Performance Measures for Resource Review Areas for...performance measures. In addition to tracking...
Transcript of Performance Measures for Resource Review Areas for...performance measures. In addition to tracking...
Performance Measures for Resource Review Areas for Woodland Caribou in British Columbia
March31,2012
Preparedby:
DeborahCichowskiCaribouEcologicalConsulting
Box3652,Smithers,B.C.,V0J2N0
DianeCullingDiversifiedEnvironmentalServices
Box6263,FortSt.John,B.C.,V1J4H7
ScottMcNayWildlifeInfometricsInc.
Box308,MackenzieB.C.,V0J2C0
Preparedfor:
ChrisRitchieMinistryofForests,LandsandNaturalResourceOperations
405118thAve.,PrinceGeorge,B.C.,V2N1B3
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures ii
Executive Summary
InJune2010,theprovincialgovernmentestablishedResourceReviewAreas(RRAs)tosupportmanagementofBorealCaribou(Rangifertaranduscaribou)innortheasternBCandtheBurntPineCaribouHerd(NorthernCaribou)innorth‐centralBC.Nonewoilandgas,mineral,placerorcoalstenuresareallowedinRRAsforaminimumof5years.EffectivenessofRRAswillbeassessedin2015.TheroleofRRAsistoprovideconditionsthataremorefavourableforcariboupersistencethanconditionsthatexistoutsideRRAs.ThisreportrecommendsperformancemeasuresandmonitoringplansforBorealCaribouandBurntPineCaribouHerdRRAsbasedongoalsandobjectivesfrommanagementplansforthetwopopulations.ForBorealCaribou,theoverallgoalsoftheImplementationPlanfortheOngoingManagementofBorealCaribou(Rangifertaranduscariboupop.14)inBritishColumbiaare:todecreasetheexpectedrateofdeclineintheBorealCariboupopulation;and,tosignificantlyreducetheriskofBorealCaribouextirpationintheCalendar,Chinchaga,MaxhamishandProphetrangeswithin50years.TwoplansrecentlycompletedfortheBurntPineCaribouHerdprovidearecoverypopulationobjectiveof50caribou.TherearefourRRAsinBorealCaribourangesinnortheasternBCandoneRRAintheBurntPineCaribouHerdRange.BorealCaribouRRAscontain13%oftheoverallrange,13%ofUngulateWinterRanges,and5%ofradio‐collaredcariboulocations.Extremelylowgradientslopes(0‐0.6°),whichhavebeenfoundtobeagoodpredictorofBorealCaribouhabitatinnortheasternBC,makeup74%ofthecombinedRRAarea.Theindustrialdisturbancezone(areawithin250mofindustrialfeatures)covers62%ofthefourBorealCaribouRRAareas.TheBurntPineRRAcontains47%oftheWildlifeHabitatAreas,36%oftheUngulateWinterRange,42%ofthewintercorearea,37%ofthesummercorearea,43%ofradio‐collaredcaribouwinterlocationsand26%ofsummerlocations.Theindustrialdisturbancezonecovers11%oftheBurntPineRRA.WerecommendusingthefollowingperformancemeasuresforassessingtheeffectivenessofRRAs:populationrateofincrease,adultmortalityrate,calfrecruitmentrate,%areawithin500mofindustrialactivities,%areainburns<40years,undisturbedpatchsizedistribution,%areaofundisturbedlowgradientslope(BorealCaribou),wolf(Canislupus)
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures iii
density,moose(Alcesalces)densityandwhite‐taileddeer(Odocoileusvirginianus)relativedensity.ForBorealCaribou,effectivenessofRRAswillbeassessedat3levelsofspatialresolution:RRA,BorealCaribourange,andBorealCariboupopulationanddistribution.ThefollowingquestionswillbeusedtoevaluateeffectivenessofRRAsatthethreespatialscales.1. DotheRRAscontainappropriateconditionsforcaribou?2. ArecaribouinRRAsbetteroffthancaribououtsideofRRAs?3. ArecaribouinrangeswithRRAsbetteroffthancaribouinranges
withoutRRAs?PerformancemeasuresattheRRAlevelfocusonrangeconditions(habitatanddisturbance)whileperformancemeasuresattherangeandBorealCariboupopulationlevelsincludebothrangeconditions(disturbance,predatorabundance,alternatepreyabundance)andcariboupopulationcondition.AttheRRAlevel,targetsforperformancemeasuresfocusonnoincreaseintheindustrialdisturbancezonewithinRRAs.TargetsforperformancemeasuresforRRAsattherangescalearebasedonperformancemeasurelevelsinRRAscomparedtolevelswithinthesamerangebutoutsidetheRRA,andtargetsfortheBorealCariboupopulationlevelarebasedonperformancemeasurelevelsinrangeswithRRAsversusrangeswithoutRRAs.RRAswereestablishedinJune2010witha5‐yearwindowforevaluatingtheireffectiveness.Therefore,monitoringandanalysismustbecompletedinthenext3years.ThemonitoringprogramforBorealCaribouRRAsincludesmaintainingasampleof20radio‐collaredcaribouineachofthefollowingmonitoringunits:RRAs(4),non‐RRAportionsofrangeswithRRAs(2),and,rangeswithoutRRAs(3),tosupportcollectionofcalfrecruitment,adultmortalityandpopulationrateofincreaseperformancemeasures.Inadditiontotrackingperformancemeasures,evaluationandmonitoringoftheBorealCaribouRRAshouldinclude:theproportionofradio‐collaredcariboulocationsinRRAs,causesofadultmortality,beaver(Castorcanadensis)density,andRRAshape.Themonitoringprogramrecommendedinthisreportisrestrictedtothethree‐yearwindowstillremainingbeforetheeffectivenessofRRAshastobeassessed.Asmoreofthelandscapeisdisturbedbydevelopment,therelativecontributionoftheRRAstosustainingBorealCaribouwilllikelyincreaseaslongasRRAscontainadequateconditionsforBorealCariboutopersist.WhenassessingtheeffectivenessofRRAsattheendofthe5‐yearevaluationperiod,thefutureeffectivenessofRRAsshouldalsobeconsidered.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures iv
DuetotheapparentlackofcaribouintheBurntPineCaribouHerd,performancemeasuresfortheBurntPineRRAfocusonhabitat/rangecondition.WerecommendassessingrangeconditionswithintheRRAandalsospecificallywithintheMt.StephensonportionoftheRRAwherethemajorityofusebytheBurntPineCaribouHerdhasoccurred.AlthoughthecurrentcontributionoftheRRAtothepopulationgoalfortheBurntPineCaribouHerdmaynotbepossibletoassessatthispointintime,thecontributionoftheRRAtothepopulationgoalfortheKennedy‐Sidingcaribouherdarepossibleandshouldbeconsidered.PerformancemeasuresforrangeconditionsintheBurntPineRRAshouldbeassessedin2012andin2015.Inaddition,caribouthatusetheMt.StephensonareaandtherestoftheRRAshouldbemonitoredregardlessofwhichherdtheybelongto.SurveysoftheRRA(andnon‐RRAportionoftheMt.Stephensonarea)shouldbeconductedmonthlyfromDecembertoMarcheachyearandcariboufoundintheRRAshouldberadio‐collared.AsrecoveryoftheBurntPineCaribouHerdprogresses,performancemeasuresforpopulationconditionsimilartothoserecommendedforBorealCaribouRRAsshouldbeincluded.
