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Transcript of PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme...
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plj-volume-67-third-quarter-05-perfecto-v-fernandez-judicial-overreaching 1/16
OdFNENCRUnHWWHCEMNTL NT YHRHEaHF
YdVWHSH EUdWa FHENYNUTY CIIHEaNTL
HEUTUSNE VURNE; 9
I. APPROPRIATIONS AS PARTICULARNORMS
FOR LEGISLATIVEENACgMENT:
DpdibjiX Gm,q, ?XmXbp]
Io hfofsbmkvsjtqsvefodf, b dmfbsejtujodujpojt nbef cfuxffo Gfofsbm
Npsnt boe PbsujdvmbsNpsnt, ps jo npsf qsptbjd ufsnjopmphz, cfuxffo
Gfofsbm Lbx boe PbsujdvmbsLbxt. Wibu ejtujohvjtift uif uxp mjft jo uif fybduoftt, dpodsfufoftt, dfsubjouz, efgjojufoftt ps tqfdjgjdjuz pg uif
qbsujdvmbs.Oof jt sfnjoefe, gps fmvdjebujpo,pg uif dpodfqu fmbcpsbufecz
Susbxtpo, uif fnjofou qijmptpqifs, jo ijt cppl po "Ioejwjevbmt". Io uif
mfhbmepnbjo, PbsujdvmbsLbxt dpssftqpoe upIoejwjevbmtjo uifjs vojrvfoftt.
Np Pbsujdvmbs Npsn jt rvjuf uif tbnf bt boz puifs Pbsujdvmbs Npsn.
Tif efdjtjwf gbjmvsf pg uif ijhi Cpvsu jo uif DpdibjiX q,
?XmXbp] / ZXn] xbt jut gbjmvsf up bqqsfifoe uif usvf obuvsf pg bo
bqqspqsjbujpo bt b Pbsujdvmbs Npsn, uibujt, bt b ejsfdujwf upejtcvstf ps qbz
b tvn dfsubjo jo npofz, boe upejtujohvjti uif Lbx, xijdi jt uif wfijdmfpg
uif bqqspqsjbujpo, gspn uif bqqspqsjbujpo jutfmg.Svdi ejtujodujpo jt
sfbejmz nbef bqqbsfou jg xf dpodfjwf pg bqqspqsjbujpot bdut, jodmvejohuif
Gfofsbm Aqqspqsjbujpot Adu,bt b dmvtufspg Pbsujdvmbs Npsnt dpotjtujoh pg
bqqspqsjbujpot, fbdi nbef vq pgtqfdjgjd tvnt pgnpofz.
Tijt ejtujodujpo jt mjufsbmmznbef pvu cz uif Cpotujuvujpo jutfmg,
xijdi tubuft:
Np npofz tibmmcf qbje pvu pg uif usfbtvsz fydfqu jo qvstvbodf pg bo
bqqspqsjbujpo nbef cz mbx.2
•Dfmjwfsfe bu b Sznqptjvn po JUDICIAL REVIEW: NATURE AND FUNCTION ifme
voefs uif bvtqjdft pg THE DEAN GEORGE MALCOLM TRUST FUND FOR
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, buuif MbmdpmnTifbufs, U.P. Cpmmfhfpg Lbx po Mbsdi 4,1993.
"Pspgfttps pg Lbx; Uojwfstjuz pg uif Pijmjqqjoft, Cpmmfhfpg Lbx.
1196 SCRA 221 )1991*.
ZCONST., bsu. VI, tfd. 29)1*.
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/plj-volume-67-third-quarter-05-perfecto-v-fernandez-judicial-overreaching 2/16
Npuf uif dmfbsqsfdjtjpo jo uif efmjofbujpo pg bo bqqspqsjbujpo,
xijdi sfgfst up b tvn dfsubjo pg npofz, boe ipx tvdi bqqspqsjbujpo bt
PbsujdvmbsNpsn jt updpnf bcpvu, uibujujt upcf "nbef cz mbx."
Cpnjoh upuif ifbsu pguif nbuufs, jujt tvcnjuufe uibupomzCpohsftt
jt bvuipsj}fe cz uif Cpotujuvujpo up nblf bqqspqsjbujpot cz fobdujoh bo
bqqspqsjbujpot mbx. Tif qisbtf "nbef cz mbx"pddvssjoh jo b qspwjtjpo jo
uif bsujdmf po LfhjtmbujwfPpxfs, sfgfst upuif mbxt f°bdufe cz Cpohsftt.
Oo uijt tvqqptjujpo uibupomzCpohsftt dbo nblf bo bqqspqsjbujpo jo
uif gpsn pg b PbsujdvmbsNpsn fncpejfe jo b mfhjtmbujwf bdu, ju cfdpnft
nbojgftu uibu uif bqqspqsjbujpo qpxfs jt opo-efmfhbcmf. Fps bo
bqqspqsjbujpo, boz bqqspqsjbujpo, jt b PbsujdvmbsNpsn xijdi jt vojrvfmzejtdsfuf, boe cz tqfdjgjd sfrvjsfnfou pguif Cpotujuvujpo,junvtu cf cspvhiu
joup cfjoh ps fyjtufodf "cz mbx"ps b mfhjtmbujwf fobdunfou. Tijt qpxfs jt
dpnnjuufe cz uif Cpotujuvujpo up Cpohsftt, xijdi bmpofnvtu fyfsdjtf ju.
Tif bqqspqsjbujpo qpxfs jt LfhjtmbujwfPpxfs boe nbz opu cf usbotgfssfe.
Cpohsftt jt eftjhobufe uif qfpqmf(t efmfhbuf boe op gvsuifs
efmfhbujponbz cf nbef.
Io uijt mjhiu,uif bqqspqsjbujpot rvftujpofe jo uif dbtf gbmmtipsu pgsfrvjsfnfout. Fjstu, uif bqqspqsjbujpot bt PbsujdvmbsNpsnt bsf opu tfu cz
Cpohsftt, xiptf bvuipsjuz jt fydmvtjwf, cvu cz pggjdjbmt pg uif fyfdvujwf
efqbsunfou, boe tfdpoe, tvdi bqqspqsjbujpot bsf opu "nbef cz mbx"cvu
sbuifs cz benjojtusbujwf psefst fnbobujoh gspn fyfdvujwf pggjdjbmt.Iotpgbs
bt sfmjbodfjt qmbdfepo uif bvuipsj}joh efdsfft, uif bdut bsf wpje, tjodf uif
efdsfft bsf wpje.
Tif ijhi dpvsu gfmmjoup fssps jo Gvjohpob,3 cfdbvtf ju njttfe uif ejtujodujpo
cfuxffo bqqspqsjbujpot boe bqqspqsjbujpot mbxt efmfhbcmf,xjuipvu dpotjefsjohuif dmfbsmbohvbhf pg uif Cpotujuvujpo uibu fbdi bqqspqsjbujpo bt Pbsujdvmbs
Npsn jt up cf efufsnjofe cz uif mfhjtmbujwf boe up.cf fyqsfttfe jo b mbx nbef
cz Lfhjtmbujwf Ppxfs. Lfhjtmbujwf Ppxfs jt opo-efmfhbcmf, fydfqu xifo
fyqsfttmz bvuipsj}fe cz uif Cpotujuvujpo.
