e&t, 199>>1=99 3 W$&t &%e t$e %e*t%ct!"* !" t$e *+@ect /&tte% !. t%e&te*4

1# +* C!0e"* Re*t%ct!"* 3 A t%e&t * -!( ., &t t$e t/e !. t* c!"c'+*!", t c!".'ct* 6t$ & )e%e/)t!% "!%/ !. 0e"e%&' I"te%"&t!"&' L&6# Ve""& C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e H?

2# UN C$&%te% Re*t%ct!"* 3 I" c&*e !. c!".'ct et6ee" t$e !'0&t!"* !. t$e Me/e%* !. t$eUN +"(e% t$e UN C$&%te% &"( t$e% !'0&t!"* +"(e% &" !t$e% "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"tt$e% !'0&t!"* +"(e% t$e UN c$&%te% *$&'' )%e-&'# P%"c)'e !. C$&%te% S+)%e/&c, UNC$&%te% A%tc'e 1=?

3 W$&t * &@+* c!0e"* "!%/4A 3 It * & "!%/ &cce)te( &"( %ec!0"e( t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!//+"t !. St&te* &* & 6$!'e &*

& "!%/ .%!/ 6$c$ "! (e%!0&t!" * )e%/tte( &"( 6$c$ c&" e /!(.e( !"' &

*+*e+e"t "!%/ !. 0e"e%&' I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 $&-"0 t$e *&/e c$&%&cte%# Ve""&C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e H?

T5REE GROUPS OF US COGENS NORMF%*t G%!+)

T$* 0%!+) c!-e%* t$e /&;/* !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 6$c$ )%!tect t$e .!+"(&t!"* !. '&6 )e&ce &"( $+/&"t " t$e "te%"&t!"&' !%(e% &"( 6$c$ &t )%e*e"t &%e c!"*(e%e( "&t!"* &*t$e /"/+/ *t&"(&%( .!% t$e% /+t+&' %e'&t!"

Sec!"( G%!+)T$* 0%!+) c!-e%* t$e %+'e* !. )e&ce.+' c!!)e%&t!" " *)$e%e !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 6$c$

)%e*e"t* .+"(&/e"t&' c!//!" "te%e*t*

T$%( G%!+)T$* c!-e%* t$e )%!tect!" !. $+/&"t, e*)ec&'' t$e /!*t e**e"t&' $+/&" %0$t*

D*t"ct!" et6ee" +* c!0e"* &"( +* (*)!*t-+/

?98



+* D*)!*t-+/Re.e%* t! "!%/* !. !%("&% C+*t!/&% I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 6$c$ &%e (e%-e( .%!/ t$e

c!"*e"t !. t$e *t&te* &"( t$e%e.!%e !"' "( *t&te* 6$c$ c!"*e"t t$e%et!#

+* C!0e"*T$e &%e (+te* 6$c$ e-e% *t&te !6e* t! t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!//+"t &* & 6$!'e &* &

"!%/ .%!/ 6$c$ "! (e%!0&t!" * )e%/tte( &"( 6$c$ c&" e /!(.e( !"' & *+*e+e"t"!%/ !. 0e"e%&' I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 $&-"0 t$e *&/e c$&%&cte%#>>11== 3 W$&t * t$e c'&**.c&t!" !. t%e&te*4A 31 F%!/ t$e -e6)!"t !. t$e )&%te* t$e%et!

& )&%tte t6! *0"&t!%e* t%)&%tte t$%ee *0"&t!%e*c /+'t)&%tte /!%e t$&" t$%ee *0"&t!%e* Je'*e", P%"c)'e* !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )#

?172 F%!/ t$e -e6)!"t !. 6$! *$!+'( *$!+'(e% t$e !'0&t!"*

& U"'&te%&' !"' !"e *0"&t!% * !+"( B'&te%&' t$e t6! *0"&t!%e* &%e %e*)!"*'ec T%'&te%&' t$%ee *0"&t!%e* &%e !+"(( M+'t'&te%&' .!+% !% /!%e !% &'' !. t$e *0"&t!%e* &%e 0-e" ce%t&" !'0&t!"*#

? F%!/ t$e Ve6)!"t !. P%e*e"ce !% A*e"ce !. C!"(t!"*& C!"(t!"&' et$e% *+*)e"*-e !% %e*!'+t!% U"c!"(t!"&'#

3 W$&t &%e t$e e**e"t&' %e+*te* .!% & -&'( t%e&t4A 31 CAPACIT 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e )&%te* 6$c$ c!+'( et$e% e & *!-e%e0" St&te, !% &"

"te%"&t!"&' !%0&"&t!", /+*t $&-e c&)&ct t! c!"t%&ct2 AUT5ORIT 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e &0e"t* /+*t e (+' &+t$!%e( &"( c!/)ete"t t! &ct !"

e$&'. !. t$e St&te* %e)%e*e"te(? CONSENT 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e )&%te* /+*t .%ee' 0-e t$e% c!"*e"t# CONFORMIT 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e !@ect &"( *+@ect /&tte% /+*t e " c!".!%/t 6t$

t$e )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6

H RATIFICATION 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e t%e&t /+*t e )%!)e%' %&t.e( t$e -&%!+* St&te*c!"ce%"e( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e% c!"*tt+t!"&' )%!ce**e*

3 W$&t &%e t$e *te)* " t%e&t3/&"04A 31 D)'!/&tc "e0!t&t!"2 S0""0 !. t$e t%e&t t$e %e)%e*e"t&t-e*

?99



? R&t.c&t!" !. t$e t%e&t t$e c!"*tt+t!"&' !%0&"* !. t$e %e*)ect-e St&te*# I" t$eP$'))"e*, t$e )!6e% t! %&t. & t%e&t * -e*te( " t$e P%e*(e"t *+@ect t! t$e )%!-*!" !.Sect!" 21, A%tc'e VII !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6$c$ )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: N! t%e&t !%"te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t *$&'' e -&'( &"( e..ect-e +"'e** c!"c+%%e( " &t 'e&*t t6!3t$%(*!. &'' t$e Me/e%* !. t$e Se"&te#

>>11=1?#&# A "!"3*0"&t!% St&te /& e !+"( & t%e&t t$%!+0$ & )%!ce** "!6" &* &cce**!"

#e#, U)!" )e%/**!" !. t$e c!"t%&ct"0 )&%te*, & t$%( )&%t 6$! (( "!t )&%tc)&te !% 6$!(( "!t %&t. !" t/e, /& e !+"( & t%e&t

?## A St&te 6$c$ *0"*, &cce(e* !% %&t. & t%e&t /& /&e & %e*e%-&t!" t! e;c'+(e !% /!(.t$e 'e0&' e..ect !. ce%t&" )%!-*!"* !. & t%e&t# T$e St&te %e/&"* & )&%t t! t$e t%e&t(e*)te t* %e*e%-&t!" )%!-(e( t$&t t * c!/)&t'e 6t$ t$e !@ect &"( )+%)!*e !. t$et%e&t#

E;c$&"0e !. t$e %&t.c&t!" "*t%+/e"t* !% (e)!*t 6t$ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. !"e !. t$ec!"t%&ct"0 )&%te* !% 6t$ &" !%0&" !. &" "te%"&t!"&' !%0&"&t!"#

H Re0*t%&t!" 6t$ &"( )+'c&t!" t$e Sec%et&%&t !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*# A%tc'e 1=2, N!#2 UN C$&%te%

3 W$e" (!e* & t%e&t ec!/e e..ect-e4A 3 It ec!/e* e..ect-e !" t$e (&te &0%ee( +)!" t$e "e0!t&t"0 )&%te*# I. t$e%e * "!"e, t$e

t%e&t ec!/e* e..ect-e &* *!!" &* t$e c!"*e"t !. &'' t$e )&%te* t! e !+"( t$e t%e&t *e*t&'*$e(#

REPRESENTATIVE OF T5E STATE FOR T5E PURPOSE OF EXPRESSING T5ECONSENT OF T5E STATE TO BE BOUND B A TREAT

O"e 6$! )%!(+ce* &))%!)%&te )'e" )!+-!% .+'' )!6e%* * c!"*(e%e( &* &%e)%e*e"t&t-e !. & St&te .!% *+c$ )+%)!*e#

3 C&" *&( %e)%e*e"t&t-e e c!"*(e%e( &* %e)%e*e"t"0 $* S&te . $e $&* "! .+'' )!6e%* !% )'e" )!+-!%4

A 3 T$e .!''!6"0 &%e c!"*(e%e( &* %e)%e*e"t"0 t$e% St&te 6t$!+t $&-"0 t! )%!(+ce .+'' )!6e%*:

1# 5e&(* !. St&te, 5e&(* !. G!-e%"/e"t &"( M"*t%e* .!% F!%e0" A..&%*, .!% t$e )+%)!*e !.

)e%.!%/"0 &'' &ct* %e'&t"0 t! t$e c!"c'+*!" !. & t%e&t2# 5e&(* !. D)'!/&tc /**!"*, .!% t$e )+%)!*e* !. t$e te;t !. & t%e&t et6ee" t$e &cc%e(t"0

St&te &"( t$e S&te t! 6$c$ t$e &%e &cc%e(te(?# Re)%e*e"t&t-e* &cc%e(te( St&te* t! &" "te%"&t!"&' c!".e%e"ce !% t! &" "te%"&t!"&'

!%0&"&t!" !% !"e !. t* !%0&"*, .!% t$e )+%)!*e* !. &(!)t"0 t$e te;t !. & t%e&t " t$&tc!".e%e"ce, !%0&"&t!" !% !%0&"# Ve""& C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e 721

3 W$&t * &'te%"&t4

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3 W$&t * t$e /!*t .&-!%e( "&t!" c'&+*e4A 3 A c'&+*e 6$c$ )%!-(e* t$&t & St&te )'e(0e* t! 0-e t! t$e !t$e% *0"&t!% 6$&te-e%

)%-'e0e* !% c!"ce**!"* t$e .%*t St&te /& 0-e t$e t$%( St&te# E;&/)'e: I. t$e%e * & *+c$& c'&+*e " !+% t%e&t 6t$ &)&", 6e *$!+'( &'*! 0-e t! &)&" 6$&te-e% %0$t* 6e /& 0-et! !t$e% c!+"t%e*# I. t$e c'&+*e * %ec)%!c&', 6e 6'' &'*! e 0-e" t$e *&/e t%e&t/e"t &)&"# I. " &'' t%e&te* !. t$e P$'))"e* 6t$ t$e !t$e% St&te*, t$e%e * *+c$ & c'&+*e, t$e

%e*+'t 6'' e t$&t &'' St&te* 6'' e e+&'' .&-!%e(# I" *+c$ & c&*e, "!"e 6'' e t$e /!*t.&-!%e(#

1H#FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES CONCERNING TREATIES

1# P&ct& *+"t *e%-&"(& t%e&te* /+*t e !*e%-e( " 0!!( .&t$# I. & t%e&t * c!"t%&% t! &*0"&t!%* "&t!"&' c!"*tt+t!", t$e "te%"&t!"&' 'e0&' !%(e% (e/&"(* .&t$.+' c!/)'&"ce6t$ t$e t%e&t t! &-!( "te%"&t!"&' e/&%%&**/e"t# I. "ece**&%, t$e St&te c!"ce%"e( /+*te-e" /!(. t* "&t!"&' 'e0*'&t!" &"( c!"*tt+t!" t! /&e t c!".!%/ t! t$e t%e&t#

2# Re+* *c *t&"t+* & St&te /& +"'&te%&'' 6t$(%&6 .%!/ & t%e&t 6$e" t$e%e * & -t&'c$&"0e !. c%c+/*t&"ce*# T$e %e&*!" .!% t$* * ec&+*e . t$e c$&"0e " c%c+/*t&"ce*&..ect* & *0"&t!% St&te, &"( t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e t%e&t )%!-*!"* 6!+'( *e%!+*' @e!)&%(et* !6" e;*te"ce, & 6t$(%&6&' * &''!6e( ec&+*e t* .+"(&/e"t&' %0$t t! e;*t * *t%!"0e%t$&" t* (+t t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e t%e&t#

3 I* t$e *&( )%"c)'e &*!'+te4

A 3 N!, +t t c&" e "-!e( . t$e .!''!6"0 %e+*te* &%e )%e*e"t:1 T$e%e * & -t&' c$&"0e !. c%c+/*t&"ce*

2 T$&t t$e *&( c$&"0e &"( c%c+/*t&"ce* *! &..ect & *0"&t!% St&te t$&t .!% t t! c!"t"+e t!c!/)' 6t$ t$e t%e&t )%!-*!"* 6!+'( *e%!+*' @e!)&%(e t* !6" e;*te"ce

? T$e c$&"0e /+*t $&-e ee" +".!%e*ee" !% +".!%e*ee&'e &t t$e t/e & t%e&t 6&* )e%.ecte( T$e c$&"0e /+*t "!t $&-e ee" c&+*e( t$e )&%t 6$! * "-!"0 t$e (!ct%"eH T$e (!ct%"e /+*t e "-!e( 6t$" & %e&*!"&'e t/e< T$e (+%&t!" !. t$e t%e&t /+*t e "(e."te &"(7 T$e (!ct%"e c&""!t !)e%&te %et%!&ct-e'#>>11=REVISION OF TREATIES

3 M& t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' /&e %ec!//e"(&t!"* !" t$e %e-*!" !. t%e&te*4A 3 A%tc'e 1 !. t$e UN C$&%te% &"*6e%* t$* +e*t!", t$+*: A%tc'e 1# S+@ect t! t$e

)%!-*!"* !. A%tc'e 12, t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' /& %ec!//e"( /e&*+%e* .!% t$e )e&ce.+'&(@+*t/e"t !. &" *t+&t!", %e0&%('e** !. !%0", 6$c$ t (ee/* 'e' t! /)&% t$e 0e"e%&'6e'.&%e !% .%e"(' %e'&t!"* &/!"0 "&t!"*, "c'+("0 *t+&t!"* %e*+'t"0 .%!/ & -!'&t!" !.t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e )%e*e"t C$&%te% *ett"0 .!%t$ t$e P+%)!*e* &"( P%"c)'e* !. t$e U"te(

N&t!"*#

=2



INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES 3 5!6 &%e t%e&te* "te%)%ete(4A 3 R+'e* " t$e "te%)%et&t!" !. c!"t%&ct* &%e .!''!6e( " t$e "te%)%et&t!" !. t%e&te*

I"te%)%et&t!"* /&(e t$e "&t!"&' c!+%t* !. !"e St&te c&""!t "( t$e !t$e% +t t$&t /&(e &" "te%"&t!"&' t%+"&' !+0$t t! $&-e & c!"c'+*-e e..ect# T+"*3M!%!cc! N&t!"&'tDec%ee* C&*e, PC#I# # P+# Se%# B# N!# , ))# 293?=

TERMINATION OF TREATIES 3 W$&t &%e t$e c&+*e* .!% te%/"&t!" !. t%e&te*4

A 3 T%e&te* /&:1 E;)%e 3 & ec&+*e t$e )e%!( !. t* (+%&t!" $&* c!/e t! &" e"( ec&+*e & %e*!'+t!%

c!"(t!" $&* !cc+%%e( c ec&+*e t* )+%)!*e $&* ee" &c$e-e( ( ec&+*e t* !@ect-e$&* ec!/e &" /)!**'e t$"0 t! &cc!/)'*$#

2 Be (**!'-e( 3 & ec&+*e & )&%t t! & )&%tte t%e&t $&* ec!/e e;t"ct ec&+*e !./+t+&' 6t$(%&6&' !% c&"ce''&t!" c ec&+*e !. & +"'&te%&' (e"+"c&t!" +t !"' . *+c$

& %0$t t! +"'&te%&'' (e"!+"ce * 0-e" " t$e t%e&t ( ec&+*e !. +"'&te%&' &ct !.te%/"&t!" . t$e !t$e% )&%t $&* -!'&te( t$e te%/* !. t$e t%e&t e ec&+*e !. %e+* *c*t&"t+* . ec&+*e !. & *+*e+e"t c$&"0e " *t&t+* !. !"e !. t$e )&%te* 0 ec&+*e6&% $&* %!e" !+t $!6e-e%, " *!/e c&*e*, t$e t%e&te* /& !"' e *+*)e"(e( " *t''!t$e% "*t&"ce*, t$e t%e&te* /& e *)ec&'' &))'c&'e !"' DURING t$e 6&% $ ec&+*e!. t$e c!"c'+*!" !. & *+*e+e"t "c!"**te"t t%e&t Be t "!te(, $!6e-e%, t$&t " c&*e !.c!".'ct et6ee" t$e UN C$&%te% &"( *+*e+e"t t%e&te* et6ee" !% &/!"0 St&te*, t$e.!%/e% )%e-&'*# A%tc'e 1=?, UN C$&%te%

? Be &""+''e( !% -!(e( 3 & ec&+*e !"e !. t$e *0"&t!%e* t! t$e t%e&t 6&* &t t$e t/e !. )e%.ect!" "c&)&ct&te( ec&+*e e%%!% !% .%&+( +t "!t .!%ce, )%e**+%e, !% +"(+e

".'+e"ce /& $&-e -t&te( t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e c!"t%&ct"0 )&%te* c ec&+*e t$e !@ect !.t$e t%e&t * c!"t%&% t! t$e )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 ( ec&+*e t$e *+@ect /&tte% !.t$e c!"t%&ct * !+t*(e t$e c!//e%ce !. "&t!"*# W'*!" &"( T+ce%, I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, ))22?322H Fe"6c, I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )# ?H= Je'*e", P%"c)'e* !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, ))#?H3?H8

>>11=HBAR UESTION, 1992 Re0&%("0 -&'(t !. e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t 3 T$e &)&"e*e G!-e%"/e"t c!".%/e( t$&t (+%"0 t$e Sec!"( W!%'( W&%# F')"&* 6e%e

&/!"0 t$!*e c!"*c%)te( &* c!/.!%t 6!/e" !% )%!*tt+te* .!% &)&"e*e t%!!)* " -&%!+*

)&%t* !. A*&# T$e &)&"e*e G!-e%"/e"t $&* &cc!%("0' '&+"c$e( & 0!!(6'' c&/)&0" &"($&* !..e%e( t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t *+*t&"t&' &***t&"ce .!% & )%!0%&/ t$&t 6'' )%!/!te3 t$%!+0$ 0!-e%"/e"t &"( "!"30!-e%"/e"t&' !%0&"&t!"* 3 6!/e"* %0$t*, c$'( 6e'.&%e"+t%t!", &"( .&/' $e&'t$ c&%e# A" e;ec+t-e &0%ee/e"t * &!+t t! e *0"e( .!% t$&t )+%eZ e# T$e &0%ee/e"t "c'+(e* & c'&+*e 6$e%e t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t &c"!6'e(0e* t$&t&" '&'t t! t$e c!/.!%t 6!/e" !% t$e% (e*ce"(e"t* &%e (ee/e( c!-e%e( t$e%e)&%&t!"* &0%ee/e"t* *0"e( &"( /)'e/e"te( //e(&te' &.te% t$e Sec!"( W!%'( W&%

=?



+'&"& I0'e*&*, & (e*ce"(&"t !. & "!6 (ece&*e( c!/.!%t 6!/&", *ee* !+% &(-ce !" t$e-&'(t !. t$e &0%ee/e"t# A(-*e $e%#

A 3 T$e &0%ee/e"t t*e'. /& e & -&'( !"e . t$e )&%te* -!'+"t&%' 0-e t$e% c!"*e"t t!t$e *&/e# T$e +e*t!", $!6e-e%, (!e* "!t *t&te . t$e *&( &c"!6'e(0e/e"t c'&+*e * 6t$t$e "!6'e(0e &"( c!"*e"t !. t$e c!/.!%t 6!/e" !% t$e% (e*ce"(&"t*# I. t$e $&-e &0%ee(t! t$e *&/e, t$e" t$e &0%ee/e"t * -&'(, +t . t$e%e 6'' e & c'&/ t$e *&( c!/.!%t6!/e" !% (e*ce"(&"t* &%*"0 .%!/ t$e te%/* !. t$e &0%ee/e"t, *+c$ c'&/ /& !"' e

)+%*+e( +)!" t$e c!"*e"t &"( "t&t-e !. t$e P$'))"e 0!-e%"/e"t# T$e *&( c!/.!%t6!/e" !% t$e% (e*ce"(&"t* $&-e "! 'e0&' *t&"("0 t! .'e &"( )%!*ec+te t$e% c'&/* (%ect'&0&"*t &)&"#

>>11=<1<#

T5E LAW OF WAR 3 De."e 6&%#A 31# WAR AS A CONTEST OF ARMS 3 U*"0 t$* &* &**, O))e"$e/ (e."e* 6&% &* &

c!"te"t!" et6ee" t6! !% /!%e St&te* t$%!+0$ t$e% &%/e( .!%ce*, .!% t$e )+%)!*e !.!-e%)!6e%"0 e&c$ !t$e% &"( /)!*"0 c!"(t!"* !. )e&ce &* t$e !t$e% )'e&*e*#

2# WAR AS A STATE OR CONDITION OF T5INGS 3 W&% * "!t t$e /e%e e/)'!/e"t !..!%ce +t t$e e;*te"ce !. t$e 'e0&' c!"(t!" !. t$"0* " 6$c$ %0$t* &%e !% /& e

)%!*ec+te( .!%ce# !$" B# M!!%e, A D0e*t !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, V!'# 7, ))# 1H??# CONCEPT OF WAR IN T5E INTERNATIONAL SENSE 3 W&% * & *+*t&"e( *t%+00'e

&%/e( .!%ce* !. & ce%t&" "te"*t et6ee" 0%!+)* !. ce%t&" *e, c!"**t"0 !. "(-(+&'*6$! &%e &%/e(, 6$! 6e&% (e*t%+ct-e "*0"& &"( 6$! &%e *+@ecte( t! /'t&% (*c)'"e+"(e% %e*)!"*'e c!//&"(# S&'!"0&, ct"0 I"0%( Dette% (e L+)e*, T$e L&6 !. W&%

# F%!/ t$e )!"t !. -e6 !. /+"c)&' '&6 3 A St&te !. 6&% /& e;*t e-e" 6$e" t$e%e * "!

6&% " t$e "te%"&t!"&' *e"*e#

3 D!e* & St&te $&-e t$e %0$t t! 6&0e 6&%4A 3 T$e %0$t t! 6&0e 6&% * & )%e%!0&t-e !. "&t!"&' *!-e%e0"t +t t c&" %e*!%t t! 6&% !"'

