PhD progresses @ 4th Cross-Field Residential Seminar
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Community Multimedia Centresin Mozambique:a contribution from the Theory of Social Representations.
Sara Vannini ‒ NewMinE LabUniversità della Svizzera italiana, Lugano.
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(Social REpresentations of Community Multimedia Centres in Mozambique and ACTions for improvement).
RE-ACT
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Research Question
Social Representations
Theory
MethodsApplication
Need
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Research Question
Social Representations
Theory
MethodsApplication
Need
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Research Question
Social Representations
Theory
Methods
ImprovedResearch Question?
ApplicationNeed
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What are the social representations of CMCs in Mozambique (according to different stakeholders)?
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What are the social representations of CMCs in Mozambique (according to different stakeholders)?
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What are the social representations of CMCs in Mozambique (according to different stakeholders)?
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telecentres
community radios
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CMCs in Mozambique in 2011
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What are the social representations of CMCs in Mozambique (according to different stakeholders)?
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Social Representations
Moscovici, 1973
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Social Representations
Moscovici, 1973
systems of values, ideas and practices, that are shared among a given group
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Social Representations
Making sense of the reality
Communicate
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Semiotic Triangle of SR
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agency
negotiation
cognitive polyphasia
Semiotic Triangle of SR
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Bauer & Gaskell, 1999
Toblerone Model
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Why SR Theory could be suitable
for the ICT4D domain?
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Design-Reality Gap (Heeks, 2008)
Misalignments may lead to
sustainability issues (Rega, 2010)
ICTs entered Mozambican
communities abruptly and
are symbolically charged (Contarello & Sarrica, 2007)
Epistemologically: constructionist & non-sperimental
Triadic: • no separation individual
perception/socio-cultural
context
• focus on communication
• not focused on internal
decision-making process
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Design-Reality Gap (Heeks, 2008)
Misalignments may lead to
sustainability issues (Rega, 2010)
ICTs entered Mozambican
communities abruptly and
are symbolically charged (Contarello & Sarrica, 2007)
Epistemologically: constructionist & non-sperimental
Triadic: • no separation individual
perception/socio-cultural
context
• focus on communication
• not focused on internal
decision-making process
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What do Local People Think about Telecentres? A Key Issue for Sustainability.Rega, 2010
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Design-Reality Gap (Heeks, 2008)
Misalignments may lead to
sustainability issues (Rega, 2010)
ICTs entered Mozambican
communities abruptly and
are symbolically charged (Contarello & Sarrica, 2007)
Epistemologically: constructionist & non-sperimental
Triadic: • no separation individual
perception/socio-cultural
context
• focus on communication
• not focused on internal
decision-making process
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Design-Reality Gap (Heeks, 2008)
Misalignments may lead to
sustainability issues (Rega, 2010)
ICTs entered Mozambican
communities abruptly and
are symbolically charged (Contarello & Sarrica, 2007)
Epistemologically: constructionist & non-sperimental
Triadic: • no separation individual
perception/socio-cultural
context
• focus on communication
• not focused on internal
decision-making process
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Design-Reality Gap (Heeks, 2008)
Misalignments may lead to
sustainability issues (Rega, 2010)
ICTs entered Mozambican
communities abruptly and
are symbolically charged (Contarello & Sarrica, 2007)
Epistemologically: constructionist & non-sperimental
Triadic: • no separation individual
perception/socio-cultural
context/others
• focus on communication
• not focused on internal
decision-making process
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Current Status of the Literature
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Applied vs Theorethical
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Applied vs Theorethical
What is the current status of studies about Social
Representations in ICT4D?• Purpose
• Methodology
• Geographical areas of application
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Applied vs Theorethical
What is the current status of studies about Social
Representations in ICT4D?• Purpose
• Methodology
• Geographical areas of application
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Applied vs Theorethical
What is the current status of studies about Social
Representations in ICT4D?• Purpose
• Methodology
• Geographical areas of application
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Applied vs Theorethical
What is the current status of studies about Social
Representations in ICT4D, Development, & ICTs?• Purpose
• Methodology
• Geographical areas of application
• Which sectors of International Development have been
considered?
