Toddlers

Physical, Social, Emotional, and Intellectual DevelopmentChapters 11, 12 and 13

Essential QuestionsWhat is the difference between toddlers

and preschoolers?

How do toddlers develop physically?

How do toddlers develop socially and emotionally?

How do toddlers develop intellectually?

Physical Growth and Development in Toddlers

Age 1 Age 2 Age 3

Average Height 30 in 34 38

Average Weight 23 lbs 28 lbs 33 lbs

Proportion Head, abdomen and chest all measure

about the same and grow at the same

rate

Chest becomes larger than head,

abdomen and arms. Legs and trunk grow

rapidly

Chest is larger than head and abdomen. Arms, legs and trunk

continue to grow rapidly

Posture Crawling and toddling

Stands straight but not completely erect

Back straighter, posture more

upright

Number of teeth 8 16 20

Factors controlling quality of teeth

Diet (pregnancy and after birth)Drinking milk (pregnancy and after birth)

Brushing teethFlossing teeth

Heredity

When to start brushing?When to visit dentist?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDZXSMU2lAk

Large Motor Skills

1 YearWalking becomes

more steadyWalks up and

down stairs with both feet

2 YearsWalks well, climbs,

runs, jumpsKick ball

Goes up stairs with 2 feet 3 Years

Walks on tiptoes

Rides tricycleCatches ball with straight

arms

Small Motor Skills

1 YearPincher grasp

Pull down zippers

Turn door knobs

Stack few blocks

2 YearsTurns pages of

book (1 at time)Horizontal and vertical lines

Tower 8 blocks high

3 YearsCuts inaccurately

Draws recognizable picsFork and spoonTower 10 blocks

high

Toddlers and Self Feeding

Learn food attitudes from parents

Small stomachs (3-4 hrs)

No pressure

No rewards

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoVfF3BACvA

Learning Self Feeding Skills

www.baby-log.com

Practice, Practice, PracticeMessy, Messy, Messy

Practice, Practice, Practice

www.parentdish.co.uk amynnasser.photoshelter.com

1 YearSimple foods

Limit salt and sugar

Finger foods best

Spoon skills (18 months)Drinking cup

2 YearsInclude fork useLong time and

messyTime to perfectSocial skills and family bonding

3 YearsChew with all

teethSkilled with

utensilsHealthy diet

Good Food Choices

Bad Food Choices

DAIRY

LOW FAT

3 Cups

Good Food Choices

Bad Food Choices

F VR EU GI ET T AA BN L D E

3 Cups

Good Food ChoicesGRAINS

Bad Food Choices4 oz

Good Food Choices

Bad Food Choices

MEAT

5 oz

Making food look good for childrenInclude the following:

Color

Texture

Shape

Temperature

Ease of eating

Dressing ChildrenPractice, practice, practice

large motor skillssmall motor skills

Commonmistakes

Learn

When choosing clothes for toddlers, Look for….

Comfort DurabilityEconomy

It’s finally time for POTTY TRAINING!

Between 18 months and 4 yearsPhysically and emotionally ready

Control sphincter muscleRecognize body sensations

Bowel before urineOwn sizeSounds

DO NOT PUSH

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx-ZJ3Zyovo

Bathing

1 Year---rub cloth over body2 Years---wash and rinse

3 Years---little help or supervision

Never leave unattendedSlip proof mat on bottom of tub

Shower when readyTurn down water temp

Sleep Patterns in Toddlers

Toddlers start having regular sleep patterns.Around 2 yrs. no morning nap

Around 3 yrs. no afternoon nap

Eventually they will only sleep at night (8-12 hrs)

What type of sleep disruptions occur for toddlers

FearsTrouble falling asleep (routine)

Adult presenceDistractions

Over stimulation

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL

DEVELOPMENT IN TODDLERS

Year 1 Emotions

Self centeredNegativism

Temper tantrums

Year 2 Emotions

Speech and motor improvementMore patient

Less self centeredNot easily distracted

Independent!

