Physical & Emotional Development

Physical & Emotional

Development

They can’t do it alone!

Babies need help & encouragement to achieve their full

potential!

Introduction• The first three years of

life are a time of amazing growth and learning.

• In fact, babies grow faster, both physically and emotionally, during the first year than at any other time in their lives.

• Babies are born defenseless and are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs.

Introduction

• Babies need parents or caregivers who provide lots of love and attention.

• An infant responds best and develops most rapidly when he or she receives the attention of one or two special people.

• In the early stages of development, babies form strong bonds with the people who care for them and meet their basic needs.

• Parents who provide positive attention and consistent responses are setting their child up for success and helping him or her to become a secure, healthy adult.

Introduction• Positive, consistent responses help babies to

develop secure attachments with their parents.

• Secure attachments provide the foundation babies need to make normal strides in growth and development.

• In addition, since physical and emotional development are interrelated, babies must develop a basic sense of trust in themselves and in other people in order for them to feel secure.

• A sense of security allows children to freely explore their world.

• Children need to explore and experience the world in order to learn and develop.

Your Role

• As home visitors, you may be the best source of child development information for parents and caregivers.

• Your role is to teach parents about child development and to suggest activities that parents can engage in to positively influence their child‟s development.

• This training focuses on the

physical & emotional development

of children ages 0-36 months. • Common developmental milestones are

discussed and special attention is paid to a

challenging issue many parents face - toilet

training.

Training Objectives

Upon completing this training, you will be able to:

• Define physical and emotional development.

• Define what is meant by a developmental milestone.

• Identify common developmental milestones of babies from ages 1-9 months.

Training Objectives

• Identify common developmental milestones for toddlers ages 12-36 months.

• Discuss appropriate parenting activities/techniques that may be used to promote the emotional & physical development of children.

• Define what is meant by the “terrible twos.”

• Identify when a toddler is ready to be toilet trained.

• Describe various techniques/strategies that may be used to toilet train a toddler.

Basic Principles of Development

• Every child is unique.

• Every child develops at his or her own pace and responds to people and the world in his or her own way.

• Although the rate at which a child develops varies from child to child, most children develop new skills in a predictable order.

• Development occurs in a relatively ordered sequence toward greater complexity and organization.

• Children learn simple skills before they learn more difficult skills.

Every parent should learn some basic principles of development. They should understand that:

Basic Principles of Development

• For example, each baby begins by learning simple skills like babbling or cooing and then learns skills that are more difficult such as talking and putting sentences together.

• In addition, areas of development are interrelated.

• This means they affect one another.

• For example, in order for children to be able to talk and hold a conversation, they must be able to use the muscles in their mouth, must be able to hear, must use their brain, and must be able to learn social skills through interactions with others.

• By practicing a combination of these things, children learn to talk.

What is Physical Development?

Physical development refers to the growth of a baby‟s body. This includes muscles, bones, and body parts, as well as the skills the infant develops using his or her body.

• It is a progression characterized by

little control of movement to the act

of being able to jump, laugh, sing,

write, and control small and large

muscles with confidence.

• Physical development includes the

use of arms, legs, fingers, hands,

eyes and ears.

What is Emotional Development?

Emotional development is the process of learning to control your emotions and having empathy and respect for others.

• Emotional development stems from the basic

sense of self (self-esteem) that a baby develops

about him or herself as a person.

• Emotional development

includes the ability to pay

attention, make transitions

from one activity to another,

and to cooperate and share

with others.

Learning About Development

is Important! • Since parents play a very important role in a

child‟s development, they need to have basic knowledge about how children develop. Knowledge about child development:

− Helps parents feel good and confident about their parenting role.

− Allows parents to identify developmental problems early on.

− Helps parents respond to infants in ways that make the infant feel safe, secure, and loved.

− Helps parents plan and engage in activities that help infants grow and develop.

Developmental Milestones

• One of the easiest ways parents can learn to

support their child‟s development is by learning

about the constant changes in their baby‟s

development.

• If parents are prepared and learn to anticipate

these changes, they can provide more

stimulating and supportive home environments

for their child.

• Therefore, home visitors should provide parents

with a list of developmental milestones matched

with appropriate ages.

What is a Developmental

Milestone?• According to dictionary.com, a milestone is “a

stone post at the side of a road to show distance

or progress”, or “a significant event in life.”