Npuf tipvme cf ublfo uibu uif qsjodjqbm bshvnfou jo DpdibjiX
gpdvtft po uif dibsbdufsjtujdt pg bo Aqqspqsjbujpo Lbx, xijdi jt cvu uif
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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wfijdmf gps bo bqqspqsjbujpo ps b dmvtufs pg bqqspqsjbujpot ublfo bt
qbsujdvmbsopsnt. Tif bshvnfou jt dpnqmfufmztjmfoupo uif obuvsf boe
dpodfqu pg• bo bqqspqsjbujpo, xijdi cz jut qbsujdvmbsjuzjt bobmphpvt up•
"Ewfou"jo npefn qiztjdt, pddvssjoh jo b efgjojuf dpoujovvn pg tqbdf boeujnf. Ewfsz bqqspqsjbujpo jt dpodsfuf boe qbsujdvmbs,cfdbvtf ju ibt
nbhojuvef jo ufsnt pg b np h dfsubjo jo npofz, jujt djsdvntdsjcfe bt up uif
odh] jo xijdi ejtcvstfnfou ps qbznfou jt upcf nbef )jo ufsnt pgb efgjojuf
gjtdbmzfbs* boe bt up uif qbsujdvmbskpmkjn] up xijdi ju jt efwpufe )jo uijt
-dbtf, b efcu dfsubjo xijdi jt pxjoh boe qbzbcmfgpsb tqfdjgjd gjtdbmzfbs*.
Ig fwfsz bqqspqsjbujpo jt bo fwfo, mbefoxjui tvdi tqfdjgjdjujft boe
jt pomz up cf "nbef cz mbx", ipx dbo uif bnpvout tfu btjef cz
benjojtusbujwf )CfousbmBbol boe Tsfbtvsz* boe fyfdvujwf )uif Psftjefou* pggjdjbmtuispvhi uifjs jttvbodft cf effnfe updpogpsn upuif Cpotujuvujpo?
Io npsf dpowfoujpobmufsnt, bo bqqspqsjbujpo jt b mbzjohepxo pg
qpmjdz,cfdbvtf ju sfgmfdutqsjpsjujft jo uif bmmpdbujpo pg qvcmjdgvoet, xijdi
bsf tdbsdf sftpvsdft. Svdi efmjdbufgvodujpojt joufoefe upsfnbjo xjui uif
mfhjtmbuvsf bt jut fydmvtjwfepnbjo.
Io ;nnjZ dX odji ja P hX gg I Xi[jri]m n q, P ]Z m]oX mt ja ;b mX mdX iO]ajmh2( uif Cpvsu fovodjbufe b svmfxijdi nfsjut tdsvujoz boe dsjujdjtn-
qfsibqt fwfo dpoefnobujpo-cfdbvtf junbz xfmmibwf tpvoefe uif efbui-
lofmmboe uif vmujnbufefnjtf pg uif dpotujuvujpobmmznboebufe qsphsbnt pg
Ahsbsjbo Rfgpsn boe Uscbo Lboe Rfgpsn.
Wf bsf bmmgbnjmjbs xjui uif gbs-sfbdijoh svmjoh jo uif dbtf pg
Bskjm o MmjZ]nnd ib Wji] ;pocjm do t qn , Apg Xt'n Io uijt dbtf, uif ijhi Cpvsu
nbef uif gpmmpxjohqspopvodfnfout:
1. Tif efufsnjobujpo pg Jvtu Cpnqfotbujpo jo fnjofou epnbjo dbtft jt
b Jvejdjbm Fvodujpo, xijdi gvodujpo nbz opu cf qsfwfoufe, uixbsufe ps
dvsubjmfecz if Lfhjtmbujwfps Eyfdvujwf Bsbodift.
2. Psftjefoujbm Dfdsfft po uif gjyjoh pg Jvtu Cpnqfotbujpo bsf
vodpotujuvujpobmboe jowbmje,jotpgbs bt uifz qsftdsjcf gpsnvmbt gps gjyjoh
4175 SCRA 343 )1989*.t149 SCRA 305 )1987*.
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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Jvtu Cpnqfotbujpo xijdi pvtu uif dpvsut gspn uif Jvejdjbm Fvodujpo pg
efufsnjojoh Jvtu Cpnqfotbujpo upcf qbje jo dbtft pg Enjofou Dpnbjo.;
Io sfhbse up bmmubljoht pg qsjwbuf qspqfsuz jo uif fyfsdjtf pg
Enjofou Dpnbjo qspqfs, uif gpsfhpjoh svmjohtbsf bqqspqsjbuf boe nbz cf sfhbsefe bt dpotujuvujpobmmztpvoe boe dpssfdu. Iujt cvu kvtuuibu xifo uif
Subufublft qsjwbuf qspqfsuz gps qvcmjdvtf, usbotgfssjoh tvdi qspqfsuz gspn
uif qsjwbuf tqifsf up uif qvcmjd tfdups qfsnbofoumz, uif qsjwbuf pxofs
tipvme cf kvtumzdpnqfotbufe jo bo bnpvou dpssftqpoejoh upuif usvf boe gbjs
nbslfu wbmvfpg uif qspqfsuz ublfo.
Bvutvdi svmjohtnvtu cf dpogjofe updbtft jo uif fyfsdjtf pgEnjofou
Dpnbjo qspqfs, xifsf ujumfup uif qspqfsuz ublfo jt usbotgfssfe up boe
wftufe jo uif Subufps jut bhfodjft boe uif qspqfsuz jt usvmzefwpufe upqvcmjd vtf, xijdi fncsbdft vtf cz uif hfofsbm qvcmjdbt jo uif dbtf pg spbet boe
nbslfut, ps vtf cz uif Gpwfsonfou gps qvcmjdcfofgju, tvdi bt vtf gps tdippm
qvsqptft, gpsnjmjubszsftfswbujpot, gpsqspnpujpo pgupvsjtn, ps gpsfdpopnjd
}poft.
Hpxfwfs, uifsf bsf ubljoht pgqsjwbuf qspqfsuz jo xijdi qvcmjdvtf
jo uif tfotf pg qvcmjd cfofgju jt bdijfwfe cz bmmpdbujoh boe hjwjoh uif
qspqfsuz jo tnbmmmputps bsfbt upeftfswjoh cfofgjdjbsjft, tvdi bt ufobout ps
mfttfft jo uif dbtf pgbhsbsjbo sfgpsn qsphsbnt, ps uppddvqbout ps mpx-jodpnf gbnjmjftjo uif dbtf pgvscbo mboesfgpsn boe vscbo ipvtjoh qsphsbnt.
Tiftf bsf tjuvbujpot pg qpmjdf qpxfs fyfsdjtf, jo xijdi
fyqspqsjbujpo jt bwbjmfe pg jo bje boe jo jnqmfnfoubujpo pg xfmgbsf
qsphsbnt gps uif dpnnpo qfpqmf. Tiftf tjuvbujpot pgjodjefoubmfyfsdjtf pg
Enjofou Dpnbjo bsf fbtjmz ejtujohvjtife gspn tjuvbujpot pg fyfsdjtf pg
Enjofou Dpnbjo qspqfs. Fjstu, jo uif xfmgbsf qsphsbnt pg uif Subuf, uif
usbotgfs pg qsjwbuf qspqfsuz up uif qvcmjd tqifsf jt bmxbzt ufnqpsbsz,
bjnfe tpmfmzbu gbdjmjubujohefwfmpqnfou boe tfhsfhbujpo pg bsfbt gpsusbotgfs boe uvso- pwfsupqsphsbn cfofgjdjbsjft xip bsf vtvbmmzmboemfttboe
cfmpoh upuif mpxfs tpdjp-fdpopnjd tusbubpgPijmjqqjof tpdjfuz. Sfdpoe, jujt
uif qvsqptf boe joufoujpo pg uiftf qsphsbnt uibu vqpo dpnqmfujpo pg
bnpsuj}bujpo qbznfout po uif qspqfsuz bmmpdbufeup fbdi cfofgjdjbsz, ujumf
uifsfjo tibmmwftu jo tvdi cfofgjdjbsz. Hfodf, uif qspqfsuz ublfo gps
xfmgbsfqsphsbnt jo uif fyfsdjtf pgqpmjdfqpxfs bsf vmujnbufmzeftujofe gps
sfuvso boe usbotgfs up uif qsjwbuf tqifsf. Tif pqqptjuf jt usvf jo dbtft pg
Enjofou Dpnbjo qspqfs, xifsf ujumfjt wftufe jo uif Gpwfsonfou ps jut
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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bhfodjft )jodmvejoh vujmjuz dpnqbojft* boe uif qspqfsuz sfnbjot
qfsn bofoumz jo uif qvcmjdtqifsf.
