Plenary Discusion

8/12/2019 Plenary Discusion

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Plenary Discusion

Minggu 4Kelompok 21C:

Aziziah

Mhicya Utami R.

Nida Ul IslamNadia Anisah Putri

Rayhan Abi Mayzan

Marina Dalle

Rahmad Nopriady

Rizky Audita

Elza Ajusbar

Randy Fersnandy


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Terminology used in epidemiology

epidemiology: The study of the distribution and

determinants of health-related states or events in

specified populations, and the application of this study

to the control of health problems.

analytic epidemiology: The aspect of epidemiology

concerned with the search for health-related causes

and effects. Uses comparison groups, which provide

baseline data, to quantify the association between

exposures and outcomes, and test hypotheses about

causal relationships.


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prevalence: The number or proportion of cases or

events or conditions in a given population.

period prevalence: The amount a particular disease

present in a population over a period of time.

relative risk: A comparison of the risk of some

health-related event such as disease or death intwo groups.

odds ratio: A measure of association which

quantifies the relationship between an exposureand health outcome from a comparative study;

also known as the cross-product ratio.


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population: The total number of inhabitants of a

given area or country. In sampling, the

population may refer to the units from which

the sample is drawn, not necessarily the total

population of people.

sample: A selected subset of a population. A

sample may be random or non-random and it

may be representative or non-representative.


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Screeningis a strategy used in a populationto

identify an unrecognised diseasein individuals

without signsor symptoms

Health promotion is the process of enabling

people to increase control over, and to

improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus

on individual behaviour towards a wide range

of social and environmental interventions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population


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risk: The probability that an event will occur, e.g.

that an individual will become ill or die within

a stated period of time or age.

risk factor: An aspect of personal behavior or

lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an

inborn or inherited characteristic that is

associated with an increased occurrence of

disease or other health-related event or

condition.


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epidemic: The occurrence of more cases of

disease than expected in a given area or

among a specific group of people over a

particular period of time.

endemic disease: The constant presence of a

disease or infectious agent within a given

geographic area or population group; may also

refer to the usual prevalence of a given

disease within such area or group.


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pandemic: An epidemic occurring over a very

wide area (several countries or continents)and usually affecting a large proportion of the

population.

secular trend: Changes over a long period oftime, generally years or decades.


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BASIC OF EPIDEMIOLOGY


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DEFINITION

Epidemiology is the study of the distributionand determinants of health-related states orevents (including disease), and the application

of this study to the control of diseases andother health problems. Various methods canbe used to carry out epidemiologicalinvestigations: surveillance and descriptive

studies can be used to study distribution;analytical studies are used to studydeterminants.


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Uses of Epidemiology

to determine, describe, and report on the

natural course of disease, disability, injury, and

death

to aid in the planning and development of

health services and programs

to provide administrative and planning data


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to study the cause (or etiology) of disease(s), orconditions, disorders, disabilities, etc.

to determine the primary agent responsible or

ascertain causative factors to determine the characteristics of the agent or

causative factors

to determine the mode of transmission

to determine contributing factors

to identify and determine geographic patterns


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Purpose of Epidemiology

to provide a basis for developing disease

control and prevention measures for groups at

risk

this translates into developing measures to

prevent or control disease


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Two Broad Types of Epidemiology:

descriptive epidemiology: examining the

distribution of disease in a population, and

observing the basic features of its distribution

analytic epidemiology: investigating a

hypothesis about the cause of disease by

studying how exposures relate to disease


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The Epidemiologic Triangle: three

characteristics that are examined to study the

cause(s) for disease in analytic epidemiology

host

agent

environment


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Basic of Epidemiology

In the field of health, epidemiology has three mainfunctions

Explain about the magnitude of problems andhealth problems (including disease) and itsdistribution in a given population

Preparing the data / information that areessential for the purposes of planning, programimplementation, and evaluation of a variety of

service activities (health) in the community, boththe prevention and control of disease or otherforms as well as give priority to those activities


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Identify the various factors that cause

problems or factors related to the occurrence

of the problem.

Of the ability distribution and epidemiology to

determine the factors that cause problems or

factors associated with the occurrence of the

problem.


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Identify the factors that play a role in the occurrence of

disease or health problems in the community.

Provide data needed for health planning and decision

making.

Helps to evaluate the health program is being or has

been done.

Develop a methodology to analyze the state of an

illness in an attempt to resolve or mitigate them.

Targeting interventions needed to address the

problem that needs to be solved.


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ICD-10


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ICD-10is the 10th revision of the InternationalStatistical Classification of Diseases andRelated HealthProblems(ICD), a medical classificationlist bythe World Health Organization(WHO).

It codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormalfindings, complaints, social circumstances, and externalcauses of injury or diseases.