Acknowledgements
WewouldliketothankChrisRitchie(MinistryofForests,LandsandNaturalResourceOperations[MFLNRO]),ChrisPasztor(MinistryofEnvironment[MOE]),DaleSeip(MOE),ConradThiessen(MFLNRO),KarenPriceandDaveDaustforsharingtheirthoughtsandinsightsonvariousaspectsoftheproject.ChrisRitchieandChrisPasztoralsoreviewedearlierdraftsofthereport.DaleSeip,ConradThiessen,DaveHervieux(AlbertaSustainableResourceDevelopment),NicLarter(NorthwestTerritoriesGovernment),CraigDeMars(UniversityofAlberta),CanadianForestProductsLtd.andNexenInc.providedradio‐collaredcariboulocations.ChrisPasztorprovidedthedisturbancelayerfortheBorealCaribouranges.WewouldalsoliketothankViktorBrumovsky(WildlifeInfometricsInc.)forpreparingthemaps.FundingforthisprojectwasprovidedbytheMinistryofEnergyandMines.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures v
Table of Contents
ExecutiveSummary .................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements................................................................................. iv TableofContents ..................................................................................... v ListofFigures .......................................................................................... vi ListofTables .......................................................................................... vii 1 Background/Context...........................................................................1
1.1 RequirementsofWoodlandCaribou............................................2 1.2 BorealCaribou.............................................................................4
1.2.1 ImplementationPlanfortheOngoingManagementofBorealCaribouinBritishColumbia(2011) .........................4
1.2.2 BorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas .............................7 1.3 BurntPineCaribou ....................................................................15
1.3.1 BurntPineCaribouPlans .................................................15 1.3.2 BurntPineCaribouResourceReviewArea ......................15
2 LiteratureReview–PerformanceMeasures/Indicators,TargetsandMetrics .............................................................................................24 2.1 PerformanceMeasures/IndicatorsandTargets .........................24 2.2 MetricsUsedtoMeasureCaribouPopulationandRange
Condition...................................................................................27 2.2.1 PopulationMeasures ......................................................27 2.2.2 RangeOccupancy/Distribution ........................................29 2.2.3 Habitat/Range.................................................................29 2.2.4 OtherSpecies ..................................................................34 2.2.5 PerformanceMeasuresforResourceReviewAreas ........35
3 BorealCaribouResourceReviewAreasPerformanceMeasuresandMonitoringPlan................................................................................38 3.1 PerformanceMeasures .............................................................38
3.1.1 ResourceReviewAreaLevel ............................................39 3.1.2 BorealCaribouRangeLevel .............................................40 3.1.3 BorealCaribouPopulationLevel......................................41
3.2 MonitoringProgram ..................................................................43 3.3 OtherStrategies ........................................................................45 3.4 FutureConditions ......................................................................45
4 BurntPineCaribouResourceReviewAreaPerformanceMeasuresandMonitoringPlan .........................................................................47 4.1 PerformanceMeasures .............................................................47 4.2 MonitoringPlan.........................................................................48 4.3 FutureConditions ......................................................................49
5 References .......................................................................................50
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List of Figures
Figure1. RoleofResourceReviewAreasintheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan................................................................5
Figure2. RelationshipbetweenResourceReviewAreas(RRAs)andobjectivesfromtheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan.Rangenamesareinparentheses..............................................6
Figure3. LocationofResourceReviewAreasinBorealCaribourangesandcorehabitats. ....................................................................8
Figure4. BorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas,UngulateWinterRangesandWildlifeHabitatAreas..........................................11
Figure5. SlopeclassdistributioninBorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas......................................................................................12
Figure6. Radio‐collaredBorealCariboulocationsinResourceReviewAreas......................................................................................13
Figure7. Industrialdisturbancewith250mbuffersinBorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas. .........................................................14
Figure8.ObjectivesandstrategiesfortheBurntPineCaribouHerdintheRecoveryandAugmentationPlanforWoodlandCaribouintheCentralRockyMountainsofBritishColumbia...............16
Figure9.RoleoftheResourceReviewAreaintheBurntPineCaribouAugmentationPlan. ...............................................................17
Figure10. BurntPineCaribouResourceReviewArea,UngulateWinterRangesandWildlifeHabitatAreas..........................................18
Figure11. BurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea,wintercoreareasandwinterhighselectivityhabitat. ...............................20
Figure12. BurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea,summercoreareasandsummerhighselectivityhabitat......................21
Figure13. Radio‐collaredcariboulocationsintheBurntPineResourceReviewArea. ..........................................................................22
Figure14. Industrialdisturbancewith250mbuffersintheBurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea. .....................................23
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List of Tables
Table1. ManagementandpopulationtargetsforBorealCaribouranges. .....................................................................................7
Table2. Habitat,range,caribouuseanddisturbancecharacteristicsofResourceReviewAreasinBorealCaribouranges. ..............10
Table3. Habitat,range,caribouuseanddisturbancecharacteristicsoftheBurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea...........19
Table4. Examplesofperformanceindicatorsandtargetsfromothercariboumanagementplans. ...................................................25
Table5. RecommendedperformancemeasuresandmethodsforassessingeffectivenessofRRAs..............................................36
Table6. PerformancemeasuresforBorealCaribouRRAsattheRRAlevel. ......................................................................................39
Table7. PerformancemeasuresforBorealCaribouRRAsattherangelevel. ......................................................................................40
Table8. PerformancemeasuresforBorealCaribouRRAsattheBorealCaribouPopulationlevel. ............................................42
Table9. BorealCaribouRRAmonitoringplanactivityschedule. ..........43 Table10. BorealCariboumonitoringunitsandassociatedplan
strategies,andradio‐collarsrequired. ....................................44 Table11. PerformancemeasuresfortheBurntPineCaribouHerd
RRA. .......................................................................................48
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 1
1 Background/Context
