Pnuematic Tubes

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Pneumatic tubes(or capsule pipelines; also known as Pneumatic Tube Transportor PTT)

are systems that propel cylindrical containers through a network oftubesbycompressed airor bypartialvacuum.They are used for transporting solid objects, as opposed to conventionalpipelines, which transport fluids. Pneumatic tube networks gained acceptance in the late 19th and

early 20th centuries for offices that needed to transport small, urgent packages (such as mail ormoney) over relatively short distances (within a building, or, at most within a city). Some

installations grew to great complexity, but were mostly superseded. In some settings, such as

hospitals, they remain widespread and have been further extended and developed in recentdecades.[1]

A small number of pneumatic transportation systems were also built for larger cargo, to compete

with more standard train and subway systems. However, these never gained popularity.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

o 1.1 Historical use
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o 1.2 Current use

2 Applications

o 2.1 In postal service

o 2.2 In public transportation

3 Technical characteristics

4 In fiction

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

History[edit]

Historical use[edit]

Pneumatic tubes in use at a drive-through bank.

Pneumatic capsule transportation was invented byWilliam Murdoch.It was considered littlemore than a novelty until the invention of the capsule in 1836.[citation needed]TheVictorianswere the

first to use capsule pipelinesto transmittelegrams,to nearby buildings from telegraph stations.

While they are commonly used for small parcels and documents including ascash carriersat

banksorsupermarkets[2]they were originally proposed in the early 19th century for transport of
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heavy freight. It was once envisaged that networks of these massive tubes might be used to

transport people.

Current use[edit]

The technology is still used on a smaller scale. While its use for communicating information hasbeen superseded, pneumatic tubes are widely used for transporting small objects, or where

convenience and speed in a local environment is useful.[1]

In the United States, drive-up banks often use pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents

between cars and tellers. Most hospitals have a computer-controlled pneumatic tube system to

deliver drugs, documents and specimens to and from laboratories and nurses' stations.[1]Many

factories use them to deliver parts quickly across large campuses. Many larger stores use systemsto securely transport excess cash from checkout stands to back offices, and to send change back

to cashiers. NASA's originalMission Control Centerhad pneumatic tubes connecting controller

consoles with staff support rooms.Denver International Airportuses many pneumatic tube

systems, including a 25 cm diameter system for moving aircraft parts to remote concourses, a10 cm system forUnited Airlinesticketing, and a robust system in the parking toll collection

system with an outlet at every booth.

NASAMission Control Centerduring theApollo 13mission. Note pneumatic tube canisters in console to

the right.

Pneumatic tube systems are used in science, to transport samples duringneutron activation

analysis.Samples must be moved from the nuclear reactor core, in which they are bombardedwith neutrons, to the instrument that records the resulting radiation. As some of the radioactive

isotopes in the sample can have very short half-lives, speed is important. These systems may be

automated, with a magazine of sample tubes that are moved into the reactor core in turn for a

predetermined time, before being moved to the instrument station and finally to a container for

storage and disposal.[3]

Until it closed in early 2011, aMcDonald'sinEdina, Minnesotaclaimed to be the "World's Only

Pneumatic Air Drive-Thru," sending food from their strip-mall location to a drive-through in the

middle of a parking lot.[4]

In Britain, theHouse of Commonstelephone and computer exchange employs a pneumatic tube

system.[citation needed]
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