Physics St6 Syl.docx

8/17/2019 Physics St6 Syl.docx

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Physics Stage 6 Syllabus

Physics

Stage 6

Syllabus

Amended October 2002

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Physics Stage 6 SyllabusOriginal published version updated:

August 2013 – Updated with minor amendments

August 2009 – Updated with minor amendments

June 2009 – Assessment and Reporting information updated (2009400)Ma 200! – "oard "u##etin$%ffi&ia# 'oti&es o# 1 'o 2 ("%* 2!$0!) (200!22)

+e&em,er 200 – "oard "u##etin$%ffi&ia# 'oti&es o# 1- 'o ("%* -3$0) (2003-)

June 2004 – "oard "u##etin$%ffi&ia# 'oti&es o# 13 no 3 ("%* 34$04) (200-03-)

. 2009 /opright "oard of *tudies '* for and on ,eha#f of the /rown in right of the *tate of 'ew *outh a#es

his do&ument &ontains Materia# prepared , the "oard of *tudies '* for and on ,eha#f of the *tate of 'ew *outha#es he Materia# is prote&ted , /rown &opright

A## rights resered 'o part of the Materia# ma ,e reprodu&ed in Austra#ia or in an other &ountr , an pro&ess

e#e&troni& or otherwise in an materia# form or transmitted to an other person or stored e#e&troni&a## in an formwithout the prior written permission of the "oard of *tudies '* e5&ept as permitted , the Copyright Act 1968 *&hoo#students in '* and tea&hers in s&hoo#s in '* ma &op reasona,#e portions of the Materia# for the purposes of ,onafide resear&h or stud ea&hers in s&hoo#s in '* ma ma6e mu#tip#e &opies where appropriate of se&tions of the 7*/ papers for assroom use under the proisions of the s&hoo#8s /opright Agen& imited (/A) #i&en&e

hen ou a&&ess the Materia# ou agree:● to use the Materia# for information purposes on#

● to reprodu&e a sing#e &op for persona# ,ona fide stud use on# and not to reprodu&e an ma;or e5tra&t or the entire

Materia# without the prior permission of the "oard of *tudies '*

● to a&6now#edge that the Materia# is proided , the "oard of *tudies '*

● not to ma6e an &harge for proiding the Materia# or an part of the Materia# to another person or in an wa ma6e&ommer&ia# use of the Materia# without the prior written &onsent of the "oard of *tudies '* and pament of theappropriate &opright fee

● to inude this &opright noti&e in an &op made

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he Materia# ma &ontain third part &opright materia#s su&h as photos diagrams


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Contents

1 he 7igher *&hoo# /ertifi&ate >rogram of *tud

2 Rationa#e for >hsi&s in the *tage /urri&u#um

3 /ontinuum of earning for >hsi&s *tage *tudents4 Aim

- %,;e&ties

/ourse *tru&ture

1 >re#iminar /ourse

2 7*/ /ourse

3 %eriew

4 %ther /onsiderations

! %,;e&ties and %ut&omes

!1 a,#e of %,;e&ties and %ut&omes

!2 e /ompeten&ies

= /ontent: >hsi&s *tage >re#iminar /ourse

=1 >hsi&s *6i##s

=2 he or#d /ommuni&ates

=3 B#e&tri&a# Bnerg in the 7ome

=4 Moing A,out

=- he /osmi& Bngine

9 /ontent: >hsi&s *tage 7*/ /ourse

91 >hsi&s *6i##s

92 *pa&e

93 Motors and ?enerators

94 Crom @deas to @mp#ementation

9- %ption – ?eophsi&s

9 %ption – Medi&a# >hsi&s

9! %ption – Astrophsi&s

9= %ption – Crom Duanta to Duar6s

99 %ption – he Age of *i#i&on

10 /ourse ReostEs&hoo# %pportunities

12 Assessment and Reporting

13 Appendi5

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1 The Higher School Certificate Program of Study

he purpose of the 7igher *&hoo# /ertifi&ate program of stud is to:

● proide a &urri&u#um stru&ture whi&h en&ourages students to &omp#ete se&ondar edu&ationF

● foster the inte##e&tua# so&ia# and mora# dee#opment of students in parti&u#ar dee#oping their:

— 6now#edge s6i##s understanding and attitudes in the fie#ds of stud the &hoose

— &apa&it to manage their own #earning

— desire to &ontinue #earning in forma# or informa# settings after s&hoo#

— &apa&it to wor6 together with others

— respe&t for the &u#tura# diersit of Austra#ian so&ietF

G proide a f#e5i,#e stru&ture within whi&h students &an prepare for:

— further edu&ation and training

— emp#oment

— fu## and a&tie parti&ipation as &itiHensF

● proide forma# assessment and &ertifi&ation of students8 a&hieementsF

● proide a &onte5t within whi&h s&hoo#s a#so hae the opportunit to foster students8 phsi&a# and spiritua#

dee#opment

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2 Rationale for Physics in the Stage 6 Curriculum

>hsi&s in *&ien&e *tage proides students with a &ontemporar and &oherent understanding of energ

matter and their interre#ationships @t fo&uses on inestigating natura# phenomena and then app#ing patterns

mode#s (inuding mathemati&a# ones) prin&ip#es theories and #aws to e5p#ain the phsi&a# ,ehaiour of

the unierse @t uses an understanding of simp#e sstems (sing#e parties and pairs of parties) to ma6e predi&tions a,out a range of o,;e&ts from su,Eatomi& parties to the entire unierse and aims to reea# the

simp#i&it under#ing &omp#e5it

he stud of phsi&s re#ies on the understanding and app#i&ation of a sma## num,er of ,asi& #aws and

prin&ip#es that goern the mi&ros&opi& and ma&ros&opi& wor#ds he stud of phsi&s proides students with

an understanding of sstems that is the ,asis of the dee#opment of te&hno#ogi&a# app#i&ations he interp#a

,etween &on&epts and te&hno#ogi&a# and so&ieta# impa&ts is em,odied in the histor and phi#osoph of s&ien&e

and forms a &ontinuum re#ating our past to our future

>hsi&s *tage draws upon and ,ui#ds on the 6now#edge and understanding s6i##s and a#ues and attitudes

dee#oped in *&ien&e *tages 4–- @t further dee#ops students8 understanding of s&ien&e as a &ontinua##

dee#oping ,od of 6now#edge the interdis&ip#inar nature of s&ien&e the ro#e of e5periment in de&iding

,etween &ompeting theories the proisiona# nature of s&ientifi& e5p#anations the &omp#e5 re#ationship

,etween eiden&e and ideas and the impa&t of s&ien&e on so&iet

he stud of phsi&s ino#es the students wor6ing indiidua## and with others in a&tie pra&ti&a#

fie#d and intera&tie media e5perien&es that are re#ated to the theoreti&a# &on&epts &onsidered in the &ourse

@t is e5pe&ted that students studing >hsi&s *tage wi## app# inestigatie and pro,#emEso#ing s6i##s

effe&tie# &ommuni&ate the theoreti&a# &on&epts &onsidered in the &ourse and appre&iate the &ontri,ution

that a stud of phsi&s ma6es to our understanding of the wor#d

he >hsi&s *tage &ourse is designed for those students who hae a su,stantia# a&hieement #ee#

,ased on the *&ien&e *tages 4–- &ourse performan&e des&riptors he su,;e&t matter of the >hsi&s

&ourse re&ognises the different needs and interests of students , proiding a stru&ture that ,ui#ds upon

the foundations #aid in *tage - et re&ognises that students entering *tage hae a wide range of a,i#ities&ir&umstan&es and e5pe&tations

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3 Continuum of Learning for Physics Stage 6 Students

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4 im

>hsi&s *tage aims to proide #earning e5perien&es through whi&h students wi##:

● a&


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6 Course Structure

his Physics Stage 6 Syllabus has a >re#iminar &ourse and an 7*/ &ourse he >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses

are organised into a num,er of modu#es he >re#iminar modu#es &onsist of &ore &ontent that wi## ,e &oered

in 120 indi&atie hours

he 7*/ &ourse &onsists of &ore and options organised into a num,er of modu#es he &ore &ontent &oers

90 indi&atie hours with options &oering 30 indi&atie hours *tudents are rera&ti&a# e5perien&es are an essentia# &omponent of ,oth the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses *tudents wi##

&omp#ete =0 indi&atie hours of pra&ti&a#$fie#d wor6 during the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses with no #ess

than 3- indi&atie hours of pra&ti&a# e5perien&es in the 7*/ &ourse >ra&ti&a# e5perien&es must inude at

#east one openEended inestigation integrating the 6now#edge and understanding and s6i##s out&omes in ,oth

the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses

>ra&ti&a# e5perien&es shou#d emphasise handsEon a&tiities inuding:

● underta6ing #a,orator e5periments inuding the use of appropriate &omputer ,ased and digita#

te&hno#ogies

● fie#dwor6

● resear&h using a wide range of sour&es inuding print materia# the @nternet and digita# te&hno#ogies

● the use of &omputer simu#ations for mode##ing or manipu#ating data

● using and reorganising se&ondar data

● e5tra&ting and reorganising information in the form of f#ow &harts ta,#es graphs diagrams prose and

6es

● the use of animation ideo and fi#m resour&es that &an ,e used to &apture$o,tain information not aai#a,#e

in other forms

6%1 Preliminary Course

120 indicative hours

he >re#iminar &ourse in&orporates the stud of:

● he or#d /ommuni&ates (30 indi&atie hours)

● B#e&tri&a# Bnerg in the 7ome (30 indi&atie hours)

● Moing A,out (30 indi&atie hours)

● he /osmi& Bngine (30 indi&atie hours)

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6%2 HSC Course

120 indicative hours

he 7*/ &ourse ,ui#ds upon the >re#iminar &ourse he >re#iminar &ourse &ontent is a prerehsi&s

● Astrophsi&s

● Crom Duanta to Duar6s

● he Age of *i#i&on

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6%3 "$er$ie&

he fo##owing diagram summarises the re#ationship ,etween the arious e#ements of the &ourse:

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Context

/onte5ts are framewor6s deised to assist students to ma6e meaning of the >res&ri,ed Co&us Areas and

+omain /onte5ts are &u#tura## ,ound and therefore &ommuni&ate meanings that are &u#tura## shaped

or defined /onte5ts draw on the framewor6 of so&iet in a## aspe&ts of eerda #ife he &onte5ts for

ea&h modu#e en&ourage students to re&ognise and use their &urrent understanding to further dee#op and

app# more spe&ia#ised s&ientifi& understanding and 6now#edge

Prescribed Focus Areas

he >res&ri,ed Co&us Areas are different &urri&u#um emphases or purposes designed to in&rease students8

understanding of phsi&s as an eerEdee#oping ,od of 6now#edge the proisiona# nature of s&ientifi&

e5p#anations in phsi&s the &omp#e5 re#ationship ,etween eiden&e and ideas in phsi&s and the impa&t

of phsi&s on so&iet

he fo##owing >res&ri,ed Co&us Areas are dee#oped in this s##a,us:

History of physics

now#edge of the histori&a# ,a&6ground of phsi&s is important to ade


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Curre!t issues& research a!" "e%elop$e!ts i! physics

@ssues and dee#opments re#ated to phsi&s are more readi# 6nown and more information is aai#a,#e

to students than eer ,efore he s##a,us shou#d dee#op students8 6now#edge of:

● areas &urrent# ,eing resear&hed in phsi&s

● &areer opportunities in phsi&s and re#ated fie#ds● eents reported in the media whi&h rehsi&s *tage &ourse ino#es the further dee#opment of the s6i##s students hae dee#oped in the

*&ien&e *tages 4–- &ourse through a range of pra&ti&a# e5perien&es in ,oth the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses

>ra&ti&a# e5perien&es are an essentia# &omponent of ,oth the >re#iminar and 7*/ &ourses *tudents wi##

&omp#ete 80 indicative hours o practical!ield "or# across both the Preliminar$ and %&C courses withno #ess than 3- indi&atie hours of pra&ti&a# e5perien&es in the 7*/ &ourse >ra&ti&a# e5perien&es hae ,een

designed to uti#ise and further dee#op students8 e5pertise in ea&h of the fo##owing s6i## areas:

● planning investigations

his ino#es in&reasing students8 s6i##s in p#anning and organising a&tiities effe&tie# using time and

resour&es se#e&ting appropriate te&hni


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● developing scientiic thin#ing and problem'solving techni(ues

his ino#es further in&reasing students8 s6i##s in arifing issues and pro,#ems re#eant to phsi&s

framing a possi,#e pro,#emEso#ing pro&ess dee#oping &reatie so#utions anti&ipating issues that ma

arise deising appropriate strategies to dea# with those issues and wor6ing through the issues in a #ogi&a#

and &oherent wa

● "or#ing individuall$ and in teams

his ino#es further in&reasing students8 s6i##s in identifing a &o##e&tie goa# defining and a##o&ating

ro#es and assuming an in&reasing ariet of ro#es in wor6ing as an effe&tie mem,er of a team within

the agreed time frame to a&hiee the goa# hroughout the &ourse students wi## ,e proided with further

opportunities to improe their a,i#it to &ommuni&ate and re#ate effe&tie# with ea&h other in a team

*alues a!" attitu"es

" ref#e&ting a,out past present and future ino#ement of phsi&s with so&iet students are en&ouraged

to dee#op positie a#ues and informed &riti&a# attitudes hese inude a responsi,#e regard for ,oth the

#iing and nonE#iing &omponents of the enironment ethi&a# ,ehaiour a desire for &riti&a# ea#uation of

the &onse


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' "b#ecti$es and "utcomes

'%1 Table of "b#ecti$es and "utcomes

Ob+ectives Preliminar$ Course Outcomes %&C Course Outcomes

P

re

sc

ri

be

d

F

oc

us

A

re

a

Stu"e!ts (ill "e%elop

)!o(le"ge a!"

u!"ersta!"i!g of- A stu"e!t- A stu"e!t-

1 the histor of phsi&s >1 out#ines the histori&a#dee#opment of ma;or

prin&ip#es &on&epts andideas in phsi&s

71 ea#uates how ma;oradan&es in s&ientifi&

understanding andte&hno#og hae &hangedthe dire&tion or nature ofs&ientifi& thin6ing

2 the nature and

pra&ti&e of phsi&s

>2 app#ies the pro&esses that

are used to test and a#idate

mode#s theories and #awsof s&ien&e with parti&u#aremphasis on firstEhandinestigations in phsi&s

%2, anal$ses the "a$s in "hich

models- theories and la"s

in ph$sics have been testedand validated

3 app#i&ations and usesof phsi&s

>3 assesses the impa&t of parti&u#ar te&hno#ogi&a#adan&es on understandingin phsi&s

%., assesses the impact o

particular advances in

ph$sics on the

development o

technologies

4 imp#i&ations forso&iet and theenironment

P/, describes applications o

ph$sics "hich aect societ$

or the environment

%/, assesses the impacts o

applications o ph$sics on

societ$ and the

environment

- &urrent issuesresear&h anddee#opmentsin phsi&s

P, describes the scientiic

principles emplo$ed in

particular areas o research

in ph$sics

%, identiies possible uture

directions o ph$sics

research

D

o

mai

n:

n

o

"l

ed

ge

6inemati&s anddnami&s

> des&ri,es the for&es a&tingon an o,;e&t whi&h &auses&hanges in its motion

7 e5p#ains eents in termsof 'ewton8s aws aw of/onseration of Momentumand re#atiit

! energ >! des&ri,es the effe&ts ofenerg transfers and energ

transformations

7! e5p#ains the effe&ts ofenerg transfers and energ

transformations

= waes P8, explains "ave motions interms o energ$ sources

and the oscillations

produced

7= ana#ses wae intera&tions

and e5p#ains the effe&ts ofthose intera&tions

9 fie#ds P, describes the relationshipbet"een orce and potential

energ$ in ields

79 e5p#ains the effe&ts of

e#e&tri& magneti& andgraitationa# fie#ds

10 matter >10 des&ri,es theories andmode#s in re#ation to theorigins of matter and re#ates

these to the for&es ino#ed

710 des&ri,es the nature ofe#e&tromagneti& radiationand matter in terms of the

parties

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Ob+ectives Preliminar$ Course Outcomes %&C Course Outcomes

Stu"e!ts (ill "e%elop

)!o(le"ge a!"

u!"ersta!"i!g of- A stu"e!t- A stu"e!t-

Do

m

ai

n:

ills

11 p#anninginestigations

>11 identifies and imp#ementsimproements toinestigation p#ans

711 ;ustifies the appropriatenessof a parti&u#ar inestigation p#an

12 &ondu&tinginestigations

>12 dis&usses the a#idit andre#ia,i#it of data gatheredfrom firstEhandinestigations andse&ondar sour&es

712 ea#uates was in whi&ha&&ura& and re#ia,i#it&ou#d ,e improed ininestigations

13 &ommuni&atinginformation andunderstanding

>13 identifies appropriatetermino#og and reportingst#es to &ommuni&ate

information andunderstanding in phsi&s

%1., uses terminolog$

and reporting st$les

appropriatel$ and

successull$ tocommunicate inormation

and understanding

14 dee#oping s&ientifi&thin6ing and pro,#emEso#ing te&hni


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'%2 (ey Com)etencies

>hsi&s *tage proides the &onte5t within whi&h to dee#op genera# &ompeten&ies &onsidered essentia#

for the a&


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* Content+ Physics Stage 6 Preliminary Course