InJune2010,theprovincialgovernmentestablishedResourceReviewAreas(RRAs)tosupportmanagementofBorealCaribou(Rangifertaranduscaribou)innortheasternBCandtheBurntPineCaribouHerd(NorthernCaribou)innorth‐centralBC.BothBorealCaribouandtheBurntPineCaribouHerdaredesignatedasThreatenedunderthefederalSpeciesatRiskAct.RRAsarelocatedinareaswithinexistingcaribourangesthatcurrentlydonotcontainanyoilandgas,coal,mineralorplacertenures.ANoDispositionNotationwasplacedoverRRAssothatnonewoilandgastenurerequestswillbeacceptedintheRRAsforaminimumof5years.Mineral,placerandcoalNoRegistrationReserveshavealsobeenplacedovertheRRAsundertheMineralTenureActandCoalActforaminimumof5years.TheeffectivenessofRRAswillbereviewedafter5yearsbasedonperformancemeasuresrelatedtocariboupopulationandrangeconditions.Theprovincialgovernmentrecentlycompletedmanagementplansforthetwopopulations.TheImplementationPlanfortheOngoingManagementofBorealCaribou(Rangifertaranduscariboupop.14)inBritishColumbia(henceforththeBorealCaribouImplementationPlan)wascompletedin2011(MinistryofEnvironment2011).TwoplanswerepreparedforguidingmanagementoftheBurntPineCaribouHerd:theRecoveryandAugmentationPlanforWoodlandCaribouintheCentralRockyMountainsofBritishColumbia(henceforththeCentralRockiesCaribouPlan)providesobjectivesandstrategiesformanaging7cariboupopulationsinthecentralRockyMountainsinBritishColumbia,includingtheBurntPineCaribouHerd(Seipetal.2010);and,theBurntPineCaribouAugmentationPlan,whichwaspreparedspecificallyfortheBurntPineCaribouHerd(MinistryofForests,LandsandNaturalResourceOperations2011).ThisreportrecommendsperformancemeasuresandmonitoringplansforBorealCaribouandBurntPineCaribouHerdRRAsbasedongoalsandobjectivesfromthemanagementplansforthetwopopulations.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 2
1.1 Requirements of Woodland Caribou
CariboufoundintheborealzoneinnortheasternBCbelongtothe“boreal”ecotypeofwoodlandcaribou(HeardandVagt1998).Ingeneral,BorealCaribourequirementsinclude(MinistryofEnvironment2010,EnvironmentCanada2008,2011a):
• largerangeareascomprisedofcontinuoustractsofundisturbedhabitatwherecariboucan:o reducepredationriskby:maintaininglowpopulationdensities
throughouttherange;and,avoidingareasofhighpredationrisk,suchasareaswithhighdensitiesofalternatepreyspecies(e.g.moose[Alcesalces]andwhite‐taileddeer[Odocoileusvirginianus]);and,
o shifttheirrangeuseinresponsetovariousnaturalprocesses(e.g.fire,weather/snowconditions,foodavailability)andhumanactivities(e.g.disturbancefromoilandgasdevelopment,forestharvesting,recreation);
• adequateareasofimportanthabitatssuchas:o largepatchesoflowgradient(<0.6°slope)peatlands;and,o maturetoold‐growthconiferousforestwithabundantlichens;
• adequateforagequalityandquantitytoallowbreedingandrecruitmentofcalves,includingbogandfenhabitatsthatofferaccesstoseasonallyimportantforagespecies(e.g.wintergreenvascularplants,andsedgesandrushesassociatedwithlakemargins);
• snowconditionsduringwinterthatallowaccesstoterrestriallichenforageandthatprovideunimpededmovements;
• minimalamountsofearlysuccessionalforestsandrecentlydisturbedareasthatattractotherungulates;
• isolated,relativelypredator‐freeareas(e.g.treedpeatlands,islandsinlakes)thatallowindividualfemalecariboutospaceoutatlowdensitiesforcalving;
• areassurroundingrangeswithrelativelylowintensityofhumanactivitytobuffereffectsofareaswithintensivehumanactivities;
• connectivitybetweenranges:o toenableimmigrationandemigrationbetweenlocalpopulations
tomaintainorincreasegeneticdiversity;and,o toprovidepotentialmovementcorridorstofacilitateresponseto
changingconditionscausebyclimatechange;and,• rangesthatrepresentthefullecologicalgradientnecessaryto
capturelocaladaptationsthatarisefromadaptivevariation.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 3
TheBurntPineCaribouHerdbelongstothe“northern”ecotypeofwoodlandcaribou(StevensonandHatler1985,HeardandVagt1998).Ingeneral,NorthernCaribourequire(NorthernCaribouTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee2004,EnvironmentCanada2011b):
• largetractsofrangewherecariboucanspaceawayfromotherpreyandpredators(horizontallyandvertically);
• adequateforagequalityandquantitytoallowbreedingandrecruitmentofcalves;
• highqualityundisturbedcalvingareaswherecariboucanspaceawayfromotherpreyandpredators(e.g.highelevationalpine,subalpineparkland,subalpineforests,islandsinlakes);
• accesstoanadequatesupplyofterrestrialandarboreallichensduringwinter;
• largepatchesofhighqualitywinterhabitat:o lowelevationmaturepineforestswithabundantterrestrial
lichens;o lowelevationmatureforests(pineorspruce)orforested
wetlandswithabundantarboreallichens;o highelevationwindsweptalpineridgeswithabundantterrestrial
lichens;o highelevationsubalpineforestswithabundantarboreallichens;
and,• relativelyundisturbedmatrixhabitatforseasonalmigrationsand
connectivitybetweenranges.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 4
1.2 Boreal Caribou
1.2.1 Implementation Plan for the Ongoing Management of Boreal Caribou in British Columbia (2011)
BorealCaribourequirelargeareasofcontiguoushabitattoavoidpredators(MinistryofEnvironment2010).DisturbancefromhumanactivitiesindirectlyaffectsBorealCaribouthroughhabitatloss,fragmentationandalteration,andresultingchangesinpredator/preyrelationships(MinistryofEnvironment2010,2011).RRAswereestablishedtoprotectportionsofBorealCaribourangeinnortheasternBCfromfurtherdisturbanceforaminimumof5years.IntheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan,RRAscontributetoObjective#1(Figure1):
• protectsufficientBorealCaribouhabitattoprovidetheopportunitiestorecoverpopulationsinallsixrangeswithin50years;
and,ultimatelytobothoftheplangoals:
• todecreasetheexpectedrateofdeclineintheBorealCariboupopulation;and,
• tosignificantlyreducetheriskofBorealCaribouextirpationintheCalendar,Chinchaga,MaxhamishandProphetrangeswithin50years.
Strategiessuchashabitatrestoration,firesuppressionandpredatormanagementthatwillbeusedtoachievetheotherplanobjectiveswillalsoaffectconditionswithinRRAs(Figure2)andcontributetotheoverallplangoals.EachBorealCaribourangecontainsaspecificcombinationofstrategiestomeetplanobjectivesandrange‐specificpopulationtargets(Table1).StrategiesusedtoachieveotherplanobjectiveswillbeappliedatthesamelevelofeffortinRRAsandoutsideofRRAswithinindividualranges.TheroleofadditionalprotectionaffordedbyRRAsistoprovideconditionsthataremorefavourableforcariboupersistencethanconditionsthatexistoutsideRRAs,nowandinthefuture(ifthemoratoriumonnewoilandgastenurescontinuesbeyond5years).
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 5
Figure1. RoleofResourceReviewAreasintheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan.
HabitatManagement MonitoringPlanningSpeciesandPopulationManagement
Objective:1.ProtectsufficientBorealCaribouhabitattoprovidetheopportunitiestorecoverpopulationsinallsixrangeswithin50years
HabitatRestorationHabitatProtection
2.RecruitcapableBorealCaribouhabitatintoasuitableconditionbyundertakingrestorationactivitiesintheChinchaga,Parker,ProphetandSnake‐Sahtanehranges
3.Inallsixranges,managethesizeoftheindustrialfootprintbyprotectinghabitatfromindustrialactivitiesandrequireindustrystandardmanagementpracticesthatminimizesurfacefootprintandpreservescaribouhabitat
5.Monitortheeffectivenessofmanagementactionswithinallrangeareasandmodifyactionsaccordinglytoensurepopulationanddistributiongoalsarebeingachieved.
(Nostatedplanningobjectives)
4.Inallsixranges,mitigatetheeffectsoftheindustrialfootprintbyreducingpredatorsandmanaginghabitatconditionsthroughfiresuppression
• EstablishResourceReviewAreas(RRAs)
• EstablishUWRsandWHAsunderFRPA• EstablishUWRsandWHAsunderOGAA
• Developanactivity(e.g.pipeline,seismicaccess)managementstrategyforRRAs• Implement
• Developcross‐agencymanagementteams,boards,and/orcommitteeswithassociatedrolesandresponsibilitiestoimplementallaspectsofmanagementforBorealCaribou
• Developaresearchandeffectivenessmonitoringboardwithassociatedrolesandresponsibilitiestoensuregovernmentimplementationgoalsandobjectivesarebeingachieved
• DetermineTraditionalEcologicalKnowledge(TEK)relatedtohistoricandcurrentdistributionsandpopulationsofBorealCaribouandotherwildlife
• ReviewBorealCariboupopulationmodeltodeterminemanagementactioneffectiveness
• Developaneffectivenessmonitoringstrategyassociatedwithmanagementactions• Develop
performancemeasurestodeterminetheeffectivenessofRRAs
• Developahabitatsuitabilitymonitoringstrategytomanageforfuturehabitatconditions• Implement
• Developafireresponse/suppressionstrategytomanagehabitatconditions• Implement
• Developpetroleumandnaturalgasindustrystandardoperatingandplanningpractices• Implement
• Developahabitatrestorationstrategy• Implement
• DevelopaBorealCariboupopulationmonitoringstrategy• Implement
• Determinetheneedandlevelofalternatepreymanagement• Developanalternatepreymanagementstrategyifdeemednecessary• Implement• Implement
• DeterminepredationrisktoBorealCaribou• Determinetheneedandlevelofpredatormanagement• Developapredatormanagementstrategyifdeemednecessary• Implement
BorealCaribouImplementationPlan‐GOALS
1.TodecreasetheexpectedrateofdeclineintheBorealCaribouPopulation2.TosignificantlyreducetheriskofBorealCaribouextirpationintheCalendar,
Chinchaga,Maxhamish,andProphetrangeswithin50years.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 6
Figure2. RelationshipbetweenResourceReviewAreas(RRAs)andobjectives
fromtheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan.Rangenamesareinparentheses.