3 Year Emotions

CooperativeLove praiseFears set in

Bad habits begin

Routines can help

Specific Emotions of ToddlersAnger

Where direct it?Fear

Common fearsJealousy

Sibling rivalryLove and affection

Future relationshipsEmpathy

Sorry

Positive Self Concept

How we see ourselves

Actions, attitudes and comments

1-3 yrs critical

Act the part

Mastering skills (challenge them)

Is my child developing normally?

Do they have a good relationship with you?

Do they want your praise and approval?

Do they turn to you for good and bad?

Do they tell you significant events in their life?

Do they accepts limits and discipline?

Social Skills

Year One

Parallel play

Objects not humans

Actions do affect others

Year Two

Interaction

Communication

Do for me but not you

Fairness

Fight (forgive and forget)

Year Three

Cooperative play

Work together

Share?

Compare self to others

Friends

For normal social development:

Children need at least one friend

If not interested, why?

Dependent upon socialization

Imag

inar

y Fr

iend

sYes, it’s normal

Some hang around, other disappear

Good part

Bad part

How long do they stay?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jT4UuQu4YxQ

Guiding Toddlers

Purpose of guidance is????????

This is ability to control own actions

Be sure technique is age and developmentally appropriate!

Techniques that work!12-15 months

DistractionPhysical removal 15-24 months

DistractionPhysical removalSpoken

restrictions

2 years

Spoken command

ExplanationReasoning 3 years

Reasonable, loving

guidance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVFt7Ahs8gw

How do I teach my child to share?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msJ9KDxGZOs

Role model

Activities that require sharing

Limit materials

Pass out snacks/treats

Sharing words

Stacey, who is four, was playing with blocks at her child care center.

Another child the age came to the block area and began to play also.

Stacey protested that the blocks were for her to play with. One of the

center’s staff heard them talking.

Can the work it out on their own?Explain sharing? Work together on something?

For the holiday, three year old Johnny and his two year old brother Randy

both received coloring books. Randy like the characters in his brother’s coloring book and tried to take it.

Johnny got mad and tried to get it back. Their parents heard the argument and

came to see what was happening.Do you have to share gifts?Distract randy by showing him his picturesAsk if sharing would be ok. Trade 1 page each?

Megan and her neighbor Sondra are playing in the sandbox in Megan’s back

yard while Megan’s father watches them. They are both 18 months old. Sondra reaches for a toy that Megan

wants. She pushes Sondra and grabs the toy herself. Sondra falls down into the

sandbox and starts to cry.Give to to Sondra (meagan needs to)Give Megan another toy for distraction?

Charlie, who is two, and Carrie, who is three, are at the pool with their

mother. She is taking turns giving them rides around the pool. Carries gets mad because she says Charlie has gotten more rides than she has.

Mom reinforce fairness/sharingShow how it is fair

Ben, who is almost two, has gotten into the emergency candle drawer where his parents keep matches. His father

catches him.

Tell him matches are bad?Remove him form the areaDistract him with something appropriate

Move the matches?

Intellectual Development

in Toddlers

ROLE OF INTELLIGENCEIntelligence is…

the ability to interpret or understand everyday situations and to use that experience when faced with new situations or problems.

Intelligence is shaped by heredity because…..

Intelligence is shaped by environment because…

Toddlers and preschoolers form their attitudes toward learning that will last a life time. If curiosity is

encouraged, the child develops a positive attitude toward learning

METHODS OF LEARNINGIncidental Learning Trial and Error Learning

Imitation Directed Learning

What is a concept?

This is how toddlers organize information they receive from the outside world.

color shapeSIZETIME

Intellectual Activity

Intellectual activity is broken down into 7 areas

All of these areas develop throughout life but are

especially remarkable from years one to three.

The mind at work!

1. ATTENTIONWhat are your senses taking in right now?

see pictures, read words, light in the room, neighbors reaction, smells, room temperature, people being rude and talking…

You have learned

to block a lot of this

out, children cannot do that.

Children are easily distracted.

This develops with age. A 3 year old has a

longer attention span than a 1 year old has

2. MEMORY

Without memory, there would

be no learning.

As children age, their

memory gets better.