• If you think of development as a journey, then

developmental milestones would serve to show

both distance along the journey of development,

and significant events in a child‟s development.

A developmental milestone is defined as a skill that a child acquires within a specific timeframe. Milestones develop in a sequential fashion.

Types of Milestones

• Developmental milestones are often grouped according to areas of development.

• This training focuses on the physical and emotional development of children ages 0-36, and the milestones provided will be grouped by age and area of development.

• Remember, each child develops at his or her on pace. Therefore, the milestones listed on the following slides are simply guidelines.

• There can be as much as a three to six week difference in when individual babies learn a new skill.

• In addition, babies born prematurely often reach developmental milestones later than babies their same age.

Baby’s First Month

Physical Emotional

Babies can focus and follow

objects which are about 8-

10 inches away.

Babies respond to sound

and can recognize familiar

voices such as their parents‟

voices.

Babies cry to tell you they

are cold, wet, hungry or in

need of attention.

Babies enjoy eye contact.

Babies move arms and legs

around.

Babies‟ heads flop if not

supported.

Baby’s Second Month

Physical Emotional

Babies‟ muscles relax and

twitch less.

Babies can smile at you.

Babies can follow a slow

moving object.

Babies make sounds such as

cooing, sighing, and gurgling

to communicates moods.

Babies can lift their head 45

degrees and their chest

when lying on stomach.

Babies study faces and their

personality becomes more

obvious.

Babies start to hold things

that are put in their hands

like rattles.

Baby’s Third Month

Physical Emotional

Babies can reach out and touch things and stretch out limbs.

Babies know the difference

between parents and

strangers.

Babies begin to roll over from back to side

Babies make eye contact.

Babies can bring their hands together.

Babies smile at faces.

Babies can hold their head

up or down but may still

need support.

Babies attempt to hit objects

with swiping motion.

Baby’s Fourth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies begin to roll from

front to side.

Babies laugh hard when

tickled.

Babies grasp a toy and

reach for objects.

Babies enjoy social

interaction.

Babies hold their head

steadily and possibly turn

their head in different

directions.

Babies make more sounds,

especially the more someone

talks to them.

Baby’s Fifth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies grab objects and put

them in their mouths.

Babies listen to sounds.

Babies entertain themselves

by playing with their hands

and feet.

Babies watch your face

when you talk.

Babies reach with a good

aim.

Babies turn towards new

sounds.

Baby’s Sixth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies turn from their backs

to their stomachs.

Babies stretch out arms to

tell you they want to be

picked up.

Babies roll over to reach

something they see or want

to touch.

Babies imitate sounds and

facial expressions.

Babies push themselves up

with arms.

Babies sit and balance for

short periods of time, but

still need support.

Baby’s Seventh Month

Physical Emotional

Most babies sit alone with

no support.

Babies respond to their

name.

Babies try to transfer toys

from one hand to the other.

Babies show displeasure at

the loss of a toy.

Babies have their first tooth

come through and may get

fussy.

Babies push themselves up

and rock on their hands and

knees.

Baby’s Eighth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies may begin to crawl

and may go backwards first.

Babies begin to develop

separation anxiety.

Babies can transfer objects

from hand to hand.

Babies may be shy or afraid

of strangers.

Babies begin to point at

objects.

Babies can throw kisses and

may begin to feel love for

another person.

Babies will soon pull

themselves up to stand.

Babies may cry if they see

someone else cry (emerging

empathy)

Baby’s Ninth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies crawl and move around

the house.

Babies feed themselves

finger food.

Babies bang toys together or

drop them to see what

happens.

Babies experience

separation anxiety.

Babies can go from a sitting

position to a lying position and

then sit up again.

Babies hold cup with

hands and drink with

help.

Babies stand by holding

someone or a piece of furniture

and pulling themselves up.

Note: Some babies may begin to walk at this age.

Baby’s Tenth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies can wave goodbye. Babies respond to their

name.

Babies open their hands and

let go of objects they are

holding.

Babies feel pride especially

when praised.

Babies practice pulling

themselves up to a standing

position.

Babies like to play patty cake

and peek- a- boo.

Babies indicate their wants

with gestures.

Baby’s Eleventh Month

Physical Emotional

Babies begin to walk or

“cruise” by holding onto

furniture.

Babies participate more

actively in routines such as

dressing by holding arms

and legs out to help.

Babies can find objects

hidden under other objects.

