Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Construction Safety Manual

Part I General Safety

2

Subject References• SA General Instructions (GIs)

GI 2.721, Arc Flash Mitigation

GI 8.002, Safety Spectacles

GI 8.005, Protective Footwear

GI 1780.001, Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators

• SA Engineering Standards(SAES)

SAES-A-105, Noise Control

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ANSI Z87.1, Eye & Face Protection Devices

ANSI Z88.2, Respiratory Protection

ANSI Z89.1, Head Protection

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Hard hats, safety glasses & safety shoes (at a minimum) required in SA restricted areas & project sites

Additional PPE based upon a completed needs analysis (documented)

PPE shall meet applicable ANSI requirements or equivalent*

• As specified in writing by LPD

“Proper work clothing” (e.g., coveralls, long pants, sleeved shirt) for operations, maintenance, & construction work

Traditional loose flowing “Eastern” style clothing (e.g., thobe, goutra) prohibited

General Requirements

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• Hard Hats shall meet ANSI Z89.1, Type “1”, Class “E” req.

Shell, suspension cradle, & chin strap (optional)

Identified by name of manufacturer, ANSI Z89.1 stamp, date of manufacture, and classification

Metallic hard hats prohibited

Worn per manufacturer’s recommendations (e.g., not backward unless it has reverse donning arrow: )

• Hard Hat Condition/Replacement

Shall not be painted, have holes drilled into them, or large stickers applied

Destroy if damaged (holes, gouges, cracks, defective suspension cradle), painted or experienced sharp impact

Replaced not more than 5 years from date of manufacture

Head Protection:

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• Eye & face protection devices shall meet ANSI Z87.1

Prescription glasses (spectacles) require side shields and shatter proof lenses

• Hazard-specific eye/face protection shall be worn as needed

Handling haz. liquids: Splash proof goggles w/ rubber seals

Electrical: Arc rated face shield or arc flash hood (GI 2.721)

Welders: Welder’s helmet

Torch welders/cutters: Shaded goggles

• Safety glasses or goggles shall ALWAYS be worn under a face shield

“Face shield protects the face, safety glasses protect the eyes”

Eye and Face Protection:

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• Gloves selected and worn based on materials or equipment being handled

Kevlar: Cut resistant

Rubber (e.g., neoprene): Chemical resistant

Cotton/cloth: Protect against abrasions, temp. variations

High-voltage rubber w/ leather protectors: electrical work (per GI 2.721)

• Gloves shall not be worn near moving machinery/rotating equipment when they could present a hazard

Hand Protection:

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• Safety footwear shall meet GI 8.005 requirements

Based on protection need and comfort

Leather uppers and/or leather composition with steel or composite toecaps

Soles & heels: nonslip type

Rubber safety boots allowed when working in water or wet areas

• Metatarsal guards preferred if work w/ jackhammers, soil compacters & concrete breakers

• Use nonconductive shoes for electrical work

Do not use: shoe becomes wet, sole is worn through, or metal particles embedded in sole or heel

Foot Protection:

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• Hearing protection required at locations ≥ 85 dBA

Ear plugs: Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) of 20-25 dBA

Ear muffs: NRR of 25 dBA (min.)

Cotton ear plugs not allowed

Disposable plugs shall be disposed of at end of shift

• Impulse or impact noise levels limited by SAES-A-105

Additional protection devices may be required

• NIOSH recommends de-rating NRR values

Hearing Protection:

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• Worn as needed to protect against flash fire, electrical arc flash, abrasive blasting, welding, handling asbestos, handling acids/corrosives, etc.

• Flame Retardant Clothing (FRC) required for SA & contractor personnel in areas designated by proponent

• Arc flash FRC/PPE worn by electrical workers per GI 2.721

Body Protection:

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Respiratory Protection Equipment, “RPE”:

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•General Requirements

•Supervisor Responsibilities

•Training

•Proper Usage

Respiratory Protection Equipment, “RPE”:

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Personnel exposed to contaminants > PEL

RPE shall meet ANSI Z88.2 requirements

Atmosphere-supplying respirator required in low O2 or toxic environments (where cartridge/filter is inadequate)

SCBA shall be positive-pressure type only

Breathing air shall meet CGA Grade ‘D’ requirements

Emergency RPE must be inspected weekly

RPE stored to protect against dust, sunlight, heat, or chemicals

•General Requirements

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Select appropriate RPE for specific hazards after evaluating respiratory hazards in work area

Fit test users to confirm proper face seal

Ensure other PPE does not interfere w/ fit (e.g., temple bars of glasses)