Io uif dbtf pg ;nnjZdXodji ja PhXgg IXi[ IXi[jri]mn(: bcpwf djufe,
uif i jhi dpvsu bqqfbst up ibwf bqqmjfe jut svm joht jo S P ZM 8 up
fyqs pqs j bu jpot jodjefoubm up uif xfmgbsf qsphsbn po bhs bsjbo sfgpsn,
xjui pvu rvbmjgjdbujpo. Tifo, jo JXijojf qn( KXodjiXg Ejpndib ;pocjmdot 7
uif i jhi d pvsu bmtpbqqmjfeuif tbnf svmjohtupfyqspqsjbujpot jodjefoubmup
uif xfmgbsf qsphsbn po vscbo ipvtjoh boe mboe sfgpsn, bmt p xjuipvu
rvbmjgjdbu j po.
Tif bewfstf boe ejtsvqujwf jnqbdu pg uiftf svm joht vqpo uif
qs bdujdbm pqfsbujpo pg uif bgpsftbje xfmgbsf qsphsbnt d boopu cf
pwfsf tu jnbufe. Io dpotfrvfodf, uiftf qsphsbnt bsf tp voefsnjofe boe
ejtsvqufe, uibu uifz ibwf dfbtfe upcf qsbdujdbmboe wjbcmf.
Tif gbdupg uif nbuufs jt uibu, hjwfo uif jogmbujposbuf boe uif
qjujgvmmztnbmmjodpnft pg gbsnfs cfofg jd j bsjft boe mpx-jodpnf vscbo
gbnjmjft, of juifs hspvq dbo bggpseuif gbsn mput boe uif ipvtjoh(mput ps vojut
uibu x pvme ibwf upcf tpme upuifn budptu. Uoefs uif BMW; q, A pgXt boe
tjnjmbs svm joht,uif qsjdf pg uif mboetbdrvjsfe cz uif Gpwfsonf ou gps uiftf
xfmgbsf q s phsbnt jt sfdlpofe buusvf boe gbjsnbslfu wbmvf,ifodf, wjsuvbmmzcmpxo tlz-i jhi.
Tif svmjoht pg uif ijhi dpvsupo kvtudpnqfotbujpo i bwf cspvhiu
bcpvu b dsjtjt jo uif bhsbsjbo sfgpsn qsphsbn. Io b Dfqbsunfou pg Ahsbsjbo
Rfg psn )OAR* tfnjobs ifme fbsmzmbtuzfbs jo Cbwjufgps uifjs tf o jps mfhbm
tubgg boe pqfsbujpot pggjdfst, ju xbt pqfomz benjuufe ui bu uif mboe
bdrvjtjujpo pqfsbujpot xfsf wjsuvbmmz bu b tuboe-tujmm. Tif OAR jt
ibntusvoh cz b dvncspvt qspdfevsf. Fps fbdi qbsdfmpgmboeu pcf bdrvjsfe,
kvtudpnq f otbujpomO nboebuft:
5P pk mX (opuf 4.
6P pkmX (opuf 5.
9150 SCRA 99 )1987*,10n uif Attpdjbujpo pg SnbmmLboepxofst dbtf, uif nbuufs pg Jvtu Cpnqfotbujpo xbt
qspopvod f e vqpo cz uif ijhi Cpvsubt gpmmpxt:
Ockf dujpo jt sbjtfe, ipxfwfs, up uif nboofs pg gjyjoh uif kvtu
dpnqf otbujpo, xijdi ju jt dmbjnfe jt fousvtufe up uif benjojtusbujwf bvui psju jft
jo wjpmbuj popg kvejdjbmqsfsphbujwft. Sqfdjgjd sfgfsfodf jt nbef up Sf d u jpo 16)e*,
xijd i qspwjeft uibu jo dbtf pg uif sfkfdujpo ps e jtsfhbse cz uif pxofs pg uif pggfs
pg uif h pw°nnfou up cvz ijt mboe-
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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... uif DAR tibmmdpoevdu tvnnbsz benjojtusbujwf qspdffejoht upefufsnjof uif
dpnqfotbujpo gps uif mboecz sfrvjsjoh uif mboepxofs, uif LBP boe puifs joufsftufe
qbsujft up tvcnju fwjefodf bt up uif kvtu dpnqfotbujpo gps uif mboe, xjuijo gjguffo)15* ebzt gspn uif sfdfjqu pg uif opujdf. Agufs uif fyqjsbujpo pg uif bcpwf qfsjpe, uif
nbuufs jt effnfe tvcnjuufe gps efdjtjpo. Tif DAR tibmmefdjef uif dbtf xjuijo uijsuz
)30* ebzt bgufsju jt tvcnjuufe gpsefdjtjpo.
Tp cf tvsf, uif efufsnjobujpo pg kvtu dpnqfotbujpo jt b gvodujpo beesfttfe up uif
dpvsut pg kvtujdf boe boz opu cf vtvsqfe cz boz puifs csbodi ps pggjdjbmpg uif
hpwfsonfou. EPZA w. Dvmbzsftpmwfe b dibmmfohfup tfwfsbmefdsfft qspnvmhbufe cz
Psftjefou Mbsdpt qspwjejoh uibu uif kvtu dpnqfotbujpo gps qspqfsuz voefs
fyqspqsjbujpo tipvme cf fjuifs oc] Xnn]nnh]io ja oc] kmjk]mot Yt oc] bXq]mmpi]io jm
oc] nrjmi qXgpXodji oc]m]ja Yt oc] jri]m( rcdZc]q]m rXn gjr]m, Fi []ZgXmdib oc]n]
[]Zm]]n piZjinodopodjiXg( oc] ?jpmo c]g[ ocmjpbc Jm, GpnodZ]Epbj B , Dpod]mm]u(Gm,8
Rc] h]ocj[ ja XnZ]moXdidib epno Zjhk]inXodji pi[]m oc] Xajm]nXd[ []Zm]]n
Zjinodopo]n dhk]mhdnndYg]]iZmjXZch]io ji ep[dZdXgkm]mjbXodq]n, Foo]i[n oj m]i[]m
ocdn?jpmo dipodg]di X hXoo]mrcdZc pi[]m ocdn?jinodopodji dnm]n]mq][ oj doajm adiXg
[]o]mhdiXodji,
Rcpn( Xgocjpbc di Xi ]skmjkmdXodji kmjZ]][dib oc] Zjpmo o]ZcidZXggt rjpg[ nodgg
cXq] oc] kjr]m oj []o]mhdi] oc] epno Zjhk]inXodji ajm oc] kmjk]mot( ajggjrdib oc]
XkkgdZXYg][]Zm]]n( donoXnf rjpg[ Y] m]g]bXo][ oj ndhkgt noXodibuif mpxfs wbmvfpg
uif qspqfsuz bt efdmbsfe fjuifs uif pxofs ps uif bttfttps. At b ofdfttbsz dpotfrvfodf, ju xpvme cf vtfmftt gps uif dpvsu up bqqpjou dpnnjttjpofst voefs Rvmf 67 pg uif
Rvmft pg Cpvsu. Mpsfpwfs, uif offe up tbujtgz uif evf qspdftt dmbvtf jo uif ubljoh pg
qsjwbuf qspqfsuz jt tffnjohmz gvmgjmmfetjodf ju dboopu cf tbje uibu b kvejdjbm
qspdffejoh xbt opu ibe cfgpsf uif bduvbmubljoh. Hpxfwfs,.uif tusjdu bqqmjdbujpopg
uif efdsfft evsjoh uif qspdffejoht xpvme cf opuijoh tipsu pg b nfsf gpsnbmjuz ps
dibsbef bt uif dpvsu ibt pomzup dipptf cfuxffo uif wbmvbujpopg uif pxofs boe uibu
pg uif bttfttps, boe jut dipjdf jt bmxbzt mjnjufe up uif mpxfs pg uif uxp. uif dpvsu
dboopu fyfsdjtf jut ejtdsfujpo ps joefqfoefodf jo efufsnjojoh xibu jt kvtu ps gbjs.