Babies can identify

themselves in mirrors.

Babies pull off hats and

socks.

Babies try and may stand

by themselves without any

help.

Baby’s Twelfth Month

Physical Emotional

Babies may begin taking

a few steps on their own

or may begin walking.

Babies have definite likes and

dislikes and will let you know.

Babies crawl well and

walk around by using

furniture or the help of an

adult.

Babies point to things they want

instead of making noises.

Babies offer objects and toys to

others, but expect them back.

Babies copy adult actions such

as drinking from a cup.

Months 12-24

Physical Emotional

Children can walk alone and can run at 24 months.

Children imitate actions and words.

Children can walk up and down stairs while holding something.

Children are aware of themselves as separate from others.

Children can climb on furniture and get down by themselves.

Children enjoy the company of other children.

Children can kick a ball and stand on tiptoes.

Children can scribble and stack 4 or more blocks.

Note: Children who don‟t walk by the15th month may have a developmental delay.

Months 24-36

Physical Emotional

Children can alternate feet while climbing up and down stairs.

Children express a wide range of emotions such as fear, anger, sadness, and happiness.

Children can climb well. Children learn to take turns.

Children can pedal a tricycle.

Children imitate adults or friends.

Children can bend over without falling.

Children understand “ mine” and “his” or “hers.”

Children can turn pages of a book and stack more than 6 blocks.

Children show affection and that they like special friends.

Children can turn handles and lids.

Children may have a hard time with changes to daily routines.

Tips to Promote Physical &

Emotional Development

• Having knowledge about developmental milestones, helps parents promote the physical and emotional development of their child.

• One of the best ways parents can promote the physical and emotional development of their child is by providing them with lots of tender, loving care.

• This means parents should ensure that their child‟s basic needs, such as food, shelter and clothing, are met.

• It also means that parents should provide children with the attention they need. You can‟t spoil an infant!

A Word on Spoiling

• It is important to discuss the issue of spoiling with parents since many parents do believe you can actually spoil an infant.

• A detailed study * sponsored by several child welfare organizations recently concluded that 44% of parents with young children believed that picking up a 3-month old baby every time he or she cries will spoil him or her.

• In addition, 57% of the parents believed that it is possible to spoil a 6 month old infant.

• This is simply not the case.

• Research shows that you can never shower an infant with too much love or attention, especially if the child is 6 months or younger.

You Can’t Spoil an Infant!

• As a matter of fact, babies who get a quick and consistent response to crying, especially during the first 6 -8 months of life, actually cry less than infants who have been left to cry for periods of time.

• They also learn a basic sense of trust, form secure attachments and, as a result, have fewer emotional or behavioral problems.

• Much of the confusion in the area of spoiling lies in the fact that many parents lack basic knowledge about child development and appropriate expectations.

Why You Can’t Spoil an Infant• One of the main reasons why you can‟t spoil an

infant is because babies cry for various reasons and they learn to trust their world when a loving caregiver responds to their crying (needs).

• This means responding to an infant‟s crying is actually more beneficial than ignoring the infant.

• In addition, babies can‟t anticipate the future. Therefore, they can‟t manipulate parents to get what they want.

• Babies don‟t actually sit around thinking they are going to make someone‟s life miserable on purpose. They simply cry because it is the only way they can communicate a need such as being hungry.

Can You Spoil Older Infants?

• Once infants near the age of 8-9 months, parents should still provide tender, loving care, but may wish to watch for signs that a child is able to self-regulate and self-manage.

• At around this8-9 months, infants have begun to learn how to regulate themselves.

• So, for example, if an infant gets frustrated while playing with a toy and begins to cry, a parent may want to give the infant a few minutes to try to calm him or herself down instead of immediately picking up the child.

• Therefore, as children get older, parents must begin to balance love with discipline.

• Infants can‟t be spoiled, though!

Tips to Promote Physical &

Emotional Development

• In addition to providing tender, loving care, parents can engage in age-appropriate activities to help promote their child‟s physical and emotional development.

• Home visitors should encourage parents to engage in parent-child activities whenever possible.

• The following slides describe some activities parents can do with their child and that home visitors can suggest to them.

Activities to Promote Physical

Development (6-12 months)

• The following activities can be used to

promote the physical development of 6-12

month-old infants.

– Put toys on a sofa that the infant

can see from the floor to

encourage the infant to want to

pull up to get them.