" c&*e !. "(-(+&' !% c!''ect-e *e'.3(e.e"*e, !% )+%*+&"t t! t$e (ec*!" !%%ec!//e"(&t!" !. t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' t! t&e .!%c'e &ct!" &0&"*t &" &00%e**!%

)%!-(e(, $!6e-e%, t$&t t$e +*e !. .!%ce " *e'.3(e.e"*e * )e%/tte( !"' 6$'e t$e Sec+%tC!+"c' $&* "!t t&e" t$e "ece**&% /e&*+%e* t! /&"t&" !% %e*t!%e "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce &"(*ec+%t# A%tc'e H1, UN C$&%te%

3 D!e* t$e UN C$&%te% )%!$t* 6&%4A 3 A%tc'e 2, )&%&0%&)$ , !. t$e UN C$&%te% )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*: A'' Me/e%* *$&'' %e.%&" "

t$e% "te%"&t!"&' %e'&t!"* .%!/ t$e t$%e&t !% +*e !. .!%ce &0&"*t t$e te%%t!%&' "te0%t !% )!'tc&' "(e)e"(e"ce !. &" *t&te, !% " &" !t$e% /&""e% "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e )+%)!*e* !.t$e U"te( N&t!"*#

3 W$&t * t$e 6&% )!6e% !. C!"0%e**4

=



A 3 T$e C!"0%e**, & -!te !. t6!3t$%(* !. !t$ 5!+*e* " @!"t *e**!" &**e/'e(, -!t"0*e)&%&te', *$&'' $&-e t$e *!'e )!6e% t! (ec'&%e t$e e;*te"ce !. & St&te !. 6&%# Sect!"2?1, A%tc'e VI

3 I* t$e *&( )!6e% !. C!"0%e** &*!'+te &"( +"%e*t%cte(4A 3 T$e P$'))"e* %e"!+"ce* 6&% &* &" "*t%+/e"t !. "&t!"&' )!'c, &(!)t* t$e 0e"e%&''

&cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &* )&%t !. t$e '&6 !. t$e '&"( &"( &($e%e* t! t$e

)!'c !. )e&ce, e+&'t, @+*tce, .%ee(!/, c!!)e%&t!", &"( &/t 6t$ &'' "&t!"*# T$e%e*t%ct!" /e&"* t$&t t$e t/e t$e e;*te"ce !. & *t&te !. 6&% * (ec'&%e( C!"0%e**, &6&* $&* &'%e&( ee" c!//e"ce( &" e"e/ *t&te, !% 6e $&-e &'%e&( ee" )%!-!e(, &"(t$&t e"0 &'%e&( t$e *+@ect !% -ct/ !. &" &tt&c, 6e &%e /e%e' e"0 c!/)e''e( t!(e.e"( !+% St&te &"( !+% )e!)'e# P%"c)'e*, C!//e"t* &"( C&*e* " C!"*tt+t!"&' L&6 IS+&%e, )# 2=2

>>11=71987 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING WAR 1# Re"+"c&t!" !. 6&% &* &" "*t%+/e"t !. "&t!"&' )!'c# A%tc'e II, Sect!" 2

T$e P$'))"e* %e"!+"ce* 6&% &* &" "*t%+/e"t !. "&t!"&' )!'c, &(!)t* t$e 0e"e%&''&cce)te( )%"c)'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &* )&%t !. t$e '&6 !. t$e '&"( &"( &($e%e* t! t$e )!'c

)e&ce, e+&'t, @+*tce, .%ee(!/, c!!)e%&t!", &"( &/t 6t$ &'' "&t!"*#

2# Dec'&%&t!" !. t$e e;*te"ce !. & St&te !. W&%# A%tc'e VI, Sect!" 2?1T$e C!"0%e**, & -!te !. t6!3t$%(* !. !t$ 5!+*e* " @!"t *e**!" &**e/'e(, -!t"0

*e)&%&te', *$&'' $&-e t$e *!'e )!6e% t! (ec'&%e t$e e;*te"ce !. & *t&te !. 6&%#

?# De.e"*e !. t$e St&te# A%tc'e II, Sect!" T$e )%/e (+t !. t$e G!-e%"/e"t * t! *e%-e &"( )%!tect t$e )e!)'e# T$e G!-e%"/e"t

/& c&'' +)!" t$e )e!)'e t! (e.e"( t$e St&te &"(, " t$e .+'.''/e"t t$e%e!., &'' cte"* /& e%e+%e(, +"(e% c!"(t!"* )%!-(e( '&6, t! %e"(e% )e%*!"&', /'t&%, !% c-' *e%-ce#

# E/e%0e"c )!6e%*# A%tc'e VI, Sect!" 2?1T$e C!"0%e**, & -!te !. t6!3t$%(* !. !t$ 5!+*e* " @!"t *e**!" &**e/'e(, -!t"0

*e)&%&te', *$&'' $&-e t$e *!'e )!6e% t! (ec'&%e t$e e;*te"ce !. & *t&te !. 6&%#

H# M&%t&' '&6 )!6e%*# A%tc'e VII, Sect!" 18, )&%# 1T$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' e t$e C!//&"(e%3"3C$e. !. &'' &%/e( .!%ce* !. t$e P$'))"e*

&"( 6$e"e-e% t ec!/e* "ece**&%, $e /& c&'' !+t *+c$ &%/e( .!%ce* t! )%e-e"t !% *+))%e**'&6'e** -!'e"ce, "-&*!" !% %ee''!"# I" c&*e !. "-&*!" !% %ee''!", 6$e" t$e )+'c *&.et%e+%e* t, $e /&, .!% & )e%!( "!t e;cee("0 *;t (&*, *+*)e"( t$e )%-'e0e !. t$e 6%t !.$&e&* c!%)+* !% )'&ce " t$e P$'))"e* !% &" )&%t t$e%e!. +"(e% /&%t&' '&6# Wt$" .!%t3e0$t $!+%* .%!/ t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. /&%t&' '&6 !% t$e *+*)e"*!" !. t$e 6%t !. $&e&* c!%)+*,t$e P%e*(e"t *$&'' *+/t & %e)!%t " )e%*!" !% " 6%t"0 t! t$e C!"0%e**# T$e C!"0%e**, -!t"0

@!"t', & -!te !. &t 'e&*t & /&@!%t !. &'' t* Me/e%* " %e0+'&% !% *)ec&' *e**!", /&%e-!e *+c$ )%!c'&/&t!" !% *+*)e"*!" 6$c$ %e-!c&t!" *$&'' "!t e *et &*(e t$e

=H



P%e*(e"t# U)!" t$e "t&t-e !. t$e P%e*(e"t, t$e C!"0%e** /&, " t$e *&/e /&""e%, e;te"(*+c$ )%!c'&/&t!" !% *+*)e"*!" .!% & )e%!( t! e (ete%/"e( t$e C!"0%e**, . t$e "-&*!"!% %ee''!" *$&'' )e%**t &"( )+'c *&.et %e+%e* t#>>11=8<# P%!c'&/&t!" !. /&%t&' '&6 * *+@ect t! %e-e6 t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t# A%tc'e VII, Sect!"

18, )&%# ?T$e S+)%e/e C!+%t /& %e-e6, " &" &))%!)%&te )%!cee("0 .'e( &" cte", t$e

*+..ce"c !. t$e .&ct+&' &** !. t$e )%!c'&/&t!" !. /&%t&' '&6 !% t$e *+*)e"*!" !. t$e )%-'e0e !. t$e 6%t !% t$e e;te"*!" t$e%e!., &"( /+*t )%!/+'0&te t* (ec*!" t$e%e!" 6t$"t$%t (&* .%!/ t* .'"0#

7# A St&te !. /&%t&' '&6 * *+@ect t! %e-e6 t$e S+)%e/e C!+%t# A%tc'e VII, Sect!" 18, )&%#

A *t&te !. /&%t&' (!e* "!t *+*)e"( t$e !)e%&t!" !. t$e C!"*tt+t!", "!% *+))'&"t t$e.+"ct!""0 !. t$e c-' c!+%t* !% 'e0*'&t-e &**e/'e*, "!% &+t$!%e t$e c!".e%/e"t !.

@+%*(ct!" !" /'t&% c!+%t* &"( &0e"ce* !-e% c-'&"* 6$e%e c-' c!+%t* &%e &'e t!

.+"ct!", "!% &+t!/&tc&'' *+*)e"( t$e )%-'e0e !. t$e 6%t#

COMMENCEMENT OF WAR 3 W$e" * & 6&% c!//e"ce(4A 3 It * c!//e"ce( : 1 &" &ct !. e''0e%e"t .!%ce 6t$!+t & )%e-!+* (ec'&%&t!" !. 6&% !%

2 & (ec'&%&t!" !. 6&%, 6$c$ /+*t e c!//+"c&te(# St!"e, Le0&' C!"t%!'* !.I"te%"&t!"&' C!".'ct, ))# ?1=

EFFECTS OF T5E OUTBREAJ OF WAR 3 W$&t &%e t$e e..ect* !. 6&%4

A1# D*%+)t!" !. ()'!/&tc, c!"*+'&% &"( !t$e% "!"3$!*t'e %e'&t!"* et6ee" t$e t6! c!+"t%e*#2# C!//e%c&' "te%c!+%*e et6ee" cte"* !. t$e e''0e%e"t* * )%!$te(, 6t$ *!/e

e;ce)t!"*#?# E"e/ c!%)!%&t!"* &%e "!t &''!6e( t! c!"t"+e t$e% !)e%&t!"*## E"e/ )e%*!"* &%e +*+&'' &''!6e( t! 'e&-e# I. t$e (ec(e t! %e/&", t$e /& e "te%"e(

&"( e )%!-(e( 6t$ .!!(, c'!t$"0, *$e'te%, /e(c&' &tte"(&"ce, %e'0!+* .&c'te*, &"( e&''!6e( t! c!//+"c&te 6t$ .!%e0" St&te*# T$* /&, $!6e-e%, e %e*t%cte(# 199

Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!"H# E"e/ )%!)e%t !" '&"( /& e c!".*c&te( . !6"e( t$e 0!-e%"/e"t#<# Re+*t!"e( . !6"e( )%-&te )e%*!"*#7# E"e/ )%-&te )%!)e%t !" t$e *e& /& e c!".*c&te(8# T$e *&/e * t%+e 6t$ %e*)ect t! e"e/ /e%c$&"t *$)*# 5&0+e C!"-e"t!" !. 19=7>>11=9PARTICIPANTS IN T5E WAR 3 W$! &%e t$e t6! 2 )&%tc)&"t* " & 6&%4

=<



A 31# T$e "!"3c!/&t&"t*2# T$e c!/&t&"t*

&# N!"3)%-'e0e( c!/&t&"t* #e#, S)e*# W$e" c&+0$t, t$e (! "!t 0et t$e )%-'e0e !. e"0 c!"*(e%e( &* )%*!"e%* !. 6&% A%tc'e 29, 5&0+e C!"-e"t!", 19=7

# P%-'e0e( c!/&t&"t* . c&)t+%e(, t$e &%e "!t *+))!*e( t! ec!/e )%*!"e%* !. 6&%

E;&/)'e: Re0+'&% &%/e( .!%ce* &%/, "&-, /&%"e, &% (!ct!%* !% c$&)'&"* 6&%c!%%e*)!"(e"t* 'e-ee* e" /&**e *)!"t&"e!+* +)%*"0 !. t$e )!)+'&ce 0+e%''&* )%!-(e(t$&t:

& t$e &%e +"(e% & %e*)!"*'e c!//&"(e% t$e 6e&% & .;e(, (*t"ct-e e/'e/, %ec!0"&'e &t & (*t&"cec t$e c&%% t$e% &%/* !)e"'( t$e c!"(+ct t$e% !)e%&t!"* &cc!%("0 t! c+*t!/* !. 6&% &"( !" '&"(# A%tc'e 1, 5&0+e

C!"-e"t!" !. 19=7 &"( A%tc'e* &"( 8, Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!" !. 199

PRISONERS OF WAR 3 W$&t &%e t$e %0$t* &"( )%-'e0e* !. )%*!"e%* !. 6&%4A 31# T$e /+*t e t%e&te( $+/&"e', *$&'' "!t e *+@ecte( t! )$*c&' !% /e"t&' t!%t+%e, *$&'' e

&''!6e( t! c!//+"c&te 6t$ t$e% .&/'e*, &"( /& %ece-e .!!(, c'!t$"0, e(+c&t!"&' &"(%e'0!+* &%tc'e*#

2# T$e /& "!t e .!%ce( t! %e-e&' /'t&% (&t& e;ce)t t$e "&/e, %&", *e%&' "+/e%, &%/&"( %e0/e"t&' "+/e%, &"( (&te !. %t$ t$e /& "!t e c!/)e''e( t! 6!% .!% /'t&%*e%-ce*#

?# A'' t$e% )e%*!"&', e'!"0"0* e;ce)t &%/*, $!%*e*, &"( /'t&% )&)e%*, %e/&" t$e% )%!)e%t

T$e &%e e"tt'e( " ce%t&" c&*e* t! e c!/)e"*&te( .!% 6!% (!"e## T$e /&e "te%"e( " & t!6", .!%t%e**, c&/), !% &" !t$e% '!c&'t *! '!"0 &* t$e )'&ce *

$e&'t$.+' &"( $0e"c t$e &%e !+"( "!t t! 0! e!"( ce%t&" '/t*#H# A.te% t$e c!"c'+*!" !. )e&ce, t$e% *)ee( %e)&t%&t!" /+*t e &cc!/)'*$e( &* *!!" &*

)%&ctc&'e# 199 Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!" !" t$e T%e&t/e"t !. Re'&t-e* !. W&%>>111=RULES OF WARFARE 3 W$&t * t$e %e. $*t!%c&' &c0%!+"( t$&t 'e( t! t$e &(!)t!" !. t$e %+'e* !. 6&%4A 3

1# D!6" t! t$e /(('e &0e* 3 W&% 6&* 6&0e( 6t$ *&-&0e &"( +"*)&%"0 c%+e't#2# L&tte% )&%t !. t$e /(('e &0e* 3 C$%*t&"t /t0&te( t$e %+t$'e**"e** !. 6&%#?# D+%"0 t$e 17t$ ce"t+% 3 T$e (e-&*t&t!" &"( 0e"e%&' *+..e%"0 c&+*e( t$e t$%t e&%*

6&% 'e( 6%te%* 'e G%!t+* t! &(-!c&te /!(e%&t!" " t$e c!"(+ct !. $!*t'te* .!% %e&*!"*!. $+/&"t &"( %e'0!"#

# Dec'&%&t!" !. P&%* !. 18H< 3 T$e /!-e/e"t .!% t$e c!(.c&t!" !. %+'e* !. 6&%.&%e 0&"e(/)et+*#

H# Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!" !. 18< 3 T$e%e 6&* & c!"-e"t!" !" t$e t%e&t/e"t !. t$e 6!+"(e(#

=7



<# F%*t 5&0+e C!".e%e"ce !. 1899 3 E..!%t* t! .!%/+'&te t$e '&6* !. 6&% t!! )'&ce#7# Sec!"( 5&0+e C!".e%e"ce " 19=7 3 Re-*e( t$e (ec'&%&t!"* " 1899 &"( &(!)te( "e6 !"e*#

II# Bet6ee" t$e F%*t &"( Sec!"( W!%'( W&%*1# P%!t!c!' !. 192H 3 C!"ce%""0 t$e +*e !. &*)$;&t"0, )!*!"!+* &"( !t$e% 0&*e*#2# Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!" !. 1929 3 C!"ce%""0 t$e t%e&t/e"t !. t$e *c &"( t$e 6!+"(e( " t$e

.e'( &"( )%*!"e%* !. 6&%#

?# L!"(!" P%!t!c!' !. 19?< 3 C!"ce%""0 t$e +*e !. *+/&%"e* &0&"*t /e%c$&"t -e**e'*#

III# A.te% W!%'( W&% II1# Re( C%!** C!"-e"t!"2# T$e C!"-e"t!" .!% t$e &/e'!%&t!" !. t$e c!"(t!" !. t$e 6!+"(e( &"( t$e *c " t$e

A%/e( F!%ce* " t$e Fe'( 6$c$ %e-*e( t$e Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!" !. 1929#?# T$e C!"-e"t!" .!% t$e &/e'!%&t!" !. t$e c!"(t!" !. t$e 6!+"(e(, *c &"( *$)6%ece(

/e/e%* !. t$e A%/e( F!%ce* &t *e& 6$c$ %e-*e( t$e 5&0+e C!"-e"t!" N!# X !. 19=7## T$e C!"-e"t!" %e'&t-e t! t$e t%e&t/e"t !. )%*!"e%* !. 6&% 6$c$ %e-*e( t$e Ge"e-&

C!"(t!" !. 1929 !" t$* *+@ect#H# T$e C!"-e"t!" %e'&t-e t! t$e )%!tect!" !. c-'&" )e%*!"* " t/e* !. 6&%#>>1111A.te% 19H=1# 5&0+e C!"-e"t!" " 19H 3 C!"ce%""0 t$e )%!tect!" !. c+'t+%&' )%!)e%t, *+c$ &* 6!%* !.

&%t, " c&*e !. &%/e( c!".'ct#2# 1972 C!"-e"t!" 3 P%!$t"0 /'t&% +*e !. e"-%!"/e"t&' /!(.c&t!" tec$"+e* EN3

MOD C!"-e"t!"#?# 1977 Re( C%!** C!"-e"t!"* 3 E;)&"("0 $+/&"t&%&" )%!tect!" t! c!/&t&"t* &"( "!"3

c!/&t&"t*#

# 1981 C!"-e"t!"&' We&)!"* C!"-e"t!" 3 U)(&t"0 t$e '&6 " 6e&)!"%#

3 I. t$e UN C$&%te% )%!$t* 6&%, 6$ *$!+'( t *t'' e "ece**&% t! (e-*e %+'e* !. 6&%.&%e4A 31# T$e )%!t&0!"*t* *$!+'( "!t e 'e.t .%ee t! (! &* t$e )'e&*e, +".ette%e( &" %+'e*

%e0+'&t"0 t$e% c!"(+ct#2# R+'e* !. 6&% $&-e ee" /&(e t! te/)e% t$e *+..e%"0 &"( (e*t%+ct!" t$&t &%e t$e "e-t&'e

c!"c!/t&"t* !. 6&%, %e0&%('e** !. t* 'e0&'t !% ''e0&'t# O))e"$e/, V!'# 2, )# 218?# T$e '&6* !. 6&% &%e "!t &))'c&'e t! 6&% &'!"e " t* tec$"c&' *e"*e, +t t! &'' &%/e(

c!".'ct*## T$e UN $&* *t%e**e( t$e "ee( t! &))' &*c $+/&"t&%&" )%"c)'e* " &'' &%/e( c!".'ct*,

&"( $&* c&''e( +)!" &'' )&%te* t! &%/e( c!".'ct* t! !*e%-e "te%"&t!"&' $+/&"t&%&" %+'e*UN Ge"e%&' A**e/' Re*!'+t!" 2 XXIII, Dece/e% 12, 19<8

SOME IMPORTANT RULES OF WARFARE 3 St&te *!/e /)!%t&"t %+'e* !. 6&%.&%e#

=8



SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF WAR 3 W$&t &%e t$e *)ec.c e..ect* !. 6&% !" 1 D)'!/&tc %e'&t-e* 2 E"e/ )e%*!"* ?

E"e/ P%!)e%t T%&("0 &"( "te%c!+%*e H C!"t%&ct* < T%e&te*

A1# O" ()'!/&tc %e'&t!"*&# T$e %e*)ect-e ()'!/&tc e"-!* &%e &''!6e( t! 'e&-e .!% t$e% $!/e c!+"t%e*#

# T$e !..c&' %e*(e"ce !. t$e e"-!, &* 6e'' &* t$e &%c$-e* !. t$e /**!", . 'e.t e$"(, *+*+&'' )'&ce( +"(e% t$e )%!tect!" !. &"!t$e% .!%e0" e"-!#

>>111?2# O" e"e/ )e%*!"*&# E"e/ )e%*!"* 6$! &%e 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. & e''0e%e"t &t t$e t/e !. t$e !+t%e& !.

$!*t'te* /& e (et&"e( !% &''!6e( & %e&*!"&'e t/e 6t$" 6$c$ t! 'e&-e t$e c!+"t%# # T$!*e 6$! c$!!*e t! *t& !% &%e )%e-e"te( .%!/ 'e&-"0, c!"(t!"* !% %e*t%ct!"* /& e

/)!*e( !" t$e% c!"t"+e( %e*(e"ce " t$e c!+"t%# U*+&'', t$e &%e )'&ce( +"(e% *)ec&'%e*t%ct!"* !% "te%"e(#

?# O" e"e/ )%!)e%t&# G!!(* e'!"0"0 t! e"e/ )e%*!"* &%e c!"*(e%e( &* e"e/ )%!)e%t#

# G!!(* .!+"( !" !&%( &" e"e/ -e**e' &%e )%e*+/e( t! e e"e/ )%!)e%t +"'e** t$ec!"t%&% * e*t&'*$e( t$e "&t+%&' !6"e%*#

c# Ve**e'* *&'"0 +"(e% e"e/ .'&0 e&%* e"e/ c$&%&cte%, %e0&%('e** !. t$e "&t!"&'t !%(!/c'e !. t* !6"e%#

(# Ve**e'* *&'"0 +"(e% "e+t%&' .'&0, 6$'e !%("&%' %e0&%(e( &* "e+t%&' " c$&%&cte%, /&+"(e% ce%t&" c%c+/*t&"ce* e c!"*(e%e( t! e&% e"e/ c$&%&cte%#

# O" t%&("0 &"( "te%c!+%*e&# T$e )%&ctce !. e''0e%e"t* " /!(e%" 6&%* * t! .!%( 'e0*'&t!" &'' "te%c!+%*e 6t$

&'e" e"e/e*, e;ce)t t$!*e )e%/tte( +"(e% 'ce"*e# T$e /&" !@ect * t! )%!$tt%&"*&ct!"* 6$c$ 6!+'( e"e.t t$e e"e/ !% e"e/ )e%*!"*#

H# O" c!"t%&ct*&# T$e %+'e* !. /+"c)&' '&6, %&t$e% t$&" "te%"&t!"&' '&6 0!-e%"*#

# I" 0e"e%&', t$e St&te* t%e&t &* -!( c!"t%&ct* 6$c$ /& 0-e &( t! t$e e"e/ !% &(( t! $*%e*!+%ce*#

<# O" t%e&te*&# T%e&te* c!"ce%""0 )!'tc&' /&tte%* #e#, t%e&te* !. &''&"ce &"( c!//e%c&' t%&"*&ct!"*

&%e (ee/e( &%!0&te( t$e !+t%e& !. 6&% et6ee" t$e )&%te* t$e%et!# # E;ec+te( t%e&te* #e#, .;"0 !. !+"(&%e* &%e "!t &..ecte( 6&%#c# A t%e&t 6$c$ %e0+'&te* t$e c!"(+ct !. t$e )&%te* " t/e* !. 6&% * c'e&%' "te"(e( t!

ec!/e !)e%&t-e 6$e" 6&% %e&* !+t et6ee" t$e/#>>111

1=



3 W$&t &%e t$e '/t&t!"* !" t&%0et* !. &tt&c4A 3 O"' /'t&% t&%0et* &%e *+@ect t! &tt&c# C-'&" !@ect-e* &%e //+"e .%!/ &tt&c#

N!te: T$* (*t"ct!" * c'e&% " t$e!% +t "!t *! e&* t! !*e%-e c!"*(e%"0 t$e "&t+%e !./!(e%" 6e&)!"*#

3 W$&t &%e t$e )'&ce* &"( !@ect-e* 6$c$ &%e "!t *+@ect t! &tt&c4A 3

1# Ne+t%&'e( &%e&*!"e* #e#, S+e C&"&', P&"&/& C&"&'2# O)e" t!6"*cte*?# C+'t+%&' )%!)e%t &"( )'&ce* !. 6!%*$)# C-'&" (e.e"*e )e%*!""e', +'("0* &"( &**et*, "(c&te( (*t"ct-e *0"*, &%e //+"e

.%!/ &tt&c +"(e% P%!t!c!' I !. 1997H# C-'&"*

&# T$!*e 6$! "e-e% t!! )&%t " $!*t'te* # 5!%* (e c!/&t .!%/e% c!/&t&"t* +t 6!+"(e( !% $&-e )e%/&"e"t' @!"e( t$e

)!)+'&t!"

7# P&%&c$+t*t* t$!*e 6$! &' !+t .%!/ &%c%&.t* " (*t%e**# I. t$e '&"( " e"e/ te%%t!%t$e /+*t e 0-e" & c$&"ce t! *+%%e"(e% &"( e t%e&te( &* )%*!"e%* !. 6&%

8# 5!*)t&'*, $!*)t&' *$)* &"( /e(c&' c!+"t*9# F!!( *+))'e* &"( c%!)*

FORBIDDEN MET5ODS OF WARFARE 3 W$&t &%e t$e .!%((e" /et$!(* !. 6&%.&%e4A 31# N! +&%te% /et$!( A" !%(e% t! t$e e..ect t$&t "! *+%--!%* &%e t! e 'e.t !)e" &.te% &"

&tt&c# T$* * "$+/&" &"( "!t &''!6e( &* & /et$!( !. 6&%.&%e#

2# St&%-&t!" /et$!( 3 St&%-&t!" !. t$e c-'&" )!)+'&t!" * "$+/&"#?# Re)%*&'* 3 Act* !. -e"0e&"ce & e''0e%e"t (%ecte( &0&"*t 0%!+)* !. c-'&"* !%

)%*!"e%* !. 6&%## Pe%.( !% T%e&c$e% 3 It * t%e&c$e% .!% *!'(e%* 6$! $&-e *+%%e"(e%e( t! t&e +) &%/* &"(

&tt&c t$e e"e/#H# I"(*c%/"&te &tt&c* 3 P%!$te( " &" .!%/# U"'&6.+' &ct !% !/**!" c&+*"0 t$e (e&t$

!% *e%!+* (&"0e% t! t$e $e&'t$ !. t$e )%*!"e%*#>>111HBAR UESTION, 1988

3 W$&t * Ge"!c(e4

A 3 Ge"!c(e "c'+(e* &" !. t$e .!''!6"0 &ct* c!//tte( 6t$ "te"t t! (e*t%!, " 6$!'e !% " )&%t, & "&t!"&', et$c&', %&c&' !% %e'0!+* 0%!+), *+c$ &*:

& J''"0 /e/e%* !. t$e 0%!+) C&+*"0 *e%!+* !(' !% /e"t&' $&%/ t! /e/e%* !. t$e 0%!+)

11



c De'e%&te' ".'ct"0 !" t$e 0%!+) c!"(t!"* !. '.e c&'c+'&te( t! %"0 &!+t t* )$*c&'(e*t%+ct!" " 6$!'e !% " )&%t I/)!*"0 /e&*+%e* "te"(e( t! )%e-e"t %t$* 6t$" t$e0%!+)

e F!%c' t%&"*.e%%"0 c$'(%e" !. t$e 0%!+) t! &"!t$e% 0%!+)# 198 C!"-e"t!" !" t$eP%e-e"t!" &"( P+"*$/e"t !. t$e C%/e !. Ge"!c(e Ge"!c(e C!"-e"t!", 6$c$ e"te%e("t! .!%ce !" &"+&% 12, 19H1

NOTE:1# Ge"!c(e * & c%/e +"(e% I"te%"&t!"&' '&6 6$et$e% t * c!//tte( " t/e !. )e&ce !% "

t/e !. 6&%# A%tc'e 1, (#2# 5e&(* !. St&te &"( 0!-e%"/e"t &%e "!t //+"e .%!/ )%!*ec+t!" .!% Ge"!c(e# A%tc'e

(#?# Pe%*!"* c$&%0e( 6t$ 0e"!c(e *$&'' e t%e( & c!/)ete"t t%+"&' !. t$e St&te " t$e

te%%t!% !. 6$c$ t$e &ct 6&* c!//tte(, !% *+c$ "te%"&t!"&' )e"&' t%+"&' &* /& $&-e @+%*(ct!" 6t$ %e*)ect t! )&%te* t! t$e Ge"!c(e C!"-e"t!" 6$c$ *$&'' $&-e &cce)te( t* @+%*(ct!"# A%tc'e H, (#

# Act* )+"*$&'e +"(e% t$e 0e"!c(e c!"-e"t!" &%e t$e .!''!6"0:& Ge"!c(e

C!"*)%&c t! c!//t 0e"!c(ec D%ect &"( )+'c "cte/e"t t! c!//t 0e"!c(e( Atte/)t t! c!//t 0e"!c(e &"(e C!/)'ct " 0e"!c(e#

CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OT5ER CRUEL, IN5UMAN ORDEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNIS5MENT, 198 CONVENTION

3 W$&t * t!%t+%e4A 3 A" &ct 6$c$ *e-e%e )&" !% *+..e%"0, 6$et$e% )$*c&' !% /e"t&', * "te"t!"&''

".'cte( !" & )e%*!" .!% *+c$ )+%)!*e* &* !t&""0 .%!/ $/ !% & t$%( )e%*!" ".!%/&t!"!% & c!".e**!", )+"*$"0 $/ .!% &" &ct $e !% & t$%( )e%*!" $&* c!//tte( !% * *+*)ecte(!. $&-"0 c!//tte(, !% "t/(&t"0 !% c!e%c"0 $/ !% & t$%( )e%*!", !% .!% &" %e&*!"