ResourceReviewAreas
RRA“B”(Prophet)
1.Protectsufficienthabitat
2.Restorehabitat
4.Mitigateindustrialfootprint
• reducepredators• firesuppression
3.Managesizeofindustrialfootprint
RRA“A”(Chinchaga)
RRA“C”&“D”(Calendar)
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 7
Table1. ManagementandpopulationtargetsforBorealCaribouranges.
RangeManagementGuidancefrom
BorealCaribouImplementationPlan1
CurrentEstimatedPopulation2
ExpectedTarget3
Chinchaga • EstablishRRA• Reduceriskofextirpationwithin50years
• Restorehabitat• Managefootprint• Mitigate(predatormanagement,firesuppression)
483 110
Maxhamish • Reduceriskofextirpationwithin50years
• Managefootprint• Mitigate
306 201
Calendar • Establish2RRAs• Reduceriskofextirpationwithin50years
• Managefootprint• Mitigate
291 106
SnakeSahtaneh
• Restorehabitat• Managefootprint• Mitigate
365 11
Prophet • EstablishRRA• Reduceriskofextirpationwithin50years
• Restorehabitat• Managefootprint• Mitigate
54 97
Parker • Restorehabitat• Managefootprint• Mitigate
13 6
Total 1512 5311SeeFigure1toseehowindividualmanagementelementsfitinthebroaderplanforBorealCaribou
2FromMinistryofEnvironment20103From“SummaryofBorealCaribouManagementPlan–September2010”
1.2.2 Boreal Caribou Resource Review Areas TherearefourRRAsinBorealCaribouranges:twointheCalendarRange,oneintheChinchagaRangeandoneintheProphetRange(Figure3).ThetwoRRAsintheCalendarRangecover41%ofthatrangeandcorehabitat,theProphetRRAcovers73%oftherangeandcorehabitat,and
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 8
Figure3. LocationofResourceReviewAreasinBorealCaribourangesandcorehabitats.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 9
theChinchagaRRAcovers16%oftherangebutdoesnotincludeanycorehabitat(Table2).AllRRAscombinedcover13%ofthetotalareainBorealCaribouranges.TheRRAsdonotincludeanyWildlifeHabitatAreas(Figure4),butthetwoCalendarRRAscontain41%oftheUngulateWinterRangeinthatrange,andtheProphetRRAcontains75%oftheUngulateWinterRangeinthatrange(Figure4,Table2).TheChinchagaRRAdoesnotoverlapwithanyUngulateWinterRanges.BorealCaribouinnortheasternBCselectareaswithslopesoflessthan0.6°(Cullingetal.2006).Slopesoflessthan0.6°comprise75%ofthetotalareainallRRAscombined(Figure5,Table2).Mostoftheradio‐collaredcariboulocationsintheProphetRangefallwithintheRRA(Figure6,Table2).However,recenttelemetrydatashowthatcaribouradio‐collaredintheProphetRangearealsousingareasthatareoutsideofanycurrentlyidentifiedBorealCaribouranges,butwithinthedefinedareaofdistribution(CraigDeMars,unpubl.data).RRA“D”intheCalendarRangecontains17%oftheradio‐collaredcariboulocationsinthatrange,buttheotherRRAintheCalendarRangeandtheRRAintheChinchagaRangecontainalmostnoradio‐collaredcariboulocations.ThelackoflocationsinRRAsintheCalendarandChinchagarangesmayreflectalackofcaribouradio‐collaredinthoseareasratherthanalackofusebycaribou.Theindustrialdisturbancezone(areawithin250mofindustrialfeatures)coversabout60%ofeachRRAexceptRRA“D”intheCalendarRange,whereitcoversabout70%oftheRRA(Figure7,Table2).ThelevelofindustrialdisturbancewithinRRAsisslightlylowerthanthatfoundintheentirerange,exceptinRRA“D”intheCalendarRange,wherethelevelofdisturbanceissimilartothatoftherange(Table2;Thiessen2009,Wilsonetal.2010).Meanpatchsizeofundisturbedrangeisabout100haintheRRAsexceptinRRA“D”wheremeanpatchsizeis51ha.ThesmallermeanpatchsizeinRRA“D”maybearesultofthehigherlevelofdisturbanceandalsopossiblytheorientationofthelinearfeatures.LinearfeaturesinRRA“C”intheCalendarRangearemostlyorientedinanorth‐southandeast‐westgridpattern,whereaslinearfeaturesinRRA“D”areorientedbothnorth‐south/east‐west,andsouthwest‐northeast/northwest‐southeast.Therearefewundisturbedpatcheslargerthan1000hainanyoftheRRAsinBorealCaribouranges(Table2).
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 10
Table2. Habitat,range,caribouuseanddisturbancecharacteristicsofResourceReviewAreasinBorealCaribouranges.
Range Chinchaga Prophet CalendarTotal(All6Ranges)
RRA A B C D All4RRAs
Totalrangearea(ha) 1389750 119303 497293 497293 3991038
Totalcorehabitatarea(ha) 597636 119303 497293 497293 2281524
RRAarea(ha) 240323 98588 87998 123567 550476
%ofcorehabitatinrangewithinRRA 0 73 17 24 13
%ofrangewithinRRA 16 73 17 24 13
%ofrange’sidentifiedWildlifeHabitatAreasinRRA1
0 N/A N/A N/A 0
%ofrange’sidentifiedUngulateWinterRangeinRRA
0 75 17 24 13
%ofRRAmadeupofUngulateWinterRange 0 70 92 93 48
HabitatRepresentation
%ofRRAmadeupofhighvaluehabitat(extremelylowgradientslopes0‐0.6°)
75 54 76 87 74
CaribouUse %ofrange’sradio‐collaredcariboulocationsinRRA
<0.01 83 2 18 5
%ofRRAwithin250metersofindustrialdisturbance(ha)
58 63 58 72 62
%ofRRAUngulateWinterRangeinundisturbedzone
N/A 28 38 27 30
Meanundisturbedpatchsize(>0.5ha)2 101 108 96 51 87
Patchsizerange 0.5–16849 0.5–8731 0.5–3545 0.5–1491 0.5–16849
Numberofpatches 985 339 387 681 2392
LevelofDisturbance
Numberofpatches>1000ha 5 2 3 2 121TherearenoWildlifeHabitatAreasintheProphetandCalendarranges;noneoftheWildlifeHabitatAreasintheChinchagaorotherrangesoverlapwithRRAs.2Patches<0.5hawereexcludedtoaccountforpolygonssliversresultingfromslightdifferencesinboundariesindifferentmaplayers
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 11
Figure4. BorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas,UngulateWinterRangesandWildlifeHabitatAreas.
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Figure5. SlopeclassdistributioninBorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas.
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Figure6. Radio‐collaredBorealCariboulocationsinResourceReviewAreas.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 14
Figure7. Industrialdisturbancewith250mbuffersinBorealCaribouResourceReviewAreas.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 15
1.3 Burnt Pine Caribou
1.3.1 Burnt Pine Caribou Plans TwoplanshaverecentlybeenpreparedthatincludeobjectivesfortheBurntPineCaribouHerd.Bothplansprovidearecoverypopulationtargetof50cariboufortheBurntPineCaribouHerd(Figures8,9).TheRRAintheBurntPineCaribouHerdareacontributestothepopulationobjectivethroughhabitatprotection.