Memory increases with age.

3. PERCEPTION

As children gain new information, their brain begins

to organize itself.

Talking to children and using descriptive words will help a child become more perceptive

Answering all the “why” questions will help to improve

their perception.

4. REASONINGThis is basic to the ability to

solve problems and make

decisions. It is also important in

recognizing relationships and

forming concepts.

Toddlers learn to make good

decisions through practice---give

them a chance!

When giving them choices, keep them limited and simple

5. IMAGINATION

This becomes apparent at about 2 years—scientists are uncertain if

babies have imaginations.

Children use their imagination to connect what they see and hear

with themselves.

Until the age of 5, children don’t understand the difference between

reality and imagination

6. C

REAT

IVIT

Y

Imagination is used to produce creativity

The end result is usually a product (painting..)

7. CURIOSITY

This is what

causes children

to wonder WHY!

Children begin to

have new experiences

and explore---they are curious.

NEVER stifle a child’s ability to learn and explore.

Planning ActivitiesFor each ability listed, come up with an activity, toy or game for a toddler that promotes that learning.

Attention

Categorizing

Creativity

Curiosity

Imagination

Memory

Perception

Reasoning

HELPING TO GUIDE LEARNING

• TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SIMPLE LEANING ACTIVITIES such as

• GIVE ONLY AS MUCH HELP AS THE CHILD NEEDS such as

•ENCOURAGE CHILDREN TO DRAW THEIR OWN CONCLUSIONS such as

• KEEP EXPLAINATIONS SIMPLE AND ON CHILD’S LEVEL such as

• TAKE FREQUENT BREAKS because

PLAY ACTIVITIES AND TOYS

Toys are an important part of play.

Toys allow children to use their…

Toys encourage development of…

Toys help children learn to …

EVALUATING TOYS FOR TODDLERS

Durable Safety Ease of cleaning

Imagination

Colorful Easy to handle

AGE APPROPRIATE TOYS

1-2 YEARS• Learn through

exploration•Household objects

• Swings• Balls• Dolls

• Simple puzzles

2-3 years• Child imitates adults• Household toys (play

kitchen…)• Crayons• Books

• Large blocks• sandbox

3-4 years

• Emphasis on small motor skills

• Dressing dolls• Cars/trucks

• Clay/color/paint• Puzzles• Tricycles

SPEECH DEVELOPMENTThe first 3 years of life are the “window of opportunity” for

learning words.

Children’s language development is strongly

influenced by how caregivers and older children speak to

them.

Children vary greatly in their timing of speaking skills.

BASIC SPEECH DEVELOPMENT FOR INFANTS

FOR ONE YEAR OLDS• Speak in a clear,

engaging way• Encourage them to talk

back• Talk a lot

FOR TWO YEAR OLDS• They start combining

words• Make short sentences• Use basic rules of grammar (pronouns)

FOR THREE YEAR OLDS• Use more words in sentences (3-6 words)

• They tend to add “s” to end of words (foots)

SPEECH DIFFICULTIESSome children are “late talkers”. If a child doesn’t understand what is being said or speaks very little

they should be evaluated by a professional.

Speech language pathologistIt is important for children to be identified and helped as early as

possible.

Some common causes of speech problems are poor hearing, mental

retardation, learning disabilities, and emotional problems.

SPEE

CH P

ROBL

EMS

Many children have problems with articulation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6HODq0IkBo

It is common for some children to skip syllables of words or leave off endings of words.

As a parent/caregiver, avoid constantly correcting a child’s speech problems. It makes

the child feel more insecure.

Stuttering

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=da6xnm5feV4

Stuttering is a more serious problem. This occurs because their speaking and thinking abilities are immature. Sometimes their

mind goes faster than their mouth.

Cause of stuttering is not completely understood.

As a parent/caregiver, do not finish the word for the child. You may think you are being kind but you are not helping the child

to speak better.

Children with speech problems need extra love. Ridicule and correction only make the problem worse.

You think you know all about toddlers? Great.Now you get to learn all

about pre-schoolers!You are NEVER done

learning.