*%1 Physics S,ills

+uring the >re#iminar &ourse it is e5pe&ted that students wi## further dee#op s6i##s in p#anning

and &ondu&ting inestigations &ommuni&ating information and understanding s&ientifi& thin6ing and

pro,#emEso#ing and wor6ing indiidua## and in teams Ba&h modu#e spe&ifies &ontent through whi&h

s6i## out&omes &an ,e a&hieed ea&hers shou#d dee#op a&tiities ,ased on that &ontent to proide students

with opportunities to dee#op the fu## range of s6i##s

Preliminar$ Course

OutcomesContent

A stu"e!t-

>11 identifies and

imp#ements

improements

to inestigation p#ans

Stu"e!ts-

11,1 identi$ data sources to:

a) ana#se &omp#e5 pro,#ems to determine appropriate was in whi&h ea&h aspe&t ma

,e resear&hed

,) determine the tpe of data that needs to ,e &o##e&ted and e5p#ain the


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Preliminar$ Course

OutcomesContent

A stu"e!t-

>12 dis&usses the

a#idit andre#ia,i#it of

data gathered

from firstEhand

inestigations

and se&ondar

sour&es

Stu"e!ts-

12,1 perorm irst'hand investigations b$:

a) &arring out the p#anned pro&edure re&ognising where and when modifi&ations areneeded and ana#sing the effe&t of these ad;ustments

,) effi&ient# underta6ing the p#anned pro&edure to minimise haHards and wastage of

resour&es

&) disposing &arefu## and safe# of an waste materia#s produ&ed during the

inestigation

d5 identi$ing and using sae "or# practices during investigations

12,2 gather irst'hand inormation b$:

a) using appropriate data &o##e&tion te&hni


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Preliminar$ Course

OutcomesContent

A stu"e!t-

>13 identifies

appropriatetermino#og and

reporting st#es

to &ommuni&ate

information and

understanding in

phsi&s

Stu"e!ts-

1.,1 present inormation b$:

a) se#e&ting and using appropriate te5t tpes or &om,inations thereof for ora# andwritten presentations

,) se#e&ting and using appropriate media to present data and information

&) se#e&ting and using appropriate methods to a&6now#edge sour&es of information

d) using sm,o#s and formu#ae to e5press re#ationships and using appropriate units for

phsi&a#


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*%2 The -orld Communicates

Contextual Outline

7umans are so&ia# anima#s and hae su&&essfu## &ommuni&ated through the spo6en word and then as the

use of written &odes dee#oped through in&reasing# sophisti&ated graphi& sm,o#s he use of a hard &opmedium to transfer information in &oded form meant that &ommuni&ation was a,#e to &ross greater distan&es

with improed a&&ura& of information transfer A messenger was re


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Students learn to: Stu"e!ts-

1, 6he "ave model

can be used to

explain ho"

current

technologies

transer

inormation

▪ des&ri,e

the energ transformations re


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2, Features o a "ave

model can be used

to account or the

properties o sound

▪ identif

that sound waes are i,rations or

os&i##ations of parties in a medium

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation and gather

information to ana#se sound waes

from a ariet of sour&es using the/athode Ra %s&i##os&ope (/R%) or

an a#ternate &omputer te&hno#og

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation gather

pro&ess and present information using

a /R% or &omputer to demonstrate

the prin&ip#e of superposition for two

waes trae##ing in the same medium

▪ present

graphi&a# information so#e pro,#ems

and ana#se information ino#ing

superposition of sound waes

▪ re#ate

&ompressions and rarefa&tions of

sound waes to the &rests and troughs

of transerse waes used to represent

them

▪ e5p#ain


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., 7ecent

technological

developments have

allo"ed greater useo the

electromagnetic

spectrum

▪ des&ri,e

e#e&tromagneti& waes in terms of

their speed in spa&e and their #a&6 of

re


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/, an$

communication

technologies use

applications orelection and

reraction o

electromagnetic

"aves

▪ des&ri,e

and app# the #aw of ref#e&tion and

e5p#ain the effe&t of ref#e&tion from a

p#ane surfa&e on waes

▪ performfirstEhand inestigations and gather

information to o,sere the path of

#ight ras and &onstru&t diagramsindi&ating ,oth the dire&tion of trae#

of the #ight ras and a wae front

▪ present

information using ra diagrams to

show the path of waes ref#e&ted

from:

– p#ane surfa&es

– &on&ae surfa&es

– &one5 surfa&e

– the ionosphere

▪ perform

an inestigation and gather

information to graph the ang#e of

in&iden&e and refra&tion for #ight

en&ountering a medium &hange

showing the re#ationship ,etween

these ang#es

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation and gather

information to &a#&u#ate the refra&tie

inde5 of g#ass or perspe5▪ so#e

pro,#ems and ana#se information

using *ne##8s aw

▪ des&ri,e

was in whi&h app#i&ations

of ref#e&tion of #ight radio waes

and mi&rowaes hae assisted in

information transfer

▪ des&ri,e

one app#i&ation of ref#e&tion for ea&h

of the fo##owing:

– p#ane surfa&es

– &on&ae surfa&es

– &one5 surfa&es

– radio waes ,eing

ref#e&ted , the ionosphere

▪ e5p#ain

that refra&tion is re#ated to the

e#o&ities of a wae in different media

and out#ine how this ma resu#t in the

,ending of a waefront

▪ define

refra&tie inde5 in terms of &hanges in

the e#o&it of a wae in passing from

one medium to another

▪ define

*ne##8s aw:

▪ identif

the &onditions ne&essar for tota#interna# ref#e&tion with referen&e to

the &riti&a# ang#e

▪ out#ine

how tota# interna# ref#e&tion is used in

opti&a# fi,res

, 9lectromagnetic

"aves have

potential or uture

communication

technologies anddata storage

technologies

▪ identif

tpes of &ommuni&ation data that are

stored or transmitted

in digita# form

▪ identif

data sour&es gather pro&ess and

present information from se&ondar

sour&es to identif areas of &urrent

resear&h and use the aai#a,#eeiden&e to dis&uss some of the

under#ing phsi&a# prin&ip#es used in

24


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one app#i&ation of phsi&s re#ated to

waes su&h as:

– ?#o,a# >ositioning

*stem

– /+ te&hno#og

– the internet (digita#

pro&ess)

– ++ te&hno#og

25


26/83


*%3 .lectrical .nergy in the Home

Contextual Outline

B#e&tri&it is an essentia# energ sour&e for modern #iing +isruption to supp# or iso#ation &an #ead to the

dee#opment of a#ternatie methods of o,taining this essentia# energ resour&e Cor e#e&tri&a# energ to ,eusefu# it must ,e harnessed through the use of an e#e&tri&a# &ir&uit and an energE&onerting app#ian&e

As e#e&tri&it ,e&ame in&reasing# used as the main power supp# in homes and e#e&tri&a# app#ian&es ,e&ame

an integra# part of dai# #ife for man Austra#ians the dangers asso&iated with e#e&tri&it ,e&ame more

prominent o#tages as #ow as 20 o#ts &an ,e dangerous to the human ,od depending on the hea#th of the

person and #ength of time of &onta&t with the &urrent *afet dei&es in househo#d app#ian&es and within the

e#e&tri& &ir&uits in the home &an preent e#e&tri&a# in;ur or assist in redu&ing the potentia# for e#e&tri& sho&6

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor nature and pra&ti&e of phsi&s and the

app#i&ations and uses of phsi&s

Assumed no"ledge

Domain: knowledge and understanding:

Refer to the Scie!ce ears 710 Syllabus for the fo##owing:

-3a) design &onstru&t and draw &ir&uits &ontaining a num,er of &omponents

-3,) des&ri,e o#tage resistan&e and &urrent using ana#ogies

-3&) des&ri,e


27/83



2, One o the main

advantages o

electricit$ is that is

can be moved "ithcomparative ease

rom one place to

another through

electric circuits

▪

d

es&ri,e the

,ehaiour ofe#e&trostati&

&harges and the

properties of the

fie#ds asso&iated

with them

▪ present

diagrammati& information to des&ri,e

the e#e&tri& fie#d strength and

dire&tion:

– ,etween &harged para##e#

p#ates

– a,out and ,etween a

positie and negatie point &harge

▪ so#e


using:

▪ p#an

&hoose e


28/83


insu#ators

▪ define

resistan&e as the ratio of o#tage to

&urrent for a parti&u#ar &ondu&tor:

▪ des&ri,e


29/83



., &eries and parallel

circuits serve

dierent purposes

in households

▪ identif

the differen&e ,etween series and

para##e# &ir&uits

▪ p#an&hoose e


30/83



, 9lectric currents also produce

magnetic ields and these

ields are used in dierent

devices in the home

▪ des

&ri,e the ,ehaiour of the

magneti& po#es of ,ar magnets

when the are ,rought osetogether

▪ p#a

n &hoose e


31/83


*%4 0o$ing bout

Contextual Outline

@n&reased a&&ess to transport is a feature of toda8s so&iet Most peop#e a&&ess some form of transport

for trae# to and from s&hoo# or wor6 and for #eisure outings at wee6ends or on ho#idas hen des&ri,ing ;ournes that the ma hae ta6en in ,uses or trains the usua## do so in terms of time or their starting point

and their destination hen des&ri,ing trips the ma hae ta6en in p#anes or &ars the norma## use the time

it ta6es distan&e &oered or the speed of the ehie as their referen&e points hi#e distan&e time and speed

are fundamenta# to the understanding of 6inemati&s and dnami&s er few peop#e &onsider a trip in terms

of energ for&e or the momentum asso&iated with the ehie een at #ow or moderate speeds

he faster a ehie is trae##ing the further it wi## go ,efore it is a,#e to stop when su,;e&t to a &onstant

retarding for&e Ma;or damage &an ,e done to other ehies and to the human ,od in &o##isions een at #ow

speeds his is ,e&ause during a &o##ision some or a## of the ehie8s 6ineti& energ is dissipated through the

ehie and the o,;e&t with whi&h it &o##ides Curther the materia#s from whi&h ehies are &onstru&ted do not

deform or ,end as easi# as the human ,od e&hno#ogi&a# adan&es and sstemati& stud of ehie &rashes

hae in&reased understanding of the intera&tions ino#ed the potentia# resu#tant damage and possi,#e was

of redu&ing the effe&ts of &o##isions here are man safet dei&es now insta##ed in or on ehies inudingseat ,e#ts and air ,ags Modern road design ta6es into a&&ount was in whi&h ehies &an ,e for&ed to redu&e

their speed

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the nature and pra&ti&e of phsi&s and the imp#i&ations of

phsi&s for so&iet and the enironment

Assumed no"ledge



-2a) des&ri,e


32/83



1, 3ehicles do not

t$picall$ travel at

a constant speed

▪ identif

that a tpi&a# ;ourne ino#es speed

&hanges

▪ p#an

&hoose e


33/83


– air resistan&e / solveproblems and anal$se inormation

using:

for a range of situations ino#ing

modes of transport

▪ so#e


ino#ing

for ehies trae##ing around &ures

▪ define

aerage a&&e#eration as:

thereore

efine the terms

Imass8 and Iweight8

with referen&e to the

effe&ts of grait

▪ out#ine

the for&es ino#ed in &ausing a

&hange in the e#o&it of a ehie

when:

– &oasting with no pressure

on the a&&e#erator

– pressing on the

a&&e#erator

– pressing on the ,ra6es

– passing oer an i& pat&h

on the road – im,ing and des&ending

hi##s

– fo##owing a &ure in the

road

▪ interpret

'ewton8s *e&ond aw of Motion and

re#ate it to the e


34/83


understanding

motion

in &o##isions

and▪ define

the #aw of &onseration of energ

▪ ana#se

information to tra&e the energ

transfers and transformation

in &o##isions #eading to irreersi,#e

distortions

/, Change o

momentum relates

to the orces acting

on the vehicle or

the driver

▪ define

momentum as:

▪ so#e

pro,#ems and ana#se se&ondar data

using:

and

▪ perform

firstEhand inestigations to gather data

and ana#se the &hange in momentum

during &o##isions

▪ so#e

pro,#ems that app# the prin&ip#e of

&onseration of momentum to


35/83



, &aet$ devices are

utilised to reduce

the eects o

changingmomentum

▪ definethe inertia of a ehie as its tenden&

to remain in uniform motion or at rest

▪ gather

and pro&ess firstEhand data and$or

se&ondar information to ana#se the

potentia# danger presented , #ooseo,;e&ts in a ehie

▪ identifdata sour&es gather pro&ess ana#se

present se&ondar information and

use the aai#a,#e eiden&e to assess

,enefits of te&hno#ogies for aoiding

or redu&ing the effe&t of a &o##ision

▪ dis&uss

reasons wh 'ewton8s Cirst aw of

Motion is not apparent in man rea#

wor#d situations

▪ assess the

reasons for the introdu&tion of #ow

speed Hones in ,ui#tEup areas and the

addition of air ,ags and &rump#e Hones

to ehies with respe&t to the

&on&epts of impu#se and momentum

▪ ea#uate

the effe&tieness of some safet

features of motor ehies

35


36/83


*%! The Cosmic .ngine

Contextual Outline

he Unierse ,egan with a singu#arit in spa&eEtime After the initia# e5p#osion the Unierse started to

e5pand &oo# and &ondense forming matter As part of this ongoing pro&ess the *un and the *o#ar *stemwere formed oer 45109 ears ago from a gas oud whi&h resu#ted from a supernoa e5p#osion he

&ondensing gas and dust that formed the *un and the p#anets &ontained a## its origina# e#ements he p#anets

were formed when matter &ame together under the inf#uen&e of grait

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor of phsi&s imp#i&ations of phsi&s for so&iet

and the enironment and &urrent issues resear&h and dee#opments in phsi&s

Assumed no"ledge



--a) identif that energ and parties ma ,e re#eased from the nuei of atoms

-!1a) des&ri,e the features and #o&ation of protons neutrons and e#e&trons

in the atom

-91a) dis&uss &urrent s&ientifi& thin6ing a,out the origin of the Unierse

-91&) des&ri,e some of the diffi&u#ties in o,taining information a,out the Unierse

-93a) re#ate some ma;or features of the unierse to theories a,out the formation

of the unierse

-93,) des&ri,e some &hanges that are #i6e# to ta6e p#a&e during the #ife of a star


1, Our &un is +ust onestar in the galax$

and ours is +ust

one galax$ in the

;niverse

/ outlinethe historical development omodels o the ;niverse rom the

time o Aristotle to the time o


37/83



2, 6he irst minutes o the

;niverse released energ$

"hich changed to matter-orming stars and galaxies

▪ out

#ine the dis&oer of the

e5pansion of the Unierse ,7u,,#e fo##owing its ear#ier

predi&tion , Criedmann

▪ ide

ntif data sour&es and gather

se&ondar information todes&ri,e the pro,a,#e origins of

the Unierse

▪ des

&ri,e the transformation of

radiation into matter whi&h

fo##owed the I"ig "ang8

▪ ide

ntif that Binstein des&ri,ed the

e


38/83



/, 6he &un is

a t$pical star-

emittingelectromagnetic

radiation and

particles that

inluence the 9arth

▪ identif

that energ ma ,e re#eased from the

nuei of atoms

▪

p

erform a firstEhand inestigation

to gather

information to

&ompare the

penetrating power

of a#pha ,eta and

gamma radiation

in a range of

materia#s

▪ identif

data sour&es gather and pro&essinformation and use aai#a,#e

eiden&e to assess the effe&ts of

sunspot a&tiit on the Barth8s power

grid and sate##ite &ommuni&ations

▪

d

es&ri,e the nature

of emissions

from the nuei

of atoms as

radiation of a#pha

α and ,eta β

parties and

gamma γ ras interms of:

– ionising power

– penetrating power

– effe&t of magneti& fie#d

– effe&t of e#e&tri& fie#d

/ identi$the nature o emissions reaching the

9arth rom the &un

▪ des&ri,e

the parti&u#ate nature of the so#ar wind

▪ out#ine

the &i& nature of sunspot a&tiit

and its impa&t on Barth through so#ar

winds

▪ des&ri,e

sunspots as representing regions of

strong magneti& a&tiit and #ower

temperature

38


39/83


Content+ Physics Stage 6 HSC Course

%1 Physics S,ills

+uring the 7*/ &ourse it is e5pe&ted that students wi## further dee#op s6i##s in p#anning and &ondu&ting

inestigations &ommuni&ating information and understanding s&ientifi& thin6ing and pro,#em so#ing and

wor6ing indiidua## and in teams Ba&h modu#e spe&ifies &ontent through whi&h s6i## out&omes &an ,e

a&hieed ea&hers shou#d dee#op a&tiities ,ased on that &ontent to proide students with opportunities

to dee#op the fu## range of s6i##s

%&C Course Outcomes Content

A stu"e!t-

%11, +ustiies the

appropriateness

o a particular

investigation plan

Stu"e!ts-

11,1 identi$ data sources to:

a) ana#se &omp#e5 pro,#ems to determine appropriate was in whi&h ea&h aspe&t

ma ,e resear&hed

,) determine the tpe of data that needs to ,e &o##e&ted and e5p#ain the


40/83



A stu"e!t-

%12, evaluates "a$s in

"hich accurac$ and

reliabilit$ could beimproved in

investigations

Stu"e!ts-

12,1 perorm irst'hand investigations b$:

a) &arring out the p#anned pro&edure re&ognising where and when

modifi&ations are needed and ana#sing the effe&t of these ad;ustments

,) effi&ient# underta6ing the p#anned pro&edure to minimise haHards and

wastage of resour&es

&) disposing &arefu## and safe# of an waste materia#s produ&ed during the

inestigation

d5 identi$ing and using sae "or# practices during investigations

12,2 gather irst'hand inormation b$:

a) using appropriate data &o##e&tion te&hni


41/83



A stu"e!t-

%1., uses terminolog$

reporting st$les

appropriatel$ andsuccessull$ to

communicate

inormation and

understanding

Stu"e!ts-

1.,1 present inormation b$:

a) se#e&ting and using appropriate te5t tpes or &om,inations thereof for ora#

and written presentations ,) se#e&ting and using appropriate media to present data and information