&*e( !" (*c%/"&t!" !. &" "(, 6$e" *+c$ )&" !% *+..e%"0 * ".'cte( !% &t t$e"*t0&t!" !. !% 6t$ t$e c!"*e"t !% &c+e*ce"ce !. & )+'c !..c&' !% !t$e% )e%*!" &ct"0" &" !..c&' c&)&ct# It (!e* "!t "c'+(e )&" !% *+..e%"0 &%*"0 !"' .%!/, "$e%e"t " !%"c(e"t&' t! '&6.+' *&"ct!"*# T!%t+%e C!"-e"t!", 198

>>111< NOTE:1# E;ce)t!"&' c%c+/*t&"ce* 6$&t*!e-e%, 6$et$e% & *t&te !. 6&%, !% %et%e&t !. 6&%, "te%"&'

)!'tc&' "*t&'t !% &" )+'c e/e%0e"c, /& "!t e "-!e( &* & @+*t.c&t!" !. t!%t+%eA%tc'e 2 2, T!%t+%e C!"-e"t!"

2# A" !%(e% .%!/ & *+)e%!% !..ce% !% & )+'c &+t$!%t /& "!t &'*! e "-!e( &* @+*t.c&t!"!. t!%t+%e#

12



BAR UESTION, 1991 3 W$&t * %e)%*&'4A 3 T$e *e"0 !. )%!)e%t !% )e%*!"* 6& !. %et&'&t!"# Re)%*&' 6$e" t$e &%e t&e" &

St&te /& (e"!te &" "( !. c!e%c-e &ct!" "!t &/!+"t"0 t! 6&% 6$e%e & St&te &tte/)t*t! *ec+%e *&t*.&ct!" .%!/ &"!t$e% .!% *!/e 6%!"0 6$c$ t$e '&tte% $&* c!//tte( &0&"*t tB%e', ?21

D*t"ct!"*, E/&%0!, B'!c&(e &"( B!c!ttE/&%0!

C!//e%ce &"( t%&(e 6t$ t$e !..e"("0 St&te * )%!$te(#

B'!c&(eM&%t/e c!//e%ce et6ee" &" e"e/ St&te &"( t$e %e*t !. t$e 6!%'( * c+t !.. " !%(e%

t! )%e-e"t t$e 0!!(* .%!/ %e&c$"0 t$e e"e/ !% t! )%e-e"t t$e e"e/ .%!/ e;)!%t"0 t! t$e!+t*(e 6!%'( t$e%e *+*t&""0 t* 6&% ec!"!/#

B!c!ttT$e%e * & c!"ce%te( &ct!" /&(e t$e cte"* !. !"e St&te t! *+*)e"( t%&(e &"(

+*"e** %e'&t!"* 6t$ t$e cte"* !. t$e !..e"("0 *t&te#

LEGALIT OF BLOCJADE, BOCOTT, EMBARGOB'!c&(e * '&6.+' . t * /&(e +)!" t$e !%(e% !% &+t$!%t !. t$e UN Sec+%t C!+"c'

A%tc'e 2, UN C$&%te%# Wt$!+t t$e *&( &+t$!%t, t 6'' .&'' +"(e% t$e Ge"e%&' )%!$t!"&0&"*t t$e +*e !. .!%ce &* )%!-(e( " t$e UN C$&%te%# A%tc'e 2 >>1117

I. t$e !c!tt * & -!'+"t&% &ct !. t$e cte"*, et$e% &ct"0 "(-(+&'' !% " c!"ce%t, t

* !+t*(e t$e *c!)e !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6# It 6'' e & 0%!+"( !. )%!te*t & .!%e0" 0!-e%"/e"t. t$e%e * &" e'e/e"t !. )%e**+%e .%!/ & 0!-e%"/e"t#

I. &" e/&%0! +)!" &'' t$e -e**e'* !. t$e !..e"("0 St&te t&e* )'&ce &t & t/e 6$e" t$e&%e " t$e )!%t* !. t$e St&te *ee"0 %e(%e**, t$e *&/e (!e* "!t c!"te/)'&te & c!".*c&t!" 6$c$* c!"*(e%e( &* &" &ct !. 6&%, e;ce)t " c&*e t$e %e(%e** .!% "@+%e* *+..e%e( *$!+'( e ."&''%e.+*e(#

AGGRESSIONMe&""0:

It * t$e +*e !. &%/e( .!%ce & St&te &0&"*t t$e *!-e%e0"t, te%%t!%&' "te0%t !% )!'tc&' "(e)e"(e"ce !. &"!t$e% St&te, !% " &" !t$e% /&""e% "c!"**te"t 6t$ t$e C$&%te% !.t$e U"te( N&t!"*# Re*!'+t!" ??1 XXIX, UN Ge"e%&' A**e/', Dece/e% 1, 197

U"(e% t$e *&( %e*!'+t!", &" !. t$e .!''!6"0 &ct*, %e0&%('e** !. & (ec'&%&t!" !. 6&%,*$&'' +&'. &* &" &ct !. &00%e**!":

1?



& T$e "-&*!" !% &tt&c t$e &%/e( .!%ce* !. & *t&te !. t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% *t&te, !% &"/'t&% !cc+)&t!", $!6e-e% te/)!%&%, %e*+'t"0 .%!/ *+c$ "-&*!" !% &tt&c, !% &"&""e;&t!" t$e +*e !. .!%ce !. t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% *t&te !% )&%t t$e%e!.

B!/&%(/e"t t$e &%/e( .!%ce* !. & *t&te &0&"*t t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% *t&te !% t$e +*e !.&" 6e&)!"* & *t&te &0&"*t t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% *t&te

c T$e '!c&(e !. t$e )!%t* !% c!&*t* !. & *t&te t$e &%/e( .!%ce* !. &"!t$e% *t&te( A" &tt&c t$e &%/e( .!%ce* !. & *t&te !" t$e '&"(, *e& !% &% .!%ce*, !% /&%"e &"( &% .'eet*

!. &"!t$e% *t&tee T$e +*e !. &%/e( .!%ce* !. !"e *t&te 6$c$ &%e 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. &"!t$e% *t&te 6t$ t$e

&0%ee/e"t !. t$e %ece-"0 *t&te, " c!"t%&-e"t!" !. t$e c!"(t!"* )%!-(e( .!% " t$e&0%ee/e"t !% &" e;te"*!" !. t$e% )%e*e"ce " *+c$ te%%t!% e!"( t$e te%/"&t!" !. t$e&0%ee/e"t

. T$e &ct!" !. t$e *t&te " &''!6"0 t* te%%t!%, 6$c$ t $&* )'&ce( &t t$e (*)!*&' !. &"!t$e%*t&te, t! e +*e( t$&t !t$e% *t&te .!% )e%)et%&t"0 &" &ct !. &00%e**!" &0&"*t & t$%( *t&te

0 T$e *e"("0 !% !" e$&'. !. & *t&te !. &%/e( &"(*, 0%!+)*, %%e0+'&%* !% /e%ce"&%e*,6$c$ c&%% !+t &ct* !. &%/e( .!%ce &0&"*t &"!t$e% *t&te !. *+c$ 0%&-t &* t! &/!+"t t! t$e

&ct* '*te( &!-e, !% t* *+*t&"t&' "-!'-e/e"t t$e%e"#>>1118 3 I" t$e '&*t *e-e%&' 6ee*, t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. I*%&e', $&* ee" c&+*"0 !/&%(/e"t &"(

'!c&(e " G&& %e*+'t"0 " (e&t$, *t&%-&t!" &"( "@+% t! $+"(%e(* &"( t$!+*&"(* !.P&'e*t"&"* "c'+("0 ""!ce"t c-'&"*# T$e I*%&e' 0!-e%"/e"t &''e0e* t$&t t * /e%e'&ct"0 " %et&'&t!" t! P&'e*t"&" &tt&c &"( %!cet* t! & )!%t!" !. t* te%%t!%# I* I*%&e'0+'t !. &00%e**!"# I* t$e &''e0&t!" !. I*%&e' @+*t.e( +"(e% "te%"&t!"&' '&64

A 3 T$e UN c$&%te% )%!$t* "!t !"' %ec!+%*e t! 6&% +t &'*! %e*!%t t! t$e +*e !. 6&%, &"( e-e"" t$e +*e !. 6&%, t$e /e&*+%e t! e t&e" /+*t e c!"**te"t 6t$ "ece**t &"(

)%!)!%t!"&'t, &* &'%e&( &))'e( " )%e-!+* c&*e* t$&t $&-e %e&c$e( t$e I"te%"&t!"&'

C!+%t* !. +*tce# U"(e% t$e c%c+/*t&"ce*, t * *+/tte( t$&t I*%&e' c!//tte( "!t !"' &"&00%e**!" +t &'*! &" +"@+*t.e( 6&% !. &00%e**!" ec&+*e t$e %e)e&te( !/&%(/e"t*$&-e c&+*e( (e&t$, "@+%, e;te"*-e (&/&0e e-e" t! ""!ce"t c-'&"*, c$'(%e", $!*)t&'*

)&te"t* t$e%e", )+'c &"( )%-&te +'("0*, 6$c$ &%e "!t *+))!*e( t! e t&%0et* !. &tt&c#A00%e**!" c&" "e-e% e @+*t.e(# A 6&% !. &00%e**!" * & c%/e &0&"*t "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce&"( t 0-e* %*e t! "te%"&t!"&' %e*)!"*'t# Ge"e%&' A**e/' Re*!'+t!" ??1XXIX,A%tc'e ? " %e'&t!" t! A%tc'e H

BAR UESTION, 1998

3 At t$e N+%e/e%0 t%&' !. t$e N& 6&% c%/"&'* &t t$e e"( !. W!%'( W&% II, t$e (e.e"*e&%0+e( !" e$&'. !. t$e Ge%/&" (e.e"(&"t* t$&t &'t$!+0$ & "&t!" c!+'( "!t 6&0e &00%e**-e6&% 6t$!+t t%&"*0%e**"0 I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, t c!+'( +*e 6&% &* &" "*t%+/e"t !. *e'.3(e.e"*e, &"( t$&t t$e "&t!" t*e'. /+*t e t$e *!'e @+(0e !. 6$et$e% t* &ct!"* 6e%e " *e'.3(e.e"*e# 5!6 6!+'( !+ /eet t$e &%0+/e"t . !+ 6e%e & /e/e% !. t$e T%+"&' t%"0 t$ec&*e4

A 3 I" &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e &0%ee/e"t &"( )%e-!+* c!"-e"t!"* t! 6$c$ Ge%/&" 6&* &*0"&t!% Je''!03B%&"( P&ct, P&ct !. P&%* A+0+*t 27, 1928, &"( t$e 1899 C!"-e"t!" .!%

1



t$e P&c.c Sett'e/e"t !. I"te%"&t!"&' D*)+te*, Ge%/&" !+"( t*e'. +"(e% &" !'0&t!""!t t! %e*!%t t! 6&% &* &" "*t%+/e"t !. "&t!"&' )!'c !% t! 6&0e 6&% 6t$!+t )%e-!+* &"(e;)'ct 6&%""0# T$e "-&*!" !. A+*t%&, De"/&%, Be'0+/, Net$e%'&"(*, N!%6&L+;e/+%0 &"( t$e &00%e**!" &0&"*t +0!*'&-&, G%eece, P!'&"( &"( U#S#S#R# 6e%e )%e3/e(t&te( &ct* !. &00%e**!" &* )&%t !. t$e )'&" !. 0'!&' (e"!/"&t!"#

>>111917#

PEACEFUL AND FORCIBLE SANCTIONS 3 W$&t &%e t$e )e&ce.+' *&"ct!"* " )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&64

A 3 T%&(t!"&'*t* '*t (!6" t$e .!''!6"0 &* t$e )e&ce.+' *&"ct!"* " )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6:1 D)'!/&tc "e0!t&t!"*2 Te"(e% &"( e;e%c*e !. 0!!( !..ce*? Me(&t!" E"+% &"( c!"c'&t!"H A%t%&t!"

< Re.e%e"ce t! t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' !. t$e UN7 Re.e%e"ce t! t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce# W'*!" &"( T+ce%, I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, ))#

228322 Fe"6c I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, ))# =H3=

3 E;)'&"&t!" !. e&c$#A 31 D)'!/&tc "e0!t&t!"* 3 It c!"*tt+te* t$e )%!ce** 6$c$ St&te* *ett'e t$e% (..e%e"ce*

t$%!+0$ &" e;c$&"0e !. -e6* et6ee" ()'!/&tc &0e"ce*# D*c+**!"* /& e !%&' !%6%tte", %e. !% )%!'!"0e(# M&-%!/&/&t* P&'e*t"e C!"ce**!"* C&*e, P#C#L## P+# Se%A2, )# 11

2 Te"(e% &"( e;e%c*e !. 0!!( !..ce* 3 It e;*t* 6$e" t$%( )&%t, et$e% &'!"e !% "c!''&!%&t!" 6t$ !t$e%*, !..e%* t! $e') " t$e *ett'e/e"t !. & (*)+te# W$e" t$e !..e% *&cce)te(, t$e%e *$&'' e &" e;e%c*e !. 0!!( !..ce*#

? Me(&t!" 3 A t$%( )&%t !..e%* t! $e') 6t$ & *!'+t!", +*+&'' &*e( !" c!/)%!/*e &*c!"t%&(*t"0+*$e( .%!/ 0!!( !..ce*, /e(&t!" !..e%* & *!'+t!" 0!!( !..ce* /e%e'

%"0* t$&t )&%te* t!0et$e%# E"+% 3 It */)' /e&"* &" &*ce%t&"/e"t !. t$e )e%t"e"t .&ct* &"( **+e* " & (*)+te#H C!"c'&t!" &"( A%t%&t!" 3 It * t$e %e.e%e"ce !. t$e (*)+te t! & c!//**!" !%

"te%"&t!"&' !(, 6$!*e (ec*!", $!6e-e%, * NOT BINDING !" t$e )&%te* 6$e" t$e

(ec*!" * ."&' &"( c!"c'+*-e !" t$e )&%te*, t$e )%!ce** * %e.e%%e( t! &* &%t%&t!"#< Re.e%e"ce t! t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' !. t$e UN 3 W$e" "! (&"0e% t! "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce *

.!%e*ee", t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' /& *te) ", +t !"' . ALL T5E PARTIES t! t$e (*)+te%e+e*t t* "te%-e"t!" A%tc'e H2, UN C$&%te%# W$e" t$e%e * DANGER t! "te%"&t!"&'

)e&ce, t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' "te%-e"e*:& O" t* !6" /!t!" A%tc'e ?, UN C$&%te% O" /!t!" !. t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/' A%tc'e, UN C$&%te%c O" /!t!" !. t$e UN Sec%et&%3Ge"e%&' A%tc'e 99, UN C$&%te%

1H



( O" /!t!" & UN Me/e% A%tc'e ?H, N!# 1, UN C$&%te%e O" /!t!" & N!"3Me/e% !. t$e UN A%tc'e ?H, N!# 2, UN C$&%te%

>>112=I" c&*e t$e Sec+%t C!+"c' (*c!-e%* & t$%e&t t! "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce, t *$&'' /&e t$e

)%!)e% %ec!//e"(&t!"* !" t$e (*)+te# A%tc'e ?9, UN C$&%te% I. t$e %ec!//e"(&t!"* &%e"!t $ee(e(, t$e C!+"c' /& t&e e".!%ce/e"t &ct!" +"(e% A%tc'e 1 !. t$e C$&%te%#

7 Re.e%e"ce t! %e0!"&' !%0&"&t!"* 3 U"(e% A%tc'e H2 !. t$e UN C$&%te%, %e0!"&'&%%&"0e/e"t* !% &0e"ce* /& e e*t&'*$e( t! /&"t&" "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce t$%!+0$%e0!"&' &ct!" &"( t! )e&ce.+'' *ett'e '!c&' (*)+te* e.!%e %e.e%%"0 t$e/ t! t$e Sec+%tC!+"c'# It* .+"ct!" *$!+'( e %e)!%te( t! t$e C!+"c' A%tc'e H, UN C$&%te%# 5!6e-e%, t*$!+'( e "!te( t$&t t$e e;*te"ce !. t$e*e &0e"ce* 6'' "!t )%e-e"t t$e Sec+%t C!+"c'.%!/ t*e'. "-e*t0&t"0 &"( *ett'"0 t$e*e (*)+te*# A%tc'e H2, N!# , UN C$&%te%

Sett'e/e"t t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce 3 T$e c!+%t *$&'' %e/&" )e%/&"e"t' " *e**!"e;ce)t (+%"0 t$e @+(c&' -&c&t!"*, t$e (&te* &"( (+%&t!" !. 6$c$ *$&'' e .;e( t$e

C!+%t# A%tc'e 2?, (#+%*(ct!" !. t$e c&*e 3 T$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$e c!+%t c!/)%*e* &'' c&*e* 6$c$ t$e )&%te* %e.e%

t! t &"( &'' /&tte%* *)ec.c&'' )%!-(e( .!% " t$e C$&%te% !. t$e UN !% " t%e&te* &"(c!"-e"t!"* " .!%ce# A%tc'e ?<, (

B&** !. C!+%t* @+%*(ct!" 3 It * &*e( !" t$e c!"*e"t !. t$e )&%te*# A%tc'e ?< !. t$e St&t+te!. t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce )%!-(e*: T$e St&te* )&%te* t! t$e )%e*e"t St&t+te /&&t &" t/e (ec'&%e t$&t t$e %ec!0"e &* c!/)+'*!% )*! .&ct!, &"( 6t$!+t *)ec&'&0%ee/e"t, " %e'&t!" t! &" !t$e% *t&te &cce)t"0 t$e *&/e !'0&t!", t$e @+%*(ct!" !. t$eC!+%t, (*)+te* c!"ce%""0:

. T$e "te%)%et&t!" !. & t%e&t0 A" +e*t!" !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6$ T$e e;*te"ce !. &" .&ct 6$c$, . e*t&'*$e(, c!+'( c!"*tt+te & %e&c$ !. &" "te%"&t!"&'

!'0&t!"# T$e "&t+%e !% e;te"t !. t$e %e)&%&t!" t! e /&(e .!% t$e %e&c$ !. &" "te%"&t!"&'

!'0&t!"#

C&" t 0-e &(-*!% !)"!"4 3 T$e C!+%t /& 0-e &" &(-*!% !)"!" !" &" 'e0&' +e*t!"&t t$e %e+e*t !. 6$&te-e% !( t$&t /& e &+t$!%e( !% " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e UN

C$&%te% t! /&e *+c$ & %e+e*t A%tc'e <H, (# #e#, Ge"e%&' A**e/' !% t$e Sec+%tC!+"c' !% !t$e% !%0&"* !. t$e UN 6$e" &+t$!%e( t$e Ge"e%&' A**e/'#

>>112118#

BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION AS DISTINGUIS5ED FROM MILITAR OCCUPATION

BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION

1<



1# It * & te/)!%&% /'t&% !cc+)&t!" !. t$e te%%t!% !. t$e e"e/ (+%"0 t$e 6&%I"te%"&t!"&' '&6 %ec!0"e* t$e !cc+)&"t* &+t$!%t !-e% t$e !cc+)e( te%%t!% &"( t*"$&t&"t*#

E;&/)'e: &)&"e*e !cc+)&t!" !. t$e P$'))"e* (+%"0 t$e '&*t P&c.c W&%#

MILITAR OCCUPATION1# T$e%e * /'t&% !cc+)&t!" 6$e" t$e -ct!% t&e* !-e% e"e/ te%%t!% &.te% t$e c!"c'+*!"

!. t$e 6&%# T$e %0$t* &"( !'0&t!"* !. t$e /'t&% !cc+)&"t &%e 0e"e%&'' )%e/*e( !"t$e )%!-*!"* !. &" &0%ee/e"t !% t%e&t !" t$e /&tte%#

E;&/)'e: Occ+)&t!" !. Ge%/&" &"( &)&" t$e A''e( P!6e%* &t t$e e"( !. W!%'( W&% II#

19#EFFECT OF BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION ON T5E SOVEREIGNT OF T5E

LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENTT$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e 'e0t/&te 0!-e%"/e"t * *+*)e"(e( (+%"0 t$e e''0e%e"t

!cc+)&t!" U#S# -*# Rce, U#S# 2<, %ete%&t"0 t$e (!ct%"e " U#S# -*# 5&6&%( 2< Te( C&*#

2=# 5!6e-e%, t$e P$'))"e S+)%e/e C!+%t %+'e( " L&+%e' -*# M*&, 2 O#G# 117<, t$&t+)!" /'t&% !cc+)&t!", t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e 'e0t/&te 0!-e%"/e"t * NOT SUSPENDEDW$&t * *+*)e"(e( 6&* /e%e' t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e &ct* !. *!-e%e0"t#

M!%e *)ec.c&'', t$e e''0e%e"t !cc+)&t!" (( "!t !t&" *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$eP$'))"e* (+%"0 t$e &)&"e*e /'t&% !cc+)&t!"# T$* %e/&"e( 6t$ t$e U"te( St&te*&'t$!+0$ t$e A/e%c&"* c!+'( "!t e;e%c*e &" c!"t%!' !-e% t$e !cc+)e( te%%t!%# W$&t t$e

e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t t!! !-e% 6&* /e%e' t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e &ct* !. *!-e%e0"t# P%"c)'e*,C!//e"t* &"( C&*e* " C!"*tt+t!"&' L&6 I, S+&%e, )# H8

3 W$e" * & te%%t!% (ee/e( +"(e% /'t&% !cc+)&t!"4

A 3 W$e" t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e "-&(e( te%%t!% * %e"(e%e( "c&)&'e !. )+'c' e;e%c*"0t* &+t$!%t &"( t$e "-&(e% * " t$e )!*t!" t! *+*tt+te &"( $&* *+*tt+te( t* !6"&+t$!%t .!% t$&t !. t$e 'e0t/&te 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e !cc+)e( te%%t!%#

>>1122 3 S+))!*e t$e%e &%e *t'' 0+e%''& .!%ce* " t$e &%%!*, /!+"t&"* &"( e-e" " t!6"* !. t$e

"-&(e( )'&ce, 6'' &'' t$e*e /&e t$e /'t&% !cc+)&t!" "e..ect-e4 W'' &'' t$e*e c&+*et$e e"( !. t$e /'t&% !cc+)&t!"4

A 3 T$e &%e "!t e"!+0$# T$e e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t * "!t %e+%e( t! $&-e t* .eet c!"t"+!+*' )'&"te( !" e-e% *+&%e .!!t !. t$e te%%t!% !cc+)e(, )%!-(e( $e /&"t&"* e..ect-e

c!"t%!' &"( /'t&% *+)e%!%t t$e%e" e"0 &'e t! *e"(, " c&*e !. &tt&c, *+..ce"t .!%cet! &**e%t t* &+t$!%t 6t$" & %e&*!"&'e t/e#

3 W$&t &%e t$e %0$t* &"( (+te* !. t$e e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t4A 31# T! c!"t"+e t$e )%!ce**e* !. !%(e%' 0!-e%"/e"t#

17



2# T! e"&ct "ece**&% 'e0*'&t!", &"( e-e" )e"&' '&6*, )%!-(e( t$e &%e "!t e; )!*t .&ct! "c$&%&cte%# T$e /)!*t!" !. (e&t$ )e"&'t * $!6e-e% %e*t%cte( t! ce%t&" !..e"*e*# #e#e*)!"&0e &"( (e'e%&te $!/c(e# A%tc'e* <737=, Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!", 199

?# T! )%!tect t$e "$&t&"t*, t! )%!tect t$e/ .%!/ t!%t+%e &"( %+t&' t%e&t/e"t# A%tc'e* 273?H23H9, Ge"e-& C!"-e"t!", 199

# T! (e/&"( t&;e* &"( c!"t%+t!"* !-e% &"( &!-e t$e t&;e*, t! ."&"ce t$e "ee(* !. /'t&%&"( '!c&' &(/"*t%&t!"# A%tc'e* 8, 9, H1, 5&0+e Re0+'&t!"*

H# T! **+e 'e0&' c+%%e"c, !t$ .!% t$e )%e*e%-&t!" !. )e&ce &"( !%(e%, &"( .!% /'t&% "ee(*#A%tc'e ?, 5&0+e Re0+'&t!"*

<# T! +*e e"e/ )%!)e%t, )+'c !% )%-&te# V''&"+e-& -*# M&"'& M!t!% C!#, 231=?9,Dece/e% ?1, 19H8

I" *$!%t, t$e %0$t* !. & e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t !-e% t$e !cc+)e( te%%t!% &%e /e%e' t$&t !.&(/"*t%&t!"#

