Police Organization and Administration - Kean …jdrylie/docs/Police Org Chapt 1 8th ed.pdfClass...
Transcript of Police Organization and Administration - Kean …jdrylie/docs/Police Org Chapt 1 8th ed.pdfClass...
Police Organization and Police Organization and
AdministrationAdministration
CJ 3600CJ 3600
Professor James J. DrylieProfessor James J. Drylie
Chapter 1Chapter 1
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� All presentations in this series have All presentations in this series have
been prepared using the following been prepared using the following
course required textbook:course required textbook:
–– Swanson, C.R., Swanson, C.R., TerritioTerritio, L., & Taylor, , L., & Taylor,
R.W. (2011). Police Administration: R.W. (2011). Police Administration:
Structures, Processes, and Behaviors. (8Structures, Processes, and Behaviors. (8thth
ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Class OverviewClass Overview
�� IntroductionIntroduction
�� SyllabusSyllabus
�� Expectations Expectations
�� Writing RequirementsWriting Requirements
–– Writing Lab Writing Lab
�� Grades Grades
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
London London –– 1829 1829
�� Sir Robert PeelSir Robert Peel
�� The The London Metropolitan Police ActLondon Metropolitan Police Act
–– September 29, 1829 September 29, 1829
–– Peel was the British Home SecretaryPeel was the British Home Secretary
–– 1828 he proposed a plan for a disciplined 1828 he proposed a plan for a disciplined
quasiquasi--military police force in Londonmilitary police force in London
�� 895 constables895 constables
�� 88 sergeants88 sergeants
�� 20 inspectors20 inspectors
�� 8 superintendents 8 superintendents
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� The force would rely on uniformed The force would rely on uniformed
officers to fill senior officer ranksofficers to fill senior officer ranks
�� The use of persons of a higher social The use of persons of a higher social
class would not occurclass would not occur
�� The first constable killed in the line of The first constable killed in the line of
duty was in 1830duty was in 1830
Source: Metropolitan Police (2008): http://www.met.police.uk/history
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The Nine Principles The Nine Principles
�� Basic mission is to prevent crime and Basic mission is to prevent crime and
disorderdisorder
�� The ability to perform police duties is The ability to perform police duties is
dependent upon public approval dependent upon public approval
�� Must secure the willing cooperation of Must secure the willing cooperation of
the public in voluntary observance of the public in voluntary observance of
the lawthe law
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� Public cooperation diminishes Public cooperation diminishes
proportionate with the need to use proportionate with the need to use
forceforce
�� Police do not cater to public opinion Police do not cater to public opinion
but demonstrate an impartial service but demonstrate an impartial service
to the lawto the law
�� Physical force is used to the extent Physical force is used to the extent
necessarynecessary
�� The police are the public and the The police are the public and the
public are the police public are the police
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� Police should not usurp judicial Police should not usurp judicial
authority authority
�� Test of police efficiency is the absence Test of police efficiency is the absence
of crime and disorderof crime and disorder
Source: http://www.newwestpolice.org/peel.html
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The Evolution of American The Evolution of American
Policing Policing
�� The The PoliticalPolitical eraera–– 1850 1850 –– 19001900
�� The The ReformReform eraera–– 1900 1900 –– 1920 1920
�� The The Professional Professional eraera–– 1920 1920 –– 1960s 1960s
�� The The Community Policing Community Policing eraera–– 1970s 1970s –– Present Present
�� IntelligenceIntelligence--led policing led policing
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The Early YearsThe Early Years
�� The American experience is rooted in The American experience is rooted in
a highly decentralized model. a highly decentralized model.
�� Philadelphia (1833) Philadelphia (1833) –– first fullfirst full--time, time,
paid, force. Daytime hours.paid, force. Daytime hours.
�� Civil War (1861Civil War (1861--65).65).
–– The Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan
�� Urbanization & frontier development. Urbanization & frontier development.
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Politics and Policing Politics and Policing
�� Politics Politics –– the exercise of power.the exercise of power.