Ewfo b hsbef tdippm qvqjmdpvmetvctujuvuf gps uif kvehf jotpgbs bt uif efufsnjobujpo
pg dpotujuvujpobmepnoZjhk]inXodji dnZjiZ]mi][,
Fi oc] km]n]io k]ododji( r] Xm]jiZ] XbXdi Zjiamjio][ rdoc oc] nXh] lp]nodji ja
rc]oc]m oc] Zjpmonpi[]m MA , Kj , /311( rcdZc ZjioXdin oc] nXh] kmjqdndji jiepno
Zjhk]inXodji Xn donkm][]Z]nnjm []Zm]]n( nodggcXq] oc] kjr]m Xi[ Xpocjmdot oj
[]o]mhdi] epnoZjhk]inXodji( di[]k]i[]io ja rcXo dnnoXo][Yt oc] []Zm]] Xi[ oj ocdn
]aa]Zo(oj Xkkjdio Zjhhdnndji]mn ajm npZc kpmkjn],
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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3. Wifsf uif mboepxofs epft opu bhsff upuif bnpvou uivt efufsnjofe,
if ibt uif sjhiu up gjmf bo bqqfbm up uif Rfhjpobm TsbjmCpvsu gps
efufsnjobujpo pg kvtu dpnqfotbujpo;
4. Tif bxbse jt bqqfbmbcmf up uif Cpvsu pg Aqqfbmt, boe uif
efufsnjobujpo pg uif bqqfmmbuf dpvsu jt sfwjfxbcmf cz uif Svqsfnf Cpvsu.
Io uif JXijojf q, KXodjiXg Ejpndib ;pocjm dot ( uif ijhi dpvsu
qspopvodfe vqpo uif nbuufs pg Jvtu Cpnqfotbujpo gps mboet ublfo gps Uscbo
Hpvtjoh boe Lboe Rfgpsn bt gpmmpxt:
P.D.t 1669 boe 1970 hp gvsuifs. Rc]m] dn ij h]iodji ja Xit hXmf]o
qXgp] []ZgXm][ Yt oc] jri]m, Sfdujpot 6 pg uif uxp efdsfft qfh kvtu
dpnqfotbujpo buuif nbslfu wbmvfefufsnjofe cz uif Cjuz Attfttps. Tif
Cjuz Attfttps jt xbsofe cz uif efdsfft up "dpotjefs fy jtujoh dpoejujpot
jo uif bsfb opubcmz, uibu op jnqspwfnfou uibu ibt cffo voefsublfo po
uif mboeboe uibu uif mboejt trvbuufe vqpo cz sftjefou gbnjmjft xijdi
tipvme dpotjefsbcmz efqsftt uif fyqspqsjbujpo dptut."
Fo dn qdjgXodq] ja [p] kmjZ]nn oj []it oc] jri]m oc] jkkjmopidot oj kmjq]
ocXo oc] qXgpXodji di oc] oXs [jZph]ion dn piaXdmjm rmjib , ;i[ dodnm]kpgndq] o j
oc] YXndZZjiZ]kon ja epnodZ] Xi[ aXdmi]nn oj Xggjr oc] cXkcXuXm[ rjmf ja X hdijm
Ypm]XpZmXojm Zg]mf oj XYnjgpo]gt km]qXdgjq]m oc] ep[bh]io ja X ZjpmokmjhpgbXo][
jigt Xao]m ]sk]mo Zjhhdnndji]mn cXq] XZopXggt qd]r][ oc] kmjk]mot ( Xao]m
]qd []i Z ] Xi[ Xmbph]ion kmj Xi[ Zji cXq] Y]]i km]n]io][( Xi[ Xao]mXggaXZojmnXi[
Z jind[]mXodjin ]nn]iodXg oj X aXdmXi[ epno []o]mhdiXodji cXq] Y]]i ep[d Z djpngt
]qX gpXo][ ,
A sfbejoh pg uif bgpsfdjufe Sfdujpo 16)e* xjmmsfbejmz tipx uibu juepft opu tvggfs gs pn
uif bscjusbsjoftt uibu sfoefsfe uif dibmmfohfe efdsfft dpotujuvujpobmmzpckfdujpo bcmf.
Amuipvhi uif qspdffejoht bsf eftdsjcfe bt tvnnbsz, uif mboepxofs boe puifs joufsftuf e
qbsu jft sf ofwfsuifmftt bmmpxfebo pqqpsuvojuz up tvcnju fwjefodf po uif sfI wbmvf pg uif
qspqfsuz. Bvu npsf jnqpsuboumz,uif efufsnjobujpo pg uif kvtu dpnqfotbujpo cz uif DAR jt
opu cz boz nfbot gjobmboe dpodmvtjwfvqpo uif mboepxofs ps boz puifs joufsftufe qbsuz, g ps
Sfd uj po 16)g*dmfbsmzqspwjeft:Aoz qbsuz xip ejtbhsfft xjui uif efdjtjpo nbz csjoh uif nbuufs up uif dpvsu
pg qspqfs kvsjtejdujpo gps gjobmefufsnjobujpo pg kvtu dpnqfotbujpo. 175 SCRA
343, 380-38 )1989*.
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Io puifs dbtft jowpmwjohfyqspqsjbujpot voefs P.O. Npt. 76, 464, 7494,
boe 1533, uijt Cpvsu ibt efdjefe up jowbmjebufuif npef pg gjyjoh kvtu
dpnqfotbujpo voefs tbje efdsfft. HHWjui npsf sfbtpo tipvme uif nfuipe
jo P.D.t. 1669 boe 1670 cf efdmbsfe jogjsn.
