PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS - wtgzik.pairserver.comwtgzik.pairserver.com/courses/373f16/373-PV.pdf ·...

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Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 | Grondzik 1

PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS

www.geni.org/

picasaweb.google.com/jomo13/


A PV system is a helio-electrical conversion process designed to produce electricity directly

from solar radiation. A PV system would be classified as a “transformer” if installed as a

building envelope element.

A PV cell produces dc electricity (requiring an inverter [dc to ac] for most applications)

A PV system has cyclical output (corresponding to solar radiation intensity, and thus requiring storage)

PV cells come in a variety of types (this is an evolving market) — but efficiencies are rather low

PV systems come in a variety of arrangements (with grid-connected the most common)

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PV Cell Types

highest efficiency … lowest cost

generally speaking

rene

wab

lepo

wer

sola

rene

rgy.

com

/

single (or mono) crystalline

polycrystalline

amorphous

best

-b2b

.com

/

ww

w.e

stte

ch.c

om

/


PV Cell

single crystalline PV cell: the original PV type; most efficient, most expensive; the cell is the basic building block of a monocrystalline PV system

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Photovoltaic Cell Arrangement

PV is an active system that harvests a renewable resource

www.pv.unsw.edu.au/.../solar-cell_p-n.jpg

dc


Photovoltaic Cell Response typical PV harvests beyond the visible spectrum

www.kellerstudio.de pvpmc.org/

the spectral responsevaries with PV type

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PV Module

modules using polycrystalline PV cells: newer, less efficient, less expensive


PV Module Opportunities

flexible PV modules tinted PV cells/modules

http://www.dyesol.com/

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the Penn State 2009 Solar Decathlon house used cylindrical PV modules

http://www.solyndra.com/



www.pvglaze.com/inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2010/05/solar-leaf-panels.jpg

PV “leafs”

“transparent” PV

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Be Vigilant

www.pvglaze.com/

“transparent” PV

As a designer, you need to be both realistic and skeptical aboutproducts. “Transparent” PV is possible—but this product does not change the laws of physics.Any radiation (light) that passes through the module is not available to produce electricity. Likewise, any photons that produce electric current are notavailable to assist with daylighting.


Terminology: Cell > Module > Array

cells are assembled into modules by the manufacturer; modules are sold as a product; arrays (involving multiple modules) are assembled on site to fit project needs

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System Example:Stand-Alone dc PV System

independent of the power grid; feeds DC loads; batteries required for storage

this

app

roac

h in

volv

es n

odc

-ac

conv

ersi

on lo

sses

,bu

t req

uire

s th

e us

e of

dc

appl

ianc

es/lo

ads

(ava

ilabl

e, b

ut n

ot th

e no

rm fo

r bu

ildin

gs)


System Example: Stand-Alone ac PV System

independent of the power grid; feeds AC loads; batteries required for storage; may include a backup generator

this

app

roac

h in

volv

es d

c-ac

con

vers

ion

loss

es,

but a

llow

s th

e us

e of

ac

appl

ianc

es/lo

ads

(ac

is th

e no

rm fo

r bu

ildin

gs)

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System Example:Grid-Connected ac PV System

connected to power grid; feeds AC loads; no on-site storage;perhaps net-metered; a very common approach

this

app

roac

h in

volv

es d

c-ac

con

vers

ion

loss

es,

but d

oes

not r

equi

re o

n-si

te b

acku

p (b

atte

ries)


PV Applications/Aesthetics

various applications (retrofit and new construction): US

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façade-mounted, roof-mounted, and guard-rail-mounted arrays: Europe



PV arrays used as shading devices; this is just so logical

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PV Applications

PV-powered “car” >>

PV-powered pumping of solar hot water

battery storage bank

PV

solar thermal


Example: PV Installation

http://www.whrc.org/building/index.htm

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Designed by McDonough + Associates

involves a remodeling element (above ) and new element (next slide)


Woods Hole Research Center

(WHRC)Cape Cod, MA

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WHRC – PV

main PV array

ductwork forenergy-recoveryventilator system

the primary PV array covers all reasonably usable space on the new roof


WHRC – PV

secondaryPV array(installed onremodeledportion ofbuilding)

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WHRCinverters—to convert dc outputto 208 V ac

grid connection disconnect for utility company


WHRC also has solar thermal collectors

note

that

the

tilt a

ngle

for

the

PV

pan

els

is n

ot th

e sa

me

as fo

r th

e so

lar

ther

mal

pa

nels

: an

y id

eas

wh

y?

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Woods Hole Research Center PV

http://www.whrc.org/building/education/SysDet2.asp7 PM 6 February 2006


Woods Hole Research Center PV

http://www.whrc.org/building/education/SysDet2.asp1:20 PM 8 February 2006

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UTA Solar Decathlon House


Lillis Business School

U of Oregon

an example of BIPV(building integrated

photovolatics)

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Lillis HallU of Oregon

PV cells integrated withsouth-facing glazing


Lillis

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Lillis


Lillis

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Lillis

PV cells integrated intosouth-facing skylights


BIPV: Building Integrated Photovoltaics

• This term describes the use of PV in such a way that the PV component either replaces another building component (such as a roof shingle or a shading device) or is integrated into such an element

• The fundamental idea behind BIPV applications is that costs can be reduced by moving the PV module from an add-on device to a basic building enclosure component

• See Lillis Hall above for an example of BIPV

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EXAMPLES:BIPV

solarpowerpanels.ws/


A VERY Useful PV Analysis Tool

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/codes_algs/PVWATTS/version1/

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Understanding PV System “Size”

peak rating annual output


Summary Comments on Photovoltaics

• Basic technology is off-the-shelf (it is not experimental)• Systems are also not experimental (dealt with by UL listings, PURPA,

utilities, National Electrical Code) • Technology and devices have gained respect (good track record)• Most manufacturing is done off-shore (not in the US)• Some use of small PV as distributed generating plants is being seen• Typical PV efficiency is 7-15% (perhaps 20% at edges of technology)• Efficiency is a red-flag for realistic expectations (intent/criteria/cost)• PV is an active system that uses a renewable resource (solar radiation)• PV is an expensive technology• Payback is beyond 15 years (perhaps 30 years) in a typical application• System costs can be reduced by a grid tie-in and utility/tax rebates• System costs should be reduced by BIPV (building integrated PV)• There are some serious concerns about the environmental life-cycle

value of PV (considering manufacturing/disposal impacts on environment), but the energy payback for PV manufacturing is estimated at about 4-5 years

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PV Trends—Efficiency

efficiency trending upward, but with shallow slope

sites.lafayette.edu/


PV Trends—Cost

trending downward, with rather steep slope; but comparison with otherelectricity sources seems off-target (caution with www data)

www.seekingalpha.com/www.solarcellcentral.com/

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PV Trends—Contribution

www.mediamatters.org/

commons.wikimedia.org/


Why PV Matters

electricity < > is a major component of total building energy load; getting to net-zero energy requires engaging electrical use

www.energystar.gov/www.bonstinternational.com/

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