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SR + International Development
SR + ICT4D
SR + ICTs
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Inclusion
Criteria(EN, FR, PT,
ES, IT)
ICT4D
everything possible (7 journals, ICTD conference, Science Direct, GScholar)
ICTsJournals of Social Psychology, Science Direct, GScholar
DevelopmentJournals of Development, Science Direct, Gscholar
Reference check
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Inclusion
Criteria
ICT4D
everything possible (7 journals, ICTD conference, Science Direct, GScholar)
ICTsJournals of Social Psychology, Science Direct, GScholar
DevelopmentJournals of Development, Science Direct, Gscholar
Reference check
Journals of International Development
Meta-discourse about Development in Developing Countries
Areas of Development only when for developing purposes in developingcountries
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Language SR + ICT4D SR + ICTs SR + Development TotalEN 6 9 8 23ES 0 1 3 4Total 6 10 11 27
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Language SR + ICT4D SR + ICTs SR + Development TotalEN 6 9 8 23ES 0 1 3 4Total 6 10 11 27
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Language SR + ICT4D SR + ICTs SR + Development TotalEN 6 9 8 23ES 0 1 3 4Total 6 10 11 27
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Geographical Areas
211
1
9
8
6
1
2
7
1
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Development Areas
ICT4D ICTs Development Tot
Health 5 5
Access to information 4 11 4
Identity/stigma 1 3 4
Education 1 2 3
Development per se 3 3
Government/Participation 2 2Gender 1 1 2
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Development Areas
ICT4D ICTs Development Tot
Health 5 5
Access to information 4 11 4
Identity/stigma 1 3 4
Education 1 2 3
Development per se 3 3
Government/Participation 2 2Gender 1 1 2
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Methods of Data Collection
1
1
1
2
3
5
7
7
11
9
Scripts (storytelling)
Photo-stories (storytelling)
Photo-diary (storytelling
Literature Review
Focus-group interviews
Written accounts/association of words
Surveys
Observations/field notes/ethnography
Interviews
Multi-method
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Methods of Data Collection
1
1
1
2
3
5
7
7
11
9
Scripts (storytelling)
Photo-stories (storytelling)
Photo-diary (storytelling
Literature Review
Focus-group interviews
Written accounts/association of words
Surveys
Observations/field notes/ethnography
Interviews
Multi-method
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Methods of Data Analysis
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
5
7
12
does not specify
Central nucleus/periphery
DCS (Discourse of the collective Subject)
Metaphors (manually)
Linguistics (morpho-syntaxis, semantics)
Argumentation
Automated Content Analysis (es: T-Lab,…
Advanced statistics
Reflection on results
Content Analysis (Atlas, Nvivo…)
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Methods of Data Analysis
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
5
7
12
does not specify
Central nucleus/periphery
DCS (Discourse of the collective Subject)
Metaphors (manually)
Linguistics (morpho-syntaxis, semantics)
Argumentation
Automated Content Analysis (es: T-Lab,…
Advanced statistics
Reflection on results
Content Analysis (Atlas, Nvivo…)
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Purpose
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Purpose
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What is the current status of studies about
Social Representations in ICT4D?
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• Field is much l e s s s t ud i ed
• Similar studies have demonstrated SRT f i t s the
domain(s) and purposes of this study
• Methodology: m i x ed me thod s seem to fit well ‒
rigor needed in ICT4D
What is the current status of studies about
Social Representations in ICT4D?
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What are the social representations of CMCs in Mozambique (according to different stakeholders)?