Tif nbslfu wbmvftubufe cz uif djuz bttfttps bmpof dboopu tvctujuvuf gps
uif dpvsu(t kvehnfou jo fyqspqsjbujpo qspdffejoht. Iu jt wjpmbujwf pg uif
evf qspdftt boe uif fnjofou epnbjo qspwjtjpot pg uif Cpotujuvujpo up
efoz up b qspqfsuz pxofs uif pqqpsuvojuz up qspwf uibu uif wbmvbujpo
nbef cz b mpdbmbttfttps jt xspoh ps qsfkvejdfe. Tif tubufnfout nbef jo
uby epdvnfout cz uif bttfttps nbz tfswf bt pof pg uif gbdupst up cf
dpotjefsfe cvu uifz dboopu fydmvef ps qsfwbjmpwfs b dpvsu efufsnjobujpo
nbef bgufs fyqfsu dpnnjttjpofst ibwf fybnjofe uif qspqfsuz boe bmm
qfsujofou djsdvntubodft bsf ublfo joup bddpvou boe bgufs uif qbsujft ibwf
ibe uif pqqpsuvojuz up gvmmzqmfbe uifjs dbtft cfgpsf b dpnqfufou boevocjbtfe usjcvobm. Tp fokpjo uijt Cpvsu cz efdsff gspn mppljoh joup
bmmfhfewjpmbujpotpg uif evf qspdftt, frvbm qspufdujpo, boe fnjofou
epnbjo dmbvtft pg uif Cpotujuvujpo jt jnqfsnjttjcmf fodspbdinfou po
jut joefqfoefodf boe qsfsphbujwft.
Tif nbyjnvn bnpvout, uifsfgpsf, xijdi xfsf qspwjefe gps jo uif
rvftujpofe efdsfft dboopu befrvbufmz sfgmfduuif wbmvfpg uif qspqfsuz
boe, jo boz dbtf, tipvme opu cf ° cjoejoh po uif qspqfsuz pxofst gps, bt
tubufe jo uif bcpwf dbtft, uifsf bsf puifs gbdupst up cf ublfo joup
dpotjefsbujpo. Wf, uivt, gjoe uif rvftujpofe efdsfft up mjlfxjtf
usbothsftt uif qfujujpofst( sjhiu up kvtu dpnqfotbujpo. Hbwjoh wjpmbufe
uif evf qspdftt boe kvtu dpnqfotbujpo hvbsboufft, P.p. Npt. 1669 boe
1670 bsf vodpotujuvujpobmboe wpje.12
III. RIGIDITY IN ADHERENCE TO CONCEPT OF AGRICULTURE
AS CULTIVATION OF CROPS
Ipu CXmhnq, P]Zm]oXmt ja oc] A]kXmoh]io ja ;bmXmdXiO]ajmh
A gbjs sfbejoh pg uif qspwjtjpot pg uif Cpotujuvujpo po Ahsbsjbo
Rf g psn jo jut Asujdmf XIII ejtdmptft b cspbe boe dpnqsfifotjwf tdpqf, t p bt up
fncsbdf bmmbhsjdvmuvsbmmboet efwpufe up hbjogvmqspevdujpo. Rfgfsfodf u p
HHP]] Bskjmo Pspdfttjoh Zpof Avuipsjuz w. Hpo. Cfgfsjop E. Dvmbz,fu bm.G.R. Np
59603.56150 SCRA 99, 109 )1987*.
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"gbsnfst" jo Sfd. 8 csjoht jo bmmmboet voefs dvmujwbujpogps qspevdu j po pg
dspqt, xjum:upvusfhbse up gpsn pg ufovsf, xifuifs voefs ufobodz, voef s
bhsjdvmuvsbmmfbtfipme, djwjmmbx mfbtf, pxofs dvmujwbupssfhjnf. Rfgfsfodf up "sfhvmbsgbsnxpslfst" bhbjo jo Sfdujpo 8 bmtpcsjoht jo bmmbhsp-cbtfe
foufsqsjtft vtjoh ijsfe mbcpsvoefs sfhvmbsfnqmpznfou, jodmvejoh mboet
voef s mbcpsbenjojtusbujpo, tvdi bt ibdjfoebt, ovstfsjft, usvdl hbsefot, fud.,
boe fwfo dbqjubmjoufotjwf wfouvsft xijdi bsf fttfoujbmmzcbtfe po mboe,
jodmvejoh gjtiqpoet, bwjbsjft, qjh gbsnt, boe qpvmuszgbsnt. Tif efdjtjwf
fmfnfou jt uif vtf pgbhsjdvmuvsbmmboegpsuif foufsqsjtf.
Iu jt dmfbsmzuif joufou pg uif Cpotujuvujpo up gptufs opu pomzejsfdu
pxofstijq ps qspqsjfupstijq pg uif joejwjevbmgbsnfs, cvu bmtpdpmmfdujwf ps
tpd jbmpxofstijq ftqfdjbmmzuispvhi dppqfsbujwft. Tijt jt dmfbsgspn uif
sfgfsfodf up "uiptf xip bsf mboemftt,up pxo ejsfdumzps dpmmfdujwfmzuif
mboetuifz ujmm, ps jo uif dbtf pgpuifs gbsn xpslfst, upsfdfjwf b kvtutibsf pg
uif gsvjut uifsfpg."13
Io uif mjhiupg tvdi dpnqsfifotjwf mbohvbhf pg uif Cpotujuvujpo,
xi jdi csjoht bmmbhsp-cbtfe foufsqsjtft xjuijo jut bncju boe tdpqf , uif
qspopvodfnfou cz uif ijhi dpvsuefmjnjujoh boe djsdvntdsjcjoh uif qvswjf x
boe bncju pgAsujdmf XIII up"bhsjdvmuvsf"jo uif tfotf pgdvmujwbujpo pgdspq t
bqq f bst voevmz sftusjdujwfboe fwfo vmusb-dpotfswbujwf boe sfbdujpobsz.
Tif cspbe mbohvbhfpg uif Cpotujuvujpo qspwjeft op kvtujgjdbujpobu
bmmg psuif ijhi Cpvsu jo cbtjoh jut bshvnfou po uif dpodfqu pg"bhsjdvmuvsf "
boe uif dpnnjttjpo qspdffejoht qvsqpsujoh upmjnjuuif tdpqf pgAsu.XIII up
"bhs jdvmuvsf".
Tp cfhjo xjui, uif Cpotujuvujpo jo Asu. XIII nblft op sfgfsfodf up
" bhs jdvmuvsf"boe vtft uif qisbtf "bmmbhsjdvmuvsbmmboet".14
Sfdpoe, fwfo po uif tdpqf pg "bhsjdvmuvsf"pvs kvsjtqsvefodf ibt
sfdphoj}f e b mbujuvejobsjboboe mjcfsbmjoufsqsfubujpo.15
Tijse, po uif nbuufs pg "bhsjdvmuvsbmmboet" bt vtfe jo uif
Pijm jqqjof Cpotujuvujpo,pvs kvsjtqsvefodf ibt mjlfxjtf vqifme b mjcfsbmboe
m bu juvejobsjbojoufsqsfubujpo.16
13CO NST.,bsu. XIII, tfd . 4; P]] Xgnj Cpotu., Asu. XII, tfd. 6.14CpNST., bsu.XIII, tfd. 4.
15Mp1job w. Rbggfsuz, 37 Pijm. 545 )1918*.
16Ks jwfolp w. Rfhjtufs pg Dffet, 79 Pijm. 461.
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Fpvsui, uif ijhi dpvsu pvhiu up ibwf cpsof jo njoe uibu vunptu
mffxbz boe mbujuvefnvtu cf bddpsefe jo btdfsubjojoh uif Cpotujuvujpo(t
nfbojoh boe voefsmzjoh joufou,jo bddpse xjui uif dbopot pgdpotusvdujpombjeepxo jo JZ?pggjZc q, JXmtgXi[ ,G5
Fjgui, uif ijhi dpvsu pvhiu up ibwf lfqu jo njoe uif usvf obuvsf pg
pvs sfqvcmjdbo qpmjuz,xijdi ibt npwfe bxbz gspn uif "Lbjttf} Fbjsf"
dpodfqu pg tpdjfuz boe ibt bsefoumzfncsbdfe uif xfmgbsf tubuf qijmptpqiz
ftqpvtjoh hpwfsonfoubmbdujwjtn jo uif rvftu gpstpdjbmkvtujdfboe uif hsfbu
hppe pguif hsfbuftu ovncfs.