1.3.2 Burnt Pine Caribou Resource Review Area TheBurntPineRRAislocatedinthewesternportionoftheBurntPineCaribouHerdRangeandcontains47%oftheWildlifeHabitatAreasand36%oftheUngulateWinterRangethatcurrentlyexistintherange(Figure10,Table3).TheRRAalsocontains42%ofthewintercoreareaand37%ofthesummercoreareaintherange(Figures11,12;Table3).BurntPineradio‐collaredcaribouusetheRRAmoreduringwinterthansummer(Figure13,Table3).BurntPinecaribougenerallywinterathigherelevationsintheMt.Stephenson(64%ofwinterlocations)andMt.LeHudette(22%ofwinterlocations)areasandsummerinPine‐LeMorayPark(Jones2007).JustoverhalfofthewinterlocationsonMtStephensonwereintheRRA.BurntPinecaribouusedtheHowlingWolfRidgeareaduringwinterinonlyoneyearsincethestudybeganin2002(D.Seip,pers.comm.).TheKennedy‐SidingcaribouherdalsousestheRRAinbothwinterandsummer(Figure13;Jones2007).Duringearlywinter,Kennedy‐Sidingcaribouarefoundinlowelevationpineforestsandmovetohigherelevationsinmid‐latewinter(Jones2007)sopotentialoverlapwithBurntPinecaribouonMt.Stephensongenerallyoccursinmidtolatewinter.Wesummarizerangeusepatternsherebasedonthetotalnumberofradio‐collaredcariboulocationsanddonotdiscriminatebetweenthemethodsbywhichthelocationsofradio‐collaredcaribouwerecollected(i.e.,VHFaerialtelemetryorGlobalPositioningSystems[GPS]).Becausemanyoftheradio‐collarsusedduringtheearlypartofthestudywereVHFcollars,therelativecontributionofthosecariboutousepatternsmaybeovershadowedbylocationsfromGPScollars.Therefore,itmaybemoreappropriatetoassessdistributionby“caribouyear”ratherthancariboulocation,whichisbeyondthescopeofthisproject.Oursummaryisonlyintendedto
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 16
RecoveryandAugmentationPlanforWoodlandCaribou(Rangifertaranduscaribou)intheCentralRockyMountainsofBritishColumbia(Seipetal.2010)
Figure8.ObjectivesandstrategiesfortheBurntPineCaribouHerdintheRecoveryandAugmentationPlanforWoodlandCaribouintheCentralRockyMountainsofBritishColumbia.
RecoveryObjective:
IncreasethecariboupopulationintheBurntPinerangeto>50animals,andmaintainexistingcariboupopulationsintheGraham,Kennedy
Siding,Moberly,Narraway,Quintette,andScottherdrangesforatotalofapproximately1000
caribou
AugmentationObjective:
IncreasethetotalcariboupopulationintheBurntPine,Graham,KennedySiding,Moberly,Narraway,QuintetteandScottherdrangesovertimetoapproximately3000cariboutoprovideanannualsustainableharvestof60‐
90caribouforFirstNations.
• ToachievetheRecoveryObjective,nodestructionofcorealpine/subalpinehabitatforallherds.
• ToachievetheRecoveryandAugmentationObjectives:• Managetherateandpatternofindustrialdisturbanceonlowelevationhabitattoprovidesustainablecaribouhabitatconditions• Manageactivitieswhichdisturbordisplacecariboufromalpine/subalpinehabitat.• Donotcreateorimproveaccessthatislikelytosignificantlyimprovepredatororhumanaccessintoalpine/subalpinehabitatareas.
HabitatProtection
• ToachievetheAugmentationObjective,nodestructionofhighqualityalpine/subalpinehabitatforallherds.
PopulationManagement
• Populationmanagementshouldbeconductedinadditionto,notinplaceofhabitatprotection.• Evaluatetheneedfortransfersofanimalstomaintaingeneticandpopulationviabilityamongherds.
• ToachievetheAugmentationObjective,managepredationonallcaribouherdstoincreasenumbers
• ToachievetheRecoveryObjective,managepredationtoincreasetheBurntPineherd,andwherenecessarytopreventpopulationdeclinesoftheother6herds.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 17
BurntPineCaribouAugmentationPlan(MinistryofForests,LandsandNaturalResourceOperations2011)
Figure9.RoleoftheResourceReviewAreaintheBurntPineCaribouAugmentationPlan.
PopulationandDistributionObjective:
Toincreasetheherdtoaviablepopulationthatisappropriateforthesizeoftheirrangeandhabitatitcontains(populationobjectiveof50)
Planning HabitatProtection
RRAObjective:ToensureBurntPinecaribouhabitatwithin
ZoneAisnotadverselyimpactedby
industrialdevelopmentfora
minimumoffiveyears
SpeciesandPopulationManagement
• InitiateplanningfortheBurntPineCaribouherd
• Developandimplementwinterrecreationmanagementoptions
• DevelopBestManagementPractices(BMPs)forindustrialactivitiesinZonesBandC
• MaintainsufficienthighsuitabilityhabitatintheburntPineherdareatoenabletheBurntPinepopulationtoincrease• Implement
• Defernewmineral,petroleumandcoaltenuresalesanddefernewLandActtenuresinZoneA(ResourceReviewArea(RRA))
• IncreasetheBurntPinecariboupopulation
• Undertakecorehabitatinventoryandmonitoring
• EvaluateexistingcaribouUWRsandWHAstodetermineifadjustmentsarewarranted
• ExplorethepossibilityofthedeferralofwindtenuredevelopmentwithincorehabitatonMountStephenson
• Exploreothercariboumanagementoptions
• ExploreopportunitiestoreduceprimarypreypopulationsinBurntPinecaribourange
• ManagepredatordensitytoenabletheBurntPinecariboupopulationtoincrease
• DevelopindicatorstodeterminetheeffectivenessoftenuredeferralsinZoneA
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 18
Figure10.BurntPineCaribouResourceReviewArea,UngulateWinterRangesandWildlifeHabitatAreas.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 19
characterizepatternsofuseinrelationtotheRRAbasedonreadilyavailabledata.Theindustrialdisturbancezone(areawithin250mofindustrialfeatures)coversabout11%oftheBurntPineRRA(Figure14,Table3).Meanpatchsizeis504ha(range1.6–3292ha)and7patchesarelargerthan1000ha(Table3).Table3. Habitat,range,caribouuseanddisturbancecharacteristicsof
theBurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea.
TotalRangeArea(ha) 171090
RRAarea(ha) 23231
%ofrangewithinRRA 13
%WildlifeHabitatAreainRRA 40
%UngulateWinterRangeinRRA 36
%ofwintercoreareainRRA 42
%ofsummercoreareainRRA 37
%ofRRAmadeupofWildlifeHabitatArea 37
%ofRRAmadeupofUngulateWinterRange 30
%ofRRAmadeupofwintercorearea 46
HabitatRepresentation
%ofRRAmadeupofsummercorearea 70
%BurntPinecollaredcaribouwinterlocationsinRRA
43CaribouUse
%BurntPinecollaredcaribousummerlocationsinRRA
26
%ofRRAwithin250metersofindustrialdisturbance
11
%ofRRAWildlifeHabitatAreainundisturbedzone
90
%ofRRAUngulateWinterRangeinundisturbedzone
90
meanundisturbedpatchsize(>0.5ha) 504
numberofpatches 41
LevelofDisturbance
numberofpatches>1000ha 7
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 20
Figure11.BurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea,wintercoreareasandwinterhighselectivityhabitat.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 21
Figure12.BurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea,summercoreareasandsummerhighselectivityhabitat.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 22
Figure13.Radio‐collaredcariboulocationsintheBurntPineResourceReviewArea.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 23
Figure14.Industrialdisturbancewith250mbuffersintheBurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewArea.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 24
2 Literature Review – Performance Measures/Indicators, Targets and Metrics
2.1 Performance Measures/Indicators and Targets Wereviewedcaribourecoveryormanagementplansfromotherareastoidentifyperformancemeasures/indicatorsusedtomonitoreffectivenessofthoseplans.Manyplansdidnotcontainindicators/performancemeasuresordidnotexplicitlystatethemassuch.Table4summarizesperformancemeasures/indicatorsandtargetsthatwereexplicitlyorimplicitlystatedinrecentcaribouplans.Mostindicators/performancemeasuresfocusedon:• populationparameters:
o populationsize;o populationchange;o calfrecruitment;o adultsurvival;
• rangeoccupancy/populationdistribution;• habitat/range:
o disturbancelevels;o connectivity;o intactness;and,
• predatorandotherpreypopulations.Wethenreviewedtheliteratureformetricsandmethodsformonitoringindicators/performancemeasuresfoundinexistingplans(seeSection2.2).