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CommunityInitiating Agencies
Staff
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Community
-Users -(RC+TC)
#95-(RC) #72
-Non-Users #8
Initiating Agencies
#2
Staff
#57
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(Participant-Driven) Photo-Elicitation
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1)Interviews ‒ whole corpus
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1)Automatic analysis of the reciprocal relationships among textual units[T-Lab]
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1) Results
1 2 3 4 5 6
Molding the polisthrough the
community radio
Learninginformaticsat the telecenter
Computers as possibly connected typewriters
Users’ edu-tainmentexperience of the radio
“What we sell is
photocopies”: An
instrumental view of telecenters’ services
The CMC as a
bureaucratic
umbrella
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1) Results
1 2 3 4 5 6
Molding the polisthrough the
community radio
Learninginformaticsat the telecenter
Computers as possibly connected typewriters
Users’ edu-tainmentexperience of the radio
“What we sell is
photocopies”: An
instrumental view of telecenters’ services
The CMC as a
bureaucratic
umbrella
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1) Results
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2)Interviews ‒ information and communication flows
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2)Content Analysis[N-Vivo]
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2) Results
Community Radio 60.9%
Inbound 46.1%
Outbound 4.8%
Within 34.3%
Telecentre 7.4%
Inbound 6.5%
Outbound 0.4%
Within 0.4%
TOT # Interviewees 230
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2) Results
STAFF U-CMC U-RC NON-USERS TOTAL
Community Radio 78.9% 58.1% 54.2% 25.0% 60.9%
Inbound 63.2% 43.0% 40.3% 12.5% 46.1%
Outbound 7.0% 5.4% 2.8% - 4.8%
Shared 49.1% 32.3% 27.8% 12.5% 34.3%
Telecentre 5.3% 10.8% 5.6% - 7.4%
Inbound 5.3% 8.6% 5.6% - 6.5%
Outbound - 1.1% - - 0.4%
Shared - 1.1% - - 0.4%
TOT # Interviewees 57 93 72 8 230
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3)Photos & Photo-related interviews
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3)Content analysis [Manual]
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TelecenterRadio CMC
ServicesFacilities & Tools
People ManagingPeople Using
[Cantoni & Tardini, 2006; Rega, 2010]
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3) Results ‒ photo 1
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3) Results ‒ photo 2
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ImprovedResearch Question?
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What are the social representations of CMCs in Mozambique (according to different stakeholders)?
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Is Social Representations a suitable Theory
for advancements in the ICT4D domain?
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Is Social Representations a suitable Theory
for advancements in the ICT4D domain?
...Design-Reality Gap is addressed
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Is Social Representations a suitable Theory
for advancements in the ICT4D domain?
...integrated view: Initiating Agencies’ expectations & Local Ownership
...Design-Reality Gap is addressed
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Is Social Representations a suitable Theory
for advancements in the ICT4D domain?
...integrated view: Initiating Agencies’ expectations & Local Ownership
...insights on appropriation and reinvention of a (new) object
...Design-Reality Gap is addressed
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Is the Methodology applied within this study
suitable for the field (ICT4D)?
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Is the Methodology applied within this study
suitable for the field (ICT4D)?
...mixed methods allow triangulation
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Is the Methodology applied within this study
suitable for the field (ICT4D)?
...photo-elicitation allowed for gaining different insights
...mixed methods allow triangulation
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Is the Methodology applied within this study
suitable for the field (ICT4D)?
...photo-elicitation allowed for gaining original insights
...mixed methods allow triangulation
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Limitations
relationship “donors”-recipient
photo-elicitation: time & questions
different lengths in interviews
results very specific & not generalizable
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1) What are the social representations of CMCs in
Mozambique?
2) Is Social Representations a suitable Theory
for advancements in the ICT4D domain?
3) Is the Methodology applied within this
study suitable for the field (ICT4D)?
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THANK YOU!
Journals• Rega, I., Vannini, S., Fino, E., Cantoni, L. (accepted). Exploring the Meanings
of Community Multimedia Centers in Mozambique: A Social Representations Perspective. Submitted to Information Technology and International Development, (ITID).
• Vannini, S., Rega, I., Cantoni, L. (accepted). Information and Communication Flows through Community Multimedia Centres: Perspectives from Mozambican Communities. Submitted to Information Technology for Development (ITD), Special Issue on ICT and Development in Africa.
• Rega, I, Vannini, S., Cantoni, L., (submitted). Using Photo-elicitation to Explore Social Representations of Community Multimedia Centres in Mozambique. Submitted to Information Technology for Development (ITD).
Conference Proceedings• Vannini, S., Aguirre, L., Rega, I., Cantoni, L. (2013). Images of Community
Multimedia Centres in Mozambique: a participatory photo-elicitation study, in Proceedings: IFIP WG 9.4: Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, Ocho Ríos Jamaica, 19-22 May, 2013.
• Vannini, S., Rega, I., (2012), Inbound and Outbound Information and Communication flows: Perspectives from Community Multimedia Centres in Mozambique, in Proceedings: CIRN 2012 Community Informatics Conference: 'Ideals meet Reality' Monash Centre, Prato Italy 7-9 November 2012.
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THANK YOU!