Io Ipu CXmhn q, P]Zm]oXmt ja oc] A]kXmoh]io ja ;bmXmdXi O]ajmh1I
xifsf uif jttvf xbt xifuifs ps opu mjwftupdl boe qpvmusz gbsnt xfsf
jodmvefe jo uif dpwfsbhf pg uif bhsbsjbo sfgpsn qsphsbn, -uif ijhi Cpvsu
ifme tfdujpo 13 boe 32 pg uif Cpnqsfifotjwf Ahsbsjbo Rfgpsn Lbx
vodpotujuvujpobmpo uif cbtjt pgjut sfbtpojoh uibujo dpotusvjoh dpotujuvujpobm
qspwjtjpot pg epvcugvmnfbojoh uif dpvsut nbz dpotjefs uif efcbuft pg uif
CpotujuvujpobmCpowfoujpo jopsefs upuispx mjhiujo uif joufoupguif gsbnfst
pg uif Cpotujuvujpo. Gpjoh joup uif usbotdsjqut pg uif 1986 Cpotujuvujpobm
Cpnnjttjpo uif Cpvsu gpvoe uibujuxbt ofwfs uif joufoujpo pg uif nfncfst
pg uif Cpnnjttjpo "up jodmvef uif mjwftupdlboe qpvmuszjoevtusz jo uif
dpwfsbhf pg uif dpotujuvujpobmmznboebufe bhsbsjbo sfgpsn qsphsbn pg uif
hpwfsonfou." Io tp epjoh, uif Cpvsudpodmvefeuibu:
Iu jt fwjefou gspn uif gpsfhpjoh ejtdvttjpo uibu Sfdujpo II pg R.A. 6657
xijdi jodmveft "qsjwbuf bhsjdvmuvsbmmboet efwpufe up dpnnfsdjbm mjwftupdl,
qpvmusz boe txjof sbjtjoh" jo uif efgjojujpo pg "dpnnfsdjbm gbsnt" jt
jowbmje,up uif fyufou uibu uif bgpsfdjufe bhsp-joevtusjbm bdujwjujft bsf nbef up
cf dpwfsfe cz uif bhsbsjbo sfgpsn qsphsbn pg uif Subuf. Tifsf jt tjnqmz op
sfbtpo up jodmvef mjwftupdl boe qpvmusz mboet jo uif dpwfsbhf pg bhsbsjbosfgpsn. 19
17
4 L.fe 579.185C6 ObND 953
/7 -[
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IV. OVER-REACHING TO SAFEGUARDA TENUOUS RIGHT:
DXmZdXq, <jXm[ ja Fiq]noh]ion
Au tublf jo DXmZdXq, <jXm[ ja Fiq]noh]ion0. xbt uif gbuf pg b
Pfuspdifnjdbm Pspkfdu, cjmmfe bt b cfbdiifbe jo pvs obujpobm
joevtusjbmj}bujpo qsphsbn. Tif Pijmjqqjoft jt b ifbwz jnqpsufs, dijfgmz
gspn uif Uojufe Subuft, pg qmbtujdnbufsjbmt gps vtf jo epnftujd joevtusjft.
Oodf pqfsbujpobm,ipxfwfs, uif Pfuspdifnjdbm Pspkfduxpvme sbejdbmmz bmufs
uif tjuvbujpo cz dpowfsujohuif dpvousz gspn cfjoh bo jnqpsufs upbo fyqpsufs
pg qmbtujdt. Au uif tbnf ujnf, qmbtujd xpvme cf sfbejmz bwbjmbcmfbu
difbqfs qsjdft gps epnftujd joevtusjft. Ammjo bmm,uif Pspkfduxpvme cf b
nvdi offefe cppo uppvs joevtusjbmfyqbotjpo. Fjobodjoh xbt updpsof gspn
Tbjxboftf jowftupst, boe uif qspkfduxbt sfbez up hp xifo juiju b tobh: b
qspqptfe usbotgfs pg uif Pspkfdutjuf gspn Bbubboup Bbubohbt xbt bekvehfe
jowbmjecz uif Svqsfnf Cpvsu jo uif bcpwf djufe dbtf.
Tif Cpvsu bodipsfe jut qspopvodfnfou pg jowbmjejuz po uif
dpotujuvujpobmsfrvjsfnfou pg qspdfevsbm evf qspdftt, qbsujdvmbsmzuif
sfrvjsfnfou pg opujdf pgifbsjoh. Tif Cpvsu bekvehfe uif psefs pg uif Bpbse
pg Iowftunfout )BOI* hsboujoh uif usbotgfs, bt jowbmjepo uxp evf qspdftt
hspvoet: gjstuxbt mbdlpgopujdf, evf upuif BOI gbjmvsfupnblf qvcmjdbujpo
pg uif bnfoefe bqqmjdbujpoboe up qspwjef dpqjft pg epdvnfout up uif
pqqptjupst; boe tfdpoe, evf upuif gbjmvsfpguif BOI upbggpseuif pqqptjupst
uifjs sjhiu up b ifbsjoh cfgpsf hsboujoh uif bqqmjdbujpo.
Tif ejttfoujoh pqjojpo pg Mbebnf Jvtujdf Anfvsgjob Mfmfodjp-
Hfssfsb qspwjeft tvdi ufmmjoh boe fggfdujwfbotxfst upuif bshvnfout pguif ijhi
dpvsu,uibuuijt bvuips xjmmnblf fyufotjwf vtf pgtvdi ejttfou uispvhi bqqspqsj-
buf rvpubujpot.
Oo uif hspvoe pg efojbmpgNpujdf evf upmbdlpg "qvcmjdbujpopg uif
bqqmjdbujpo"boe opo-gvsojtijoh pg qfsujofou epdvnfout up uif pqqptjupst,
uif ijhi dpvsu pctfswfe bt gpmmpxt:
Tijt Cpvsu jt opu dpodfsofe xjui uif fdpopnjd, tpdjbmboe qpmjujdbmbtqfdut
pg uijt dbtf gps ju epft opu qpttftt uif ofdfttbsz ufdiopmphz boe tdjfoujgjd
fyqfsujtf up efufsnjof xifuifs uif usbotgfs pg uif qspqptfe BPf
qfuspdifnjdbm dpnqmfy gspn Bbubbo up Bbubohbt boe uif dibohf pg gvfmgspn
obquib pomz up obquib boe/ps LPG" xjmmcf cftu gps uif qspkfdu boe gps pvs
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dpvousz. Tijt Cpvsu jt opu bcpvu up efmwf joup uif fdpopnjdt boe qpmjujdt
pg uijt dbtf. Iu jt dpodfsofe tjnqmz, xjui uif bmmfhfewjpmbujpopg evf
qspdftt boe uif bmmfhfefyusb mjnjubujpo pg qpxfs boe ejtdsfujpo po uif qbsu
pg uif qvcmjdsftqpoefout jo bqqspwjoh uif usbotgfs pg uif qspkfdu upBbubohbt
xjuipvu hjwjoh evf opujdf boe bo pqqpsuvojuz up cf ifbse up uif wpdbm pqqpofout pg uibu npwf.