3 D+%"0 t$e )e%!( !. !cc+)&t!", c&" t$e e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t &""e; t$e !cc+)e( te%%t!%

!% *et t +) &* !+% "(e)e"(e"t St&te4A 3 N!# C! J/ C$&" -*# V&'(e T&" Je$, 7H P$'# ?71 REASON: Bec&+*e t$e %0$t* !. t$e

e''0e%e"t te%%t!% &%e /e%e' t$&t !. &(/"*t%&t!"#

SUMMAR OF IMPORTANT P5ILIPPINE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS REGARDINGT5E RIG5TS OF BELLIGERENT OCUPANT

1# ANASTACIO LAUREL VS# ERIBERTO, MISA, O#G# 117<: T$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e'e0t/&te 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e P$'))"e* 6&* "!t *+*)e"(e(# W$&t 6&* *+*)e"(e( 6&*/e%e' t$e e;e%c*e !. t$&t *!-e%e0"t#

2# 5AW PIA VS# C5INA BANJING CORPORATION, L3HH, APRIL 9, 198:

>>112?& T$e &)&"e*e M't&% A(/"*t%&t!", &* & e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t, $&( t$e %0$t t! '+(&te,

*e+e*te% !% .%eee t$e &**et* !. e"e/ &"*# P&/e"t 5&6 P& t! t$e B&" !. T&6&" e;t"0+*$e( t$e /!%t0&0e "(ete("e**

ec&+*e +"(e% t$e '&6 t$e" )%e-&'"0, t$e B&" !. T&6&" 6&* c'e&%' &+t$!%e( t! %ece-e )&/e"t#

c T$e &)&"e*e /'t&% "!te* 6e%e 'e0&' te"(e% ec&+*e +"(e% "te%"&t!"&' '&6, t$e "-&("0 )!6e% $&* t$e %0$t t! **+e c+%%e"c .!% c%c+'&t!" " t$e !cc+)e( te%%t!%#

?# VILLARUEL VS# MANILA MOTOR CO#, L31=?9, DECEMBER ?1, 19H8: T$* * &!+t & )%!)e%t 'e&*e( & F')"! t! &"!t$e% F')"!# O" &cc!+"t !. /'t&% "ee(, t$e &)&"e*eA%/ !cc+)e( t$e *&( )%!)e%t# T$e **+e * 6$et$e% t$e 'e**ee *$!+'( )& %e"t t! t$e'e**!% (+%"0 t$e t/e t$e *&( )%!)e%t 6&* !cc+)e( t$e &)&"e*e A%/#

5ELD: N!#REASON: I" I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, t$e e''0e%e"t !cc+)&"t $&* t$e %0$t t! ''et !% +&%te% t*

t%!!)* " )%-&te '&"(* &"( +'("0* (+%"0 t$e (+%&t!" !. t* /'t&% !cc+)&t!"#

18



SUSPENSION OF 5OSTILITIES 3 W$e" &%e t$e $!*t'te* et6ee" t$e e''0e%e"t* *+*)e"(e(4A 31# W$e" t$e%e * & *+*)e"*!" !. &%/* #e#, t! +% t$e (e&( !% t! %e/!-e t$e 6!+"(e(2# W$e" t$e%e * &%/*tce *+*)e"*!" !. /'t&% !)e%&t!"* " &'' %e0/e*?# W$e" t$e%e * & ce&*e3.%e *t!))&0e !. /'t&% .%"0 &"( &(-&"ce*# W$e" t$e%e * & t%+ce c!"(t!"&' ce&*e3.%e .!% )!'tc&' )+%)!*e*

H# W$e" t$e%e * & c&)t+'&t!" &" &0%ee/e"t 6$e%e & !( !. t%!!)* !% .t"e** !% & t!6" **+%%e"(e%e(

<# W$e" t$e%e * &" +"c!"(t!"&' *+%%e"(e% "! c!"(t!"* &tt&c$e(

T5E END OF WAR 3 I" $!6 /&" 6&* c&" 6&% e e"(e(4A 31# Ce**&t!" !. $!*t'te* 6t$!+t &" .!%/&' t%e&t2# B & .!%/&' t%e&t !. )e&ce

?# B t$e c!/)'ete *+/**!" &"( *+@+0&t!" !. !"e !. t$e e''0e%e"t*# B +"'&te%&' (ec'&%&t!" !% )%!c'&/&t!">>112

2=#STATELESS PERSONS

BAR UESTIONS, 199H 3 W$! &%e *t&te'e** )e%*!"4A 3 T$e &%e )e%*!"* 6$! &%e "!t c!"*(e%e( &* "&t!"&'* &" St&te +"(e% t$e !)e%&t!" !. t*

'&6# 19H C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e 1, %e'&t"0 t! t$e *t&t+* !. *t&te'e** )e%*!"* 6$c$ e"te%e("t! .!%ce !" +"e <, 19<=

3 W$&t &%e t$e c!"*e+e"ce* !. *t&te'e**"e**4A 3 A *t&te'e** )e%*!" * &(-e%*e' &..ecte( &* t &..ect* $* %0$t t! e;e%c*e %0$t* &"(

)%-'e0e* +*+&'' e"@!e( cte"* !. & St&te *+c$ &* +t "!t '/te( t! e/)'!/e"t, %0$tt! 6!%, %0$t t! !6" &"( &c+%e )%!)e%t, %0$t t! e(+c&t!", .%ee(!/ !. /!'t, %0$t !.&cce** t! $e&'t$ c&%e &"( !t$e% )%-'e0e* e"@!e( cte"*#

3 I* & *t&te'e** )e%*!" e"t%e' 6t$!+t %0$t, )%!tect!" !% %ec!+%*e +"(e% t$e '&6 !. "&t!"*4A 3 N!, $e *$&'' e **+e( (e"tt )&)e%* 6$e" $e (!e* "!t )!**e** & -&'( t%&-e' (!c+/e"t $e

*$&'' e &cc!%(e( t$e *&/e t%e&t/e"t 6$c$ *$&'' e .&-!%&'e &* )!**'e &"(, " &" e-e"t"!t 'e** .&-!%&'e t$&" t$&t &cc!%(e( t! &'e"* 0e"e%&'' " t$e *&/e c%c+/*t&"ce* 6t$%e*)ect t! %0$t* t! /!-&'e &"( //!-&'e )%!)e%t, %0$t !. &**!c&t!", 6&0e3e&%""0e/)'!/e"t, 'e%&' )%!.e**!"*, $!+*"0, .%ee(!/ !. /!-e/e"t $e *$&'' e &cc!%(e( t$e*&/e t%e&t/e"t 0%&"te( t! t$e "&t!"&' !. t$e c!+"t% !. $* $&t+&' %e*(e"ce 6t$ %e*)ectt! %0$t* t! &%t*tc %0$t* &"( "(+*t%&' )%!)e%t, .%ee &cce** t! c!+%t*, %&t!""0, e'e/e"t&%e(+c&t!", &"( )+'c %e'e. &"( &***t&"ce#

19



3 W$&t /e&*+%e*, . &", $&* I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 t&e" t! )%e-e"t *t&te'e**"e**4A 3& A c!"t%&ct"0 St&te *$&'' 0%&"t t* "&t!"&'t t! & )e%*!" !%" " t* te%%t!% 6$! 6!+'(

!t$e%6*e e *t&te'e** C!"-e"t!" !" t$e Re(+ct!" !. St&te'e**"e**, A%tc'e 1 A c!"t%&ct"0 St&te *$&'' 0%&"t t* "&t!"&'t t! & )e%*!", "!t !%" " t$e te%%t!% !. &

C!"t%&ct"0 St&te, 6$! 6!+'( !t$e%6*e e *t&te'e**, . t$e "&t!"&'t !. !"e !. $* )&%e"t*&t t$e t/e !. t$e )e%*!"* %t$ 6&* t$&t !. t$&t St&te# C!"-e"t!" !" t$e Re(+ct!" !.

St&te'e**"e**, Dece/e% 1?, 197H, A%tc'e >>112HBAR UESTIONS, 1978 3 Vct!% J!%c$"!, & *t&te'e** %e*(e"t !. S6te%'&"(, 6&* t$e c$&''e"0e% t! t$e 6!%'( c$e**

tt'e $e'( A"&t!' J&%)!-# A.te% ?2 0%+e'"0 0&/e* 6e%e )'&e( " B&0+! Ct, J&%)!-."&'' %et&"e( $* tt'e# J!%c$"! )%!te*te( "!"3)&/e"t !. $* )%e /!"e &"( &''e0e(+".&% t%e&t/e"t $e %ece-e( .%!/ t$e t!+%"&/e"t !%0&"e%* " t$e P$'))"e*, )&%tc+'&%'" t$e ?2"( c%+c&' 0&/e 6$c$ $e &tt%+te* &* t$e /&" c&+*e !. $* (e.e&t# M& $e )%e**.!% $* %0$t t! t$e )%e /!"e &0&"*t t$e P$'))"e 0!-e%"/e"t t$%!+0$ t$e S6**

0!-e%"/e"t4A 3 It * *+/tte( t$&t J!%c$"! /& "!t )%e** .!% $* %0$t t! t$e )%ce /!"e# REASONS: 1

5e * & *t&te'e** )e%*!" 2 T$e %0$t !. t$e S6** 0!-e%"/e"t, . t (ec(e* t! %e)%e*e"tJ!%c$"! " t$e "te%"&t!"&' 'e-e', * &*e( !" "&t!"&'t &"( "!t !" /e%e %e*(e"ce

21#LAW OF T5E SEA

LAW GOVERNING CONTROVERSIES ON T5E LAW OF T5E SEA

T5E TREATIES PROMULGATED,

1# C!"-e"t!" !" t$e Te%%t!%&' Se& &"( C!"t0+!+* K!"e2# C!"-e"t!" !" t$e 50$ Se&*?# C!"-e"t!" !" F*$"0 &"( C!"*e%-&t!" !. t$e L-"0 Re*!+%ce* !. t$e 50$ Se&*# C!"-e"t!" !" t$e C!"t"e"t&' S$e'. H# UNCLOS

TOPICS IN CONNECTION WIT5 T5E LAW OF T5E SEA1# B%e. &c0%!+"( !" t$e &(!)t!" !. UNCLOS2# N&t!"&'t !. -e**e'*

?# B&*e'"e Dete%/"&t!"# I"te%"&' 6&te%* &"( )!%t*H# Te%%t!%&' Se&* &"( C!"t0+!+* K!"e<# C!"t"e"t&' S$e'. 7# E;)'!t&t!" !. t$e M"e%&' Re*!+%ce* !. t$e Dee) Se&e(8# T$e 50$ Se&*>>112<EXPLANATION OF EAC5 ONE

2=



1# BACJGROUND OF T5E ADOPTION OF UNCLOSA(!)t!": T$e C!"-e"t!", %e.e%%e( t! &* UNCLOS, 6&* &(!)te( t$e UN C!".e%e"ce !" t$e

L&6 !. t$e Se& !" A)%' ?=, 1992 O)e" .!% *0"&t+%e: O" Dece/e% 1=, 1982 &t M!"te0!B&, &/&c&

E"te%e( "t! .!%ce: O" N!-e/e% 1<, 199, )+%*+&"t t! t* A%tc'e ?=8 1 W$e" t %ece-e( t*<=t$ %&t.c&t!" !" t$&t (&te#

T$e P$'))"e* * & )&%t t! t$e C!"-e"t!", $&-"0 *0"e( t !" Dece/e% 1=, 1982, &"(%&t.e( !" M& 8, 198#

7? St&te* $&-e ec!/e )&%te* t! t$e C!"-e"t!" &* !. Fe%+&% 2?, 199H# C$"& &"(&)&" *0"e( t#

O" +' 28, 199: T$e US Ge"e%&' A**e/' &(!)te( t$e A0%ee/e"t %e'&t"0 t! t$e/)'e/e"t&t!" !. P&%t XI !. t$e C!"-e"t!" " t* Re*!'+t!" 82<?, 6t$ 12= St&te*,"c'+("0 t$e P$'))"e*, -!t"0 " .&-!%#

N! "e0&t-e -!te, 6t$ 7 &*te"t!"*#

11< St&te*, "c'+("0 t$e P$'))"e*, $&-e &0%ee( t! &))' )%!-*!"&'' t$e &0%ee/e"t*t&%t"0 N!-# 1, 199, t$e (&te !. t$e C!"-e"t!"* e"t% "t! .!%ce#

T5E P5ILIPPINE DECLARATION ON T5E SIGNING OF T5ECONVENTION ON T5ELAW OF T5E SEA

M!"te0! B&, &/&c&Dec'&%&t!" !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*

1= Dece/e% 1982T$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* $e%e /&".e*t* t$&t " *0""0 t$e

1982 U"te( N&t!"* C!"-e"t!" !" t$e L&6 !. t$e Se&, t (!e* *! 6t$ t$e +"(e%*t&"("0*

e/!(e( " t$* (ec'&%&t!", /&(e +"(e% t$e )%!-*!"* !. A%tc'e ?1= !. t$e C!"-e"t!", t!6t:>>11271# T$e *0""0 !. t$e C!"-e"t!" t$e G!-e%"/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* *$&''

"!t " &" /&""e% /)&% !% )%e@+(ce t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*+"(e% &"( &%*"0 .%!/ t$e C!"*tt+t!" !. t$e P$'))"e*

2# S0""0 *$&'' "!t " &" /&""e% &..ect t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*&* *+cce**!% !. t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c&, +"(e% &"( &%*"0 !+t !. t$e T%e&t !. P&%*

et6ee" S)&" &"( t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c& !. Dece/e% 1=, 1898, &"( t$e T%e&t !.

W&*$"0t!" et6ee" t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c& &"( G%e&t B%t&" !. &"+&% 2, 19?=?# S+c$ *0""0 *$&'' "!t (/"*$ !% " &" /&""e% &..ect t$e %0$t* &"( !'0&t!"* !. t$e

c!"t%&ct"0 )&%te* +"(e% t$e M+t+&' De.e"*e T%e&t et6ee" t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$e U"te(St&te* !. A/e%c& !. A+0+*t ?=, 19H1, &"( t* %e'&te( "te%)%et&t-e "*t%+/e"t "!% t$!*e+"(e% &" !t$e% )e%t"e"t '&te%&' !% /+'t'&te%&' t%e&t !. &0%ee/e"t t! 6$c$ t$eP$'))"e* * & )&%t

21



# S+c$ *0""0 *$&'' "!t " &" /&""e% /)&% !% )%e@+(ce t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e Re)+'c!. t$e P$'))"e* !-e% &" te%%t!% !-e% 6$c$ *!-e%e0" &+t$!%t, *+c$ &* t$e J&'&&&"I*'&"(*, &"( t$e 6&te%* &))+%te"&"t t$e%et!

H# T$e C!"-e"t!" *$&'' "!t e c!"*t%+e( &* &/e"("0 " &" /&""e% !% )e%t"e"t '&6* &"(P%e*(e"t&' Dec%ee* !% P%!c'&/&t!"* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* t$e G!-e%"/e"t !.t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* /&"t&"* &"( %e*e%-e* t$e %0$t &"( &+t$!%t t! /&e &"&/e"(/e"t* t! *+c$ '&6*, (ec%ee* !% )%!c'&/&t!"* )+%*+&"t t! t$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e

P$'))"e* C!"*tt+t!"<# T$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"-e"t!" !" &%c$)e'&0c )&**&0e t$%!+0$ *e& '&"e* (! "!t "+''. !%

/)&% t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e P$'))"e* &* &" &%c$)e'&0c *t&te !-e% t$e *e& '&"(* &"( (!"!t (e)%-e t !. &+t$!%t t! e"&ct 'e0*'&t!" t! )%!tect t* *!-e%e0"t, "(e)e"(e"ce, &"(*ec+%t

7# T$e c!"ce)t !. &%c$)e'&0c 6&te%* * */'&% t! t$e c!"ce)t !. "te%"&' 6&te%* +"(e% t$eC!"*tt+t!" !. t$e P$'))"e*, &"( %e/!-e* *t%&t* c!""ect"0 t$e*e 6&te%* 6t$ t$eec!"!/c !"e !% $0$ *e& .%!/ t$e %0$t* !. .!%e0" -e**e'* t! t%&"*t )&**&0e .!%"te%"&t!"&' "&-0&t!"

8# T$e A0%ee/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* t! t$e *+/**!" .!% )e&ce.+' %e*!'+t!",+"(e% &" !. t$e )%!ce(+%e* )%!-(e( " t$e C!"-e"t!", !. (*)+te* +"(e% A%tc'e 298 *$&''"!t e c!"*(e%e( &* & (e%!0&t!" !. P$'))"e *!-e%e0"t#

F!% &"( !" e$&'. !. T5E REPUBLIC OF T5E P5ILIPPINES

S0(# ARTURO M# TOLENTINOM"*te% !. St&te .!% F!%e0" A..&%*C$&%/&" !. De'e0&t!"

>>1128COMMENTS:

Be t "!te( t$&t &*e( !" t$e &.!%e/e"t!"e( P$'))"e Dec'&%&t!", t$e G!-e%"/e"t !.t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*, t$%!+0$ F!%/e% Se"&t!% &"( Vce3P%e*(e"t A%t+%! T!'e"t"!*0"e( &"( %&t.e( t$e UNCLOS &*e( !" t$e +"(e%*t&"("0 t$&t:

;;; 1# *$&'' "!t " &" /&""e% /)&% !% )%e@+(ce t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$eP$'))"e* +"(e% &"( &%*"0 .%!/ t$e C!"*tt+t!" !. t$e P$'))"e*

2# ;;; *$&'' "!t " &" /&""e% &..ect t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* &*

*+cce**!% !. t$e U"te( St&te* !. A/e%c&?# ;;; *$&'' "!t (/"*$ !% " &" /&""e% &..ect t$e %0$t* &"( !'0&t!"* !. t$e c!"t%&ct"0

)&%te* +"(e% t$e M+t+&' De.e"*e T%e&t et6ee" t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$e U"te( St&te* !.A/e%c&

# ;;; *$&'' "!t " &" /&""e% /)&% !% )%e@+(ce t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$eP$'))"e* !-e% &" te%%t!% !-e% 6$c$ *!-e%e0" &+t$!%t, *+c$ &* t$e J&'&&&" I*'&"(*,&"( t$e 6&te%* &))+%te"&"t t$e%et!

22



H# ;;; *$&'' "!t e c!"*t%+e( &* &/e"("0 " &" /&""e% !% )e%t"e"t '&6* &"( P%e*(e"t&'Dec%ee* !% P%!c'&/&t!"* !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e*

<# T$e )%!-*!"* !. t$e C!"-e"t!" !" &%c$)e'&0c )&**&0e t$%!+0$ *e& '&"e* (! "!t "+''. !%/)&% t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e P$'))"e* &* &" &%c$)e'&0c *t&te !-e% t$e *e& '&"(* &"( (!"!t (e)%-e t !. &+t$!%t t! e"&ct 'e0*'&t!" t! )%!tect t* *!-e%e0"t, "(e)e"(e"ce, &"(*ec+%t

>>1129

7# T$e c!"ce)t !. &%c$)e'&0c 6&te%* * */'&% t! t$e c!"ce)t !. "te%"&' 6&te%* +"(e% t$eC!"*tt+t!" !. t$e P$'))"e*, &"( %e/!-e* *t%&t* c!""ect"0 t$e*e 6&te%* 6t$ t$eec!"!/c !"e !% $0$ *e& .%!/ t$e %0$t* !. .!%e0" -e**e'* t! t%&"*t )&**&0e .!%"te%"&t!"&' "&-0&t!"

8# T$e A0%ee/e"t !. t$e Re)+'c !. t$e P$'))"e* t! t$e *+/**!" .!% )e&ce.+' %e*!'+t!",+"(e% &" !. t$e )%!ce(+%e* )%!-(e( " t$e C!"-e"t!", !. (*)+te* +"(e% A%tc'e 298 *$&''

e c!"*(e%e( &* & (e%!0&t!" !. P$'))"e *!-e%e0"t# U"(e%'""0 S+))'e(

W$&t &%e t$e /)'c&t!"* !. t$e .!%e0!"0 %e*e%-&t!"*4

1# T$* /e&"* t$&t *!-e%e0"t &"( @+%*(ct!" *$&'' e e;e%c*e( !-e% t$e te%%t!%&' *e&, &* )%!-(e( " A%tc'e 1 !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!", t$+*:

T$e "&t!"&' te%%t!% c!/)%*e* t$e P$'))"e A%c$)e'&0!, 6t$ &'' t$e *'&"(* &"(6&te%* e/%&ce( t$e%e", &"( &'' !t$e% te%%t!%e* !-e% 6$c$ t$e P$'))"e* $&* *!-e%e0"t !%

@+%*(ct!", c!"**t"0 !. t* te%%e*t%&', .'+-&', &"( &e%&' (!/&"*, "c'+("0 t* te%%t!%&' *e&,t$e *e&e(, t$e *+*!', t$e "*+'&% *$e'-e*, &"( !t$e% *+/&%"e &%e&*# T$e 6&te%* &%!+"(

et6ee", &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(* !. t$e &%c$)e'&0!, %e0&%('e** !. t$e% %e&(t$ &"((/e"*!"*, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e*#

1# T$e ."&' *t&"( !. t$e P$'))"e G!-e%"/e"t 6$e" t *0"e( t$e UNCLOS 6&* &*e( !" &"(

c!"t%!''e( t$e "&t!"&' te%%t!% c'&+*e, &* c'e&%' )%!-(e( " t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!" &"(e-e" " !+% )%e-!+* C!"*tt+t!"*#

2# De*)te t$e *0""0 !. t$e UNCLOS, Re)+'c Act N!# ?=< * *+*t&"e(# 5e"ce, t$eP$'))"e* *t'' &($e%e* t! t$e c!"ce)t !. t$e &%c$)e'&0c St&te# A.te% t$e UNCLOS 6&*%&t.e( " 198, t$e P$'))"e* *t'' &($e%e* t! t$e "&t!"&' te%%t!% c'&+*e &"( t$* * .!+"(" t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"#

?# A" e..!%t " t$e ()'!/&tc 'e-e' t! &tt&" $&%/!", !% t! &-!( c!".'ct 6t$ t$e UNCLOS,6'' "!t e .+'' %e&'e( +"'e** &"( +"t' & c!%%e*)!"("0 &/e"(/e"t " !+% )%e*e"tC!"*tt+t!" * /&(e#

T$e 6!%("0 !. t$e )%e*e"t C!"*tt+t!" A%tc'e 1, 1987 C!"*tt+t!", .%*t *e"te"ce *t$e *&/e &* A%tc'e 1 !. t$e 197? C!"*tt+t!", *ec!"( *e"te"ce, t$+*: T$e 6&te%* &%!+"(,

et6ee" &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(* !. t$e &%c$)e'&0!, %e0&%('e** !. t$e% %e&t$ &"((/e"*!"*, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e*#

O" t$* &**, t /e&"* t$&t *!-e%e0"t &"( @+%*(ct!" *$!+'( e e;e%c*e( !-e% t$ete%%t!%&' *e&, t$e *&/e )%"c)'e &"( &))'c&t!" !. *!-e%e0"t t$&t 6&* !*e%-e( 6$e" t$e197? &"( 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 6&* (%&.te( &"( %&t.e(#

2?



>>11?=U"(e% t$e UNCLOS, t$e .!''!6"0 $&-e ec!/e e-(e"t:1# T$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e* &%e *t%ct' '/te( t! 6&te%* " '&e*, &*, 0+'.*

/!+t$ !. %-e%*, &"( " )e%/&"e"t $&%!% 6!%*, 6$c$ %e*+'t* t! & (%&*tc c!"t%&ct!" !. !+%te%%t!%&' *!-e%e0"t#

2# T$e &))'c&t!" !. t$e UNCLOS %+'e* !" t$e /&%t/e !"e* *+c$ &* t$!*e 0!-e%""0 t$ete%%t!%&' *e&, (e)%-e* t$e !+"(&% '"e !. t$e T%e&t !. P&%* "te%"&t!"&' t%e&t '/t*

!. &" 'e0&' .+"ct!"# A**+/"0 t$e*e '"e* !% '/t* t! e t$e !+"(&%e* !. t$e P$'))"e*,e..ect !. t$e UNCLOS * t! %e!%0&"e t$e e"t%e te%%t!%&' %e0/e !. t$e P$'))"e*,%e*+'t"0 " t$e (e&*e/e"t !. t* te%%t!%&' *!-e%e0"t#

?# T$e %0$t* &"( (+te* !. t$e P$'))"e* " %e0&%( t! t$e "te%"&t!"&' c!//+"t &%e t$!*e6$c$ )e%t&" t! t$e /&%t/e !"e*, 'e&-"0 t$e T%e&t !. P&%* !+"(&% '"e* 6t$!+t &"'e0&' )+%)!*e " te%/* !. %0$t* &"( (+te*#

# T$e te%%t!%&' *e& !. t$e P$'))"e* e;te"(* "! .&%t$e% t$&" 12 "&+tc&' /'e*, &cc!%("0 t!UNCLOS# 5e"ce, t * !"' +) t! t$&t '/t t$&t t$e P$'))"e* e"@!* *!-e%e0"tLe6*e, +"(e% t$e UNCLOS t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e* &%e *t%ct' '/te( t!

