Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages

German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in about 1240 that legally separated pharmacy from medicine in southern Italy and Sicily

German emperor Frederick II: The edict contained three decrees:

1. The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical profession.

2. The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially.

3. Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art, and in uniform suitable quality.

Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too

Following the middle ages, many parts of European society Reexamined the Greek and roman tenets that they had held as a fact.

Among the ideas that failed to stand up to closer scrutiny were the humoral pathology concepts of Hippocrates.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too

The Swiss physician Parcelsus (1493-1541) introduced two ideas:

1. Disease might be localized in a specific organ, and some conditions could be treated internally using the chemical properties of medicinal agents.

2. Some plants contained minute quantities of active chemical which could be removed by making tincture, extracts.

The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too

In the 16th and 17th centuries believed that disease was produced through imbalance of acid and alkaline substances in the body.

Homeopathy, treatment of diseases with substances that produced similar symptoms as did the disease.

Pharmacy in the united states: The early days

Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and chemotherapy began to change pharmacy from empirically based profession to a knowledge- based one.

Four types of pharmacies could be found in the Americas by the 18th century: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the general store, and the wholesale druggist.

Pharmacy in the united states: The early days

The dispensing physician- The physician would be the prescriber as well as the

provider of medication. Dispensing physicians became Less and less common,

dying out around the end of the nineteenth century. They have made a comeback, with some physicians

establishing dispensing rooms in their offices as an additional profit center.

Pharmacy in the united states: The early days

The apothecary shop was responsible for the compounding, formulating and dispensing medicines to the physician, surgeon, and patients.

The general store- these stores were stocked with goods needed by everyone.

The wholesale druggist- Intermediaries in the chain between manufacturers and retail outlets such as pharmacies.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century

Wholesale druggists and individual apothecaries began manufacturing And selling chemical in the late 1700s; this was the basis for the later establishment of pharmaceutical companies.

The world was changing from agriculturally based economy to an industry based one.

Manufacturing of drugs using newly discovered principles of chemistry.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century

Microbial basis of many disease.

Smallpox vaccine of Jenner.

A German chemist, Friedrich Adam, first isolates the drug morphine from opium and therapy created recognition of the alkaloids as a distinct class of medicinal agents.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century

THE ERA OF BIOLOGICALS When, in 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of

diphtheria antitoxin, pharmaceutical scientists both in Europe and in the United States rushed to put the new discovery into production.

Parke, & Davis Company was among the pioneers. The serum became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century

The first Pharmacopeia of the united States was published in 1820.

What is a pharmacopeia? A pharmacopeia is a Books listing drugs and other medical devices, including standards for their preparation and analysis, that are recognized by a governmental authority.

Pharmacy in the united states: The nineteenth century

The phrase “USP” at the end of drug names today denotes that the product compiles with the standards set by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, which continues to meet every five years to revise standards for the nation’s drugs.

1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy was founded, 1st pharmacy organization in the united states.

Twentieth century Pharmacy

By the twentieth century, the pharmaceutical industry had begun to make an impact on the daily lives of pharmacists.

Companies were formed which mass produced various mixtures and compounds.

The amount of products being produced ready to dispense were increasing.

Twentieth century Pharmacy

Patents were granted.

Problems with adulteration and quackery caused the United States Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

Twentieth century Pharmacy

During world war II, the military had an urgent need for penicillin which had lain dormant in Fleming's laboratory for ten years.

Post World War II pharmaceutical industry began producing drugs that were much more powerful and specific than those available previously.

Twentieth century Pharmacy

The effect of this on pharmacists was twofold:

1. The art of compounding rapidly became less important, as most prescriptions could be filled with manufactured dosage forms.

2. The knowledge about the drugs, their MOA, and their SE became much more complicated.

Twentieth century Pharmacy

Pharmacy had already encountered problems during the first half of the twentieth century in maintaining or gaining recognition as a profession.

pharmacists were not recognized as professional by the military.

Pharmacy had responded in 1932 by standardizing pharmacy school curricula as four-year programs.

A major challenge for the leaders of pharmacy lay in store during the latter half of the twenties century.

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