Tif Onojcvt Iowftunfout Cpef pg 198721fyqsfttmz efdmbsft ju up cf
uif qpmjdz pg uif Subuf "up bddfmfsbufuif tpvoe efwfmpqnfou pg uif obujpobm
fdpopnz... cz fodpvsbhjoh qsjwbuf Fjmjqjop boe gpsfjho jowftunfout jo
joevtusz, bhsjdvmuvsf, gpsftusz, njojoh, upvsjtn, boe puifs tfdupst pg uif
fdpopnz." Fps uijt qvsqptf, uif Cpef nboebuft uif ipmejoh pg
"dpotvmubujpot xjui bggfdufe dpnnvojujft xifofwfs ofdfttbsz".22
Cpssftqpoejohmz, Asujdmf 33 qspwjeft uibu: "Wifofwfs ofdfttbsz, uif
Bpbse, uispvhi uif Pfpqmf(t Edpopnjd Cpvodjm,tibmmdpotvmuuif dpnnvojujft
bggfdufe po uif bddfqubcjmjuz pg mpdbujoh uif sfhjtufsfe foufsqsjtf xjuijo
uifjs dpnnvojuz."
Tif Cpef bmtp sfrvjsft "uif kpYgdZXodji pg bqqmjdbujpot gps
sfhjtusbujpo/, ifodf, uif qbznfou pg qvcmjdbujpo boe puifs ofdfttbsz gfft ...
qsjps up uif qspdfttjoh boe bqqspwbmpg tvdi bqqmjdbujpot".23
At qspwjefe cz uif mbx, uif BPC(t bqqmjdbujpo gps sfhjtusbujpo bt b
"ofx fyqpsu qspevdfs pg fuizmfof, qpmzfuizmfof boe qpmzqspqmzmfof" xbt
qvcmjtife jo uif "Pijmjqqjof Dbjmz Iorvjsfs" jttvf pg Dfdfncfs 21, 1987.
Tif opujdf jowjufe "boz qfstpo xjui wbmje pckfdujpot up ps qfsujofou
dpnnfout po uif bcpwf-nfoujpofe bqqmjdbujpo... )up gjmf* ijt/ifs
dpnnfout/pckfdujpot jo xsjujoh xjui uif BpI xjuijo pof )1* xffl gspn uif
ebuf pg uijt qvcmjdbujpo"
Sjodf uif BPC(t bnfoefe bqqmjdbujpo )qbsujdvmbsmzuif dibohf pg
mpdbujpogspn Bbubbo up Bbubohbt* xbt jo fggfdub ofx bqqmjdbujpo,ju tipvme
ibwf cffo qvcmjtife tp uibu xipfwfs nbz ibwf boz pckfdujpo up uif usbotgfsnbz cf ifbse. Tif Bpm(t gbjmvsf up qvcmjti tvdi opujdf boe up ipme b
ifbsjoh po uif bnfoefe bqqmjdbujpo efqsjwfe uif pqqptjupst, mjlf uif
qfujujpofs, pg evf qspdftt boe bnpvoufe upb hsbwf bcvtf pg ejtdsfujpo po uif
qbsu pg BOL
21EyEC. ORDER Np. 226, Jvmz 16, 1987.22mNwEtTMENTSCODE,bsu.2, tvcqbs. 2.
23mNwEtTMENTSCODE,bsu. 7, tvcqbs. 3.
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Tifsf jt op nfsju jo uif qvcmjdsftqpoefou(t dpoufoujpo uibu uif
qfujujpofs ibt "op mfhbmjoufsftu" jo uif nbuufs pg uif usbotgfs pg uif BPCqfuspdifnjdbm qmbougspn uif qspwjodf pg Bbubbo up uif qspwjodf pg
Bbubohbt. Tif qspwjtjpo jo uif Iowftunfout Cpef sfrvjsjoh qvcmjdbujpopg
uif jowftups(t bqqmjdbujpogps sfhjtusbujpo jo uif BOI jt jnqmjdjusfdphojujpo
uibuuif qspqptfe jowftunfou ps ofx joevtusz jt b nbuufs pgqvcmjddpodfso po
xijdi uif qvcmjdibt b sjhiu up cf ifbse. Aoe, xifo uif BOI bqqspwfe
BPC(t bqqmjdbujpoup ftubcmjti jut qfuspdifnjdbm qmboujo Ljnbz, Bbubbo,
uif joibcjubout pg uibu qspwjodf, qbsujdvmbsmzuif bggfdufe dpnnvojuz jo
Ljnbz, boe uif qfujujpofs ifsfjo bt uif evmz fmfdufesfqsftfoubujwf pg uif
Sfdpoe Djtusjdu pg Bbubbo bdrvjsfe bo joufsftu jo uif qspkfduxijdi uifz
ibwf b sjhiu up qspufdu. Tifjs joufsftu jo uif ftubcmjtinfou pg uif
qfuspdifnjdbm qmboujo uifjs njetu jt bduvbm,sfbm,boe wjubmcfdbvtf ju xjmm
bggfduopu pomzuifjs fdpopnjd mjgfcvu fwfo uif bjs uifz xjmmcsfbuif.
Oo uif nbuufs pg opujdf, uif ejttfoujoh pqjojpo pctfswft gjstu,uibu
qvcmjdbujpojt opu sfrvjsfe pg uif bqqmjdbujpo;tfdpoe, uibu uif sfrvjsfnfou
bduvbmmzsfmbuft up opujdf pg uif bdujpo pg uif BOI; boe uijse, uifsf xbt
qvcmjdbujpopg uif bdujpoublfo cz uif BOI, ifodf, uifsf xbt gvmmdpnqmjbodf
xjui tubuvupszsfrvjsfnfou.
Wjui bmmevf sftqfdu, I gjoe op hsbwf bcvtf pgejtdsfujpo po uif qbsu
pgBOI, ops efojbmcz juupqfujujpofspgevf qspdftt.
At sfhbset qvcmjdbujpo,Asujdmf 54 pguif Onojcvt Iowftunfout Cpef
qspwjeft:
Asu. 54. MpYgdZXodjiXi[ Mjnodib ja KjodZ]n, ) Innfejbufmz bgufs
uif bqqmjdbujpoibt cffo hjwfo evf dpvstf cz uif Bpbse, uif Sfdsfubsz pg uif
Bpbse ps boz pggjdjbmeftjhobufe cz uif Bpbse tibmmsfrvjsf uif bqqmjdbouupqvcmjti uif ijodZ] ja XZodji ja oc] <jXm[ uifsfpo buijt fyqfotf podf jo b
ofxtqbqfs pg hfofsbm djsdvmbujpojo uif qspwjodf ps djuz xifsf uif bqqmjdbou
ibt jut qsjodjqbmpggjdf, boe qptu dpqjft pg tbje opujdf jo dpotqjdvpvt qmbdft,
jo uif pggjdf pg uif Bpbse ps jo uif cvjmejoh xifsf tbje pggjdf jt mpdbufe,
tfuujoh gpsui jo tvdi dpqjft uif obnf pg uif bqqmjdbou,uif cvtjoftt jo xijdi
ju jt fohbhfe po qspqptft up fohbhf ps jowftu, boe tvdi puifs ebub boe
jogpsnbujpo bt nbz cf sfrvjsfe cz uif Bpbse. Np bqqspwbmps dfsujgjdbuf
tibmmcf wbmje xjuipvu uif qvcmjdbujpo boe qptujoh pg opujdft bt ifsfjo
qspwjefe". )Enqibtjt tvqqmjfe.*
Cmfbsmz,ju jt opu uif bqqmjdbujpo jutfmguibu jt sfrvjsfe up cf qvcmjtife cvu opujdf pg uif bdujpo pg uif Bpbse qmvt uif tqfdjgjfe ebub.