Verify filters, cartridges and RPE is correct, exposures do not exceed equipment limits, and personnel are properly trained in use & maintenance

Conduct periodic inspections of RPE & document findings

•Supervisor Responsibilities

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How to wear, adjusting equipment, how to clean & store

How to identify when RPE is no longer safe to use (e.g., mask is defective)

Warning signs indicating RPE failure

•Training

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Personnel shall:

Not use cartridge type RPE when exposure > RPE-rated capacity or IDLH level of material

Not use cartridge type in O2 – deficient atmosphere or for materials w/ poor warning properties (e.g., no odor)

Not use incorrect cartridges/filters

Not use defective equipment

Not use equipment w/o training

Not wear modified equipment or mix parts from other RPE or manufacturers

Not use dust masks to protect against hazardous vapors or gases

•Proper Usage

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• Air-Line RPE

Full-face, positive-pressure type shall be used

Half-face or negative-pressure type prohibited

Full-face air-line RPE shall not be used when contaminant concentration > 1,000 times PEL (SCBA use only)

5-minute escape packs required if exposure level > IDLH

Breathing air quality (Grade ‘D’ only) checked periodically

Air delivered to RPE ≤ 37.8 C (100 F)⁰ ⁰

•Subject ReferencesSubject References

SA General Instructions• GI 2.100, Work Permit System• GI 2.709, Gas Testing Procedure• GI 6.008, Restriction of Portable Electrical/Electronic Devices• GI 6.012, Isolation, Lockout, and Use of Hold Tags• GI 430.001, Waste Management• GI 1780.001, Atmosphere Supplying Respirators

SA Engineering Standards (SAES)• SAES-B-068, Electrical Area Classification• SAES-P-123, Lighting

SA Safety Handbook, Minimum Safety Rules

•General RequirementsGeneral Requirements Confined space entry (CSE) requirements apply

within SA facility or project site after introduction of hydrocarbons

CSE performed only by proponent personnel (e.g., operations), the permit shall be issued to Receiver from proponent dept/org

Every CSE requires: designated CSE Supervisor & standby man

CSE Checklist shall be used by CSE Supervisor

•General RequirementsGeneral Requirements Confined space assessments/preparation

• Elimination/control of chemical & physical hazards• Develop confined space entry plans• Post permits, warning signs (per SAES-B-067), barricades• Mechanical ventilation & subsequent gas testing• If entry suspended: barricade & ‘NO ENTRY’ sign

•General RequirementsGeneral Requirements

Minimum Equipment• Means of communication for standby man• Fire extinguisher** near entry point(s)• *Note : CO2 shall not be used inside confined spaces*Note : CO2 shall not be used inside confined spaces• If vertical rescue required: full-body harness worn• Cooling equipment to control heat stress

•General RequirementsGeneral Requirements

Minimum Equipment• Electrical equipment (incl. lighting) shall meet electrical

classification of confined space• Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) used on all

equipment• Electrical cords require insulation protection near sharp

edges and entry points

•ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

Confined Space Entry Supervisor (CSES)• Designated by management: Super.Op, WP Issuer, etc.• Determines if conditions are acceptable, authorizes entry,

oversees entry operations, terminates entry as required

• Communicates CSE plan to entrants & standby men• Verifies training of entrants and standby men• Designates qualified standby men


Confined Space Entry Supervisor (CSES)• Issues CSE work permits• Verifies isolation, purging and gas test results• Ensures logs are completed

• Provides communications & immediate response equipment

• Verifies emergency rescue capabilities


Standby Man• Monitors activities of CSE (internal and external)

• This is his ONLY assigned job

• Understands potential hazardous substance(s) and their effects

• Maintains entry log


Standby Man

• Notifies personnel in the event of an emergency

• Does not leave the ‘entry point’ or ever enters the CS

• Orders entrants to evacuate if:1) an unsafe condition develops2) an entrant displays abnormal behavioral effects of

hazard exposure3) he must leave the area and no relief is provided


Entrants• A person or worker who will

go into a confined space to perform assigned work

• Reviews all work permits and CSE plan; verifies site prep• Understands potential hazardous substance(s) in the

confined space and their effects• Is trained on use of personal

protective equipment (PPE)


Entrants• Maintains communication with standby man • Alerts standby man & other entrants, to exit confined space

as quickly as possible when:1) an order to evacuate is given2) any warning signs or symptoms of exposure develop3) an emergency alarm is activated

•CSE PlansCSE Plans

Plans developed by SAPO or contractor (grassroots projects) prior to entry

Shall address simultaneous operations hazards that may develop

Shall include, at a minimum:• Scope of work• Results of hazard evaluation• Isolation points & blinding list• Cleaning, flushing, purging & ventilation procedures• Access/egress requirements• Fall protection plans (if entrant can fall > 1.8 m)• Types & frequency of atmospheric gas testing• Required PPE• Emergency response/rescue procedures