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 25
Table4. Examplesofperformanceindicatorsandtargetsfromothercariboumanagementplans.
Plan Indicatortype Indicator1 Target
Ratioofannualrecruitmentversustotalmortality
• ≥1
Annualadultsurvival(>1year)
• ≥0.85overa5‐yearperiod
Latewinterrecruitment • >15%calvesinpopulation
ParturitionratesinearlyJune • ≥0.85foradultfemales>2yearsold
RecoveryStrategyforThreeWoodlandCaribouHerds(Rangifertaranduscaribou;Borealpopulation)inLabrador(Schmelzeretal.2004)
Population
Populationsize • stableorshowinganincreasingtrend
Population • Atleast12,000caribouinwinter(about2caribou/100km2)
TheForest‐DwellingCaribou(Rangifertarandus)RecoveryPlaninQuebec–2005‐2012(Forest‐DwellingCaribouRecoveryTeam2008)
Population
Calfrecruitment • >30calves/100femalesor15%calves
Range ProvincialRangeOccupancy • currentlyoccupiedrangedefinedasthepresentzoneofcontinuousdistributionandcurrentusepatternsofknownlocalpopulations
PopulationHealth
Intrinsicrateofincrease • negativervaluesdonotpersistforgivenpopulationsandareoffsetbypositivevalues
• negativervaluesoccuronlyinasmallproportionoflocalpopulationssampled
• neutralorpositivervaluesareobservedforalargeproportionoflocalpopulationsattheedgeofcurrentcaribourange
RecoveryStrategyfortheWoodlandCaribou(Rangifertaranduscaribou)(Forest‐Dwelling,BorealPopulation)inOntario(OntarioWoodlandCaribouRecoveryTeam2008)
Connectivity AnimalMovement • evidenceofanimalmovementamonglocalpopulations
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 26
Plan Indicatortype Indicator1 Target
Population Populationsize • SouthJasper(150);LittleSmoky(150);ALaPeche(150);Redrock‐PrairieCreek(350);Narraway(100?)
Wolfmanagement
Wolfdensity • 2‐6wolves/1000km2
• <100/1000km2withoutwhite‐taileddeerMoosedensity
• <50/1000km2withwhite‐taileddeer
WestCentralAlbertaCaribouLandscapePlan(WestCentralAlbertaCaribouLandscapePlanningTeam2008)
Alternateprey
White‐taileddeerdensity • tobedeterminedbasedoninventoryorexpertopinion
Populationsize/trend • lambda>1,averagedover3yearsorherdatthetargetpopulationsize
Proportionofcalves • >15%calves,averagedover3years
Population
Adultsurvival • >88%,averagedover3years
Distribution Spatialdistributionofmountaincariboudetections
• 75%ofhighsuitabilitywinterhabitatoccupied,basedon1‐kmbuffereddetectionsover3years
PredatorManagement
Wolfdensityinandnearcaribouhabitat
• <1.5‐6.5wolves/1000km2dependingonplanningunitrisk
Recreation Evidenceofdisplacementofcaribou
• noevidenceofdisplacementbasedonaerialsurveyortelemetryinformation
Preymanagement
Summermoosedensityinandnearcaribouhabitat
• <50‐300/1000km2dependingonplanningunitrisk
AProposedMonitoringandAdaptiveManagementStrategyforMountainCaribouRecoveryImplementation(WilsonandNyberg2009)
Habitatmanagement
Kmofroad‐buildingincaribouhabitat/yr
• netdecreaseintotallengthofroadsincaribouhabitatovertime(deactivationexceedsnewconstruction,5‐yearhorizon)
1Indicatorswerenotalwaysexplicitlystatedandthereforewereadaptedfromthetext;onlyindicatorswithstatedtargetsareincluded
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 27
2.2 Metrics Used to Measure Caribou Population and Range Condition
Indicatorsforcariboupopulationandrangeconditiongenerallyfellinto4categories:• population;• rangeoccupancy/distribution;• habitat/range;and,• predatorsandalternateprey.
2.2.1 Population Measures Themostcommonmetricsfoundforevaluatingpopulationconditionincluded:• populationsize;• populationgrowthrate;• calfrecruitment;and,• adultsurvival/mortality.
Althoughpopulationsizeisadesirablepopulationmetrictouse,itisoftenthemostdifficulttoobtain.Forcaribouthatliveinopenareasduringatleastpartoftheyear,aerialsurveysofthoseopenareasprovideminimumpopulationsizesbasedonthenumberofcaribouobserved.Asampleofmarkedanimals(e.g.radio‐collaredcaribou)canbeusedinconjunctionwithtotalcountstoestimatethetotalpopulationbasedontheproportionofmarkedcaribouseenduringthesurvey(Wittmeretal.2005a).However,ifthenumberofmarkedcaribouislow,confidencelimitsaroundtheestimateareusuallywide,makingitdifficulttoassesschangeinpopulationsizebetweensuccessivesurveys.CaribouintheBurntPineCaribouHerdarefoundprimarilyathighelevationsinalpineandalpineparklandhabitatduringwinter(Jones2007,2008).Becausealargeproportionofthepopulationisvisibleathighelevationsinlatewinter,minimumpopulationcountsarepossible,andanumberofminimumcountsurveyshavebeenconductedinlatewinterforthatherd(SeipandJones2011).However,theseareonlyminimumcountsandtheportionofthepopulationthatisnotvisibleisnotenumerated.Also,thewesternportionofthewinterrangeissharedwiththeKennedy‐Sidingherd(Jones2008,SeipandJones2011),soaradio‐collaredcaribousampleisneededtodiscernwhichpopulationthegroupsofcaribouinthesharedareabelongto.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 28
BorealCaribouarenotoriouslydifficulttoenumerate(AlbertaSustainableResourceDevelopmentandAlbertaConservationAssociation2010,MinistryofEnvironment2010).Onealternativetototalpopulationcountsforwidelydistributedspeciesisthestratifiedrandomblockmethod,whichestimatesdensitiesinportionsofthesurveyarea,whicharethenappliedtothetotalsurveyareatoprovideapopulationestimate(Gasawayetal.1986).Stuart‐Smithetal.(1997)conductedastratifiedblocksurveyonBorealCaribouinnortheasternAlbertaandfoundthatsightabilitywas40%.AStratifiedRandomBlockcountforcaribouwasconductedintheMaxhamishRangeinBCinMarch2006(Rowe2006)anddensitiesfromthatsurveywereappliedtoallBorealCaribourangestoestimatepopulationsizes(MinistryofEnvironment2010).Rowe(2006)notedthatsightabilityissueslimitedtheeffectivenessofconventionalstratifiedinventorywithintheMaxhamishRangeandthatcalfrecruitmentandadultmortalitymonitoringislikelyamorecost‐effectivemethodofassessingpopulationstatus.TwotechniquesrecentlyusedforpotentiallyimprovingestimatesofpopulationsizeforBorealCaribouinclude:forwardlookinginfraredtechnologytodetectcaribouduringtransectsurveys(Carretal.2012);andmark‐recapturesamplingofcariboupelletsusingDNAanalysis(Hettinga2010,Wasseretal.2011,Carretal.2012).Carretal.(2012)testedthetwotechniquesandconcludedthatbothprovidedsimilarpopulationestimatesandthatconfidenceintervalsusingthosetwomethodsweretighterthanconfidenceintervalsforapopulationestimatebasedonrandomtransectcounts.Costsofbothtechniquesweresimilarbuttheforwardlookinginfraredtechnologyrequiredspecializedequipmentandtrainedobservers(Carretal.2012).Mark‐recapturesamplingusingfecalDNAworkedwellwhensampleswerecollectedduringatleast3samplingsession,andpotentiallycouldbeintegratedintoalreadyexistingmonitoring(Hettinga2010,Carretal.2012).Awidelyusedmethodforassessingpopulationconditionforwoodlandcaribouiscalculatingratesofpopulationchangeusingcalfrecruitmentandadultsurvivalrates(HatterandBergerud1991,Stuart‐Smithetal.1997,RettieandMessier1998,McLoughlinetal.2003,Wittmeretal.2005a,AlbertaSustainableResourceDevelopmentandAlbertaConservationAssociation2010,Lathametal.2011a,Nagy2011,DeCesareetal.2012).Adultsurvivalratesarebasedonsurvivalofasampleofradio‐collaredcaribou,andcalfrecruitmentisgenerallybasedontheproportionofradio‐collaredfemalecaribouwithcalvesinlatewinter(calves/100cows)ortheproportionofcalvescountedduringlatewintercompositionsurveys.Becauseadultfemalescanbedifficulttodistinguishfromadultmalesinlatewinterintreedhabitats,calf
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 29
recruitmentissometimesreportedascalves/100adultsor%calvesratherthancalves/100cows.Latewintercalfrecruitmentisalsousedasanindicatorofpopulationchangeifadultmortalityratesarenotavailable.Apopulationisconsideredstablewhencalvesmakeup15%ofthelatewinterpopulation(Bergerud1996)orwhenlatewintercalfrecruitmentis28.9calves/100cows(EnvironmentCanada2008).WhileWittmeretal.(2005b)foundthatpopulationtrendsweresignificantlycorrelatedwithadultfemalesurvival,DeCesareetal.(2012)foundthatadultfemalesurvivalandrecruitmentratewerenearlyequivalentdriversofpopulationgrowthandrecommendedmonitoringbothadultsurvivalandrecruitmentrates.