The code set allows more than 14,400 different codesand permits the tracking of many new diagnoses. Thecodes can be expanded to over 16,000 codes by usingoptional sub-classifications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnoseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnoseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnoseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems


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The International version of ICD should not be

confused with national Clinical Modifications

of ICD that frequently include much more

detail, and sometimes have separate sectionsfor procedures.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-operation


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Chapters Block Title

I A00B99 Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

II C00D48 Neoplasms

III D50D89Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving theimmune mechanism

IV E00E90 Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

V F00F99 Mental and behavioural disorders

VI G00G99 Diseases of the nervous system

VII H00H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa

VIII H60H95 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

IX I00I99 Diseases of the circulatory system

X J00J99 Diseases of the respiratory system

XI K00K93 Diseases of the digestive systemXII L00L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

XIIIM00

M99Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

XIV N00N99 Diseases of the genitourinary system

XV O00O99 Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium


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Chapters Block Title

XVI P00P96 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period

XVII Q00Q99Congenital malformations, deformations and

chromosomal abnormalities

XVIII R00R99 Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratoryfindings, not elsewhere classified

XIX S00T98Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of

external causes

XX V01Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality

XXI Z00Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact withhealth services

XXII U00U99 Codes for special purposes


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SURVEILLANCE EPIDEMIOLOGY


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Surveillance can also be distinguished from asurvey because it usually makes use of alreadyavailable data.

The reports (e.g a laboratory diagnosis) are

generally obtained for clinical or otherreasons, not just for surveillance. Thussurveillance is efficient because there isnothing extra to pay for in getting theinformation, only for having to send it to thesurveillance centre


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Purposes of surveillanceImpact of disease

extent and limits vulnerable groups

natural history

severity

complications

Detection of changes

early warning

forecasting

outbreak detection

Monitoring effectiveness of preventive and control measures

Highlighting priorities

Basis for costing studies

Aetiological clues


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Surveillance can also detect groups of people whomay be especially vulnerable to a disease. Fairlysophisticated surveillance systems may beneeded for this, but vulnerable age groups orgeographical areas can sometimes be detectedwith even basic systems.

It is not possible to monitor successfully the successor otherwise of any public health interventionswithout surveillance.


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Scope of surveillance

Disease should be considered as a dynamicprocess which includes the ecology of thepathogen, host, reservoir, vectors and the

environment.This is an important concept at all levels of

disease control, from the clinical doctortreating the patient at the bedside to the

public health practitioner attempting toprevent disease at a population level.


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Surveillance of morbidity is the surveillance of disease, but can be atvarious levels (e.g. general practice or hospital).

- Surveillance of disease

Disease

Mortality

Morbidity

Outbreaks: disease and environment

Laboratory

- Drug utilization

Therapeutic

Diagnostic Prophylactic

-Vaccine

Utilization and efficacy

Side-effects


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Factors relating to determinants of disease

A. Biological functions Growth

Development

Nutritional status

B. Biological changes inagents

Influenza

Antibiotic resistance

C. Reservoirs of infection rabies

malaria

brucellosis

D. Vectors of infection

E. Environmental and

occupational

Pollution

Natural phenomena

F. Social disease

determinants/lifestyle


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HEALTH PROMOTION


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Definition

any combination of health education and

interventions related to economic,

political, and organizational, which isdesigned to facilitate a conducive

behavioral and environmental changes of

health


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framework

Health

Promotion

program of healtheducation(primary,

secondary,tertiary)

preventive healthservices

organizationaldevelopment

activitiesbased oncommunity health action

environtmental

organizationaldevelopment

economicactivity andregulation


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WHO (1984)

Health promotion is the process of getting

people to increase control over their health

and improve health


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Scheme of Health Promotion

HealthEducation

Health

ProtectionPrevention


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Strategy

1. Advocacy

that is authorized to issue regulations that are

beneficial for health

2. Social support

the support of community leaders

3. Empowermentthat people have the ability to improve health


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Aspect of Health Promotion

1. Health promotion at the level of promotion

target: a group of healthy people

goal: to improve the health

80-85% in a population of people who

really healthy to maintain their health so that

the level of health can be maintained


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2. Health promotion at the level of preventive

target: a group of healthy people and peoplewith a high risk (pregnant women, infants, the

elderly)

purpose: to prevent the group from falling ill.primary prevention


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3. Curative health promotion

target: the people with the disease, especially

chronic disease (diabetes mellitus,

tuberculosis, hypertension)

purpose: to prevent the disease from getting

worse.

secondary prevention


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4. Rehabilitative health promotion action

target: the people with the disease who are

recovering from an illness

goals: quickly recover their health and reduce

disability to a minimum.

tertiary prevention

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