•Isolation & Lockout/TagoutIsolation & Lockout/Tagout

All equipment and sources of energy (electrical, chemical, etc.) shall be isolated per GI 6.012

Blinding or disconnecting of piping shall be the only acceptable method of isolation for CSE. Single closed valve or double block & bleed are not acceptable methods of isolation

•Atmospheric Gas TestingAtmospheric Gas Testing

Gas tests performed & recorded:• Prior to entry• After breaks or interruptions• Reason to believe conditions inside CS changed• At periodic intervals as necessary (e.g., every 2 hrs) to verify

atmospheric conditions are being maintained

Initial gas testing prior to entry performed w/ mechanical ventilation shut down at least 15 minutes prior to test

•Atmospheric Gas TestingAtmospheric Gas Testing

Monitoring for carbon monoxide (CO) required if activities inside CS involve combustion (e.g., welding, torch cutting)

Conditions required prior to entry into or work inside a confined space (Ch I-6, Sec. 6.7.11 & Table 6.1):

Confined Space Entry Oxygen (O2)

Flammable Mixtures

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Permitted without an atmosphere-supplying respirator

20% ≤ O2 ≤ 23.5% LEL < 5% CO ≤ 35 ppm H2S ≤ 10 ppm

Permitted only while continuously wearing an atmosphere-supplying respirator

O2 < 20% 5% ≤ LEL < 50% 35 < CO ≤ 1,200 ppm10 < H2S ≤ 100

ppm

No entry permitted

O2 > 23.5% LEL ≥ 50% CO > 1,200 ppm H2S > 100 ppm

•VentilationVentilation

CSE in process equipment ( or flammables may be present), mechanical ventilation shall be used during entire period of occupancy

Blowing air into CS is preferred method of ventilation

Consider placement to prevent introducing contaminants (e.g., CO) into CS

All electrical & static producing equipment, including air movers, shall be grounded and bonded to vessel/tank

Plant air or engine-driven compressed air shall never be used

Compressed Gas Cylinders



CSM Workshop

Compressed Gas Cylinder Film.wmv

Compressed Gas Cylinders Film

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Subject ReferencesSubject References

• SA General Instructions (GIs) SAES-B-055, Plant Layout SAES-B-067, Safety Identification & Safety Colors

• SA Supply Chain Management Manual CU 22.01, Dangerous Goods: Processing & Handling Gas and

Gas Cylinders

• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC)

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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements Cylinders shall indicate contents in Arabic & English*

Cylinders shall not be placed in Confined Spaces

All cylinders shall have pressure-reducing regulator with check valve connected to cylinder valve

Valves on cylinders shall not be opened more than 1-1/2 turns

Oil, grease, or other hydrocarbons shall not be used as lubricant on valves, fittings, or threaded attachments

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Cylinder StorageCylinder Storage• Spacing

Spacing per SAES-B-055Flammable & corrosive substances shall not be stored

in same area as cylindersOxidizers stored at least 6.1 m Cylinders segregated by contentsEmpty & full cylinders stored separately

• ProtectionCylinders should not be exposed above 54⁰COutside storage shall have sun sheltersCylinders stored in open shall not have direct contact w/

ground or exposed to weather/water

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Handling and Transporting CylindersHandling and Transporting Cylinders• All regulators and attachments removed prior to moving** Unless a trolley or special carrier is used

• Crane lifts require bottle carriers w/ lifting eyes Lifts using electromagnetic devices,

slings, chains or ropes is prohibited

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Handling and Transporting CylindersHandling and Transporting Cylinders• Cylinder trolleys, material baskets, cylinder racks, etc.

should used to transport cylindersMust be upright if transported in a vehicleVehicles must have fire fighting equipment

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Remember ...... a cylinder is never completely empty

of gas

Hazardous Materials



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Subject ReferencesSubject References• SA General Instructions (GIs)

• GI 150.001, Asbestos Hazard Management

• GI 150.100, HAZCOM Program

• GI 150.110, Occupational Physical Examinations

• GI 430.001, Waste Management

• SA Engineering Standards (SAES)

• SAES-B-069, Emergency Eyewashes & Showers

• SA Engineering Procedures (SAEP)

• SAEP-358, Management of NORM

• Additional References

• ANSI Z390.1, Accepted Practices for H2S Training

• NFPA 704, Identification of Haz. Materials for Response

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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements

• PPE shall be selected based on requirements in applicable CHB or MSDS

• When handling volatile liquids – TLV must be determined

• Pyrophoric materials (iron sulfide) shall be kept wet to prevent spontaneous ignition

• Eyewashes & showers shall be provided

• Amount of hazardous materials at job sites shall be kept to a minimum

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Identification & LabelingIdentification & Labeling• Proponent or contractor must maintain a complete

inventory of chemical & products at facility/project site

• Project inventory updatedquarterly

• Each container must be labeled

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Storage & TransportStorage & Transport• Chemical Hazard Bulletins (CHBs) or Material

Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each chemical shall be readily available

• Posted at material handling areas

• Available to emergency responders

• Vehicles transporting hazardous materials shall have copies of CHB/MSDS

• Reactive substances shall not be stored near flammables or corrosives

• Personnel must be trained in HAZCOM

• Disposal requirements in GI 430.001

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Hazardous Materials Covered in CSMHazardous Materials Covered in CSM

•Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)•Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

•Asbestos & ACM•Asbestos & ACM

•NORM•NORM

•Mercury Contaminated

• Material

•Mercury Contaminated

• Material

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H2S Killed 4 Persons at ShaybahH2S Killed 4 Persons at Shaybah::

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• Classroom course available from T&D; e-Learning course Classroom course available from T&D; e-Learning course available on SA web-siteavailable on SA web-site

• Personnel working in areas with HPersonnel working in areas with H22S shall be trained on S shall be trained on hazards and effects of Hhazards and effects of H22S exposure and proper use of S exposure and proper use of applicable RPEapplicable RPE

• Minimum training provisions are spelled out in CSM, Minimum training provisions are spelled out in CSM, Chapter I-10Chapter I-10

• Personal HPersonal H22S monitors (i.e., T-40) worn as required by S monitors (i.e., T-40) worn as required by proponent procedures if concentration ≥ 10 ppmproponent procedures if concentration ≥ 10 ppm

• ““Buddy system” is Buddy system” is mandatorymandatory when responding to H when responding to H22S S emergencies or working in IDLH conditions (100 ppm)emergencies or working in IDLH conditions (100 ppm)

•Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)•Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Hand Tools & Power Tools



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Subject ReferencesSubject ReferencesSA General Instructions (GIs)

• GI 2.100, Work Permit System

• GI 8.002, Safety Spectacles

• GI 8.005, Protective Footwear

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• ANSI A10.3, Requirements for Powder-Actuated Fastening Systems

• ANSI B7.1, Use, Care & Protection of Abrasive Wheels

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

• 29 CFR 1910, Subpart O, Machinery & Machine Guarding

• 29 CFR 1910, Subpart P, Hand & Powered Portable Tools

• 29 CFR 1926, Subpart I, Tools – Hand and Power

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General RequirementsGeneral RequirementsUse of homemade tools is prohibited

Tools shall be inspected

Defective or damaged tools shall be tagged and withdrawn from use for repair or disposal

Insulated or non-conductive tools required for work on or near electrical equipment

• Insulation integrity regularly inspected by electrician

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Requirements for Specific ToolsRequirements for Specific ToolsScrewdrivers

• Do not use tools to obtain additional leverage on shank

• Do not subject to blows from hammers

• Use insulated handles for electrical work*

* Applies to all hand tools

Hammers

• Handles made of smooth timber, fiberglass or steel

• Wedges shall be used to secure heads to wooden handles

Chisels

• Mushroomed heads shall be ground to a slight taper around edge to prevent chipping

• Tools made of brass or aluminum shall be ground using silicon carbide grinding wheels only

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Requirements for Specific ToolsRequirements for Specific ToolsHacksaws

• Blade tension shall be rigid

• Blade teeth shall be pointed in forward direction (away from user’s body)

Hand Saws

• Blades shall be protected by a sheath when not in use

Spanners & Wrenches

• Use box-end or open-end wrench rather than adjustable

• Use of “cheater bar” extensions are prohibited

• Only wrenches designed to be struck by hammers shall be used for that purpose

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Requirements for Specific ToolsRequirements for Specific ToolsPipe Wrenches

• Use of “cheater bar” extensions are prohibited

• Shall not be struck w/ hammer, or used as a hammer

Hydraulic Jacks

• Shall be marked w/ rated load capacity

• Once raised, load shall be properly blocked/secured

• Do not use if evidence of hydraulic leak

• Jacks shall be thoroughly inspected every 6 months

• If subjected to abnormal load or shock – immediately inspect for damage/defects (remove if necessary)