&) se#e&ting and using appropriate methods to a&6now#edge sour&es of

information

d) using sm,o#s and formu#ae to e5press re#ationships and using appropriate

units for phsi&a# re#iminar &ourse and further in&reases the

students8 s6i##s in wor6ing indiidua## and in teams Refer to the &ontent

oeriew on page 14

41


42/83


%2 S)ace

Contextual Outline

*&ientists hae drawn on adan&es in areas su&h as aeronauti&s materia# s&ien&e ro,oti&s e#e&troni&s

medi&ine and energ produ&tion to dee#op ia,#e spa&e&raft >erhaps the most dangerous parts of an spa&emission are the #aun&h reEentr and #anding A huge for&e is re


43/83



2, an$ actors

have to be ta#en

into account to

achieve asuccessul roc#et

launch- maintain

a stable orbit and

return to 9arth

▪ des&ri,e

the tra;e&tor of an o,;e&t undergoing

pro;e&ti#e motion within the Barth8s

graitationa# fie#d in terms ofhoriHonta# and erti&a# &omponents

▪ so#e

pro,#ems and ana#se information to

&a#&u#ate the a&tua# e#o&it of a

pro;e&ti#e from its horiHonta# anderti&a# &omponents using:

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation gather

information and ana#se data

to &a#&u#ate initia# and fina# e#o&it

ma5imum height rea&hed range

and time of f#ight of a pro;e&ti#e

for a range of situations , using

simu#ations data #oggers and

&omputer ana#sis

/ identi$data sources- gather- anal$se and

present inormation on the

contribution o one o the ollo"ingto the development o space

exploration: 6siol#ovs#$- Oberth-

=oddard- 9snault'Pelterie- O>


44/83


aw of >eriods

▪ a&&ount

for the or,ita# de&a of sate##ites in

#ow Barth or,it

44


45/83



▪ dis&uss

issues asso&iated with safe reEentr

into the Barth8s atmosphere and

#anding on the Barth8s surfa&e

▪ identif

that there is an optimum ang#e for safe

reEentr for a manned spa&e&raft into

the Barth8s atmosphere and the

&onse


46/83



/, Current and

emerging

understanding

about time andspace has been

dependent upon

earlier models o

the transmission

o light

▪ out#ine

the features of the aether mode# for

the transmission of #ight

▪ gather

and pro&ess information to interpret

the resu#ts of the Mi&he#sonEMor#e

e5periment

▪ perform

an inestigation to he#p distinguish

,etween nonEinertia# and inertia#

frames of referen&e

▪ ana#se

and interpret some of Binstein8s

thought e5periments ino#ing mirrors

and trains and dis&uss the re#ationship

,etween thought and rea#it

▪ ana#seinformation to dis&uss the re#ationship

,etween theor and the eiden&e

supporting it using Binstein8s

predi&tions ,ased on re#atiit that

were made man ears ,efore

eiden&e was aai#a,#e to support it

▪ so#e


using:

▪ des&ri,e

and ea#uate the Mi&he#sonEMor#e

attempt to measure the re#atie

e#o&it of the Barth through the

aether

▪ dis&uss

the ro#e of the Mi&he#sonEMor#e

e5periments in ma6ing determinations

a,out &ompeting theories

▪ out#ine

the nature of inertia# frames

of referen&e

▪ dis&uss

the prin&ip#e of re#atiit

▪ des&ri,e

the signifi&an&e of Binstein8s

assumption of the &onstan& of the

speed of #ight

▪ identif

that if & is &onstant then spa&e and

time ,e&ome re#atie

▪ dis&uss

the &on&ept that #ength standards are

defined in terms of time in &ontrast to

the origina# metre standard

▪ e5p#ain


47/83


48/83


49/83



2, 6he relative

motion bet"een

a conductor and

magnetic ield isused to generate an

electrical voltage

▪ out#ine

Mi&hae# Carada8s dis&oer of the

generation of an e#e&tri& &urrent , a

moing magnet

▪ perform

an inestigation to mode#

the generation of an e#e&tri& &urrent

, moing a magnet in a &oi# or a &oi#near a magnet

▪ p#an

&hoose e


50/83


stru&tures

– prote&ted from #ightning

stri6es

50


51/83



/, 6ransormers

allo" generated

voltage to be either

increased ordecreased beore

it is used

▪ des&ri,e

the purpose of transformers in

e#e&tri&a# &ir&uits

▪ performan inestigation

to mode# the stru&ture of a

transformer to demonstrate howse&ondar o#tage is produ&ed

▪ so#e


a,out transformers using:

▪ gather

ana#se and use aai#a,#e eiden&e to

dis&uss how diffi&u#ties of heating&aused , edd &urrents

in transformers ma ,e oer&ome

▪ gather

and ana#se se&ondar information to

dis&uss the need for transformers in

the transfer of e#e&tri&a# energ from a

power station to its point of use

▪ &ompare

stepEup and stepEdown transformers

▪ identif

the re#ationship ,etween the ratio of

the num,er of turns in the primar and

se&ondar &oi#s and the ratio of

primar to se&ondar o#tage

▪ e5p#ain

wh o#tage transformations are

re#ated to &onseration of energ

▪ e5p#ain

the ro#e of transformers in e#e&tri&it

su,Estations

▪ dis&uss

wh some e#e&tri&a# app#ian&es in the

home that are &onne&ted to the mains

domesti& power supp# use a

transformer

▪ dis&uss

the impa&t of the dee#opment of

transformers on so&iet

, otors are used in

industries and the

home usuall$ to

convert electrical

energ$ into more

useul orms o

energ$

▪ des&ri,e

the main features

of an A/ e#e&tri& motor

▪ perform

an inestigation to demonstrate the

prin&ip#e of an A/ indu&tion motor

▪ gather

pro&ess and ana#se information to

identif some of the energ transfersand transformations ino#ing the

&onersion of e#e&tri&a# energ into

more usefu# forms in the home and

industr

51


52/83


%4 rom deas to m)lementation

Contextual outline

" the ,eginning of the twentieth &entur man of the pie&es of the phsi&s puHH#e seemed to ,e fa##ing

into p#a&e he wae mode# of #ight had su&&essfu## e5p#ained interferen&e and diffra&tion and wae#engthsat the e5tremes of the isi,#e spe&trum had ,een estimated he inention of a pump that wou#d ea&uate

tu,es to 10 –4 atmospheres a##owed the inestigation of &athode ras KEras wou#d soon ,e &onfirmed as

e#e&tromagneti& radiation and patterns in the >eriodi& a,#e appeared to ,e near# &omp#ete he nature of

&athode ras was reso#ed with the measurement of the &harge on the e#e&tron soon to fo##ow here was

a sma## num,er of e5perimenta# o,serations sti## une5p#ained ,ut this apparent# &omp#ete understanding

of the wor#d of the atom was a,out to ,e &ha##enged

he e5p#oration of the atom was we## and tru# inward ,ound , this time and as a&&ess to greater amounts

of energ ,e&ame aai#a,#e the ;ourne of phsi&s moed further and further into the stud of su,atomi&

parties /arefu# o,seration ana#sis imagination and &reatiit throughout the ear# part of the twentieth

&entur dee#oped a more &omp#ete pi&ture of the nature of e#e&tromagneti& radiation and matter he ;ourne

ta6en into the wor#d of the atom has not remained iso#ated in #a,oratories he phenomena dis&oered ,

phsi&ists hae with in&reasing speed ,een &hanne##ed into te&hno#ogies su&h as &omputers to whi&h so&iethas eerEin&reasing a&&ess hese te&hno#ogies hae in turn often assisted phsi&ists in their sear&h for

further 6now#edge and understanding of natura# phenomena at the su,Eatomi& #ee#

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor nature and pra&ti&e of phsi&s and the

app#i&ations and uses of phsi&s the imp#i&ations of phsi&s for so&iet and the enironment and the