– Place toys at different places on

the floor to encourage the infant

to crawl and reach for them.



– Let the infant see

him or herself in the

mirror often.

– Roll a ball back and forth with the

infant.

– Give the infant some blocks to

play with that he or she may

bang on the floor or carry them

when he or she crawls.



– Hold both of the infant‟s

hands and walk around the

house together.

– Give the infant a toy

telephone and pretend to

call him or her on it.



– Blow bubbles for

the infant to watch

and try to catch.

– Give the infant small objects to

pick up like small pieces of

cheerios when he or she is about

9 months so that the infant can

chew and swallow.


Development (1-2 year olds)

• The following activities can be used to promote

the physical development of 1-2 year old toddlers.

– Play catch with the toddler.

– Take the toddler for a walk and

allow him or her to bring along a

pull toy.

– Allow the toddler to walk on

stairs, but make sure parents

stay behind him or her as he or

she climbs.



– Have the toddler push

the buttons on a play

telephone or similar toy.

– Ask the toddler to get

his or her coat and

shoes when you are

going somewhere.

– Play simple chase games with the toddler.

– Let the toddler help you fold clothes.

– Read a book with a toddler, allowing him or her

to turn the pages.

Activities to Promote Emotional


• The following activities can be used to promote the

emotional development of 0-12 month-old infants.

– Make feeding time a

learning and bonding

experience by talking to

your infant when you feed

him or her.

– Put your face close to your

infant‟s when you interact

with each other.


Development (0-12 months)– Address the infant by his or

her name.

– Play music for the infant to listen to or sing along with.

– While listening to music, move the infant‟s feet and legs.

– Read to the infant several times a day using colorful books with many illustrations.

– Hang a mobile to develop the visual skill of the infant.



• The following activities can be used to promote

the emotional development of 1-2 year old

toddlers.

– Encourage the toddler to

talk about his or her family.

– Do things together as a

family.

– Take turns brushing teeth

or choosing books to read.

– Play pretend games with

him or her.


Development (1-2 year olds)– Go to the park and allow him

or her to play with other

children.

– Give the toddler some simple

chores to give him or her a

sense of contributing to the

family.– Encourage the

toddler to try again

when they he or she

makes a mistake.

More on Activities

• Parents can engage in numerous activities to help support their child‟s physical and emotional development. The important thing is that they provide as many experiences as possible for their child.

“Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.”

- Abigail Adams, Wife of John Adams, The second president of the United States.

“Children’s play represents not only fun, but a critically important feature of their development.”

- Jerome L. Singer, Developmental Psychologist

How to Tell if A Child is Ready

• There are a number of sign that parents can

look for which may indicate a child is ready to be

toilet trained. These include:

– The child has a dry diaper after napping.

– The child has the physical coordination to

walk to the bathroom and is able to sit on a

potty chair or toilet training seat.

– The child can let the parent know the he or

she needs to go to the toilet, using hand

gestures or by making faces.

How to Tell if A Child is Ready

– The child can follow simple instructions such

as „go to the potty now.”

– The child is able to sit down and play by him

or herself for 5 minutes.

– The child stays dry for about two hours at a

time.

– The child is able to pull pants up and down by

him or herself.

– The child expresses an interest in going to the

potty.

Techniques to Toilet Train a Toddler

• Parents should use the following techniques to toilet

train their toddler.

– Explain your expectations- Let your child know

that it is time for him or her to hold it long enough

to let it go in the potty.

–Schedule toilet times- Try to have your child sit on the potty for five minutes after each meal or when regular bowel movements occur.


– Prompt your child- Every time you notice your child tugging at his or her clothes or shifting from foot to foot, let the child know it is time to go to the potty.

– Modeling/Imitating- Let the child observe a same sex parent or sibling go to the potty and allow the toddler time to imitate that person.

– Buy a potty chair- Buy a potty chair that has a fun look. It can have animals, colors, or the name of the toddler, whatever you think will get his or her attention.


– Buy a big packet of fun underwear- Buy underwear with cartoons or bright colors that your child might enjoy to make the experience more fun.

– Buy a potty training doll- Some dolls come with a toilet and bottle for feeding. You may use this doll to help you teach your child how to potty train.

– Check out a potty training book from your local library - Books about potty training are usually available at the library. You can check out a book that provides tips for parents and you may also check out a book for the child as well.

Physical & Emotional Development

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