2.2.2 Range Occupancy/Distribution Rangeoccupancydescribesthedistributionofcaribouwithintheirrange.Ascariboupopulationsizedecreases,theyoccupylessoftheirrange(Bergerud1996,Schaefer2003).Alternatively,cariboumayfocustheiruseinaportionoftheirrangeinresponsetodisturbanceinanotherpartoftheirrange(Smithetal.2000,Courtoisetal.2007,ArsenaultandManseau2011).Althoughitmaybedifficulttodeterminewhythepopulationisoccupyinglessrange,bothcasesindicatelessthanoptimalconditionsforcaribou.Distributioncanbeassessedbyaerialsurveys(e.g.,NellemannandCameron1996,Weiretal.2007,Bowmanetal.2010),orradio‐collaredcaribou(e.g.,RettieandMessier1998,Wittmeretal.2005b,Cullingetal.2006).
2.2.3 Habitat/Range Habitatandrangeconfigurationareimportantindicatorsfortheabilityofacaribourangetosupportcaribouandinclude:• amountofhighqualityhabitat;• disturbance;and,• undisturbedpatchsizeandconnectivity.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 30
High quality habitat Caribouselecthabitatinahierarchicalmanner;atthecoarsestlandscapescalethepriorityofselectionistoavoidpredationrisk(RettieandMessier2000,Gustineetal.2006).Caribouoftenusehabitatsorareaswithintheirrangeswhereoverlapwithotherpreyorwolves(Canislupus)islow(Seip1992,Cummingetal.1996,Jamesetal.2004,Courbinetal.2009,Latham2009,Bowmanetal.2010,Hebblewhiteetal.2010,Robinsonetal.2012).Throughouttheyear,BorealCaribouselecttreedblacksprucepeatlands(bogs)andavoiduplandhabitat,younghabitatandanthropogenicdisturbance(Bradshawetal.1995,Stuart‐Smithetal.1997,RettieandMessier2000,JamesandStuart‐Smith2000,Cullingetal.2006,Dyke2008,DeMarsetal.2011,Nagy2011).IntheSnake‐SahtanehRangeinnortheasternBC,BorealCariboualsoselectareasofextremelylowgradient(0°to0.6°slope)withthestrongestselectionshownforsiteswithlessthan0.3°gradient(Cullingetal.2006).OtherrecenttelemetrydatafromnortheasternBCalsosupportsthisselectionpattern.McLoughlinetal.(2005)suggestedthatcariboucanavoidpredationbymaximizingselectionofpeatlandssinceuplandspresentcaribouwithhigherthanexpectedlevelsofpredationrisk.InnortheasternBC,habitatselectionduringcalvingissimilartooverallselection,butcariboualsoselectfens(lowvegetationhabitatclass),andwetlandsandwaterbodies(Cullingetal.2006,DeMarsetal.2011).Sitefidelityduringcalvingisgreaterthanduringanyotherseason(Failleetal.2010,Traczetal.2010).Winterhabitatselectionisalsosimilartooverallselection,butcariboualsoappeartousedenserconiferousforeststandsduringperiodsofhighsnowaccumulation(Cullingetal.2006).HabitatclassesderivedfromDucksUnlimitedForestNelsonEarthCoverClassificationLandsatTM7imagery(DucksUnlimited2003)provedusefulindelineatingBorealCaribourangesandcorehabitats,anddescribinghabitatuseinnortheasternBC(Cullingetal.2004,2006).ExpandedDucksUnlimitedEarthCovermapping(DucksUnlimited2011)hasalsobeenusedinanongoingstudyencompassingseveralranges(DeMarsetal.2011).HighqualityhabitathasbeencapturedinBorealCaribourangesandcorehabitats(Cullingetal.2004,MinistryofEnvironment2010).RangesaredefinedasbroadareasofknownhistoricalorcurrentusethatsupplytheresourcesnecessarytosupportlocalpopulationsofBorealCaribou,andcorehabitatsaredefinedasareasofhighcurrentcapabilityandsuitabilitybasedongeneralhabitatrequirementsanddocumented
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 31
occurrence.Rangeandcorehabitatboundarieswereupdatedin2010(MinistryofEnvironment2010).WildlifeHabitatAreasandUngulateWinterRangesaretwotoolsavailableundertheForestandRangePracticesActandtheOilandGasActivitiesActandrelatedregulationsthathavebeenusedtoprotectknownBorealCariboucalvingandwinteringareasrespectively.WhileWildlifeHabitatAreasdonotadequatelyaddresstheBorealCaribou’sneedfor“space”overthelandscape,theydoofferameasureofprotectionattheindividualcalvingsitelevel.BurntPinecaribouarefoundprimarilyinalpineandsubalpinehabitatthroughouttheyear(Jones2007,2008).Jones(2008)identifiedcoreareasandhighlyselectedhabitatforbothwinterandsummer.ImportantknownwinterrangeshavebeenestablishedasUngulateWinterRangesandimportantknowncalvingareashavebeenestablishedasWildlifeHabitatAreasundertheForestandRangePracticesActandtheOilandGasActivitiesActandrelatedregulations.
Level of disturbance Disturbanceoncaribourangeshasbeenlinkedto:• reducedrangeoccupancy(RettieandMessier1998,Smithetal.
2000,Schaefer2003,AppsandMcLellan2006,Vorsetal.2007,Wittmeretal.2007,Courtoisetal.2008,ArsenaultandManseau2011);
• displacement(Chubbsetal.1993,SchaeferandMahoney2007,Weiretal.2007);
• reducedspatialseparationbetweencaribouandotherpreyorpredators(Latham2009,Peters2010,Robinsonetal.2012);
• reducedadultcaribousurvival(Dunford2003,Smith2004,Courtoisetal.2007);
• reducedcalfrecruitment(McCarthyetal.2011);and,• populationdeclines(Schaefer2003,Vorsetal.2007,Wittmeretal.