6&te% " '&e*, &*, 0+'.*, /!+t$ !. %-e%* &"( " )e%/&"e"t $&%!% 6!%*# T$* /e&"* &(%&*tc c!"t%&ct!" !. t* te%%t!%&' *!-e%e0"t#

Re/e/e% 6$&t I $&-e (*c+**e( e&%'e% " %e'&t!" t! t$e )!*t!" !. !+% 0!-e%"/e"t "%e'&t!" t! t$e &%c$)e'&0c t$e!% )%!)!*e( t$e P$'))"e* " t$e U#N# C!".e%e"ce !" t$eL&6 !. t$e Se&, )&%tc+'&%' !+% )!*t!" 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e /!%e t$&" 7,=== *'&"(* c!/)%*"0!+% te%%e*t%&' (!/&", t$+*:

3 A W$&t * t$e &%c$)e'&0c t$e!% &* )%!)!*e( t$e P$'))"e* " t$e U#N# C!".e%e"ce!" T$e L&6 !. t$e Se&, &"( 0-e t* @+*t.c&t!", 'e0&' !% )%&ctc&', .%!/ t$e *t&"()!"t !.

t$e P$'))"e )!*t!"4A 3 & U"(e% t$e &%c$)e'&0! t$e!%, t$e 6&te%* &%!+"(, et6ee", &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(*

!. t$e &%c$)e'&0!, %e0&%('e** !. t$e% %e&(t$ &"( (/e"*!"*, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e "te%"&'6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e* &"( t$* * )%!-(e( " A%tc'e 1, Sect!" 1 !. t$e 197?C!"*tt+t!", "!6 A%tc'e 1 !. t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"# I" t$* c!""ect!", !+% )!*t!" * t$&tt$e /!%e t$&" 7,=== *'&"(* c!/)%*"0 !+% te%%e*t%&' (!/&" *$!+'( e c!"*(e%e( &* !"e"te0%&te( +"t "*te&( !. e"0 .%&0/e"te( !% *e)&%&te c!/)!"e"t* t! e )%!-(e( 6t$ t*!6" te%%t!%&' *e&, &* t$* 6!+'( /&e t$e "te%-e""0 6&te%* !)e" *e&* &"( 6'' e &-&'&'et! +*e* !. !t$e% St&te* t! t$e )%e@+(ce !. !+% c!+"t%#

>>11?1I" e..ect, t$e c!"-e%*!" !. !+% "te%"&' 6&te%* +"(e% t$e C!"*tt+t!" "t! &%c$)e'&0c

6&te%* +"(e% t$e UNCLOS 0%&-e' (e%!0&te* t$e *!-e%e0"t !. t$e P$'))"e St&te#

2# NATIONALIT OF VESSELSLe0&' *0".c&"ce !. t$e "&t!"&'t !. & -e**e':

2



T$e "&t!"&'t, %e0*t%&t!" !% (!c+/e"t&t!" !. -e**e'* (ete%/"e* & %e'&t!"*$) et6ee" t$e -e**e' &"( t$e St&te t$&t &+t$!%e* t t! .' t* .'&0# A *$) $&* t$e "&t!"&'t !. t$eSt&te 6$!*e .'&0 t * e"tt'e( t! .'# A%tc'e 92, UNCLOS

A S5IP S5ALL SAIL UNDER T5E FLAG OF ONE STATE ONLE;ce)t!" t! t$* %+'e: E;ce)t " c&*e* )%!-(e( .!% "te%"&t!"&' t%e&te* !% " t$e LOS

C!"-e"t!"#

CONSEUENCE IF A S5IP SAILS UNDER T5E FLAGS OF TWO OR MORE STATESUSING T5EM ACCORDING TO CONVENIENCE

S&( *$) /& "!t c'&/ &" !. t$e "&t!"&'te* " +e*t!" 6t$ %e*)ect t! &" !t$e%St&te, &"( /& e &**/'&te( t! & *$) 6t$!+t "&t!"&'t# 19H8 C!"-e"t!" !" t$e 50$ Se&*,A%tc'e < UNCLOS, A%tc'e 92

LIMITATIONS ON T5E RIG5T OF A STATE TO CONFER NATIONALIT UPON AS5IP

1# O"e F'&0 L/t&t!" 3 A St&te /& "!t c!".e% t* "&t!"&'t +)!" & *$) t$&t * &'%e&( .'"0t$e .'&0 !. &"!t$e% S&te# A%tc'e 92 !. t$e LOS C!"-e"t!" *t&te* t$&t & *$) /& "!tc$&"0e t* .'&0 (+%"0 & -!&0e !% 6$'e " & )!%t !. c&'', *&-e " t$e c&*e !. & %e&' t%&"*.e% !.!6"e%*$) !% c$&"0e !. %e0*t%#

2# Ge"+"e L" %e+%e/e"t 3 A%tc'e 91 !. t$e LOS C!"-e"t!" %e+%e* t$&t t$e%e /+*t e;*t& 0e"+"e '" et6ee" t$e *$) &"( t$e *t&te e.!%e t$e '&tte% /& c!".e% t* "&t!"&'t +)!"t$e *$)#

BAR UESTIONS, 2== 3 D*c+** .'&0 *t&te &"( .'&0 !. c!"-e"e"ce#

A 3 T$e .'&0 St&te * t$e St&te t$&t 0%&"t* "&t!"&'t +)!" & *$) &"( &+t$!%e* t t! .' t* .'&0#I. t$e%e * "! 0e"+"e '" et6ee" t$e *$) &"( t$e .'&0 St&te, t$e '&tte% ec!/e* & .'&0 !.c!"-e"e"ce#

T$e 0e"+"e '" et6ee" & *$) &"( t$e *t&te 0%&"t"0 "&t!"&'t +)!" t /& e &" !%/!%e t$&" !"e !. t$e .!''!6"0:>>11?2& T$e *$) !6"e( t* "&t!"&'*

T$e !..ce%* !. t$e *$) &%e t* "&t!"&'*

c T$e c%e6 &%e t* "&t!"&'* !% ( T$e *$) 6&* +'t " t$&t *t&te#

?# BASELINE DETERMINATIONDEFINITION OF BASELINE

It * t$e '&636&te% /&% &'!"0 t$e c!&*t .%!/ 6$c$ t$e e't !. te%%t!%&' *e& * /e&*+%e(#UJ -*# N!%6&, IC, Dece/e% 18, 19H1

2H



RULES REGARDING DELINEATION OF T5E BASELINE1# I" '!c&'te* 6$e%e t$e c!&*t'"e * (ee)' "(e"te(, t$e /et$!( !. *t%&0$t &*e'"e* @!""0

&))%!)%&te )!"t* /& e e/)'!e(# I(#, A%tc'e 72# I. & %-e% .'!6* (%ect' "t! t$e *e&, t$e &*e'"e *$&'' e & *t%&0$t '"e &c%!** t$e /!+t$ !.

t$e %-e% et6ee" )!"t* !" t$e '!636&te% !. t* &"*# I(#, A%tc'e 9?# B&* 3 I. t$e (*t&"ce et6ee" t$e '!636&te% /&%* !. t$e "&t+%&' e"t%&"ce )!"t* !. & &

(!e* "!t e;cee( 2 "&+tc&' /'e*, & *t%&0$t &*e'"e /& e (%&6" et6ee" t$e/, &"( t$e

6&te%* e"c'!*e( t$e%e *$&'' e c!"*(e%e( &* "te%"&' 6&te%* !t$e%6*e *t%&0$t &*e'"e !.2 "&+tc&' /'e* *$&'' e (%&6" 6t$" t$e & " *+c$ & /&""e% &* t! e"c'!*e t$e /&;/+/&%e& !. 6&te% t$&t * )!**'e 6t$ & '"e !. t$&t 'e"0t$# I(#, A%tc'e 1=

# 5*t!%c B&* 3 A *t%&0$t &*e'"e * (%&6" et6ee" &))%!)%&te /&%* !. t* "&t+%&'e"t%&"ce, %e0&%('e** !. (*t&"ce#

H# P!%t* 3 T$e !+te%/!*t )e%/&"e"t $&%!% 6!%* 6$c$ .!%/ &" "te0%&' )&%t !. t$e $&%!%**te/ &%e %e0&%(e( &* .!%/"0 )&%t !. t$e c!&*t $!6e-e%, !. *$!%e "*t&''&t!"* &"(&%t.c&' *'&"(* *$&'' "!t e c!"*(e%e( &* )e%/&"e"t $&%!% 6!%*# I(#, A%tc'e 12

<# L!63t(e e'e-&t!" 3 T$e '!636&te% '"e !" t$&t e'e-&t!" /& e c&+*e( &* t$e &*e'"e .!%

/e&*+%"0 t$e %e&(t$ !. t$e te%%t!%&' *e&# I(#, A%tc'e 1?7# A%c$)e'&0c *t&te* 3 M& (%&6 *t%&0$t &%c$)e'&0c &*e'"e* @!""0 t$e !+te%/!*t )!"t* !.

t$e !+te%/!*t *'&"(* &"( (%"0 %ee.* !. t$e &%c$)e'&0!# I(#, A%tc'e 7

BAR UESTIONS, 2== 3 D*t"0+*$ te%%t!%&' *e& &"( t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e*#A 3 I"te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e*: t$* %e.e%* t! t$e *ec!"( *e"te"ce " A%t# 1 !. t$e 1987

C!"*tt+t!", t$+*: t$e 6&te%* &%!+"(, et6ee", &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(* !. t$e&%c$)e'&0! %e0&%('e** !. t$e% %e&(t$ &"( (/e"*!"*#

Te%%t!%&' *e& A'%e&( (*c+**e(

>>11??# INTERNAL WATERS AND PORTSDISTINCTION, INTERNAL WATERS AND ARC5IPELAGIC WATERSI"te%"&' 6&te%*: T$e &%e c!/)'ete' 6t$" t$e te%%t!% & %-e%*, B&* &"( 0+'.* c

St%&t* ( C&"&'*A%c$)e'&0c 6&te%*: 2"( *e"te"ce !. Sect!" 1, A%tc'e I, 1987 C!"*tt+t!" 3 T$e 6&te%*

&%!+"(, et6ee" &"( c!""ect"0 t$e *'&"(* !. t$e &%c$)e'&0!, %e0&%('e** !. t$e% %e&(t$&"( (/e"*!"*, .!%/ )&%t !. t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !. t$e P$'))"e*#

BAR UESTIONS, 19H1 3 W$&t &%e t$e )%"c)&' t$e!%e* !" t$e @+%*(ct!" !. &+t$!%te* !. & c!&*t&' *t&te !-e%

c%/e* c!//tte( !" !&%( .!%e0" /e%c$&"t *$)* 6$c$ e"te% !% (!c " t* )!%t*4 W$c$!. t$e t6! t$e!%e* * .!''!6e( " t$* @+%*(ct!"4

A 3 T$e )%"c)'e t$e!%e*Q &%e: & T$e F%e"c$ R+'e U"(e% t$* %+'e, c%/e* c!//tte( &%!&(& .!%e0" /e%c$&"t -e**e' *$!+'( "!t e )%!*ec+te( " t$e c!+%t* !. t$e c!+"t% 6t$" 6$!*ete%%t!%&' @+%*(ct!" t$e 6e%e c!//tte(, +"'e** t$e% c!//**!" &..ect* t$e )e&ce &"(*ec+%t !. t$e te%%t!% T$e E"0'*$ R+'e U"(e% t$* %+'e, c%/e* )e%)et%&te( +"(e%

2<



*+c$ c%c+/*t&"ce* &%e " 0e"e%&' t%&'e " t$e c!+%t* !. t$e c!+"t% 6t$" 6$!*e te%%t!%t$e 6e%e c!//tte(# We .!''!6 t$e E"0'*$ R+'e# Pe!)'e -*# W!"0 C$e"0# G#R# N!# L31892, Oct!e% 19, 1922

BAR UESTIONS, 1979 3 A c%/e 6&* c!//tte( " & )%-&te -e**e' %e0*te%e( " &)&" & F')"! &0&"*t &"

E"0'*$/&" 6$'e t$e -e**e' * &"c$!%e( " & )!%t !. & St&te A# W$e%e c&" $e e t%e(4 I.

!t$ &%e /e/e%* !. t$e c%e6, 6$e%e 6'' t$e t%&' e4A 3 A'%e&( A"*6e%e( I. t$e c%/e c!//tte( &..ect* t$e )e&ce &"( (0"t !. St&te A !%

t$e t%&"+'t !. t* )!%t, t$e t%&' 6'' e " St&te A# I. t$e c%/e "-!'-e* /&tte%* t$&t&%e "te%"&' t! t$e -e**e' !% t* c%e6, t$e t%&' 6'' e " &)&"#

H# TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS KONE 3 W$&t * t$e %e&t$ !. te%%t!%&' *e&4 A'%e&( (*c+**e(>>11?BAR UESTION, 2==

3 W$&t * t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e4A 3 It * t$e !"e e;te"("0 +) t! 12 "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e te%%t!%&' *e&# A't$!+0$ t * "!t

tec$"c&'' & )&%t !. t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te, t$e c!&*t&' St&te /& e;e%c*e '/te( @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e &* & )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e t! e"*+%e t$&t c+*t!/* '&6*//0%&t!" &"( *&"t&% '&6* &%e )%!)e%' &"( e..ect-e' e".!%ce(#

BAR UESTION, 1991 3 W$&t * I""!ce"t P&**&0e4

A 3 It * t$e %0$t !. .!%e0" -e**e'* t! )&** t$%!+0$ te%%t!%&' 6&te%*, e*)ec&'' t$!*e

c!""ect"0 t6! !)e" *e&*, P%!-(e(:1# T$&t t$e )&**&0e * ""!ce"t 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e%e * "! +'te%!% /!t-e .!% t$e )&**&0e,

&"( &'' t$e %e0+'&t!"* !. t$e St&te c!"ce%"e( /+*t $&-e ee" c!/)'e( 6t$2# T$&t t$e%e * !"' & )&**&0e 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e%e * /e%e' & )&**"0 t$%!+0$, 6t$ "!

'!&("0 !% +"'!&("0 !. &" )e%*!" !% 0!!(*#

BAR UESTION, 2== 3 E" %!+te t! t$e t+"& .*$"0 0%!+"(* " t$e P&c.c Oce&", & -e**e' %e0*te%e( " C!+"t% TW

e"te%e( t$e B&'"t&"0 C$&""e' "!%t$ !. B&+&" I*'&"( &"( 6t$ *)ec&' $!!* &"( "et*

(%&00e( +) %e( c!%&'* .!+"( "e&% B&t&"e*# B "te%"&t!"&' c!"-e"t!" ce%t&" c!%&'* &%e )%!tecte( *)ece*# +*t e.!%e t$e -e**e' %e&c$e( t$e $0$ *e&*, t$e C!&*t G+&%(* )&t%!'"te%ce)te( t$e -e**e' &"( *ee( t* c&%0! "c'+("0 t+"&# T$e /&*te% !. t$e -e**e' &"( t$e!6"e% !. t$e c&%0! )%!te*te(, c'&/"0 t$e %0$t* !. t%&"*t )&**&0e &"( ""!ce"t )&**&0e&"( *!+0$t %ec!-e% !. t$e c&%0! &"( t$e %e'e&*e !. t$e *$)# I* t$e c'&/ /e%t!%!+* !% "!t4

A 3 N!# REASONS: T$e t6! 2 c!"(t!"* &!-e3/e"t!"e( 6e%e -!'&te(# T$e )&**&0e 6&*"!t ""!ce"t &* t$e%e 6&* &" +'te%!% /!t-e .!% t$e )&**&0e &"( t$e %e0+'&t!"* !. !+%c!+"t% $&-e "!t ee" c!/)'e( 6t$# T$e%e 6&* "! /e%e' & )&**"0 t$%!+0$ &"( t$e%e

27



6&* "! '!&("0 !% +"'!&("0 &" )e%*!" !% 0!!(*# I" .&ct, t$e -e**e', 6t$ *)ec&' $!!* &"("et*, (%&00e( +) %e( c!%&'* .!+"( "e&% B&t&"e*#

>>11?HPRIOR NOTICE OR AUT5ORIKATION IS NOT REUIRED FOR INNOCENT PASSAGE

OF A FOREIGN WARS5IP IN T5E TERRITORIAL SEA OF A COASTAL STATERe+%e/e"t: T$e LOS C!"-e"t!" %e+%e* *$)*, "c'+("0 6&%*$), t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e '&6*

&"( %e0+'&t!" !. t$e c!&*t&' St&te %e'&t"0 t! ""!ce"t )&**&0e# I. t$* * -!'&te(, t$e *$)

/& e %e+%e( t! //e(&te' 'e&-e t$e te%%t!%&' *e&# S+/&%"e* /+*t "&-0&te !" t$e*+%.&ce &"( *$!6 t$e% .'&0# A%tc'e* ?=, 1, 2=, UNCLOS

DISTINCTION, TRANSIT PASSAGE AND INNOCENT PASSAGET%&"*t )&**&0e1# A))'e* t$%!+0$ *t%&t*2# C!-e%* "&-0&t!" &"( !-e% .'0$t &%c%&.t*#?# It /& "!t e +"'&te%&'' *+*)e"(e(# A%tc'e H2 UNCLOS

I""!ce"t )&**&0e1# A))'e* t$%!+0$ te%%t!%&' *e&*#2# C!-e%* "&-0&t!" !"'#?# It /& e +"'&te%&'' *+*)e"(e(,

BAR UESTION, 1999 3 St&te E)*'!", (+%"0 )e&ce t/e, $&* &''!6e( .!%e0" *$)* ""!ce"t )&**&0e t$%!+0$

M&"t%&"&* St%&t, & *t%&t 6t$" E)*'!"* te%%t!%&' *e& 6$c$ $&* ee" +*e( .!%e0" *$)*.!% "te%"&t!"&' "&-0&t!"# S+c$ )&**&0e e"&'e( t$e *&( *$)* t! t%&-e%*e t$e *t%&t

et6ee" !"e )&%t !. t$e $0$ *e&* t! &"!t$e%# O" +"e 7, 1997, & 6&%*$) !. St&te Bet&

)&**e( t$%!+0$ t$e &!-e3"&/e( *t%&t# I"*te&( !. )&**"0 c!"t"+!+*' &"( e;)e(t!+*'t$e *$) (e'&e( t* )&**&0e t! %e"(e% &***t&"ce t! & *$) !. St&te G&//& 6$c$ 6&*(*t%e**e( 6t$ "! !"e "e&% t! &***t# W$e" c!".%!"te( E)*'!" &!+t t$e (e'&, Bet&e;)'&"e( t$&t t$e (e'& 6&* (+e t! .!%ce /&@e+%e " c!".!%/t 6t$ t$e )%!-*!" !. A%tc'e182 !. t$e UN C!"-e"t!" !" t$e L&6 !. t$e Se& UNCLOS#

Se-e" /!"t$* '&te%, E)*'!" *+*)e"(e( t$e %0$t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e !. 6&%*$)* t$%!+0$M&"t%&"&* St%&t 6t$!+t 0-"0 &" %e&*!" t$e%e.!%# S+*e+e"t', &"!t$e% 6&%*$) !. Bet&

)&**e( t$%!+0$ t$e *&( *t%&t, &"( 6&* .%e( +)!" E)*'!"* c!&*t&' &tte%# Bet& )%!te*te(t$e &.!%e*&( &ct !. E)*'!" (%&6"0 &tte"t!" t! t$e e;*t"0 C+*t!/&% I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 t$&t

t$e %e0/e !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e e-e" !. t%&"*t )&**&0e * "!"3*+*)e"(&'e# E)*'!" c!+"te%e(t$&t t$e M&"t%&"&* St%&t * "!t & "ece**&% %!+te, t$e%e e"0 /e"t!"e( *+t&'e &'te%"&t-e%!+te# Re*!'-e t$e &!-e3/e"t!"e( c!"t%!-e%*#>>11?<A 3 W&%*$)* e"@! t$e %0$t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e &"( t$* &))'e* " *t%&t* +*e( .!% "te%"&t!"&'

"&-0&t!"# Be*(e*, t$e %0$t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e t! )&** t$%!+0$ t$e *t%&t* /& "!t e*+*)e"(e(# A%tc'e H, UNCLOS

28



T$e (e'&e( )&**&0e !. & 6&%*$) !. St&te Bet& 6&* @+*t.e( !" &cc!+"t !. .!%ce /&@e+%e&"( t! e &'e t! %e"(e% &***t&"ce t! & *$) !. St&te G&//&, & *$) +"(e% (*t%e**, 6t$ "! !"e"e&% t! &***t# A%tc'e 182, LOS C!"-e"t!"

D+%"0 )e&ce t/e, St&te E)*'!" $&* &''!6e( ""!ce"t )&**&0e t! .!%e0" *$)* )&**"0t$%!+0$ M&"t%&"&* St%&t, 6$c$ * 6t$" t$e te%%t!%&' *e& !. E)*'!"# I" !t$e% 6!%(*, t $&*

ee" +*e( .!%e0" *$)* .!% "te%"&t!"&' "&-0&t!"# F!% t$e*e %e&*!", t$e St&te !. E)*'!"$&* "! %0$t t! *+*)e"( t$e %0$t !. ""!ce"t )&**&0e t$%!+0$ M&"t%&"&* St%&t#

<# CONTINENTAL S5ELFDEFINITION OF CONTINENTAL S5ELF:

It * t$e *e&e( &"( *+*!' !. t$e *+/&%"e &%e&* e;te"("0 e!"( t$e te%%t!%&' *e& !.t$e c!&*t&' *t&te t$%!+0$!+t t$e "&t+%&' )%!'!"0&t!" !. t* '&"( te%%t!% +) t! 1 t$e !+te% e(0e!. t$e c!"t"e"t&' /&%0", !% t! 2 & (*t&"ce !. 2== "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e &*e'"e* !. t$ete%%t!%&' *e&, 6$c$ e-e% * t$e .&%t$e*t# UNCLOS, A%tc'e 7<

NOTE:

1# T$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. /& e;te"( .&%t$e% t$&" t$e c!"t"e"t&' /&%0" 6$e" t$e c!"t"e"t&'/&%0" (!e* "!t e;te"( e!"( t$e 2== "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ &*e'"e*# I" *+c$ c&*e, t$ec!"t"e"t&' *$e'. 0!e* .&%t$e% t$&" t$e c!"t"e"t&' /&%0" &"( e;te"(* +) t! t$e 2== "&+tc&'/'e* '/t# I(## A%tc'e 7<1

2# T$e !+te% e(0e !. t$e c!"t"e"t&' /&%0" /& e;te"( e!"( t$e 2== "&+tc&' /'e '/t# I"*+c$ c&*e, t$e c!&*t&' *t&te *$&'' e*t&'*$ t$e !+te% e(0e !. t$e c!"t"e"t&' /&%0"# 5!6 6''t$e !+te% '/t !. t$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. e (ete%/"e( !% e*t&'*$e(4 T$e !+te% '/t !. t$ec!"t"e"t&' *$e'. *$&'' "!t e;cee( ?H= "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e &*e'"e* !. t$e te%%t!%&' *e&!% 1== "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e 2H== /ete% *!&t$ !% t$e )!"t 6$e%e t$e 6&te%* &%e 2H==/ete%* (ee), &* %e+%e( " A%tc'e 7<H !. t$e UNCLOS#

RIG5TS OF T5E COASTAL STATE OVER T5E CONTINENTAL S5ELF:It $&* t$e *!-e%e0" %0$t* .!% t$e )+%)!*e !. e;)'!%"0 t &"( e;)'!t"0 t* "&t+%&'

%e*!+%ce*# T$e*e %0$t* &%e "!6 %ec!0"e( &* c+*t!/&% "te%"&t!"&' '&6#>>11?7

T$e *&( "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* c!"**t !. t$e /"e%&' &"( !t$e% "!"3'-"0 %e*!+%ce* !. t$e*e&e( &"( *+*!' t!0et$e% 6t$ '-"0 !%0&"*/* e'!"0"0 t! t$e *e(e"t&% *)ece*, t$&t * t!*&, !%0&"*/* 6$c$, &t t$e $&%-e*t&'e *t&te, et$e% &%e //!'e !" !% +"(e% t$e *e&e( !% &%e+"&'e t! /!-e e;ce)t " c!"*t&"t )$*c&' c!"t&ct 6t$ t$e *e&e( !% t$e *+*!'# A%tc'e

77, UNCLOS

3 W$&t * t$e 'e0&' "&t+%e !. t$e*e %0$t*4A 3 T$e *&( %0$t* &%e e;c'+*-e " t$e *e"*e t$&t . t$e c!&*t&' *t&te (!e* "!t e;)'!%e t$e

c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. !% e;)'!t t* "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, "! !"e /& +"(e%t&e t$e*e &ct-te*6t$!+t t$e e;)%e** c!"*e"t !. t$e c!&*t&' *t&te# M!%e!-e%, %0$t* !. t$e c!&*t&' *t&te !-e% t$ec!"t"e"t&' *$e'. (! "!t (e)e"( !" !cc+)&t!", e..ect-e !% "!t!"&', !% !" &" e;)%e**

29



)%!c'&/&t!"# It * " t$e "&t+%e !. t$e %0$t* t! e;)'!%e &"( e;)'!t "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*, &"( .!%"! !t$e% )+%)!*e*#

T$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!+%t !. +*tce (e*c%e* t$e "&t+%e !. t$e *&( %0$t* " t6! c&*e*, t$+*:1# N!%t$ Se& C!"t"e"t&' S$e'.

