PMBOK Quality Mgmt - By Skanchi

8/8/2019 PMBOK Quality Mgmt - By Skanchi

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PMP Exam PreparationProject Quality Management

SudhakarReddy Kanchi; M.Tech (IIT), PMP02-Nov-2010


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Agenda

Project Quality Management - Definition Quality Management Processes

Plan Quality

Perform Quality Assurance

Perform Quality Control


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Project Quality Management - Definition

Project Quality Management includes the processes andactivities of the performing organization that determinequality policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that theproject will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.

What is Quality? Degree to which project fulfills the requirement; i.e. conformance

to requirements

Fitness for purpose


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Project Quality Management Definition (contd )

Modern quality management complements project management.Both disciplines recognize the importance of

1. Customer satisfaction : This requires a combination of

conformance to requirements and fitness for use2. Prevention over inspection:

3. Continuous improvement: The plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle

is the basis for quality improvement as defined by Shewhart

and modified by Deming4. Management Responsibility:


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what are project quality requirements

determines which quality standards should be used

determine how to satisfy these requirements and

standards

process ofauditing the quality requirements and the resultsfrom quality control measurements to ensure appropriate

quality standards and operational definitions are used.

Purpose is to Provide confidence

The process ofmonitoring and recording results of executing

the quality activities

Purpose is to assess performance and recommend necessary

changes.

8.1 PlanQuality

8.2 PerformQuality

Assurance

8.3 PerformQuality

Control

Project Quality Management Processes


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Plan Quality - Inputs

.1 Scope statement contains acceptance criteria

.2 Ask customer what their definition of quality is

.3 & .4 Quality should be consider when there is change

.5 Contains info on threats and opportunities that may impact

quality requirements


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Plan Quality Tools & Techniques

.1 PM weighs benefits versus cost of meeting quality

requirements

Different from Marginal analysis, which is about

incremental benefit Vs incremental cost


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Control charts shows

th

e variation in ameasurement during

the time period that

process is measures


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.5 Design of Experiments is a statistical method for identifying

which factors may influence specific variable of product orprocess

is used during plan quality process to determine number

of tests and type of tests and their impact on cost of quality


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.7 is a graphical representation of process

Shows activities, decision points and order of

processing


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.8 examples of quality management methodologiesare Six Sigma, CMMI, MBNQA


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.9 - Brainstorming

- Affinity diagrams- Force field analysis

- Nominal Group Techniques (NGT)

- Matrix diagrams

- Prioritization of Matrices


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Force Field Analysis: used in decision making


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.1 Quality Management Plan describes how theproject management team will implement quality

policy


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Perform Quality Assurance Inputs

.4 are results of quality control activities


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Perform Quality Assurance Tools & Techniques

Quality audit is a structured, independent review to

determine whether project activities comply with

organizational and project policies

Audit Objectives:

Identify good practices being implemented

Identify gaps/shortcomings

Share good practices from similar projects

Identify good contributions, lessons learned


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Perform Quality Assurance Tools & Techniques

Process Analysis follows steps outlined in the process

improvement plan to identify needed improvements


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what are project quality requirements

determines which quality standards should be used

determine how to satisfy these requirements and

standards

process ofauditing the quality requirements and the resultsfrom quality control measurements to ensure appropriate

quality standards and operational definitions are used.

Purpose is to Provide confidence

The process ofmonitoring and recording results of executingthe quality activities

Purpose is to assess performance and recommend necessary

changes.

8.1 PlanQuality

8.2 PerformQuality

Assurance

8.3 PerformQuality

Control

Perform Quality Control - Definition


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Perform Quality Control


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Perform Quality Control - Seven Basic Tools of Quality


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1.Flowcharting:

to iden

tify po

ten

tial process improvemen

topportunities

2. Histogram: Vertical bar chart showing how often a

particular variable state occurred (un-ordered)

3. Pareto Chart: type of a histogram, ordered by frequency

(rank ordering)4. Run Chart: a line graph that shows data points plotted in

the order in which they occur. Its a control chart without

displayed limits

5. Scatter diagram: show relationship between two

variables



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.8

Statistical

Sampling: involves choosing par

tof apopulation of interest for inspection

Sample frequency and sizes should be determined

during the Plan Quality process so the cost of quality

will include the number oftests, expected scrap, etc.

.9 Inspection: examination of a work product to

determine whether it conforms to documented standards

Perform Quality Control Sampling, Inspection


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Project Quality Management Processes and Relations


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Quality Vs Grade | Precision Vs Accuracy

Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristicsfulfill requirements

Grade is a category assigned to products or services having the

same functional use but different technical characteristics.

While a quality level that fails to meet quality requirements isalways a problem, low grade may not be.

Precision and accuracy are not equivalent. Precision means the

values of repeated measurements are clustered and have little

scatter.

Accuracy means that the measured value is very close to the

true value.

Precise measurements are not necessarily accurate.


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Quality Management PMIisms

The project manager should recommend improvements to theperforming organizations standards, policies and processes

Quality should be considered whenever there is a change to anycomponent of the project constraints

Quality should be checked before an activity or work package iscompleted

Some of the quality activities may be done by a quality assurance andquality control department

The project manager must

Spend time trying to improve quality

Determine metrics to be used to measure quality before the projectwork begins

Put in place a plan for continually improving processes

Make sure authorized approaches and processes are followed


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Quality Management Some important terms

Gold Plating (GP): Giving extras to customer. PMI doesntrecommend. Is GP against policies like meeting or exceedingcustomer expectations? NO.

Prevention Over Inspection: Quality must be planned in, notinspected in.