&urrent issues resear&h and dee#opments in phsi&s

52


53/83


Stu"e!ts lear! to- Stu"e!ts-

1, )ncreased

understandings o

cathode ra$s led to

the development otelevision

▪ e5p#ain

wh the apparent in&onsistent

,ehaiour of &athode ras &aused

de,ate as to whether the were&harged parties or e#e&tromagneti&

waes

▪ perform an

inestigation and gather firstEhand

information to o,sere the o&&urren&e of

different striation patterns for different pressures in dis&harge tu,es

▪ perform an

inestigation to demonstrate and identif

properties of &athode ras using

dis&harge tu,es:

– &ontaining a ma#tese &ross

– &ontaining e#e&tri&

p#ates

– with a f#uores&ent disp#a

s&reen

– &ontaining a g#ass whee#

– ana#se the

information gathered

to determine the sign of the &harge

on &athode ras

▪ so#e

pro,#em and ana#se information using:

and

▪ e5p#ain

that &athode ra tu,es a##owed the

manipu#ation of a stream of &harged

parties

▪ identif

that moing &harged parties in a

magneti& fie#d e5perien&e a for&e

▪ identif

that &harged p#ates produ&e an

e#e&tri& fie#d

▪ des&ri,

e


54/83



2, 6he reconcept'

ualisation o

the model o

light led to anunderstanding o

the photoelectric

eect and blac#

bod$ radiation

▪ des&ri,

e 7ertH8s o,seration of the effe&t of

a radio wae on a re&eier and the

photoe#e&tri& effe&t he produ&ed ,utfai#ed to inestigate

▪ perform an

inestigation to demonstrate the

produ&tion and re&eption of radio waes

▪ identif data

sour&es gather pro&ess and ana#se

information and use aai#a,#e eiden&e

to assess Binstein8s &ontri,ution to

#an&68s differing iews a,out whether

s&ien&e resear&h is remoed from so&ia#

and po#iti&a# for&es

▪ out#ine

#an&68s hpothesis that radiation

emitted and a,sor,ed , the wa##s of

a ,#a&6 ,od &ait is


55/83



., @imitations o past

technologies and

increased research

into the structureo the atom

resulted in the

invention o

transistors

▪ identif

that some e#e&trons in so#ids are

shared ,etween atoms and moe

free#

▪ performan inestigation to mode#

the ,ehaiour of semi&ondu&tors

inuding the &reation of a ho#e or positie &harge on the atom that has

#ost the e#e&tron and the moement

of e#e&trons and ho#es in opposite

dire&tions when an e#e&tri& fie#d is

app#ied a&ross the semi&ondu&tor

▪ gather pro&ess and present

se&ondar information to dis&uss

how short&omings in aai#a,#e

&ommuni&ation te&hno#og #ead to an

in&reased 6now#edge of the propertiesof materia#s with parti&u#ar referen&e

to the inention of the transistor

▪ identif

data sour&es gather pro&ess ana#se

information and use aai#a,#e

eiden&e to assess the impa&t of the

inention of transistors on so&iet

with parti&u#ar referen&e to their use

in mi&ro&hips and mi&ropro&essors

▪ identif

data sour&es gather pro&ess and present information to summarise the

effe&t of #ight on semi&ondu&tors in

so#ar &e##s

▪ des&ri,e

the differen&e ,etween &ondu&tors

insu#ators and semi&ondu&tors in

terms of ,and stru&tures and re#atie

e#e&tri&a# resistan&e

▪ identif

a,sen&es of e#e&trons in a near# fu##

,and as ho#es and re&ognise that ,oth

e#e&trons and ho#es he#p to &arr

&urrent

▪ &ompare


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/, )nvestigations

into the electrical

properties oparticular metals

at dierent

temperatures

led to the

identiication o

superconductivit$

and the

exploration

o possible

applications

▪ out#ine

the methods used , the "raggs to

determine &rsta# stru&ture

▪ pro&ess

information to identif some of the

meta#s meta# a##os and &ompoundsthat hae ,een identified as e5hi,iting

the propert of super&ondu&tiit and

their &riti&a# temperatures

▪ perform

an inestigation to demonstrate

magneti& #eitation

▪ ana#se

information to e5p#ain wh a magnet

is a,#e to hoer a,oe a

super&ondu&ting materia# that has

rea&hed the temperature at whi&h it

is super&ondu&ting

▪ gather

and pro&ess information to des&ri,e

how super&ondu&tors and the effe&ts

of magneti& fie#ds hae ,een app#ied

to dee#op a mag#e train

▪ pro&ess

information to dis&uss possi,#e

app#i&ations of super&ondu&tiit and

the effe&ts of those app#i&ations on&omputers generators and motors and

transmission of e#e&tri&it through

power grids

▪ identif

that meta#s possess a &rsta# #atti&e

stru&ture

▪ des&ri,e

&ondu&tion in meta#s as a free

moement of e#e&trons unimpeded ,

the #atti&e

▪ identif

that resistan&e in meta#s is in&reased

, the presen&e of impurities and

s&attering of e#e&trons , #atti&e

i,rations

▪ des&ri,e

the o&&urren&e in super&ondu&tors

,e#ow their &riti&a# temperature of a

popu#ation of e#e&tron pairs unaffe&ted

, e#e&tri&a# resistan&e

/ discussthe ?C& theor$

/ discussthe advantages o using

superconductors and identi$

limitations to their use

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%! ")tion 5 eo)hysics

Contextual Outline

?eophsi&s is the app#i&ation of phsi&a# theories and measurement to the inestigation of the p#anet we

inha,it ?eophsi&a# studies ma ino#e #argeEs&a#e pro,#ems su&h as the Barth8s stru&ture and ,ehaiour(so#id earth geophsi&s) and pro,#ems asso&iated with the e5p#oration of the &rust for minera#s and for

engineering purposes (e5p#oration geophsi&s)

"oth so#id earth geophsi&s and e5p#oration geophsi&s use simi#ar instrumentation and methods to stud

phenomena su&h as graitation the Barth8s magneti& fie#d radioa&tiit and the ,ehaiour of seismi&

waes Using an understanding of its materia# properties geophsi&ists e5p#ore the Barth in was that

human senses &annot

?eophsi&a# inestigations proide so&iet with su&h ,enefits as improed #o&ation of energ resour&es

minera#s haHard minimisation and an understanding of the &omp#e5 p#anet we inha,it

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the histor of phsi&s and the imp#i&ations of phsi&s for

so&iet and the enironment


1, =eoph$sics

involves the

measurement

o ph$sical

properties o

the 9arth

▪ describe

the properties o earth materials

that are studied in geoph$sics

particularl$ elasticit$- densit$-

thermal- magnetic and electrical

properties

▪ identi$

data sources- gather and process

inormation to discuss


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2, &ome ph$sical

phenomena such

as gravitation and

radiation provideinormation about

the 9arth at a

distance rom it

▪ des&ri,e

how a,sorption and ref#e&tion of

radiation &an proide information

a,out a ref#e&ting surfa&e

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation to gather

data to demonstrate the re#ationship

,etween the nature of a surfa&e andthe radiation ref#e&ted from it

▪ pro&ess

information to des&ri,e

the signifi&an&e of Jean Ri&her8s

e5periments with the pendu#um

in disproing the spheri&a# Barth

hpothesis

▪ so#e pro,#ems and ana#se information to

&a#&u#ate the mass of the Barth gien

g

and the diameter of the Barth

▪ so#e


&a#&u#ate the mass of the Barth gien

the period and the a#titude of a

sate##ite:

▪ pro&essinformation from se&ondar sour&esto redu&e &o##e&ted grait data

▪ e5p#ain

how remote sensing te&hni


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., &eismic

methods provide

inormation about

the large scalestructure o the

9arth and the

detailed structure

o its crust

/ describethe properties o P "aves and &

"aves

/ perorman investigation to model

the principles o the relection and

reraction o seismic "aves

/ anal$seinormation rom a graph o travel

time versus shot'to'geophone

distance or a single la$er

▪ gather

pro&ess and present diagrammati&

information to show the paths of >

and * waes through the Barth

/ outlineho" a seismic "ave>s path

is aected b$ the properties o the

material it travels through

/ explainho" seismic "aves are relected and

reracted at an interace

▪ out#ine

the stru&ture and fun&tion of

geophones and seismometers

▪ summari

se the evidence or a li(uid outer

core and a solid inner core o

the 9arth

▪ outline

the methods o seismic relection

and reraction

/ discussthe uses o seismic methods in the

search or oil and gas

/, &tudies o past and

present ph$sical

phenomena

indicate that the

9arth is d$namic

/ describethe 9arth>s current magnetic ield

▪ perorm

an investigation that models- and

present inormation to demonstrate

ho" the inclination o the 9arth>s

magnetic ield varies "ith latitude

▪ solve

problems and anal$se inormation

to calculate the spreading rate o an

ocean using a magnetic polarit$time scale and a magnetic anomal$

proile

▪ a&&ount

for the eiden&e that the Barth8s

magneti& fie#d aries oer time

/ summari

se the geoph$sical evidence thatsupports the theor$ o plate

tectonics

▪ dis&uss

the initia# re#u&tan&e of some of the

s&ientifi& &ommunit to a&&ept the

mo,i#it of the Barth8s p#ates in the

a,sen&e of a me&hanism for p#ate

moement

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%6 ")tion 5 0edical Physics

Contextual Outline

he use of other adan&es in te&hno#og dee#oped from our understanding of the e#e&tromagneti& spe&trum

and ,ased on sound phsi&a# prin&ip#es has a##owed medi&a# te&hno#ogists more sophisti&ated too#s toana#se and interpret ,odi# pro&ess for diagnosti& purposes +iagnosti& imaging e5pands the 6now#edge

of pra&titioners and the pra&ti&e of medi&ine @t usua## uses nonEinasie methods for identifing and

monitoring diseases or in;uries ia the generation of images representing interna# anatomi&a# stru&tures

and organs of the ,od

e&hno#ogies su&h as u#trasound &ompute a5ia# tomograph positron emission tomograph and magneti&

resonan&e imaging &an often proide ear diagnosti& pi&tures without surger A magneti& resonan&e image