T$e %0$t* !. t$e c!&*t&' *t&te " %e*)ect !. t$e &%e& !. c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. t$&t c!"*tt+te* &"&t+%&' )%!'!"0&t!" !. t* '&"( te%%t!% "t! &"( +"(e% t$e *e& e;*t )*! .&ct! &"( & "t!,

-%t+e !. t *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$e '&"(, &"( &* &" e;te"*!" !. t " &" e;e%c*e !. *!-e%e0" %0$t*.!% t$e )+%)!*e !. e;)'!%"0 t$e *e&e( &"( e;)'!t"0 t* "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce*# I" *$!%t t$e%e *$e%e &" "$e%e"t %0$t# IC Re)!%t*, 19<9, ))# ?, 2?

2# Ae0e&" Se& C!"t"e"t&' S$e'. C&*e###t * *!'e' -%t+e !. t$e c!&*t&' St&te* *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$e '&"( t$&t %0$t* !.

e;)'!%&t!" &"( e;)'!t&t!" " t$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. c&" &tt&c$ t! t, )*! @+%e, +"(e%"te%"&t!"&' '&6 I" *$!%t, c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. %0$t* &%e 'e0&'' !t$ &" e/&"&t!" .%!/ &"( &"&+t!/&tc &(@+"ct !. t$e te%%t!%&' *!-e%e0"t !. t$e c!&*t&' St&te# IC Re)!%t*, 1978, )&%&#

8<

3 D! t$e %0$t* !. t$e c!&*t&' *t&te !-e% t$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. c$&"0e !% " &" 6& &..ect t$e'e0&' *t&t+* !. t$e *+)e%@&ce"t 6&te%*4

A 3 N!, t$e (! "!t &..ect t$e 'e0&' *t&t+* !. t$e *+)e%@&ce"t 6&te%* !% !. t$e &% *)&ce &!-et$!*e 6&te%*, +"(e% A%tc'e 781, UNCLOS# 5e"ce, t$e c!&*t&' *t&te " t$e e;e%c*e !. t*%0$t* * +"(e% (+' t! %e*)ect t$e %0$t* &"( .%ee(!/* !. !t$e% *t&te*, *+c$ &* t$e .%ee(!/ !."&-0&t!" &"( !. !-e% .'0$t &"( t$e %0$t t! '& *+/&%"e c&'e* &"( ))e'"e*# 78#2, 79#1&"( 79#2, UNCLOS

>>11?8

7# EXPLOITATION OF T5E MINERAL RESOURCES OF T5E DEEP SEABEDSTATUS OF T5E LEGAL REGIME GOVERNING T5E EXPLOITATION OF MINERAL

RESOURCES OF T5E DEEP SEABEDT$e%e &%e t$%ee -e6* !" t$* /&tte%: 1 C!//!" $e%t&0e !. /&""( -e6 2 Re*

N+''+* Ve6 ? F%ee(!/ !. t$e $0$ *e&* -e6# T$e .%*t !"e, c!//!" $e%t&0e !. /&""(-e6, 6&* &(!)te( t$e UN Ge"e%&' A**e/' " Re*!'+t!" N!# 279 XXV, Dece/e% 17197= " c!""ect!" 6t$ Dec'&%&t!" !. P%"c)'e* G!-e%""0 t$e Se&e( &"( t$e Oce&" F'!!%,&"( t$e S+*!' T$e%e!. Be!"( t$e L/t* !. N&t!"&' +%*(ct!"# T$e c!"-e"t!" /&(e t$*(ec'&%&t!":

1# N! *t&te *$&'' c'&/ !% e;e%c*e *!-e%e0"t !% *!-e%e0" %0$t* !-e% &" )&%t !. t$e A%e& !%t* %e*!+%ce*, "!% *$&'' &" St&te !% "&t+%&' !% @+%(c&' )e%*!" &))%!)%&te &" )&%t t$e%e!.#

N! *+c$ c'&/ !% e;e%c*e !. *!-e%e0"t !% *!-e%e0" %0$t* "!% *+c$ &))%!)%&t!" *$&'' e%ec!0"e(#

2# A'' %0$t* " t$e %e*!+%ce* !. t$e A%e& &%e -e*te( " /&""( &* & 6$!'e !" 6$!*e e$&'. t$eA+t$!%t *$&'' &ct# T$e*e %e*!+%ce* &%e "!t *+@ect t! &'e"&t!"#

?=



?# N! *t&te !% "&t+%&' !% @+(c&' )e%*!" *$&'' c'&/, &c+%e !% e;e%c*e %0$t 6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e/"e%&'* %ec!-e%e( .%!/ t$e A%e& e;ce)t " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ t$e C!"-e"t!"# Ot$e%6*e, "!*+c$ c'&/, &c+*t!" !% e;e%c*e !. *+c$ %0$t* *$&'' e %ec!0"e(# A%tc'e 1?7

8# 5IG5 SEASDEFINITION OF 5IG5 SEAS:

T$e%e &%e t$e 6&te%* 6$c$ &%e "!t "c'+(e( " t$e te%%t!%&' *e& !% " t$e "te%"&' 6&te%*

!. &" St&te, " t$e &%c$)e'&0c 6&te%* &"( e;c'+*-e ec!"!/c !"e !. t$e St&te# 5e"ce, t$e&%e e!"( t$e @+%*(ct!" &"( *!-e%e0" %0$t* !. t$e St&te*#

Re/e/e% / )%e-!+* %e0&%("0 t$e F%ee(!/ !. t$e Se&*, t$+*:

3 W$&t * t$e )%"c)'e !. T$e F%ee(!/ !. t$e Se&*4A 3 It /e&"* t$&t "! )&%t !. t$e *e& &* *+c$ c&" e *+@ecte( t! t$e *!-e%e0"t !. &" St&te# It

c&""!t t$e%e.!%e e "c!%)!%&te( "t! t$e te%%t!% !. &" St&te t$%!+0$ !cc+)&t!"#

3 W$&t t$e" * t$e /e&""0 !. t$e *t&te/e"t t$&t t$e !)e" *e&* * "!t )%!)e%t !. &" St&te4

A 3 T$* /e&"* t$&t t * t$e c!//!" $0$6& !. &'', &))%!)%&te( t! t$e +*e !. &'' &"( "! !"ec&" &%%!0&te t! $/*e'. & *+)e%!% !% e;c'+*-e )%e%!0&t-e t$e%e# E-e% *$) *&'* t$e%e 6t$&" +"+e*t!"&'e %0$t !% )+%*+"0 $e% !6" '&6.+' +*"e** 6t$!+t "te%%+)t!"# A"(6$&te-e% /& e t$&t +*"e**, *$e * !+"( t! )+%*+e t " *+c$ & /&""e% &* "!t t! -!'&te!t$e%* +"(e% t$e L&t" M&;/, SIC UTERE TUO, NONALIENUM LAEDAS# P&%&*,+!t"0 +*tce St!%

>>11?9I" !t$e% 6!%(*, t$e &%e !)e" &"( &-&'&'e t! t$e +*e !. &'' St&te* .!% & -&%et !.

)+%)!*e* #e#, "&-0&t!", .'0$t !-e% t$e/, '&"0 *+/&%"e c&'e* &"( )&)e%*, .*$"0%e*e&%c$, /""0, !% " )+%*+"0 &" '&6.+' +*"e**# U"(e% A%tc'e 88 !. t$e UN C!".e%e"ce

!" t$e L&6 !. t$e Se&, t$e $0$ *e&* *$&'' e %e*e%-e( .!% )e&ce.+' )+%)!*e*#

3 I* t$* %+'e &*!'+te4A 3 N!# T$* /& e %e0+'&te( & t%e&t#

3 W$&t * t$e .%ee(!/ !. "&-0&t!"4A 3 It %e.e%* t! t$e %0$t t! *&' *$)* !" t$e $0$ *e&*, *+@ect !"' t! "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( t$e

'&6* !. t$e .'&0 *t&te#

MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF T5E FREEDOM OF T5E 5IG5 SEAS1# F%ee(!/ !. "&-0&t!"2# F%ee(!/ !. !-e%.'0$t?# F%ee(!/ !. .*$"0# F%ee(!/ t! '& *+/&%"e c&'e* &"( ))e'"e*H# F%ee(!/ t! c!"*t%+ct &%t.c&' *'&"(* &"( !t$e% "*t&''&t!"*<# F%ee(!/ !. *ce"t.c %e*e&%c$ A%tc'e 87

?1



DUTIES OF T5E STATES RELATIVE TO T5E 5IG5SEAS1# E-e% St&te *$&'' %e+%e t$e /&*te% !. & *$) .'"0 t* .'&0, " *! .&% &* $e c&" (! *! 6t$!+t

*e%!+* (&"0e% t! t$e *$), t$e c%e6 !% t$e )&**e"0e%*:& t! %e"(e% &***t&"ce t! &" )e%*!" .!+"( &t *e& " (&"0e% !. e"0 '!*t t! )%!cee( 6t$ &'' )!**'e *)ee( t! t$e %e*c+e !. )e%*!"* " (*t%e** . ".!%/e( !. t$e%

"ee( " &***t&"ce, " *! .&% &* *+c$ &ct!" /& %e&*!"&' e e;)ecte( !. $/c &.te% & c!''*!", t! %e"(e% &***t&"ce t! t$e !t$e% *$), t* c%e6 &"( t* )&**e"0e%* &"(, 6$e%e

)!**'e, t! ".!%/ t$e !t$e% *$) !. t$e "&/e !. $* !6" *$), t* )!%t !. %e0*t% &"( t$e"e&%e*t )!%t &t 6$c$ t 6'' c&''# A%tc'e 98, UNCLOS

2# E-e% St&te *$&'' t&e e..ect-e /e&*+%e* t! )%e-e"t &"( )+"*$ t$e t%&"*)!%t !. *'&-e* "*$)* &+t$!%e( t! .' t* .'&0 &"( t! )%e-e"t t$e +"'&6.+' +*e !. t* .'&0 .!% t$&t )+%)!*e#A" *'&-e t&"0 %e.+0e !" !&%( &" *$), 6$&te-e% t* .'&0, *$&'' )*! .&ct! e .%ee#A%tc'e 99, UNCLOS

>>11=E;ce)t!"* t! t$e .'&0 *t&te* @+%*(ct!" " t$e $0$ *e&*:

1# I" )e"&' !% (*c)'"&% )%!cee("0* &0&"*t t$e /&*te% !% &" !t$e% )e%*!" " t$e *e%-ce !.t$e *$), &%*"0 .%!/ c!''*!" !% &" !t$e% "c(e"t !. "&-0&t!" c!"ce%""0 & *$) !" t$e$0$ *e&*, t$e *t&te !. 6$c$ t$&t )e%*!" * & "&t!"&' $&* @+%*(ct!", c!"c+%%e"t' 6t$ t$e.'&0 *t&te#

2# E-e% *t&te /& *ee & )%&te *$) !% &%c%&.t, !% & *$) t&e" t$e )%&te*, &%%e*t t$e )e%*!"* !" !&%( &"( *ee t$e )%!)e%t !" !&%(#

?# T$e *t&te !. %e0*t% !. t$e %!&(c&*t"0 "*t&''&t!", t$e *t&te !. 6$c$ t$e !..e"(e% * &"&t!"&' &" *t&te 6$e%e t$e %!&(c&*t t%&"*/**!" c&" e %ece-e(, !% &" *t&te 6$e%e&+t$!%e( %&(! c!//+"c&t!" * *+..e%"0 "te%.e%e"ce $&* @+%*(ct!" t! &%%e*t & )e%*!"!% *$) e"0&0e( " +"&+t$!%e( %!&(c&*t"0 .%!/ t$e $0$ *e&*, *ee t$e %!&(c&*t"0

&))&%&t+*, &"( )%!*ec+te t$e !..e"(e%## O" t$e e;e%c*e !. t$e %0$t !. $!t )+%*+t, & 6&%*$) !% /'t&% &%c%&.t !. & *t&te /& *t!)

&"( &%%e*t & .!%e0" *$) !" t$e $0$ *e&*#H# I" c&*e !. )!''+t!" "c(e"t .%!/ & /&%"e c&*+&'t, & c!&*t&' *t&te 6$!*e c!&*t'"e *

t$%e&te"e( 6t$ /&@!% $&%/.+' c!"*e+e"ce* /& t&e &"( e".!%ce /e&*+%e* e!"( t$ete%%t!%&' *e&, "c'+("0 !" t$e $0$ *e&*#

3 I* t$e .%ee(!/ !. .*$"0 " t$e $0$ *e&* '/te( t! t$e c!&*t&' *t&te*4A 3 N!# T$e %0$t t! .*$ !" t$e $0$ *e&* )e%t&"* t! &'' *t&te*, c!&*t&' !% '&"(3'!ce(#

3 I* t$e%e & (+t !" t$e )&%t !. t$e St&te* t! c!"*e%-e t$e '-"0 %e*!+%ce* !. t$e $0$ *e&*4A 3 e*# I"(-(+&'', e-e% *t&te $&* t$e (+t t! t&e /e&*+%e* .!% t$e c!"*e%-&t!" !. '-"0

%e*!+%ce* !. t$e $0$ *e&*# St&te* *$&'' c!!)e%&te 6t$ e&c$ !t$e% " t$e c!"*e%-&t!" &"(/&"&0e/e"t !. *+c$ %e*!+%ce*, "c'+("0 t$e (ete%/"&t!" !. t$e &''!6&'e c&tc$#

>>111

?2



PENAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE URISDICTION INVOLVING T5E PENAL ORDISCIPLINAR RESPONSIBILIT OF T5E MASTER OR OF AN OT5ER PERSONIN T5E SERVICE OF T5E S5IP

R+'e*:1# T$e )e"&' &"( &(/"*t%&t-e @+%*(ct!" * "!6 '/te( t!: & t$e .'&0 *t&te !. t$e -e**e'

&''e0e( t! e %e*)!"*'e &"( t$e St&te !. "&t!"&'t !. t$e &cc+*e(#2# T$e &%%e*t !% (ete"t!" !. t$e *$) *$&'' "!t e !%(e%e( &" &+t$!%te* !t$e% t$&" t$!*e !.

t$e .'&0 St&te*# A%tc'e 97, UNCLOS

BAR UESTION, 198< 3 I" t$e P&c.c Oce&", 6$'e !" t* 6& t! N!%t$e%" S&/&% t! '!&( c!)%&, & N!%6e0&"

.%e0$te% c!''(e* 6t$ & P$'))"e '+;+% '"e% %e*+'t"0 " t$e (e&t$ !. te" F')"! )&**e"0e%*# U)!" t$e N!%6e0&" -e**e'* &%%-&' " C&t&%/&", N!%t$e%" S&/&%, t$e N!%6e0&" c&)t&" &"( t$e $e'/*/&" &***t"0 $/ &%e &%%e*te( &"( c$&%0e( 6t$ /+'t)'e$!/c(e t$%!+0$ %ec'e** /)%+(e"ce# A)&%t .%!/ .'"0 & )%!te*t 6t$ t$e De)&%t/e"t !.F!%e0" A..&%*, t$e N!%6e0&" E/&** t$%!+0$ & '!c&' c!+"*e', $e')* t$e &cc+*e( " .'"0

& /!t!" t! +&*$# It * )!"te( !+t t$&t t$e "c(e"t $&))e"e( !" t$e $0$ *e&* t$e &cc+*e(6e%e !" !&%( & N!%6e0&" -e**e' &"( !"' & N!%6e0&" c!+%t c&" t% t$e c&*e e-e" . t$e(e&t$* !cc+%%e( !" & P$'))"e *$)# Re*!'-e t$e /!t!"#

A 3 T$e &!-e3/e"t!"e( %+'e*, A%tc'e 97, UNCLOS, &%e c'e&%, t$+*: t$e )e"&' !% (*c)'"&%%e*)!"*'t !. t$e /&*te% !% !. &" !t$e% )e%*!" " t$e *e%-ce !. t$e *$), * "!6 '/te(t! & t$e .'&0 *t&te !. t$e -e**e' &''e0e( t! e %e*)!"*'e t$e *t&te !. "&t!"&'t !. t$e&cc+*e(# Be*(e*, t * 'e6*e )%!-(e( t$&t &%%e*t !% (ete"t!" !. t$e *$) *$&'' "!t e!%(e%e( &" &+t$!%te* !t$e% t$&" t$!*e !. t$e .'&0 St&te# T$e%e * t$e%e.!%e & -&'( &**&"( @+*t.c&t!" .!% .''"0 t$e *&( /!t!" t! +&*$#

22#AIR AND SPACE LAW

TOPICS:1# T$e A%*)&ce2# T$e O+te%*)&ce?# T$e M!!" &"( !t$e% Ce'e*t&' B!(e*# L&'t .!% (&/&0e( c&+*e( *)&ce !@ect*

EXPLANATION:

1# AIRSPACESPECIALIKED AGENC OF T5E UN COORDINATING AND REGULATING

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVELICAO I"te%"&t!"&' C-' A-&t!" O%0&"&t!", e*t&'*$e( t$e c!"-e"t!" !" t$e

I"te%"&t!"&' C-' A-&t!" O%0&"&t!" C$c&0! C!"-e"t!">>112RULES ESTABLIS5ED B T5E CONVENTION AND EMBODIED IN A DOCUMENT

SIGNED IN C5ICAGO, ILLINOIS AND WENT INTO FORCE ON APRIL , 197

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1# R+'e* !. A%*)&ce2# A%)'&"e %e0*t%&t!" &"( *&.et?# R0$t* !. *0"&t!%e* " %e'&t!" t! &% t%&-e'*

FIVE AIR FREEDOMS:E&c$ c!"t%&ct"0 St&te 0%&"t* t! t$e !t$e% c!"t%&ct"0 St&te* t$e .!''!6"0 .%ee(!/* !.

t$e &% %e0&%("0 *c$e(+'e( "te%"&t!"&' &% *e%-ce*:

1# T$e )%-'e0e t! .' &c%!** t* te%%t!% 6t$!+t '&"("0 O-e%.'0$t2# T$e )%-'e0e t! '&"( .!% "!"3t%&..c )+%)!*e* N!"3t%&..c '&"("0?# T$e )%-'e0e t! )+t (!6" )&**e"0e%*, /&' &"( c&%0! t&e" !" " t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te

6$!*e "&t!"&'t t$e &%c%&.t )!**e**e* P+tt"0 (!6" )&**e"0e%*, /&' &"( c&%0!# T$e )%-'e0e t! t&e !" )&**e"0e%*, /&' &"( c&%0! (e*t"e( .!% t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te

6$!*e "&t!"&'t t$e &%c%&.t )!**e**e* T&"0 !" )&**e"0e%*, /&' &"( c&%0!H# T$e )%-'e0e t! t&e !" )&**e"0e%*, /&' &"( c&%0! (e*t"e( .!% t$e te%%t!% !. &" !t$e%

c!"t%&ct"0 St&te &"( t$e )%-'e0e t! )+t (!6" )&**e"0e%* c!/"0 .%!/ &" *+c$ te%%t!%

T&"0 !" &"( )+tt"0 (!6" )&**e"0e%*, /&' &"( c&%0!

NATIONALIT OF AIRCRAFTS:T$e $&-e t$e "&t!"&'t !. t$e St&te " 6$c$ t$e &%e %e0*te%e( &"( t$e *$&'' e&% t*

&))%!)%&te "&t!"&'t &"( %e0*t%&t!" /&%* 6$e" t$e e"0&0e " "te%"&t!"&' &% "&-0&t!"A%tc'e 17, 2=, C$c&0! C!"-e"t!"

A" &%c%&.t c&""!t e -&'(' %e0*te%e( " /!%e t$&" !"e St&te# 5!6e-e%, t* 'e0*'&t!"/& e c$&"0e( .%!/ !"e St&te t! &"!t$e%# A%tc'e 18, C$c&0! C!"-e"t!">>11?DEFINITIONS:

1# 5@&c"0 3 It * 0!-e%"e( t$e 197= 5&0+e C!"-e"t!"# C!"-e"t!" .!% t$e S+))%e**!"!. U"'&6.+' Se+%e !. A%c%&.t 6$c$ 6&* *0"e( &t T$e 5&0+e !" Dece/e% 1<, 197=# It* c!//tte( &" )e%*!" 6$! !" !&%( &" &%c%&.t " .'0$t *$&'' +"'&6.+'', .!%ce !%t$%e&t t$e%e!., !% &" !t$e% .!%/ !. "t/(&t!", *ee*, !% e;e%c*e* c!"t%!' !., t$&t&%c%&.t, !% &tte/)t* t! )e%.!%/ &" *+c$ &ct# 197= 5&0+e C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e 1

2# S&!t&0e 3 It * 0!-e%"e( t$e M!"t%e&' C!"-e"t!" C!"-e"t!" .!% t$e S+))%e**!" !. t$eU"'&6.+' Act* &0&"*t t$e S&.et !. C-' A-&t!" 6$c$ e"te%e( "t! .!%ce !" &"+&% 2<,197?# It c!-e%* !t$e% &ct* t$&t )'&ce t$e *&.et !. &" &%c%&.t " @e!)&%(# It * c!//tte(

&" )e%*!" 6$! +"'&6.+'' &"( "te"t!"&'' c!//t &" !. t$e .!''!6"0 &ct* 6$c$ %e"(e%&" &%c%&.t "c&)&'e !. .'0$t !% &%e 'e' t! e"(&"0e% t$e *&.et !. &" &%c%&.t " .'0$t:

1# Pe%.!%/"0 &" &ct !. -!'e"ce &0&"*t & )e%*!" !" !&%( &" &%c%&.t " .'0$t2# De*t%!"0 &" &%c%&.t " *e%-ce !% c&+*"0 (&/&0e t! *+c$ &" &%c%&.t?# P'&c"0 !% c&+*"0 t! e )'&ce( !" &" &%c%&.t, " *e%-ce & (e-ce !% *+*t&"ce 6$c$ *

'e' t! (e*t%! t$&t &%c%&.t# De*t%!"0 !% (&/&0"0 &% "&-0&t!" .&c'te* !% "te%.e%"0 6t$ t$e% !)e%&t!"

?



H# C!//+"c&t"0 ".!%/&t!" 6$c$ $e "!6* t! e .&'*e t$e%e e"(&"0e%"0 t$e *&.et !.&" &%c%&.t " .'0$t# M!"t%e&' C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e 1

URISDICTION OVER OFFENSES COMMITTED ABOARD AN AIRCRAFT:Ge"e%&' R+'e: It * t$e .'&0 *t&te !% t$e *t&te 6$e%e t$e &%c%&.t * %e0*te%e( t$&t $&* @+%*(ct!"