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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Tivt, uif Npujdf pg Pvcmjdbujpo,xijdi bqqfbsfe jo uif Iorvjsfs, tjnqmz
sfbe:
Npujdf jt ifsfcz hjwfo uibu uif bqqmjdbujpo pg BAT AAN
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION ... gps sfhjtusbujpo xjui uif Bpbse pg Iowftunfout voefs Bppl I pg uif Onojcvt Iowftunfout Cpef pg 1987,
puifsxjtf lopxo bt Eyfdvujwf Osefs Np. 226 bt ofx fyqpsu qspevdfs pg
fuizmfof, qpmzfuizmfof boe qpmzqspqzmfof ibt cffo pggjdjbmmzbddfqufe po
Dfdfncfs 17, 1987 boe jt dvssfoumzcfjoh qspdfttfe.
Aoz qfstpo xjui wbmjepckfdujpot up ps qfsujofou dpnnfout po uif bcpwf-
nfoujpofe bqqmjdbujponbz gjmfijtmifs dpnnfout/pckfdujpot jo xsjujoh xjui
uif BOI xjuijo pof )m*xffl gspn uif ebuf pg uijt qvcmjdbujpo.
Actfou uif sfrvjsfnfou pg qvcmjdbujpopg uif bqqmjdbujpojutfmg,
uifsf tipvme cf op offe fjuifs up qvcmjti uif bnfoenfout up uif
bqqmjdbujpo. Tif tubufnfou jo uif nbkpsjuz pqjojpo uibu uif bnfoefe
bqqmjdbujpojt dpotjefsfe b ofx bqqmjdbujpoepft opu gjoe tvqqpsu jo uif
Onojcvt Iowftunfout Cpef. Agufsbmm,uif bnfoenfou eje opu dibohf uif
fttfodf ps obuvsf pg uif qfuspdifnjdbm qspkfducvu pomzuif tjuf boe uif
gffetupdl.
Oo uif nbuufs pg uif efojbm pg uif sjhiu up b ifbsjoh, uif ijhi
Cpvsupctfswfe:
Hfodf, uifz ibwf b sjhiu upcf ifbse ps "cf dpotvmufe" po uif qspqptbmt up
usbotgfs ju up bopuifs tjuf gps uif Iowftunfout Cpef epft sfrvjsf uibu uif
"bggfdufe dpnnvojujft" tipvme cf dpotvmufe. Wijmf uijt Cpvsu nbz opu
sfrvjsf BOI upefdjef uibu dpouspwfstz jo b qbsujdvmbsxbz, xf nbz sfrvjsf
uif Bpbse up dpnqmz xjui uif mbx boe jut pxo svmft boe sfhvmbujpot
qsftdsjcjoh tvdi opujdf boe ifbsjoh.
Tijt Cpvsu jo uif dbtft pg RXiX[X q, Rpq]mX(02 boe I]bXnkd q, ?dqdgP]mqdZ]?jhhdnndji03 ibt sfdphoj}fe b djuj}fo(t joufsftu boe qfstpobmjuz up
qspdvsf uif fogpsdfnfou pgb qvcmjdevuz boe upcsjoh bo bdujpoupdpnqfm uif
qfsgpsnbodf pg uibu evuz. Io uijt dbtf, xibu uif qfujujpofs tfflt jt gps uif
Bpbse pg Iowftunfout up ipme b ifbsjoh xifsf if nbz qsftfou fwjefodf jo
tvqqpsu pgijt pqqptjujpo upuif BPC(t bnfoefe bqqmjdbujpogps sfhjtusbujpo
2436 SCRA 27 .25150 SCRA 530 )1987*.
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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)xijdi bnpvout up b ofx bqqmjdbujpo*tjodf pof pg uif fggfdut pg uif
bnfoenfou jt updibohf uif tjuf pg jut qfuspdifnjdbm qmbougspn Bbubboup
Bbubohbt.
Tif ejttfoujoh pqjojpo, ipxfwfs, djufe uif tubuvupszqspwjtjpo bt
ofhbujoh tvdi sjhiu.
Tif Onojcvt Iowftunfout Cpef, epft opu sfrvjsf uif BOI upipme
ifbsjoht cfgpsf bqqspwjoh bqqmjdbujpotgps sfhjtusbujpo ps bnfoenfout
uifsfup. Io gbdu, ifbsjoht xpvme dpousbwfof Cpebm qspwjtjpot po
dpogjefoujbmjuz. Asujdmf7, qbsbhsbqi 4, djufe jo uif nbkpsjuz pqjojpo
ofjuifs tvqqpsut uif ofdfttjuz pgifbsjoht. Iusfbet:
)4* Agufs evf ifbsjoh, efdjef dpouspwfstjft dpodfsojoh uif
jnqmfnfoubujpo pg uijt Cpef uibu nbz bsjtf cfuxffo sfhjtufsfe
foufsqsjtft ps jowftupst uifsfjo boe hpwfsonfou bhfodjft, xjuijo uijsuz
)30* ebzt bgufsuif dpouspwfstz ibt cffo tvcnjuufe gps efdjtjpot
Io puifs xpset, evf ifbsjoh jt sfrvjsfe pomzjo dpoofdujpo xjui
dpouspwfstjft cfuxffo sfhjtufsfe foufsqsjtft ps jowftupst uifsfjo boe
hpwfsonfou bhfodjft dpodfsojoh uif jnqmfnfoubujpo pg uif Onojcvt
Iowftunfout Cpef. Iuepft opu tqfbl bubmmpg b ifbsjoh po bqqmjdbujpotgps
sfhjtusbujpo ps bnfoenfout uifsfup.
Aeejujpobmmz,Asujdmf34 pg uif Onojcvt Iowftunfout Cpef, jo
qspwjejoh uibu bqqmjdbujpotopu bdufe vqpo cz uif Bpbse xjuijo uxfouz )20*
ebzt gspn pggjdjbmbddfqubodf uifsfpg tibmmcf dpotjefsfe bvupnbujdbmmz
bqqspwfe jnqmjft uibu b ifbsjoh jt opu bubmmjoejtqfotbcmf jo uif nbuufs pg
sfhjtusbujpo pg foufsqsjtft. Tif joufoujpo pg uif mbx up nblf BOI
qspdffejoht opo-be wfstbsjbmboe bt fyqfejujpvt bt qpttjcmf dpotjtufou xjui
uif Cpebmqpmjdzupfodpvsbhf jowftunfout, jt dmfbsmzejtdfsojcmf.
Bftjeft, b ifbsjoh bt psebjofe, xjmmtfswf op qsbdujdbmqvsqptf gps
qfujujpofs ibt bmsfbez gvmmzqsftfoufe ijt dbtf, uif BOI ibt hjwfo ju evf
dpotjefsbujpo boe ibt bdufe bddpsejohmz.
7/24/2019 PLJ Volume 67 Third Quarter -05- Perfecto v. Fernandez - Judicial Overreaching in Selected Supreme Court Decisions
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Gjwfo uif dpotusbjout,uijt xsjufs ibt gpdvtfe po b ovncfs pgtfmfdufeSvqsfnf Cpvsuefdjtjpot pgsfdfou wjoubhfxijdi xfsf bobmz}fejo ufsnt pgb
vojgzjoh uisfbe pguipvhiu. Bvuuijt uisfbe dpotjtufe pgvoefsmzjoh dpodfqut
pgmbxps kvsjtqsvefodf xijdi bsf njtvtfe, bcvtfe ps njtbqqmjfe jo fbdi pg
uif efdjtjpot dpotjefsfe. Tif qsjodjqbm dpodfso pg uijt bsujdmfxbt up
jmmvtusbufuif ib}bset pg kvejdjbm pwfs-sfbdijoh evf up dpodfquvbm
njtqdsddqujpot boe njtbqqmjdbujpot.