–– Politics in the pure sense is value freePolitics in the pure sense is value free
–– The application of politics determines if it is The application of politics determines if it is
““goodgood”” or or ““badbad””
–– Personal politics is present in all organizations Personal politics is present in all organizations ––
the police are not unique in this sensethe police are not unique in this sense
–– The The ““politicalpolitical”” relationship between the police relationship between the police
and partisan politics in the US has been long and and partisan politics in the US has been long and
not entirely healthy not entirely healthy
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Police Police ProfessionalizationProfessionalization
�� The term The term ““professionprofession”” is derived from is derived from
the Latin the Latin propro (forth) and (forth) and faterifateri(confess)(confess)
–– This means to This means to ““announce a beliefannounce a belief””
�� There is no single definition for There is no single definition for
profession, rather a collection of profession, rather a collection of
definitions that result in an definitions that result in an
approximation approximation
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� An organized body An organized body
of theoretically of theoretically
grounded grounded
knowledge knowledge
�� Advanced studyAdvanced study
�� A code of ethicsA code of ethics
�� Prestige Prestige
�� Standards of Standards of
admission admission
�� Professional Professional
association association
�� Service ideal Service ideal
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The The FatherFather of American of American
Policing Policing
�� August Vollmer August Vollmer –– Chief of police Chief of police
�� Berkeley, CA: 1905 Berkeley, CA: 1905 –– 1932 1932
�� Career paralleled the reformation movement Career paralleled the reformation movement during 1900during 1900--1926 1926
�� Advocate of technology and higher Advocate of technology and higher statndardsstatndards
�� Efficiency, honesty, and scientific knowledge Efficiency, honesty, and scientific knowledge
�� Formalized police trainingFormalized police training
�� Introduced psychological and intelligence Introduced psychological and intelligence testing testing
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The Pendleton Act 0f The Pendleton Act 0f
1883 1883
�� Federal legislation that sought to Federal legislation that sought to
eliminate the problems associated with eliminate the problems associated with
the political spoils system the political spoils system
–– The birth of the The birth of the ““civil service systemcivil service system””
�� States and local governments followed States and local governments followed
by passing parallel legislation over the by passing parallel legislation over the
next 30 years. next 30 years.
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Civil service or Civil service or
professionalism?professionalism?
�� VollmerVollmer’’s professional police officer s professional police officer
was:was:
–– TrainedTrained
–– EducatedEducated
�� The new civil service officerThe new civil service officer
–– Operated in a system that was grounded Operated in a system that was grounded
more in service than ability more in service than ability
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The Military Model The Military Model
�� Former military officers were often Former military officers were often
recruited in the early Twentieth recruited in the early Twentieth
Century as chiefs of commissionersCentury as chiefs of commissioners
–– New Jersey State Police New Jersey State Police –– 19211921
�� Colonel Colonel SwartzkopfSwartzkopf (USA)(USA)
–– Philadelphia Philadelphia –– 1923 1923
�� General General SmedleySmedley Butler (USMC)Butler (USMC)
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
How it workedHow it worked
�� A bureaucratic structureA bureaucratic structure
�� An emphasis on disciplineAn emphasis on discipline
�� InspectionsInspections
�� Improved records keepingImproved records keeping
�� SupervisionSupervision
�� CloseClose--order drillorder drill
�� Improved accountability Improved accountability
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The 20The 20thth Century Century
�� Prohibition Prohibition
–– The National Prohibition Act (1919)The National Prohibition Act (1919)
�� The The VolsteadVolstead ActAct
�� Considered the worse piece of federal Considered the worse piece of federal
legislation that impacted the police in many legislation that impacted the police in many
negative waysnegative ways
–– CorruptionCorruption
–– Organized criminal activitiesOrganized criminal activities
�� The Depression The Depression
�� The Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� The 1930sThe 1930s
–– The National Commission on Law The National Commission on Law
Observance and Enforcement Observance and Enforcement –– The The
WickershamWickersham CommissionCommission
�� Report #14 Report #14 –– Police Police
–– Recommended provisions for civil service Recommended provisions for civil service
classifications for police and enhanced support for classifications for police and enhanced support for
education and trainingeducation and training
�� ““Take politics out of the police.Take politics out of the police.””
�� A new slogan for an ageA new slogan for an age--old problem old problem
–– An emphasis on An emphasis on law enforcementlaw enforcement�� Crime was perceived to be increasing Crime was perceived to be increasing
dramatically dramatically
–– Residency requirements became popular Residency requirements became popular
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
WW II and the 1950sWW II and the 1950s
�� The war stripped many departments of The war stripped many departments of
physically capable officers and left agencies physically capable officers and left agencies
understaffed for the duration of the war understaffed for the duration of the war
years.years.