!-e% t$e !..e"*e* c!//tte( !" !&%( &" &%c%&.t#5!6e-e%, . !..e"*e* &%e c!//tte( &!&%( 6$'e t$e &%c%&.t 6&* .'"0 !-e% t$e &%*)&ce

!. &"!t$e% *t&te, t$e" t$e '&tte% *t&te /& &**e%t @+%*(ct!" &*e( !" t$e )%"c)'e !%te%%t!%&'t, !% *!/et/e* &*e( !" t$e "&t!"&'t )%"c)'e* &"( +"-e%*&'t#

DUT OF T5E STATE T5AT IS A PART TO T5E 197= 5AGUE CONVENTION ORT5E MONTREAL CONVENTION REGARDING 5IACJING AND SABOTAGE:

T$e $&-e & (+t t! )%!*ec+te !% e;t%&(te $@&c"0 &"( *&!t&0e " t$e .!''!6"0 c&*e*:

1# W$e" t$e !..e"*e * c!//tte( !" !&%( &" &%c%&.t %e0*te%e( " t$&t St&te2# W$e" t$e &%c%&.t !" !&%( 6$c$ t$e !..e"ce * c!//tte( '&"(* " t* te%%t!% 6t$ t$e

&''e0e( !..e"(e% *t'' !" !&%(?# W$e" t$e &''e0e( !..e"(e% * )%e*e"t " t* te%%t!%#

I" c&*e t$e St&te (!e* "!t 6*$ t! )%!*ec+te t$e &''e0e( !..e"(e%, 6$&t 6'' e t* (+t4It $&* t$e (+t t! e;t%&(te $/ t! !t$e% *t&te )&%te* t! t$e C!"-e"t!"*# 197= 5&0+e

C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e M!"t%e&' C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e H>>11CRIMES OF 5IACJING AND SABOTAGE ARE UNIVERSAL CRIMES# LIJEWISE

TAJING OF 5OSTAGES IS ALSO A UNIVERSAL CRIMEB&**:

1# A%tc'e 7, 197= 5&0+e C!"-e"t!" &"( t$e M!"t%e&' C!"-e"t!" 6$c$ )%!-(e* &* .!''!6*:T$e C!"t%&ct"0 St&te " t$e te%%t!% !. 6$c$ t$e &''e0e( !..e"(e% * .!+"( *$&'', . t

(!e* "!t e;t%&(te $/, e !'0e(, 6t$!+t e;ce)t!" 6$&t*!e-e% &"( 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e!..e"ce 6&* c!//tte( " t* te%%t!%, t! *+/t t$e c&*e t! t* c!/)ete"t &+t$!%te* .!% t$e

)+%)!*e !. )%!*ec+t!"# T$!*e &+t$!%te* *$&'' t&e t$e% (ec*!" " t$e *&/e /&""e% &* " t$ec&*e !. &" !%("&% !..e"ce !. & *e%!+* "&t+%e +"(e% t$e '&6 !. t$&t St&te#

BAR UESTION, 1981 3 A F')"!3!6"e( c!"*t%+ct!" c!/)&" 6t$ )%"c)&' !..ce* " M&"'& 'e&*e( &" &%c%&.t

%e0*te%e( " E"0'&"( t! .e%% c!"*t%+ct!" 6!%e%* t! t$e M(('e E&*t# W$'e !" .'0$t t!S&+( A%&& 6t$ & F')"! c%e6 )%!-(e( t$e 'e**ee, t$e &%c%&.t 6&* $@&ce( (%+0t%&..ce%*# T$e $@&ce%* 6e%e c&)t+%e( " D&/&*c+* &"( *e"t t! t$e P$'))"e* .!% t%&'# D!C!+%t* " M&"'& $&-e @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c&*e4

A 3 A* &!-e3/e"t!"e(, $@&c"0 * & +"-e%*&' c%/e, &"( &* *+c$, t /& e )%!*ec+te( &"(,t%e( &"( )+"*$e( " t$e c!/)ete"t c!+%t !. &" c!+"t% 6e%e t$e !..e"(e% /& e .!+"( !%t! &" c!+"t% 6e%e $e /& e %!+0$t# +%*(ct!" !-e% $@&c"0 $&* "! te%%t!%&' '/t*#

?H



US -*# F+%'!"0 182=, S W$e&t#, 18, cte( " Pe!)'e -*# L!'3'!, ? P$'# Re)!%t* 19,Fe%+&% 27, 1922

2# OUTER SPACEBAR UESTIONS, 2==? 3 W$&t * !+te% *)&ce4

A 3 T$e &%e& t$&t 'e* e!"( t$e &%*)&ce !. t$e E&%t$# B+t &* t! 6$e%e t e0"*, t$e%e * "!+"-e%*t &cce)te( %e.e%e"ce )!"t# T$e O+te% S)&ce T%e&t (( "!t (e."e !+te% *)&ce

ec&+*e !. t* "!"3(e"t.&'e (/e"*!"# O-e% t$e e&%*, *e-e%&' (e."t!"* $&-e &'*! ee"*+))!%te(:

1# It * t$e '/t !. t$e &t/!*)$e%e2# It * t$e '/t !. &% .'0$t?# It * t$e )!"t &t 6$c$ t$e &t/!*)$e%e 6'' "! '!"0e% *+*t&" $+/&" '.e# It * t$e '!6e*t )!"t &t 6$c$ & *&te''te c&" !%tH# It * t$e )!"t &t 6$c$ ce"t%.+0&' .!%ce* %e)'&ce &e%!("&/c .!%ce*

<# It * t$e '/t !. & *t&te* e..ect-e c!"t%!' !-e% t* &%*)&ce &"(7# It * t$e c+%%e"t !%t&' /"/+/ &))%!;/&te' 1== t! 11= /*##>>11H 3 W$! !% 6$c$ c&" e;e%c*e @+%*(ct!" !-e% &*t%!"&+t* 6$'e " !+te% *)&ce4A 3 A *t&te !" 6$!*e %e0*t% &" !@ect '&+"c$e( "t! !+te% *)&ce * c&%%e( *$&'' %et&"

@+%*(ct!" &"( c!"t%!' !-e% *+c$ !@ect, &"( !-e% &" )e%*!""e' t$e%e!., 6$'e " !+te%*)&ce !% !" & ce'e*t&' !(# It .+%t$e% *t&te t$&t !6"e%*$) !. !@ect* '&+"c$e( "t! !+te%*)&ce, "c'+("0 !@ect* '&"(e( !% c!"*t%+cte( !" & ce'e*t&' !(, &"( !. t$e% c!/)!"e"t

)&%t*, * "!t &..ecte( t$e% )%e*e"ce " !+te% *)&ce !% !" & ce'e*t&' !( !% t$e% %et+%"t! t$e E&%t$# O+te% S)&ce T%e&t, A%tc'e 8

NOTE:1# N! St&te c&" c'&/ *!-e%e0"t !-e% t$e !+te% *)&ce, "c'+("0 t$e /!!" &"( !t$e% ce'e*t&'

!(e*# 5!6e-e%, St&te* /& e;)'!%e t$e +*e !. !+te% *)&ce, "c'+("0 t$e /!!" &"( !t$e%ce'e*t&' !(e*, )%!-(e( t * c&%%e( !+t .!% t$e e"e.t &"( "te%e*t !. &'' c!+"t%e*,%%e*)ect-e !. t$e% (e0%ee !. *ce"t.c (e-e'!)/e"t, &"( *$&'' e t$e )%!-"ce !. &''/&""(# Le6*e, t$e *&/e *$&'' e .%ee .!% e;)'!%&t!" &"( +*e &'' St&te* 6t$!+t(*c%/"&t!" !. &" "(, !" & &** !. e+&'t &"( " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ I"te%"&t!"&' L&6&"( t$e%e *$&'' e .%ee &cce** t! &'' &%e&* !. ce'e*t&' !(e*#

?# MOON AND OT5ER CELESTIAL BODIESBAR UESTION, 1979 3 M& t$e USA '& e;c'+*-e c'&/ !-e% t$e /!!", $&-"0 e;)'!%e( t &"( $&-"0 )'&"te( $e%

.'&0 t$e%e!" t! t$e e;c'+*!" !. !t$e% St&te*4A 3 T$e /!!" e"0 t$e c!//!" $e%t&0e !. /&""( * "!t *+@ect t! &))%!)%&t!" &"

St&te /e&"* !. +*e !% !cc+)&t!"# Le6*e, t$e )'&"t"0 !. t$e .'&0 t$e%e!" (!e* "!tc%e&te & %0$t t! !6" t$e *+%.&ce !% &" &%e& !. t$e /!!"# A%tc'e 11, M!!" T%e&t

?<



NOTE:T$e /!!" &"( !t$e% ce'e*t&' !(e* *$&'' e +*e( e;c'+*-e' .!% )e&ce.+' )+%)!*e*# T$e

.!''!6"0 /'t&% &))'c&t!"* &%e )%!$te(:

1# P'&c"0 " !%t &%!+"( t$e e&%t$ &" !@ect* c&%%"0 "+c'e&% 6e&)!"* !% &" !t$e% "(* !.6e&)!"* !. /&** (e*t%+ct!"

2# I"*t&''"0 "+c'e&% 6e&)!"* !% &" !t$e% "(* !. 6e&)!"* !. /&** (e*t%+ct!" !" ce'e*t&' !(e*

?# T! *t&t!" "+c'e&% 6e&)!"* !% &" !t$e% "(* !. 6e&)!"* !. /&** (e*t%+ct!" " !+te% *)&ce" &" !t$e% /&""e%

# E*t&'*$/e"t !. /'t&% &*e*, "*t&''&t!"* &"( .!%t.c&t!"*, t$e te*t"0 !. &" t)e !.6e&)!"* &"( t$e c!"(+ct !. /'t&% /&"e+-e%* !" ce'e*t&' !(e*# A%tc'e , O+te% S)&ceT%e&t

>>11<# RULES ON LIABILIT FOR DAMAGED CAUSED B SPACE OBECTS LAUNC5ED

INTO OUTER SPACE1# A '&+"c$"0 St&te *$&'' e &*!'+te' '&'e t! )& c!/)e"*&t!" .!% (&/&0e c&+*e( t*

*)&ce !@ect !" t$e *+%.&ce !. t$e e&%t$ !% t! &%c%&.t " .'0$t# A%tc'e 2, L&'tC!"-e"t!" !. 1972

2# I" t$e e-e"t !. (&/&0e e"0 c&+*e( e'*e6$e%e t$&" !" t$e *+%.&ce !. t$e e&%t$ t! & *)&ce!@ect !. !"e '&+"c$"0 St&te !% t! )e%*!"* !% )%!)e%t !" !&%( *+c$ & *)&ce !@ect &*)&ce !@ect !. &"!t$e% '&+"c$"0 St&te, t$e '&tte% *$&'' e '&'e !"' . t$e (&/&0e * (+e t!t* .&+'t !% t$e .&+'t !. )e%*!"* .!% 6$!/ t * %e*)!"*'e# A%tc'e ?

?# W$e"e-e% t6! !% /!%e St&te* @!"t' '&+"c$ & *)&ce !@ect, t$e *$&'' e @!"t' &"( *e-e%&'''&'e .!% &" (&/&0e( c&+*e(### A St&te .%!/ 6$!*e te%%t!% !% .&c't & *)&ce !@ect *

'&+"c$e( *$&'' e %e0&%(e( &* & )&%tc)&"t " & @!"t '&+"c$"0# A%tc'e

II# AT A GLANCE OF: TERMSP5RASESMAXIMSPRINCIPLESDOCTRINES INPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

I# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ t%e&te*1# PACTA SUNT SERVANDA

T%e&te* /+*t e !*e%-e( " 0!!( .&t$# I. & t%e&t * c!"t%&% t! & *0"&t!%* "&t!"&'c!"*tt+t!", t$e "te%"&t!"&' 'e0&' !%(e% (e/&"(* & .&t$.+' c!/)'&"ce 6t$ t$e t%e&t t! &-!("te%"&t!"&' e/&%%&**/e"t# I. "ece**&%, t$e St&te c!"ce%"e( /+*t e-e" /!(. t* "&t!"&'

'e0*'&t!" &"( c!"*tt+t!" t! /&e t c!".!%/ t! t$e t%e&t#

?# REBUS SIC STANTIBUSA St&te /& +"'&te%&'' 6t$(%&6 .%!/ & t%e&t 6$e" t$e%e * & -t&' c$&"0e !.

c%c+/*t&"ce*# T$e %e&*!" .!% t$* * ec&+*e . t$e c$&"0e " c%c+/*t&"ce* &..ect* & *0"&t!%St&te, &"( t! c!/)' 6t$ t$e t%e&t )%!-*!"* 6!+'( *e%!+*' @e!)&%(e t* !6" e;*te"ce, &6t$(%&6&' * &''!6e( ec&+*e t* .+"(&/e"t&' %0$t t! e;*t * *t%!"0e% t$&" t* (+t t! c!/)'6t$ & t%e&t#

?7



>>117?# LEX POSTERIOR DEROGAT PRIORI 3 T$&t 6$c$ c!/e* '&*t " )!"t !. t/e 6'' +*+&''

e +)$e'( t$e /+"c)&' t%+"&'# Re/e/e% t$e %+'e " c&*e !. c!".'ct et6ee" )+'c"te%"&t!"&' &"( /+"c)&' '&6, t$+*: I. t$e c!".'ct * 6t$ %e*)ect t! "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( &*t&t+te, t$e %+'e* !. "te%"&t!"&' '&6 &%e 0-e" e+&' *t&"("0 6t$, +t &%e "!t *+)e%!% t!,"&t!"&' 'e0*'&t-e e"&ct/e"t*# A t%e&t /& %e)e&' & *t&t+te, &"( & *t&t+te /& %e)e&' &t%e&t t$+*, t$e )%"c)'e !. 'e; )!*te%!% (e%!0&t )%!%, t$&t 6$c$ c!/e* '&*t " t/e, 6''

+*+&'' e +)$e'( t$e /+"c)&' t%+"&'## PACT 3 t$* * & *)ec&' t%e&t +*+&'' e"te%e( "t! .!% *e"t/e"t&' %e&*!"*#H# CONVENTION 3 t$* * &" ".!%/&' t%e&t 6$c$ (e&'* 6t$ *)ec.c *+@ect*#<# AGREEMENT, ARRANGEMENTS, ACCORD 3 t$* * &" &0%ee/e"t !" &(/"*t%&t-e !%

tec$"c&' /&tte%*#7# CONCORDATS 3 &0%ee/e"t* e"te%e( "t! t$e P!)e 6t$ -&%!+* 5e&(* !. St&te*#

8# DECLARATIONS 3 t$e*e &%e .!%/&' %ec)%!c&' &0%ee/e"t* 6$c$ /& (e&' 6t$: 1 t$e%0$t* &"( )%-'e0e* !. t$e "&t!"&'* !. & *t&te !% 2 )%"c)'e* " &cc!%(&"ce 6t$ 6$c$

St&te* )%!)!*e t! &ct !% ? 0%!+"(* .!% /+t+&' &ct!" !" t$e )&%t !. St&te* W'*!" &"(T+ce%, !)# ct# )# 2=9# T$e%e &%e t6! *)ec&' "(* !. (ec'&%&t!"*, t! 6t:

1# %e-e%*&'e* 3 (ec'&%&t!"* t$&t &" e%%!% " et+ette !% " t$e (%&.t/&"*$) !. & t%e&t *$!+'( "!t e c!"*(e%e( &* & )%ece(e"t

2# 'ett%e* %e-e%*&'e* 3 (ec'&%&t!"* t$&t &" &'te%&t!" " ce%e/!"&' )%&ctce* * e"0 /&(e !"'&* &" e;ce)t!" t! t$e 0e"e%&' %+'e#

?# P%!t!c!' 3 t$* /& %e.e% et$e% t! & *+))'e/e"t&' t%e&t !% t! &" &/e"(/e"t t! & t%e&t#P&%&*, P+'c I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )# 192

9# MOST FAVORED NATION CLAUSE 3 A c'&+*e 6$c$ )%!-(e* t$&t & St&te )'e(0e* t!

0-e t! t$e !t$e% *0"&t!% 6$&te-e% )%-'e0e* !% c!"ce**!"* t$e .%*t St&te /& 0-e t$et$%( St&te# E;&/)'e: I. t$e%e * *+c$ & c'&+*e " !+% t%e&t 6t$ &)&", 6e *$!+'( &'*! 0-e t!&)&" 6$&te-e% %0$t* 6e /& 0-e t! !t$e% c!+"t%e*# I. t$e c'&+*e * %ec)%!c&', 6e 6'' &'*!

e 0-e" t$e *&/e t%e&t/e"t &)&"# I. " &'' t%e&te* !. t$e P$'))"e* 6t$ t$e !t$e%St&te*, t$e%e * *+c$ & c'&+*e, t$e %e*+'t 6'' e t$&t &'' St&te* 6'' e e+&'' .&-!%e(# I" *+c$& c&*e, "!"e 6'' e t$e /!*t .&-!%e(#

1=# TREAT 3 It * &" "te%"&t!"&' &0%ee/e"t e/!(e( "& *"0'e, .!%/&' "*t%+/e"t e"te%e("t! &"( et6ee" *0"&t!% St&te* !% "te%"&t!"&' !%0&"&t!"* !. St&te*, "te"(e( t!c%e&te %0$t* &"( !'0&t!"*, !% t! e*t&'*$ %e'&t!"*$)*, 0!-e%"e( "te%"&t!"&' '&6#

>>118II# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e .+"(&/e"t&' %0$t* !. St&te* )&%tc+'&%' t$e %0$t !. )%!)e%t &"(

@+%*(ct!"1# C!"t"e"t&' *$e'. !. & c!+"t% 3 It * t$&t )&%t !. t$e *e&e( &"( *+*!' !. t$e *+/&%"e &%e&*

c!"t0+!+* t! t$e c!&*t +t !+t*(e t$e &%e& !. t$e /&%t/e !"e#W$ * t$e c!"t"e"t&' *$e'. /)!%t&"t4It * /)!%t&"t ec&+*e !. t$e %c$ "&t+%&' %e*!+%ce* .!+"( t$e%e"#T$* *, " .&ct, "c!%)!%&te( " t$e Pet%!'e+/ Act#

?8



2# E&*e/e"t !. I""!ce"t P&**&0e 3 It * t$e %0$t !. .!%e0" -e**e'* t! )&** t$%!+0$ te%%t!%&'6&te%*, *)ec&'' t$!*e c!""ect"0 t6! !)e" *e&*, )%!-(e(: 1 T$&t t$e )&**&0e *""!ce"t 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e%e * "! +'te%!% /!t-e .!% t$e )&**&0e, &"( &'' t$e%e0+'&t!"* !. t$e St&te c!"ce%"e( /+*t $&-e ee" c!/)'e( 6t$ &"( 2 T$&t t$e%e * !"'& )&**&0e 6$c$ /e&"* t$&t t$e%e * /e%e' & )&**"0 t$%!+0$, 6t$ "! '!&("0 !% +"'!&("0!. &" )e%*!" !% 0!!(*#

?# Te%%t!%&' Se& 3 T$* * &'*! "!6" &* t$e /&%t/e e't# It * t$&t )!%t!" !. t$e *e& &(@&ce"tt! t$e c!&*t !. & St&te 6$c$ * +"(e% t* @+%*(ct!"&' c!"t%!'#

# F%ee(!/ !. t$e Se&* 3 It /e&"* t$&t "! )&%t !. t$e *e& &* *+c$ c&" e *+@ecte( t! t$e*!-e%e0"t !. &" St&te# It c&""!t t$e%e.!%e e "c!%)!%&te( "t! t$e te%%t!% !. &" St&tet$%!+0$ !cc+)&t!"#

H# F%ee(!/ !. N&-0&t!" 3 It %e.e%* t! t$e %0$t t! *&' *$)* !" t$e $0$ *e&*, *+@ect !"' t!"te%"&t!"&' '&6 &"( t$e '&6* !. t$e .'&0 *t&te#

<# C!"t0+!+* K!"e 3 It * t$e !"e e;te"("0 +) t! 12 "&+tc&' /'e* .%!/ t$e te%%t!%&' *e&#A't$!+0$ t * "!t tec$"c&'' & )&%t !. t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te, t$e c!&*t&' St&te /&

e;e%c*e '/te( @+%*(ct!" !-e% t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e &* & )%e-e"t-e /e&*+%e t! "*+%e t$&tc+*t!/* '&6*, //0%&t!" &"( *&"t&% '&6* &%e )%!)e%' &"( e..ect-e' e".!%ce(#

7# E;c'+*-e Ec!"!/c K!"e 3 It * t$e !"e 6$c$ e;te"(* +) t! 2== /'e* .%!/ t$e '!6 6&te%/&% !% t$e &*e'"e* &* t$e c&*e /& e#

8# A%c$)e'&0! D!ct%"e>>119III# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ t$e %0$t !. 'e0&t!" !% ()'!/&tc "te%c!+%*e1# R0$t !. Le0&t!" 3 T$* * t$e %0$t !. & St&te t! *e"( e"-!* !% e*t&'*$ ()'!/&tc

/**!"*, !% t$e %0$t t! %ece-e *+c$ e"-!* !% /**!"*# T$e .%*t * "!6" &* t$e &ct-e%0$t !. 'e0&t!"# T$e *ec!"( * "!6" &* t$e )&**-e %0$t !. 'e0&t!"#

2# A/&**&(!%* 3 T$e &%e t$e )!'tc&', c+'t+%&', ec!"!/c, &"( *!c&' %e)%e*e"t&t-e* !. t$e%c!+"t%e* t! & .!%e0" St&te# T$e% !..ce* &%e c&''e( &* e/&**e*#

?# M"*te%* )'e")!te"t&% !% e"-!* e;t%&!%("&% 3 T$e &%e /"*te%* &**0"e( t! &tte"( t! &*)ec&' .+"ct!" #e# *0""0 & t%e&t#

# M"*te%* %e*(e"t 3 T$e &%e t$e )!'tc&', c+'t+%&', ec!"!/c, &"( *!c&' %e)%e*e"t&t-e* !.t$e% c!+"t%e* t! & .!%e0" )%"c)&' ct# T$e% !..ce* &%e "!6" &* 'e0&t!"*#

H# T$e C$&%0e* (&..&%e* " c$&%0e !. &..&%* 3 T$e &%e t$!*e !..c&'' e'!6 t$e %&" !. t$e/"*te%* %e*(e"t# T$e t&e !-e% 6$e" t$e '&tte% * &*e"t# I" !t$e% 6!%(*, t$e &%ete/)!%&%' " c$&%0e "! /&tte% 6$&t t$e% !..c&' %&" !% (e*0"&t!" /& e#

<# D)'!/&tc C!%)* 3 A'' ()'!/&tc e"-!* &cc%e(te( t! t$e *&/e St&te .!%/ & !( "!6" &*& D)'!/&tc C!%)*# T$e $e&( !. t$* !( * +*+&'' t$e P&)&' N+"c!, . t$e%e * !"e, !%t$e !'(e*t &/&**&(!%# I. t$e%e &%e "! &/&**&(!%*, t * t$e !'(e*t /"*te% )'e")!te"t&%6$! * t$e $e&( !. t$e ()'!/&tc c!%)*#

7# A0%e&t!" 3 It * &" ".!%/&' "+% e"+% t! ."( !+t t$e &cce)t&'t !. & )%!)!*e(e"-! &"( &" ".!%/&' c!".!%/t &0%e/e" !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te t! t$e &))!"t/e"t !. t$e*&( e"-!#

?9



8# Let%e (e c%e&"ce 3 T$* *t&te* t$e "&/e !. t$e %e)%e*e"t&t-e, $* %&", t$e c$&%&cte% &"(0e"e%&' !@ect !. t$* /**!"# It &'*! c!"t&"* & %e+e*t .!% .&-!%&'e %ece)t!" &"( .+''c%e(e"ce# It * *e&'e( +t t$e &/&**&(!% $&* c!)e* !. t$e *&/e#

9# D)'!/&tc )&**)!%t 3 T$* &+t$!%e* $* t%&-e' &"( (e*c%e* !t$ $* )e%*!" &"( $* !..ce#1=# D)'!/&tc /**!" 3 T! )%!/!te .%e"(' %e'&t!"* et6ee" t$e *e"("0 St&te &"( t$e

%ece-"0 St&te, &"( t$e (e-e'!)/e"t !. t$e% ec!"!/c, c+'t+%&' &"( *ce"t.c %e'&t!"* t!!*e%-e &"( %e)!%t t! $* c!+"t% t$e (e-e'!)/e"t* " t$e %ece-"0 St&te t! )%!tect t$e

"te%e*t* !. t$e "&t!"&'* !. $* c!+"t% 6t$" t$e '/t* &''!6e( "te%"&t!"&' '&6 t!%e)%e*e"t $* c!+"t% " t$e %ece-"0 St&te t! "e0!t&te 6t$ t$e 0!-e%"/e"t !. t$e%ece-"0 St&te#

>>11H=IV# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ ()'!/&tc //+"te* &"( )%-'e0e*1# A*'+/ 3 * t$e &+t$!%t !. & St&te t! &''!6 &" &'e" 6$! $&* *!+0$t %e.+0e .%!/ )%!*ec+t!"