(MR@) s&an of the spine for e5amp#e proides a iew of the dis&s in the ,a&6 as we## as the neres and

other soft tissues he pra&titioner &an #oo6 at the MR@ fi#ms and determine whether there is a pin&hed

nere a degeneratie dis& or a tumour he greatest adantage of these te&hni


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1, 6he properties o

ultrasound "aves

can be used as

diagnostic tools

▪ identif

the differen&es ,etween u#trasound

and sound in norma# hearing range

▪ so#e


&a#&u#ate the a&ousti& impedan&e of a

range of materia#s inuding ,onemuse soft tissue fat ,#ood and air

and e5p#ain the tpes of tissues that

u#trasound &an ,e used to e5amine

▪ gather

se&ondar information to o,sere at

#east two u#trasound images of ,od

organs

▪ identif

data sour&es and gather information to

o,sere the f#ow of ,#ood through the

heart from a +opp#er u#trasound ideo

image

▪ identif


ana#se information to des&ri,e how

u#trasound is used to measure ,one

densit

▪ so#e


using:

and

▪ des&ri,e

the pieHoe#e&tri& effe&t and the effe&t

of using an a#ternating potentia#

differen&e with a pieHoe#e&tri& &rsta#

▪ define

a&ousti& impedan&e:

and identif that different materia#s

hae different a&ousti& impedan&es

▪ des&ri,e

how the prin&ip#es of a&ousti&

impedan&e and ref#e&tion and

refra&tion are app#ied to u#trasound

▪ define

the ratio of ref#e&ted to initia# intensit

as:

▪ identif

that the greater the differen&e in

a&ousti& impedan&e ,etween two

materia#s the greater is the ref#e&ted

proportion of the in&ident pu#se

▪ des&ri,e

situations in whi&h A s&ans " s&ans

and se&tor s&ans wou#d ,e used and

the reasons for the use of ea&h

▪ des&ri,e

the +opp#er effe&t in sound waes and

how it is used in u#trasoni&s to o,tain

f#ow &hara&teristi&s of ,#ood moing

through the heart

▪ out#ine

some &ardia& pro,#ems that &an ,e

dete&ted through the use of the

+opp#er effe&t

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2, 6he ph$sical

properties o

electromagnetic

radiation can beused as diagnostic

tools

▪ des&ri,e

how KEras are &urrent# produ&ed

▪ gatherinformation to o,sere at #east one

image of a fra&ture on an KEra fi#m

and KEra images of other ,od parts

/ gathersecondar$ inormation to observe a

CA6 scan image and compare the

inormation provided b$ CA6 scans

to that provided b$ an

B'ra$ image or the same bod$ part

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation to

demonstrate the transfer of #ight ,

opti&a# fi,res

▪ gather

secondar$ inormation to observe

internal organs rom images

produced b$ an endoscope

▪ &omparethe differen&es ,etween Isoft8 and

Ihard8 KEras

▪ e5p#ain

how a &omputed a5ia# tomograph

(/A) s&an is produ&ed

▪ des&ri,e

&ir&umstan&es where a /A s&an

wou#d ,e a superior diagnosti& too#

&ompared to either KEras or

u#trasound

▪ e5p#ain

how an endos&ope wor6s in re#ation to

tota# interna# ref#e&tion

▪ dis&uss

differen&es ,etween the ro#e of

&oherent and in&oherent ,und#es

of fi,res in an endos&ope

▪ e5p#ain

how an endos&ope is used in:

– o,sering interna# organs

– o,taining tissue samp#es

of interna# organs for further

testing

., 7adioactivit$

can be used as

a diagnostic tool

▪ out#ine

properties of radioa&tie isotopes and

their ha#f #ies that are used to o,tain

s&ans of organs

▪ perform

an inestigation to &ompare an image

of ,one s&an with an KEra image

▪ gather

and pro&ess se&ondar information to

&ompare a s&anned image of at #eastone hea#th ,od part or organ with a

s&anned image of its diseased

&ounterpart

▪ des&ri,e

how radioa&tie isotopes ma ,e

meta,o#ised , the ,od to ,ind or

a&&umu#ate in the target organ

▪ identif

that during de&a of spe&ifi&

radioa&tie nuei positrons are

gien off

▪ dis&uss

the intera&tion of e#e&trons and

positrons resu#ting in the produ&tionof gamma ras

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▪ des&ri,e

how the positron emission

tomograph (>B) te&hni


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Stu"e!ts lear! to- Stu"e!ts-

/, 6he magnetic ield

produced b$

nuclear particles

can be used as adiagnostic tool

▪ identif

that the nuei of &ertain atoms and

mo#e&u#es ,ehae as sma## magnets

▪ perform

an inestigation to o,sere images

from magneti& resonan&e image

(MR@) s&ans inuding a &omparisonof hea#th and damaged tissue

▪ identif


present information using aai#a,#e

eiden&e to e5p#ain wh MR@ s&ans

&an ,e used to:

– dete&t &an&erous tissues

– identif areas of high

,#ood f#ow

– distinguish ,etween gre

and white matter in the ,rain

▪ gather

and pro&ess se&ondar information to

identif the fun&tion of the

e#e&tromagnet radio fre


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%' ")tion 5 stro)hysics

Contextual Outline

he wonders of the Unierse are reea#ed through te&hno#ogi&a# adan&es ,ased on tested prin&ip#es of

phsi&s %ur understanding of the &osmos draws upon mode#s theories and #aws in our endeaour to see6e5p#anations for the mriad of o,serations made , arious instruments at man different wae#engths

e&hni


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2, Careul

measurement

o a celestial

ob+ect>s positionin the s#$

astrometr$5

ma$ be used to

determine its

distance

▪ define

the terms para##a5 parse& #ightEear

▪ so#e


&a#&u#ate the distan&e to a star gien

its trigonometri& para##a5 using:

▪ gather

and pro&ess information to determine

the re#atie #imits to trigonometri&

para##a5 distan&e determinations using

re&ent groundE,ased and spa&eE,ased

te#es&opes

▪ e5p#ainhow trigonometri& para##a5 &an ,e

used to determine the distan&e to stars

▪ dis&uss

the #imitations of trigonometri&

para##a5 measurements

., &pectroscop$ is

a vital tool orastronomers

and provides

a "ealth o

inormation

▪ a&&ount

for the produ&tion of emission anda,sorption spe&tra and &ompare these

with a &ontinuous ,#a&6,od spe&trum

▪ perform

a firstEhand inestigation to e5amine aariet of spe&tra produ&ed ,

dis&harge tu,es ref#e&ted sun#ight or

in&andes&ent fi#aments

▪ ana#se

information to predi&t the surfa&e

temperature of a star from

its intensit$wae#ength graph

▪ des&ri,e

the te&hno#og needed to measure

astronomi&a# spe&tra

▪ identif

the genera# tpes of spe&tra produ&ed

, stars emission ne,u#ae ga#a5ies

and


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/, Photometric

measurements

can be used ordetermining

distance and

comparing ob+ects

▪ define

a,so#ute and apparent magnitude

▪ so#e


using:

and

to calculate the absolute or

apparent magnitude o stars using

data and a reerence star

▪ perform

an inestigation to demonstrate the

use of fi#ters for photometri&

measurements

▪ identif


present information to assess

the impa&t of improements in

measurement te&hno#ogies on our

understanding of &e#estia# o,;e&ts

▪ e5p#ain

how the &on&ept of magnitude &an ,e

used to determine the distan&e to a

&e#estia# o,;e&t

▪ out#ine

spe&tros&opi& para##a5

▪ e5p#ain

how twoE&o#our a#ues (eg &o#our

inde5 "E) are o,tained and wh

the are usefu#

▪ des&ri,e

the adantages of photoe#e&tri&

te&hno#ogies oer photographi&

methods for photometr

, 6he stud$ obinar$ and

variable stars

reveals vital

inormation

about stars

▪ des&ri,e ,inar stars in terms of the means of

their dete&tion: isua# eipsing

spe&tros&opi& and astrometri&

▪ performan inestigation to mode# the #ight

&ures of eipsing ,inaries using

&omputer simu#ation

▪ so#e

pro,#ems and ana#se information ,

app#ing:

▪ e5p#ain

the importan&e of ,inar stars in

determining ste##ar masses

▪ assif

aria,#e stars as either intrinsi& or

e5trinsi& and periodi& or nonEperiodi&

▪ e5p#ain

the importan&e of the periodE

#uminosit re#ationship for

determining the distan&e of &epheids

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, &tars evolve and

eventuall$ die>

/ describethe processes involved in stellar

ormation

▪ present

information , p#otting 7ertHsprungE

Russe## diagrams for: near, or

,rightest stars stars in a oung openuster stars in a g#o,u#ar uster

▪ ana#se

information from a 7ER diagram and

use aai#a,#e eiden&e to determine

the &hara&teristi&s of a star and its

eo#utionar stage

▪ present

information , p#otting on a 7ER

diagram the pathwas of stars of 1 -

and 10 so#ar masses during their #ife

&e

▪ out#ine

the 6e stages in a star8s #ife in terms

of the phsi&a# pro&esses ino#ed

▪ des&ri,e

the tpes of nuear rea&tions ino#ed

in MainE*e


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%* ")tion 5 rom uanta to uar,s

Contextual Outline

@n the ear# part of the twentieth &entur man e5perimenta# and theoreti&a# pro,#ems remained unreso#ed

Attempts to e5p#ain the ,ehaiour of matter on the atomi& #ee# with the #aws of assi&a# phsi&s were notsu&&essfu# >henomena su&h as ,#a&6E,od radiation the photoe#e&tri& effe&t and the emission of sharp

spe&tra# #ines , atoms in a gas dis&harge tu,e &ou#d not ,e understood within the framewor6 of assi&a#

phsi&s

"etween 1900 and 1930 a reo#ution too6 p#a&e and a new more genera#ised formu#ation &a##ed #an&68s &ontri,ution to the &on&ept of


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2, 6he limitations o

classical ph$sics

gave birth to

(uantum ph$sics

▪ des&ri,e

the impa&t of de "rog#ie8s proposa#

that an 6ind of partie has ,oth

wae and partie properties

▪ so#e


using:

▪ gather

pro&ess ana#se and present

information and use aai#a,#e

eiden&e to assess the &ontri,utions

made , 7eisen,erg and >au#i to the

dee#opment of atomi& theor

▪ define

diffra&tion and identif that

interferen&e o&&urs ,etween waes

that hae ,een diffra&ted

es&ri,e the

&onfirmation of de

"rog#ie8s proposa#

, +aisson and

?ermer

▪ e5p#ain

the sta,i#it of the e#e&tron or,its in

the "ohr atom using de "rog#ie8s

hpothesis

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., 6he "or#

o Chad"ic#

and Fermi

in producingartiicial

transmutations

led to practical

applications o

nuclear ph$sics

▪ define

the &omponents of the nueus

(protons and neutrons) as nueons

and &ontrast their properties

▪ performa firstEhand inestigation or gather

se&ondar information to o,sere

radiation emitted from a nueus usingi#son /#oud /ham,er or simi#ar

dete&tion dei&e

▪ so#e pro,#ems and ana#se information to

&a#&u#ate the mass defe&t and energ

re#eased in natura# transmutation and

fission rea&tions

▪ dis&uss

the importan&e of &onseration #aws

to /hadwi&68s dis&oer of the

neutron

▪ define

the term Itransmutation8

▪ des&ri,e

nuear transmutations due to natura#

radioa&tiit

▪ des&ri,e

Cermi8s initia# e5perimenta#

o,seration of nuear fission

▪ dis&uss

>au#i8s suggestion of the e5isten&e of

neutrino and re#ate it to the need to

a&&ount for the energ distri,ution of

e#e&trons emitted in

βEde&a

▪ ea#uate

the re#atie &ontri,utions of

e#e&trostati& and graitationa# for&es

,etween nueons

▪ a&&ount

for the need for the strong nuear

for&e and des&ri,e its properties

▪ e5p#ain

the &on&ept of a mass defe&t usingBinstein8s e


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/, An understanding

o the nucleus has

led to large science

pro+ects and man$applications

▪ e5p#ain

the ,asi& prin&ip#es of a fission rea&tor

▪ gather

pro&ess and ana#se information to

assess the signifi&an&e of the

Manhattan >ro;e&t to so&iet

▪ identif

data sour&es and gather pro&ess and

ana#se information to des&ri,e the

use of:

– a named isotope in

medi&ine


agri&u#ture


engineering

▪ des&ri,esome medi&a# and industria#

app#i&ations of radioEisotopes

▪ des&ri,e

how neutron s&attering is used as a

pro,e , referring to the properties of

neutrons

/ identi$"a$s b$ "hich ph$sicists continue

to develop their understanding o

matter- using accelerators as a

probe to investigate the structure o

matter

▪ dis&uss

the 6e features and &omponents of

the standard mode# of matter

inuding


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% ")tion 5 The ge of Silicon

Contextual Outline

he inention of the transistor , "ardeen "rattain and *ho&6#e paed the wa for a wide range of new

e#e&troni& dei&es A 6now#edge of the e#e&tri&a# magneti& opti&a# and therma# properties of &ompounds oftransition and rare earth meta#s ena,#es their app#i&ation to ro,oti&s automation in the manufa&turing industr

and adan&es in the persona# &omputer industr

*emi&ondu&ting materia# is the ,asis of the integrated &ir&uits that run our &omputers and man modern

te&hno#ogies inuding programma,#e &ontro##ers Man modern te&hno#ogies use e#e&troEme&hani&a#

prin&ip#es to interfa&e rea# wor#d sensors and outputs to mi&ropro&essors temperature &ontro##ers

thermo&oup#es and power regu#ators

his modu#e in&reases students8 understanding of the app#i&ations and uses of phsi&s the imp#i&ations of

phsi&s for so&iet and the enironment and &urrent issues resear&h and dee#opments in phsi&s


1, 9lectronics hasundergone rapid

development

due to greater

#no"ledge o

the properties

o materials

and increasingl$

complex

manuacturing

techni(ues

▪ identifthat ear# &omputers ea&h emp#oed

hundreds of thousands of sing#e

transistors

▪ identifdata sour&es gather pro&ess and

ana#se information to out#ine the

rapid dee#opment of e#e&troni&s and

using e5amp#es re#ate this to the

impa&t of e#e&troni&s on so&iet

▪ gather

se&ondar information to identif the

desira,#e opti&a# properties of si#i&a

inuding:

– refra&tie inde5

– a,i#it to form fi,res – opti&a# nonE#inearit

▪ e5p#ain

that the inention of the integrated

&ir&uit using a si#i&on &hip was re#ated

to the need to dee#op #ightweight

&omputers and &ompa&t guidan&e

sstems

▪ e5p#ain

the impa&t of the dee#opment of the

si#i&on &hip on the dee#opment of

e#e&troni&s

▪ out#ine

the simi#arities and differen&es

,etween an integrated &ir&uit and a

transistor

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the fun&tion of thermistors in fire

a#arms and thermostats that &ontro#

temperature

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/, &ome devices use

output transducers

to ma#econnections

bet"een the

device and the

environment

▪ e5p#ain

the need for a re#a when a #arge

&urrent is used in a dei&e

▪ pro&ess

information to e5p#ain the wa in

whi&h a re#a wor6s using a &ir&uitdiagram

▪ so#e


using &ir&uit diagrams ino#ing

B+s and re#as

▪ ana#se

information to assess situations where

an B+ wou#d ,e prefera,#e to an

ordinar #ight sour&e

▪ des&ri,e

the ro#e of the e#e&tromagnet piot

swit&h &onta&ts and insu#ator in a

re#a

▪ des&ri,e

the stru&ture of #ightEemitting diodes

(B+s) in terms of pEtpe and nEtpe

semi&ondu&tors

▪ explain

"h$ voltmeters- ammeters- C7Os

and other electronic meters are

considered output transducers

, )normation can be

processed using

electronic circuits

▪ des&ri,e

the ,ehaiour of A'+ %R and

inerter #ogi& gates in terms of high

and #ow o#tages and re#ate these to

input and outputs

▪ identif

data sour&es p#an &hoose e


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Physics Stage

Physics St6 Syl.docx

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Transcript of Physics St6 Syl.docx