�� Women were hired to fill vacancies Women were hired to fill vacancies
�� Auxiliary units were formed and staffed by Auxiliary units were formed and staffed by
older men who could not serve in the older men who could not serve in the
military or were rejected for being physically military or were rejected for being physically
unfit for dutyunfit for duty
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The 1960sThe 1960s
�� Racial, social, and economic tensions Racial, social, and economic tensions
eruptederupted
–– Major US cities experienced riotsMajor US cities experienced riots
�� DetroitDetroit
�� NewarkNewark
�� Los Angeles Los Angeles
–– Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement
–– Vietnam WarVietnam War
–– Assassinations Assassinations
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Police at the ForefrontPolice at the Forefront
�� The era of police professionalism The era of police professionalism
fostered a fostered a ““WeWe--theythey”” mentality mentality
–– Evident on both sidesEvident on both sides
�� Police saw elements of the public as the Police saw elements of the public as the
enemyenemy
�� Citizens viewed the police as oppressive Citizens viewed the police as oppressive
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Renewed Professionalism Renewed Professionalism
�� Commission on Law Enforcement and Commission on Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Criminal Justice –– 1967 1967 –– Improved standards of admissionImproved standards of admission
�� Background investigationsBackground investigations
�� Psychological screening Psychological screening
–– TrainingTraining�� Academies Academies
–– Education Education �� College degrees at entryCollege degrees at entry--levellevel
–– Although not universal Although not universal
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Research on policing Research on policing ––
The Trilogy The Trilogy
�� Three major experiments that rocked Three major experiments that rocked
the foundation of policing:the foundation of policing:
–– The The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Kansas City Preventive Patrol ExperimentExperiment
–– The RAND The RAND Criminal Investigation StudyCriminal Investigation Study
–– Team Policing Team Policing
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The Kansas City StudyThe Kansas City Study
�� A largeA large--scale test of one of scale test of one of policingpolicing’’ss
most cherished doctrines:most cherished doctrines:
–– Conspicuous & aggressive patrol in all Conspicuous & aggressive patrol in all
areas of the community at all times areas of the community at all times
prevents crime and reduces the public prevents crime and reduces the public
fear of crimefear of crime
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
How the study workedHow the study worked
�� 1212--month periodmonth period
�� Divided 15 geographic areas covering Divided 15 geographic areas covering
32 square miles into three types of 32 square miles into three types of
beatsbeats
–– Reactive Reactive –– no preventive patrolno preventive patrol
–– Proactive Proactive –– received 2received 2--3 times the 3 times the
amount of normal patrolamount of normal patrol
–– Control Control –– maintained normal operations maintained normal operations
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The RAND StudyThe RAND Study
�� Attempted to determine what factors Attempted to determine what factors contribute to the success of investigations, contribute to the success of investigations, andand
�� What is it that investigators do?What is it that investigators do?
�� National surveyNational survey–– Interviews in 25 departments Interviews in 25 departments
–– Asserted that preliminary investigations by patrol Asserted that preliminary investigations by patrol officers often led to solving the crime under officers often led to solving the crime under investigation. Suggested reconsidering the investigation. Suggested reconsidering the separation between patrol and investigative separation between patrol and investigative services. services.
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
TEAM Policing TEAM Policing
�� A team commander A team commander
�� 2020--30 officers30 officers
�� 2424--hour responsibility for a geographic hour responsibility for a geographic
areaarea
�� The TEAM makes all decisions as to The TEAM makes all decisions as to
the delivery of police services the delivery of police services
�� Set the stage for COPSet the stage for COP
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
The ResultsThe Results
�� Kansas City Experiment Kansas City Experiment
–– No significant deviations in reported No significant deviations in reported
crimes across the three types of beatscrimes across the three types of beats
–– No significant differences in security No significant differences in security
measures measures
–– No correlation between level of patrol, No correlation between level of patrol,
number of number of MVAsMVAs, fear of crime, and , fear of crime, and
attitudes toward the police attitudes toward the police
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� The RAND Study concluded that the The RAND Study concluded that the
majority of clearances of cases were majority of clearances of cases were
achieved by the achieved by the
–– Investigating officerInvestigating officer
–– Information volunteered by citizens Information volunteered by citizens
–– Routine police procedures Routine police procedures
–– Detectives were doing more paperwork Detectives were doing more paperwork
than investigations than investigations
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
�� TEAM Policing did not achieve success TEAM Policing did not achieve success
measured in longevity measured in longevity
–– Did leave important legacies Did leave important legacies
�� Set the stage for COPSet the stage for COP
�� Resulted in renewed appreciation for the Resulted in renewed appreciation for the
capabilities of patrol officers capabilities of patrol officers
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Today and BeyondToday and Beyond
�� By the 1980s we sawBy the 1980s we saw
–– The advent of COPThe advent of COP
–– The growth of the private security The growth of the private security
industryindustry
–– Substantial advances in technologySubstantial advances in technology
–– Terrorism Terrorism
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com
Intelligence led policing Intelligence led policing
�� A collaborative effortA collaborative effort
–– Relies on improved intelligence Relies on improved intelligence
operationsoperations
–– Community policing, andCommunity policing, and
–– Problem solving. Problem solving.
�� Intelligence and the planning Intelligence and the planning
process/function are inextricably tied process/function are inextricably tied
together. together.
Source: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/210681.pdf
PD
F C
reated with deskP
DF
PD
F W
riter - Trial :: http://w
ww
.docudesk.com