!% )e%*ec+t!" t! %e/&" 6t$" t$e te%%t!% &"( +"(e% t* )%!tect!"#2# Te%%t!%&' A*'+/ 3 %e.+0e 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. t$e *$e'te%"0 *t&te, t$e )%!tect!" 6$c$ &

%e.+0ee !t&" e*c&)"0 t!, !% %e/&""0 +)!", t$e te%%t!% !. & St&te !t$e% t$&" t$&t t$e

St&te t$&t 6&"t* $/, +"t' t$e )%!tect!" * te%/"&te( $* e;t%&(t!"# McN&%, L&6 !"T%e&te*, V!'# II, )# <7

?# E;te%%t!%&' A*'+/ 3 A*'+/ " 6$&t &%e c!"*(e%e( t$e e;te"*!"* !. & St&te* te%%t!%T$* t)e "c'+(e*: &*'+/ " .!%e0" )+'c *$)* ()'!/&tc &*'+/ 3 t$e )%!tect!"&..!%(e( & St&te t! & %e.+0ee 0%&"t"0 $/ &" &*'+/ " !% +)!" t* ()'!/&tc

+'("0* 6t$" t$e te%%t!% !. t$e St&te t$&t 6&"t* $/# I(#

V# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ c!"*+'&% !..c&'*1# C!"*+' 3 A c!"*+' * & c!//e%c&' &0e"t &))!"te( $* G!-e%"/e"t t! %e*(e " & .!%e0"

ct, &"( )e%/tte( t$e .!%e0" St&te t! (! *! " !%(e% t$&t $e /& 6&tc$ !-e% t$e

c!//e%c&' %0$t* &"( )%-'e0e* !. $* !6" c!+"t% t$e%e", &"( t$+* )%!tect t$e %0$t* !.$* c!+"t%* "&t!"&'*# P&%&* ct"0 W'*!" &"( T+ce%, I"te%"&t!"&' L&6

2# C!"*+'e* M** c!"*+'* (e c&%%e%e 3 Lte%&'' t$* /e&"* c!"*+'* !. c&%ee%# T$e &%e )%!.e**!"&' c!"*+'*, $e"ce, t$e &%e "!t &''!6e( t! e"0&0e " &" !t$e% )%!.e**!" !% +*"e**#

?# C!"*+'e* e'ect 3 T$e &%e &'*! "!6" &* $!"!%&% !% c!//e%c&' c!"*+'*# T$e &%e *e'ecte( t$e &))!"t"0 G!-e%"/e"t et$e% .%!/ t* !6" cte"* e"0&0e( " +*"e** " t$ec!+"t% " 6$c$ t$e 6'' e &''!6e( t! e;e%c*e c!"*+'&% .+"ct!"*, !% .%!/ &/!"0 t$e"&t!"&'* !. t$e .!%e0" *t&te "-!'-e(#

# Let%e (e )%!-*!" 3 T$* * t$e 'ette% !. &))!"t/e"t !% c!//**!" 6$c$ * t%&"*/tte( t$e *e"("0 St&te t! t$e Sec%et&% !. F!%e0" A..&%* !. t$e c!+"t% " 6$c$ t$e c!"*+' * t!*e%-e#

H# E;e+&t!% 3 T$* * t$e &+t$!%&t!" 0-e" t$e *!-e%e0" !. t$e %ece-"0 St&te t! t$ec!"*+', &''!6"0 $/ t! e;e%c*e $* .+"ct!"* 6t$" t$e te%%t!% See L&6%e"ce, P%"c)'e*!. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, )# 297# T$e e;e+&t+% /& e 0%&"te( c!"(t!"&'' t$e 0%&"t /&e-e" e %e.+*e( .!% &" !% "! %e&*!" !"ce 0%&"te(# T$e e;e+&t+% /& e +"'&te%&''6t$(%&6"#

=



>>11H1VI# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ e;e/)%!"* .%!/ @+%*(ct!"1# D!ct%"e !. *!-e%e0" //+"t 3 U"(e% t$* (!ct%"e, & St&te e"@!* //+"t .%!/ t$e

e;e%c*e !. @+%*(ct!" &"!t$e% St&te# T$e c!+%t* !. !"e St&te /& "!t &**+/e @+%*(ct!"!-e% &"!t$e% St&te#

2# Act& @+%e /)e%' 3 0!-e%"/e"t &ct?# Act& @+%e 0e*t!"e* 3 c!//e%c&' &ct

VII# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ 6&% 1# N!"3)%-'e0e( c!/&t&"t* 3 #e#, S)e*# W$e" c&+0$t, t$e (! "!t 0et t$e )%-'e0e !. e"0

c!"*(e%e( &* )%*!"e%* !. 6&%# A%tc'e 29, 5&0+e C!"-e"t!", 19=72# P%-'e0e( c!/&t&"t* 3 . c&)t+%e(, t$e &%e "!t *+))!*e( t! ec!/e )%*!"e%* !. 6&%#?# +* &( e''+/ @+*tce !. 6&% 3 %e.e%* t! t$e c!"(t!"* +"(e% 6$c$ !"e /& %e*!%t t! 6&% !%

t! .!%ce " 0e"e%&' 6t$ & *+(-*!" "!6" &* @+* c!"t%& e''+/ !% t$e '&6 !" t$e )%e-e"t!" !. 6&%

# +* " Be''! @+*tce " 6&% 3 0!-e%"* t$e c!"(+ct !. e''0e%e"t* (+%"0 & 6&%, &"( " &

%!&(e% *e"*e c!/)%*e* t$e %0$t* &"( !'0&t!"*

VIII# C!"(t!"* .!% @+* &( e''+/1# T$e%e /+*t e & @+*t c&+*e !" &" "@+% %ece-e(2# W&%* /+*t e )%!)!%t!"&' t! t$e c!*t* e"t&'e( " )%!*ec+t"0 t$e/?# T$e%e /+*t e & %e&*!"&'e c$&"ce !. *+cce**# N&t!"* /+*t )+'c' (ec'&%e t$e% 6&%*H# O"' & 'e0t/&te &+t$!%t /& (ec'&%e 6&%<# W&% /+*t &'6&* e & '&*t %e*!%t7# W&% /& e !"' +"(e%t&e" 6t$ t$e %0$t "te"t!"# G%!t+*, T$e L&6 !. W&% &"( Pe&ce

IX# I" c!""ect!" 6t$ te%/"&t!" !. 6&% 1# St&t+* +! &"t -e''+/ 3 E&c$ !. t$e e''0e%e"t* * e"tt'e( t! t$e te%%t!% &"( )%!)e%t 6$c$

t $&( )!**e**!" !. &t t$e c!//e"ce/e"t !. t$e 6&%#2# D!ct%"e !. )!*t'/"+/ 3 T$e te%%t!%, "(-(+&'* &"( )%!)e%t t$&t $&-e c!/e t! t$e

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1H# S'&-e% 3 * t$e *t&t+* !% c!"(t!" !. & )e%*!" !-e% 6$!/ &" !% &'' !. t$e )!6e%* &tt&c$"0t! t$e %0$t !. !6"e%*$) &%e e;e%c*e(# 192<, S'&-e% C!"-e"t!", A%tc'e 1

1<# Re)%*&' 3 T$e *e"0 !. )%!)e%t !% )e%*!"* 6& !. %et&'&t!"# Re)%*&' 6$e" t$e &%et&e" & St&te /& (e"!te &" "( !. c!e%c-e &ct!" "!t &/!+"t"0 t! 6&% 6$e%e &St&te &tte/)t* t! *ec+%e *&t*.&ct!" .%!/ &"!t$e% .!% *!/e 6%!"0 6$c$ t$e '&tte% $&*

c!//tte( &0&"*t t# B%e', ?2117# E/&%0! 3 C!//e%ce &"( t%&(e 6t$ t$e !..e"("0 St&te * )%!$te(#18# B'!c&(e 3 M&%t/e c!//e%ce et6ee" &" e"e/ St&te &"( t$e %e*t !. t$e 6!%'( * c+t !..

" !%(e% t! )%e-e"t t$e 0!!(* .%!/ %e&c$"0 t$e e"e/ !% t! )%e-e"t t$e e"e/ .%!/e;)!%t"0 t! t$e !+t*(e 6!%'( t$e%e *+*t&""0 t* 6&% ec!"!/#

19# B!c!tt 3 T$e%e * & c!"ce%te( &ct!" /&(e t$e cte"* !. !"e St&te t! *+*)e"( t%&(e &"( +*"e** %e'&t!"* 6t$ t$e cte"* !. t$e !..e"("0 St&te#

2=# A0%e**!" 3 It * t$e +*e !. &%/e( .!%ce & St&te &0&"*t t$e *!-e%e0"t, te%%t!%&'"te0%t !% )!'tc&' "(e)e"(e"ce !. &"!t$e% St&te, !% " &" !t$e% /&""e% "c!"**te"t 6t$

t$e C$&%te% !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*# Re*!'+t!" ??1 XXIX, UN Ge"e%&' A**e/'Dece/e% 1, 197

21# Pe%*!"& "!" 0%&t& 3 A" "(-(+&' 6$! * +"&cce)te( t! !% +"6e'c!/e t$e %ece-"0St&te#

22# A(e Me/!&%e 3 It * & 6%tte" *+//&% !. t$e e )!"t* /&(e & ()'!/&t " &" !..c&'c!"-e%*&t!"# Lte%&'', & (!c+/e"t 'e.t 6t$ t$e !t$e% )&%t t! t$e c!"-e%*&t!", et$e% &t t$et/e !. t$e c!"-e%*&t!" !% *+*e+e"t', &* &" &( t! /e/!%#

III# OT5ER RELEVANT INFORMATION1# UN U"te( N&t!"*LEAGUE OF NATIONS

>>11H8& 5*t!%c&' &c0%!+"( !. UN

T$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"* 6&* !%0&"e( " 1919, .-e e&%* &.te% W!%'( W&% I %!e !+t "191# It* )+%)!*e * t! &c$e-e "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce &"( e"c!+%&0e "te%"&t!"&' c!!)e%&t!"# T$eU"te( St&te* 6&* "!t & /e/e% !. t$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"*# T$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"* 6&* !..c&''(**!'-e( !" A)%' 19, 19<#

W$&t c&+*e( t$e c%e&t!" !. t$e U"te( N&t!"* &.te% t$e c!''&)*e !. t$e Le&0+e !. N&t!"*4

We $&-e &'%e&( *+..e%e( t6! 6!%'( 6&%* *"ce t$e e0"""0 !. t$e 19t$ ce"t+%# A''

"&t!"*, 6$et$e% !% "!t t$e 6e%e "-!'-e(, *$&%e( e+&'' " t$e ''* !. 6&%# W$e" &tt'e* &%e.!+0$t, t$e '-e* !. /e" &"( 6!/e", "c'+("0 ""!ce"t c$'(%e", (*&'e( &"( e-e" t$!*e 6$!&%e t!! !'( t! .0$t, &%e et$e% e"(&"0e%e(, *e-e%e' (&/&0e( !% '!*t# C!*t* !. '-"0 &%e ".'&te(&"( &.te% t$e 6&%, (e)%e**!" &"( *t&%-&t!" !cc+%, ec!"!/c ''* &"( //e"*e '!**e* t!

+*"e** &%e e;te"*-e# W&%*, &.te% &'', &%e "!t "*t%+/e"t* !. &c$e-e/e"t*# T$e c&""!t (ec(e"te%"&t!"&' (*)+te* t! t$e *&t*.&ct!" !. 6&""0 "&t!"*# W&%* c&""!t /&e )e&ce# T$e(e*t%!#

<



Re*+'t* !. t$e F%*t W!%'( W&%: 8,===,=== (e&(, 1H,===,=== /+t'&te(, ?,===,=== 6!+"(e(##/!%e t$&" t$e e"t%e )!)+'&t!" !. B%&'### &"( == ''!" (!''&%* 6e"t +) " */!e !.

&tt'e#c G'!&' c!*t !. W!%'( W&% II: & 6&*te )e% c&)t& !. t$e 6!%'( )!)+'&t!" !. 1=,=== !% 2==

B%&'&" c!"t!*### T$* c!*t c&" "e-e% e )&( +* 6$! /&(e t$e 6&% )!**'e, +t 6''$&-e t! e )&( /&" ""!ce"t 0e"e%&t!"*, &"( t* '+(&t!" 6!+'( %e+%e /!%e t$&" &ce"t+% !. 6!% !" t$e )&%t !. t$e -ct!%* &"( -&"+*$e( &'e# 5*t!% (!e* "!t %ec!%( &

)e&ce c!/)'ete( t$e 0e"e%&t!" 6$c$ %&0e( t$e 6&%### W&% *&c%.ce* t$e )%e*e"t, +t/+c$ /!%e t c!/)%!/*e* t$e .+t+%e# Re)!%t !. D%# O*6&'(! A%&$&, E;3P%e*(e"t !. t$eGe"e%&' A**e/' !. t$e U"te( N&t!"*

( Le**!"* 'e&%"e(: I"(ee(, &.te% e-e% 6&% &"( &.te% &'' t$e tte%"e** t$&t %e*+'t* .%!/ 6&%,/&""( * t&+0$t t$&t t * )e&ce, &.te% &'', t$&t * "ee(e( &'' t$e c!+"t%e* !. t$e 6!%'( t!e"&'e t$e/ &"( t$e% )e!)'e t! '-e " $&))"e**# Pe&ce * 6$&t 6e "ee( t! +'( t$e 6!%'(&"( )e&ce c!/e* .%!/ t$e $e&%t, &"( "!t .%!/ t$e /"(* !. /e"#

T$* (e*%e .!% )e&ce !-e%6$e'/e( t$e $e&%t* !. t$e 0%e&t /e" &"( 6!/e" 6$! *+%--e(

t$e 6&%# T$e $&-e &0%ee( t! e*t&'*$ &"( )+%*+e t$e (e& !. !%0&""0 t$e U"te( N&t!"*#P!'tc&' L&6 Re-e6e% 2==2 E(t!", S+&%e, P&0e 1=21>>11H92# SEATO S!+t$e&*t A*& T%e&t O%0&"&t!" 3 T$* * &'*! "!6" &* t$e M&"'& P&ct !% t$e

S!+t$ E&*t A*& C!''ect-e De.e"*e T%e&t !. Se)te/e%, 19H# T$e% &0%ee/e"t: A"&00%e**!" &0&"*t &" !. t$e *0"&t!%e* 6'' e c!"*(e%e( &* e"(&"0e%"0 t$e% )e&ce &"(*&.et, " 6$c$ c&*e, t$e !'0&te t$e/*e'-e* t! /eet t$e c!//!" (&"0e% " &cc!%(&"ce6t$ t$e% c!"*tt+t!"&' )!**e**e*#

?# ASEAN A**!c&t!" !. S!+t$ E&*t A*&" N&t!" 3 It 6&* e*t&'*$e( !" A+0+*t 8, 19<7 "

B&"0! t$e .-e !%0"&' Me/e% C!+"t%e*, "&/e': I"(!"e*&, M&'&*&, P$'))"e*,S"0&)!%e, &"( T$&'&"(# B%+"e D&%+**&'&/ @!"e( " 198, Vet"&/ " 199H, L&! PDR &"(M&"/&% " 1997, &"( C&/!(& " 1999#

A/* &"( )+%)!*e* !. ASEAN: 1 T! &cce'e%&te ec!"!/c 0%!6t$, *!c&' )%!0%e** &"(c+'t+%&' (e-e'!)/e"t " t$e %e0!" &"( 2 T! )%!/!te %e0!"&' )e&ce &"( *t&'t t$%!+0$&("0 %e*)ect .!% @+*tce &"( t$e %+'e !. '&6 " t$e %e'&t!"*$) &/!"0 c!+"t%e* " t$e %e0!"&"( &($e%e"ce t! t$e )%"c)'e* !. t$e U#N# C$&%te%#

# NATO N!%t$ At'&"tc T%e&t O%0&"&t!" 3 T$* * & t%e&t *0"e( " W&*$"0t!" !" A)%'

, 199, c!/)!*e( !. N&t!"* " t$e N!%t$ At'&"tc &%e&# T$e% &0%ee/e"t: T$e )&%te*&0%ee(, &/!"0 !t$e%*, t$&t &" &%/e( &tt&c &0&"*t !"e !% /!%e !. t$e/ " E+%!)e !% "

N!%t$ A/e%c& * c!"*(e%e( &* &" &tt&c &0&"*t &'' !. t$e/#H# AFTA A*e&" F%ee T%&(e A%e& 3 L&+"c$e( " 1992, t$e AFTA &/* t! )%!/!te t$e %e0!"*

c!/)ett-e &(-&"t&0e &* & *"0'e )%!(+ct!" +"t# T$e e'/"&t!" !. t&%.. &"( "!"3t&%%. &%%e%* &/!"0 /e/e% c!+"t%e* * e;)ecte( t! )%!/!te 0%e&te% ec!"!/c e..ce"c )%!(+ct-t, &"( c!/)ett-e"e**#

7



<# E+%!)e&" C!+%t !. 5+/&" R0$t* 3 T$e C!+%t, &'*! "!6" &* t$e St%&*!+%0 C!+%t 6&*e*t&'*$e( " N!-e/e% 1998 )+%*+&"t t! t$e e"t% "t! .!%ce !. P%!t!c!' N!# 11 t! t$eE+%!)e&" C!"-e"t!" .!% t$e P%!tect!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* 19H= e*t&'*$"0 & *"0'e c!+%t*tt"0 .+''t/e &"( %e)'&c"0 t$e E+%!)e&" C!//**!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* 19H &"( t$eE+%!)e&" C!+%t !. 5+/&" R0$t* 19H9# It $&* t* *e&t " St%&*!+%0, F%&"ce#

7# I"te%"&t!"&' B'' !. 5+/&" R0$t*: It c!"**t* !. t$e .!''!6"0:

& T$e U"-e%*&' Dec'&%&t!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* T$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!-e"&"t !" Ec!"!/c, S!c&' &"( C+'t+%&' R0$t*c T$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!-e"&"t !" C-' &"( P!'tc&' R0$t* &"(( T$e t6! O)t!"&' P%!t!c!'*#>>11<=T$%ee 0e"e%&t!" !. $+/&" %0$t*

T$%ee 0e"e%&t!"* !. $+/&" %0$t* &* c'&**.e( Cec$ @+%*t J&%e' V&*&, t$e .%*tSec%et&% Ge"e%&' !. t$e I"te%"&t!"&' I"*tt+te !. 5+/&" R0$t* " St%&*!+%0, .!''!6 t$e t$%ee6&tc$6!%(* !. t$e F%e"c$ Re-!'+t!" Le%t, E+&'t &"( F%&te%"t:

F%*t Ge"e%&t!" 5+/&" R0$t*T$e (e&' e**e"t&'' 6t$ 'e%t &"( )&%tc)&t!" " )!'tc&' '.e# T$e &%e .!+"( "

A%tc'e* ? t! 21 !. t$e U"-e%*&' Dec'&%&t!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* &"( t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!-e"&"t!" C-' &"( P!'tc&' R0$t*

Sec!"( Ge"e%&t!" 5+/&" R0$t*T$e &%e %e'&te( t! e+&'t# T$e &%e .+"(&/e"t&'' *!c&', ec!"!/c, &"( c+'t+%&' "

"&t+%e# T$e &%e .!+"( " A%tc'e* 22 t! 27 !. t$e U"-e%*&' Dec'&%&t!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* &"(t$e I"te%"&t!"&' C!-e"&"t !" Ec!"!/c, S!c&' &"( C+'t+%&' R0$t*

T$%( Ge"e%&t!" 5+/&" R0$t*T$!*e %0$t* t$&t 0! e!"( t$e /e%e c-' &"( *!c&', &* e;)%e**e( " /&" )%!0%e**-e

(!c+/e"t* !. I"te%"&t!"&' L&6, "c'+("0 t$e 1972 St!c$!'/ Dec'&%&t!" !. t$e UNC!".e%e"ce !" 5+/&" E"-%!"/e"t#

8# U"-e%*&' Dec'&%&t!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* 3 T$e U"-e%*&' Dec'&%&t!" !. 5+/&" R0$t* 6&*&(!)te( t$e U#N# Ge"e%&' A**e/' &* Re*!'+t!" 217A III !" Dece/e% 1=, 198 &"(

)%!c'&/e( &* & c!//!" *t&"(&%( !. &c$e-e/e"t .!% &'' )e!)'e* &"( &'' "&t!"*, t! t$e e"(

t$&t e-e% "(-(+&' &"( e-e% !%0&" !. *!cet, ee)"0 t$* Dec'&%&t!" c!"*t&"t' "/"(, *$&'' *t%-e te&c$"0 &"( e(+c&t!" t! )%!/!te %e*)ect .!% t$e*e %0$t* &"( .%ee(!/&"( )%!0%e**-e /e&*+%e*, "&t!"&' &"( "te%"&t!"&', t! *ec+%e t$e% +"-e%*&' &"(e..ect-e %ec!0"t!" &"( !*e%-&"ce, !t$ &/!"0, t$e )e!)'e* !. Me/e% St&te* t$e/*e'-e*&"( &/!"0 t$e )e!)'e* !. te%%t!%e* +"(e% t$e% @+%*(ct!"#

9# I"te%"&t!"&' L&6 !. t$e Se& 3 It * & !( !. t%e&t %+'e* &"( c+*t!/&% "!%/* 0!-e%""0 t$e+*e* !. t$e *e&, t$e e;)'!t&t!" !. t* %e*!+%ce*, &"( t$e e;e%c*e !. @+%*(ct!" !-e%

8



/&%t/e %e0/e*# It * & %&"c$ !. )+'c "te%"&t!"&' '&6, %e0+'&t"0 t$e %e'&t!"* !. *t&te*6t$ %e*)ect t! t$e +*e* !. t$e !ce&"*# A%tc'e 1, )&%# 1

>>11<11=# B&*e'"e* 3 It * t$e '"e .%!/ 6$c$ t$e %e&(t$ !. t$e te%%t!%&' *e& &"( !t$e% /&%t/e

!"e* * /e&*+%e(# T$e*e !t$e% !"e* &%e t$e c!"t0+!+* !"e &"( t$e e;c'+*-e ec!"!/c!"e# T$e !@ect &"( )+%)!*e " /&"0 t$e (e'/t&t!" * t! (ete%/"e t$e /&%t/e

!+"(&% !. t$e c!&*t&' St&te# T$e &*e'"e * et$e% "!%/&' !% *t%&0$t# A%tc'e 2, )&%# 1

T$e (ec'&%&t!" c!"**t* !. & )%e&/'e &"( t$%t &%tc'e*, *ett"0 .!%t$ t$e $+/&" %0$t*&"( .+"(&/e"t&' .%ee(!/* t! 6$c$ &'' /e&" &"( 6!/e", e-e%6$e%e " t$e 6!%'(, &%e e"tt'e(,6t$!+t &" (*c%/"&t!"#

MULTIPLE C5OICE UESTIONS1# R&t.c&t!" !. & t%e&tA# T$e )!6e% t! %&t. & t%e&t * -e*te( " t$e Se"&te#B# T$e )!6e% t! %&t. & t%e&t * -e*te( " t$e P%e*(e"t, *+@ect t! c!"c+%%e"ce !. t$e Se"&te#C# T$e %!'e !. t$e Se"&te * '/te( !"' t! 0-"0 !% 6t$$!'("0 t* c!"*e"t, !% c!"c+%%e"ce t!

t$e %&t.c&t!", +t t c&""!t, t*e'. %&t. & t%e&t#D# T$e )!6e% t! %&t. & t%e&t * -e*te( " t$e P%e*(e"t *+* t! c!"c+%%e"ce !. t$e Se"&te, +t

t * 6t$" t$e &+t$!%t !. t$e P%e*(e"t t! %e.+*e t! *+/t & t%e&t t! t$e Se"&te !% $&-"0*ec+%e( t* c!"*e"t .!% t* %&t.c&t!", %e.+*e t! %&te* t#

2# I" t$e '&*t *e-e%&' 6ee*, t$e A%/e( F!%ce* !. I*%&e', $&* ee" c&+*"0 !/&%(/e"t &"( '!c&(e " G&& %e*+'t"0 " (e&t$, *t&%-&t!" &"( "@+% t! $+"(%e(* &"( t$!+*&"(* !.P&'e*t"&"* "c'+("0 ""!ce"t c-'&"*# T$e I*%&e' 0!-e%"/e"t &''e0e* t$&t t * /e%e'&ct"0 " %et&'&t!" t! P&'e*t"&"* &tt&c &"( %!cet* t! & )!%t!" !. t* te%%t!%# I* I*%&e'0+'t !. &00%e**!"# I* t$e &''e0&t!" !. I*%&e' @+*t.e( +"(e% "te%"&t!"&' '&64

A# e*, ec&+*e t * /e%e' &ct"0 " %et&'&t!" t! P&'e*t"&"* &tt&c#B# e*, &" c!+"t% */'&%' *t+&te( $&* & %0$t* t! (e.e"( t*e'. &0&"*t &" e"e/#C# N!, &00%e**!" c&" "e-e% e @+*t.e(#D# N!, t$e UN C$&%te% )%!$t* "!t !"' %ec!+%*e t! 6&% +t &'*! %e*!%t t! t$e +*e !. 6&%, &"(

e-e" " t$e +*e !. 6&% t$e /e&*+%e t! e t&e" /+*t e c!"**te"t 6t$ "ece**t &"( )%!)!%t!"&'t, &* &'%e&( &))'e( " )%e-!+* c&*e* t$&t $&-e %e&c$e( t$e "te%"&t!"&'c!+%t* !. +*tce# U"(e% t$e c%c+/*t&"ce*, t * *+/tte( t$&t I*%&e' c!//tte( "!t !"' &"&00%e**!" +t &'*! &" +"@+*t.e( 6&% !. &00%e**!" ec&+*e t$e %e)e&te( !/&%(/e"t*$&-e c&+*e( (e&t$, "@+%, e;te"*-e (&/&0e e-e" t! ""!ce"t c-'&"*, c$'(%e", $!*)t&'*

)&te"t* t$e%e", )+'c &"( )%-&te +'("0*, 6$c$ &%e "!t *+))!*e( t! e t&%0et* !. &tt&c#A00%e**!" c&" "e-e% e @+*t.e(# A 6&% !. &00%e**!" * & c%/e &0&"*t "te%"&t!"&' )e&ce&"( t 0-e* %*e t! "te%"&t!"&' %e*)!"*'t#

>>11<2?# A.te% t$e *0""0 !. t$e UNCLOS, IS IT CORRECT TO SA T5AT t$e "te%"&' 6&te%* !.

t$e P$'))"e* &%e *t%ct' '/te( t! 6&te%* " '&e*, &*, 0+'.*, /!+t$ !. %-e%* &"( " )e%/&"e"t $&%!% 6!%*4

9



A# e*# 11< St&te*, "c'+("0 t$e P$'))"e*, $&-e &0%ee( t! &))' )%!-*!"&'' t$e &0%ee/e"t*t&%t"0 N!-e/e% 1, 199, t$e (&te !. t$e C!"-e"t!"* e"t% "t! .!%ce#

B# e*# T$e P$'))"e* * & )&%t t! t$e c!"-e"t!" U"te( N&t!"* C!"-e"t!" !" t$e L&6 !.t$e Se&, $&-"0 *0"e( t !" Dece/e% 1=, 1982, &"( %&t.e( !" M& 8, 198#

C# e*# T$e%e 6&* "! "e0&t-e -!te 6t$ 7 &*te"t!"*, $e"ce, t$e UNCLOS 6&* e..ect-e, .%!/ N!-e/e% 1, 199#

D# N!# De*)te t$e *0""0 !. t$e UNCLOS, Re)+'c Act# N!# ?=< * *+*t&"e(# 5e"ce, t$e

P$'))"e* *t'' &($e%e* t! t$e c!"ce)t !. t$e &%c$)e'&0c St&te# A.te% t$e UNCLOS 6&*%&t.e( " 198, t$e P$'))"e* *t'' &($e%e* t! t$e "&t!"&' te%%t!% c'&+*e &"( t$* * .!+"(" t$e 1987 C!"*tt+t!"# A" e..!%t " t$e ()'!/&tc 'e-e' t! &tt&" $&%/!", !% t! &-!(c!".'ct 6t$ t$e UNCLOS, 6'' "!t e .+'' %e&'e( +"'e** &"( +"t' & c!%%e*)!"("0&/e"(/e"t " !+% )%e*e"t C!"*tt+t!" * /&(e#

# W$&t, . &", * t$e e;&ct (e."t!" !. !+te% *)&ce4A# It * t$e &%e& t$&t 'e* e!"( t$e &%*)&ce !. t$e e&%t$#B# T$e O+te% S)&ce T%e&t (( "!t (e."e !+te% *)&ce ec&+*e !. t* "!"3(e"t.&'e (/e"*!"#

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political law by suarez

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