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Portable Power ToolsPortable Power ToolsEquipped w/ properly functioning constant pressure

switch that shut off power when released (i.e., a “dead-man switch”)

Shall not be equipped w/ trigger locks

Shall be disconnected from power source before changing bits, blades, cutters or wheels

Using electrical cord for hoisting or lowering power tools is prohibited

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Portable Pneumatic Power ToolsPortable Pneumatic Power ToolsAir hose joints (twist lock “Chicago” fittings) shall be

secured w/ proper couplers and safety wires (pins)

Air hose fittings require crimped, clamped or banded connections

Screw-type (“Jubilee”) hose clamps shall not be used

Compressed air systems used for cleaning purposes that operate ≥ 30 psig shall have relief device &/or air ports on nozzle

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Portable Pneumatic Power ToolsPortable Pneumatic Power ToolsJackhammers (Pneumatic Drills)

• Tool bits or concrete breakers shall be positioned to prevent bit form being ejected during operation

• PPE including thick gloves to minimize vibration and foot protection (e.g., safety shoes w/ metatarsal guards) shall be worn when working with or near jackhammers and concrete breakers

•ANSI S3.40-2002

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Shields/guards supplied w/ tools shall not be removed

Power-driven circular saws w/ blade diameter > 50 mm shall have guards above & below the base plate or shoe

Portable electrical power tools shall be UL-listed or FM-approved

GFCIs shall be used for all portable electrical power toolsTools shall be rated and used at ≤ 125 VTools shall be double insulated or grounded

w/ 3-prong UL-listed/FM-approved plug

European style (EN) plugs & outlets are prohibited

Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension Cords

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Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension CordsExtension Cords

• 3-wire conductor type

• 3-prongs (no EN plugs)

• #12 AWG minimum if < 30 m (100’)

• #10 AWG minimum if ≥ 30 m (100’)

• If repaired: spliced to retain insulation & outer sheath properties

• Not for permanent wiring

• UL-listed/FM-approved if factory manufactured

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Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension CordsJob-Made Extension Cords

• Shall be fabricated by an authorized/certified electrician and shall meet the requirements in Sections 11.7.9(A) through 11.7.9(J) [previous slide]. In addition, flexible cables used to make job made extension cords shall be rated for junior hard or hard service usage per NFPA 70 (Article 400) and shall be indelibly marked as such approximately every 0.3 m (1 ft) along the length of the cord (e.g., marked SJ, SJO, SJT, SJTO for junior hard service or S, ST, SO, STO for hard service). Job-made extension cords shall be fitted with receptacle boxes and plugs labeled as meeting “NEMA Type 4,” “NEMA Type 4X” or “IEC IP 55.”

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Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension CordsPortable Lights

• Equipped w/ insulated handles

• Not have paper-lined metal shell/guard if light is powered by AC

• UL-listed/FM-approved

• Requires hot work permit - except explosion proof flashlights (labeled “Ex” or “UL 844”)

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Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension CordsPortable Saws

• Circular saws (Skilsaws) fitted w/ retractable spring-loaded guard: allows working part of blade exposed

• Portable table saws shall have adjustable guards & anti-kickback devices

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Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension CordsGrinding Tools

• Maximum angular exposure of grinding wheel: 180⁰

• Portable grinder may only be used w/o guards when work location requires it (e.g., grinding inside a small diameter pipe)*

* Approved by Supervisor and a 2nd handle on grinder required & used

1. Dimensions 5. Structure2. Nature of the Abrasive

6. Bond Type

3. Abrasive Grain Size 7. Maximum Speed4. Grain Grade (Hardness)

8. Color Stripe = Speed

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Power Tools & Extension CordsPower Tools & Extension CordsFixed Grinding Equipment

• Maximum angular exposure of grinding wheel: 65⁰ above horizontal

• Work rest spacing: 3 mm (1/8”)

• Tongue guard: 6 mm (1/4”)

• Grooved or damaged wheels shall be replaced

• Not used on soft metals

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Fixed SawsFixed SawsTable Saws

• Permanently wired to electrical disconnect switch

• Start/Stop buttons at operator’s location

• Blade guards that cover saw at all times

• “Push sticks” used during last 30 cm (12”) of any cut

• If used for ripping: anti-kickback devices & riving knife

Radial Saws

• Start/Stop buttons at operator’s location

• Exposed portion of blade guarded by device that automatically adjusts to thickness of stock

• Anti-kickback devices on both sides of saw

• Adjustable stop limiting forward travel of blade

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•Is it Being Used

Properly?

•Is it in Good

Condition?

•Is it the Right Tool?

•3 Questions 3 Questions About ToolsAbout Tools

CSM Workshop

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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