Marginal Analysis: Refers to looking for the point where the benefits

received from improving quality equals the incremental cost toachieve that quality. Is this same as Cost-Benefit Analysis?

Continuous Improvement (or Kaizen): small improvements in quality

Just in time (JIT): decreasing inventory cost

Total Quality Management (TQM): Introduces quality aspects intoevery process of an organization.

Responsibility to Quality: every one in the organization is responsible


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Standard Deviation (or Sigma)

You may need

to memorize below valuesSigma = (O-P)/6


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Quality Gurus

14 steps for TQM PDCA cycle

Statistical process control


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Quality Gurus

80/20 rule Advocated top management involvement

Defined quality as fitness for use

Advocated prevention over inspection and

zero defects

Advocated top management involvement

Defined quality as conformance torequirements


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Sample Questions Quality Management

Process Analysis is a function of:A. Performance Analysis

B. Quality Metrics

C. Process Improvement Plan

D. Quality Improvement Plan

C. A is incorrect as it relates to performing measurements

to present performance. B is incorrect as it relates to the

specific measurements that shall be performed on the

project work in orderto measure quality. C is correctbecause process analysis is simply execution ofthe steps

outlined in Process Improvement Plan D is incorrect

because Process Improvement Plan is not a part of

Quality Improvement Plan (per PMBOK)


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Root Cause Analysis relates to:A. Process Analysis

B. Quality Audits

C. Quality Control Measurements

D. Performance Measurements

A. The option B is incorrect because a Quality Audit is to

identify inefficiencies, non-compliance in project activities.

It does not necessarily identify the root cause.


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Trend Analysis is often performed using:A. Cause and Effect Diagram

B. Control Charts

C. Pareto Chart

D. Run Chart

E. Scatter Diagram

D. Run Chart shows the past pattern of variation. Trend

Analysis involves forecasting the future trend based on

past performance.


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A Pareto diagram can be best described as:A. Cause and Effect Diagram

B. Scatter Chart

C. Control Chart

D. Histogram

D. Note that Pareto diagram is notthe besttool for root-

cause analysis. It mainly helps the project management

team to quantify and categories the defects/issuesaccording to sources (e.g. engineering defects, acoustic

defects, setup problems, etc)


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A planning phase for an engineering component

generated 80 engineering drawings. The QA team

randomly selected 8 drawings for inspection. This

exercise can BEST be described as example of:

Inspection

Statistical SamplingFlowcharting

Control Charting

B. "Inspection is wha

tthe

team is doing on individualdrawings; however, the entire exercise of random

selection and inspecting a work product is known as

Statistical Sampling


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Which ofthe following according to the PMBOK is

described as, "a category or rank given to entities

having the same functional use but differenttechnical

characteristics?"

A. Grade

B. QualityC. Flow design

D. Benchmark

Ans: A


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Sample Questions Quality ManagementJoe is a project manager on an industrial design project.He has

found a pattern of defects occurring in all of his projects over the pastfew years and he thinks there might be a problem in the process his

company is using that is causing it.He uses Ishikawa diagrams to

come up with the root cause for this trend over projects so that

he can make recommendations for process changes to avoid this

problem in the future. What process is he doing?

A. Perform Quality Planning

B. Perform Quality Assurance

C. Perform Quality Control

D. Qualitative Risk Analysis

Answer: BJoe is doing root-cause analysis on process problems, thats Quality

Assurance. Remember, Quality control is when you are trying to find

problems in your work products through inspection. Quality Assurance

is when you are looking atthe way your process affects the quality of

the work you are doing.


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Which is the BEST definition of quality?

A. A product made of very expensive materials.

B. A product made with a lot of care by the team who

built it.

C.A productthat satisfies the requirements ofthe peoplewho pay for it.

D.A productthat passes all of its tests.

Answer: C

Quality management is all about making sure thatthe product you are

building conforms to your customers requirements. If you have done a

good job of gathering and understanding those requirements, all ofthe

measurements you take on your project should help you see if what

you are building will make your clients satisfied in the end.


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Which of the following is not a tool or technique of

the Perform Quality Control process?

A. Inspection

B. Quality audits

C. Pareto charts

D. Statistical sampling

Answer: BQuality audits are when your company reviews your

projectto make sure that you are following all ofthe

processes in your company correctly. They are a tool of

the Perform Quality Assurance process.


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Sample Questions Quality ManagementWhich of the following best describes the Plan-Do-Check-Act

cycle?A. Invented by Joseph Juran, its a way oftracking how soon

defects are found in your process.

B. Also called the Deming Cycle, its a method of making small

changes and measuring the impact before you make wholesale

changesto a process.C. Made popular by Phillip Crosby in the 1980s, its a way of

measuring your product versus its requirements

D. It means that you plan your project, then do it, then test it, and

then release it.

Answer: BThe Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle is a way of making small

improvements and testing their impact before you make a

change to the process as a whole. It comes fromW.

Edwards Demings work in process improvement.


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Sample Questions Quality ManagementA company uses a management technique that employs

quality assurance techniques to continuouslyimprove all processes.This is called:

A. Just In Time Management

B. Kaizen

C. Ishikawa Diagrams

D. Inspection

Answer: B

Kaizen is a Japanese word that means improvement - and its also a

managementtechnique that helps your company use problem-solving

to constantly find new ways to improve. Kaizen focuses on making

small improvements and measuring their impact. Its is a philosophy

that guides management, ratherthan a particular way of doing quality

assurance.


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THANK YOU

PMBOK Quality Mgmt - By Skanchi

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