Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and...
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![Page 1: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications
Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-EmmanuelUniversity of Massachusetts, Aerial Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory
[email protected], [email protected]
Chris Zappa and Michael BannerColumbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth [email protected], [email protected]
Office of Naval ResearchJanuary 3, 2007
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Long Term Goals
• Develop passive remote sensing techniques for studying the dynamics of the upper ocean
• View the surface environment from a submerged platform– Polarimetric Periscope– Uplink/downlink Communications
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Optical Flattening
![Page 4: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Motivation
• View the above-surface environment from below the surface
• Objects in a scene taken from underwater are naturally blurred by wave motion– Image sharpening– wave estimation algorithm
• Wave estimates are not yet accurate enough to substantially improve the reconstructed images above the surface beyond what can be achieved assuming a flat surface.
![Page 5: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Optical Flattening
• Use information about the 2D slope field of the ocean surface to remove image distortion -- What would an image taken through the ocean surface look like if there were no waves?
• Real-time processing
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Projective Image Formation Model
Imaging Array
Exposure Center
Observation RaysAir
Water
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Optical Flattening Algorithm*
• Collect polarimetric images
• Recover the 2D surface slope field
• Compute the refraction for each rays as it passes through the air-sea interface
• Create an undistorted image (sort on the direction of the rays in air)
*Patent Pending Process, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP) vs. Incidence angle
Incidence Angle (degrees)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Reflection
Refraction
I
UQDoLP
22
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Ray tracing image formation modelA lens maps incidence angle θ to image position X
Lens
Imaging Array
X
θ
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Ray tracing image formation modelA lens maps incidence angle θ to image position X
X
θ
Lens
Imaging Array
![Page 11: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ray tracing image formation modelA lens maps incidence angle θ to image position X
X
Lens
Imaging Array
![Page 12: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ray tracing image formation modelA lens maps incidence angle θ to image position X
X
θ
Lens
Imaging Array
![Page 13: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ray tracing image formation modelA lens maps incidence angle θ to image position X
X
θ
Lens
Imaging Array
![Page 14: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Refraction
Air
Water
Distorted Image Point
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Refraction
Air
Water
Distorted Image Point
![Page 16: Polarimetric Imaging Sensors for Surveillance Navigation and Communications Howard Schultz and Andrés Corrada-Emmanuel University of Massachusetts, Aerial.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d425503460f94a1dc04/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
UndistortionCompensating for Refraction
Undistorted Image PointDistorted Image Point
Air
Water
Air
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UndistortionCompensating for Refraction
Distorted Image Point Undistorted Image Point
Air
Water
Air
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Implementation Considerations
• Uses only one polarimetric camera• Exploit the natural time scale separation
tsky > tobjjects > twaves > tshutter to estimate the polarization distribution of the sky radiance
• Real-time requires a functional approximation between the inferred incoming Stokes vector, the observed scattered Stokes vector and surface slope (Kattawar, 1994; Voss and Fry, 1984; Sabbah and Shashar, 2006; current effort in RaDyO).
• Statistical techniques will always be needed to sharpen final image.
• Requires a precise motion package
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