2007).Also,Lathametal.(2011a)suggestthatincreasednumbersofwhite‐taileddeerresultinginincreasednumbersofpredatorsandconsequentlyhigherincidentalpredationoncariboumaybearesultofdisturbanceand/orclimatechange.Caribougenerallyavoidroadsandotherlinearfeatures(JamesandStuart‐Smith2000,Dyeretal.2001,Oberg2001,Dyke2008,Fortinetal.2008,Courbinetal.2009,Hebblewhiteetal.2010,Leblondetal.2011,
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 32
Nagy2011,Polfusetal.2011,Pinardetal.2012),oftendespitetheavailabilityofpreferredhabitat(e.g.vegetationtypes)nearthosefeatures(Florkiewiczetal.2003,Cameronetal.2005,Schindleretal.2007).Theyalsoavoidareasdisturbedbyforestharvesting(RettieandMessier2000,Smithetal.2000,SchaeferandMahoney2007,Courtoisetal.2008,Courbinetal.2009).Avoidancedistancevarieswithtypeofdisturbance,sizeofundisturbedpatchesandcaribourange(Dyeretal.2001,Florkiewiczetal.2003,Hebblewhiteetal.2010,Nagy2011;seesummaryofdisturbancedistancesinEnvironmentCanada2011c–Table49inAppendix7.4).Ingeneral,cariboudistancethemselvesawayfromdisturbancesiftheyhavetheopportunityto(Chubbsetal.1993,CummingandHyer1998,SchaeferandMahoney2007,Weiretal.2007,Nagy2011).However,inareaswithveryhighdensitiesofdisturbance,undisturbedpatchsizesmaybelimited,diminishingtheopportunitiesforcariboutouseareasdistanttodisturbance(Leblondetal.2011).Onverydisturbedlandscapes,duringcalvingwhenfidelitytorangesishigher,cariboumayneedtochoosebetweenreducingrangefidelity(potentiallyresultinginlowerfemaleandcalfsurvivalduetoreducedfamiliaritywithescapecover,predationriskandfooddistribution)ormaintainingsitefidelityinalandscapewherepredationriskhasincreasedduetoincreaseddisturbance(Failleetal.2011,Traczetal.2011).ForBorealCaribou,relationshipshavebeendevelopedbetweenpopulationparametersandthedegreeofdisturbance(%disturbanceordensityofdisturbance)withinranges.Negativerelationshipshavebeenfoundbetween:• populationchange(lamba)and%habitatwithin250mofindustrial
disturbanceplus%burnedinthelast50years(Sorensonetal.2008);• populationchange(lamba)andlinearfeaturedensityplus%young
habitat(<30yearsold,burn+cut)(BoutinandArienti2008);and,• calfrecruitmentand%habitatwithin500mofindustrialdisturbance
(EnvironmentCanada2008,2011c).Basedonthoserelationships,thresholdshavebeensuggestedthatindicatethelevelofdisturbanceatwhichcariboupopulationsarelikelytodecline(EnvironmentCanada2011c).Distancetodisturbancefromcariboulocationsisanothermeasurefrequentlyusedinassessinghabitatselectionanddisplacement(Chubbsetal.1993,JamesandStuart‐Smith2000,Florkiewiczetal.2003,SchaeferandMahoney2007,Latham2009,McNay2009,DeMarsetal.2011,Leblondetal.2011,Nagy2011).Theareaofavoidancearoundanthropogenicdisturbanceshasbeenreferredtoasthe“development
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 33
footprint”forindustrialactivities(Dyeretal.2001)orthe“zoneofinfluence”forallhumanactivities(Florkiewiczetal.2003,Polfusetal.2011).
Undisturbed patch size and connectivity Nagy(2011)cautionsagainstusingonly%disturbanceordensityofdisturbancetotrackcumulativeeffectsofindustrialdevelopmentandsuggeststhattheamountandpatchconfigurationofunburnedsecurehabitatsremainingwithindevelopedareasisamoreappropriatemeasure.Nagy(2011)foundapositiverelationshipbetweenpopulationsizeandsizeof“secure”patches(unburnedareasgreaterthan400mfromdisturbance)forBorealCariboupopulationsintheNorthwestTerritories.Schneideretal.(2010)suggestthatlargeundisturbedpatchesmayneedtobeprotectedtopreventinfiltrationbypredatorsfromsurroundingareas.Thedistributionandconfigurationofhighqualityhabitatacrossthelandscapeisalsoanimportantdeterminantofrangequalityforcaribou.BorealCaribouselectareaswherehighqualityhabitatpatchesareclusteredandwellconnected(O’Brienetal.2006).Duringcalving,%BarrenGroundCaribouoccurrenceanddensityincreasedashabitatclustersizeincreased(NellemannandCameron1996).Inwest‐centralAlberta,caribouselectedwinterhabitatpatcheswithhighareatoperimeterratios(Saher2005).Somemeasuresofpatchsizeandconfigurationinclude:• habitatpatchsize(RettieandMessier2000,Wittmeretal.2007);• area‐weightedpatchsize(McNay2009,ArltandManseau2011);• undisturbedareapatchsizeanddistribution(Nagy2011);and,• patchareatoperimeterratio(Saher2005).
InAlberta,theconceptof“intactness”hasbeenproposedasanindicatorofrelativelyundisturbedareas(WestCentralAlbertaCaribouLandscapePlanningTeam2008,McCutchenetal.2009).InBC,AppsandMcLellan(2006)usedtheRecreationOpportunitySpectrumclassificationsystemasameasureofremoteness.Connectivitycanbemeasuredwiththecentroidconnectivityindex(CCE),whichusesacombinationofpatchsizeanddistancebetweenpatches(Daustetal.2003,MladenoffandDeZonia2004)orbyclustersizedistributionwhereclustersofpatchesareconnectedusingvariousbufferdistances(DaveDaust,pers.comm.).
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 34
2.2.4 Other Species InnortheasternBC,theprimarypredatorsofBorealCaribouarewolvesandblackbears(Ursusamericanus;Cullingetal.2006).Theinteractionbetweenindustrialdisturbance,numbersofotherungulatespeciessuchasmooseandwhite‐taileddeer,numbersandhuntingefficiencyofwolves,andwolfencounterrateswithcaribouisbelievedtobethedrivingforcebehindBorealCariboupopulationdeclines(McLoughlinetal.2003,Schneideretal.2010,Boutin2010,Festa‐Bianchetetal.2011).WhilepredationisconsideredthemainproximatelimitingfactorforBorealCariboupopulations,large‐scalehabitatalterationsthataffecthabitatuseandmovementsofpredatorsandalternatepreyultimatelyaffectcariboupopulations(CummingandHyer1996,RettieandMessier,1998,McLoughlinetal.2003).ResearchfromnortheasternAlbertainthe1990’sindicatedthatBorealCaribouspacedthemselvesawayfromwolvesandmoosebyusinglargepeatlands(Jamesetal.2004).However,asindustrialdevelopmentcontinued,bythemid2000’s,white‐taileddeernumbers,wolfnumbersandincidentalwolfpredationoncaribouincreasedandcariboupopulationsstartedtodecline(Lathametal.2011a).Beaver(Castorcanadensis)arealsoanimportantalternatepreyforwolvesinBorealCaribourangesduringsummer(Cullingetal.2006,Lathametal.2011a).Consequently,distributionandabundanceofotherspeciesalsoneedtobeconsideredwhenassessingcaribourangecondition.Themostimportantspeciestoconsiderarewolves,bears,moose,white‐taileddeerandbeaver.BergerudandElliot(1986)suggestedthatwolfdensitiesexceeding6.5wolves/1000km2wouldresultinadeclineincariboupopulations.AerialsurveysforwolvesaredifficultinBorealCaribouhabitat(ConradThiessen,pers.comm.).IntheSnake‐SahtanehRange,Cullingetal.(2006)usedradio‐telemetrytoestimateaminimumwolfdensityof6.3wolves/1000km².Estimatingwolfnumberswillrequiretheuseofradio‐telemetry,withaminimumof3memberscollaredineachpack.Currently,thereare10wolvescollaredin4individualwolfpackswithin3BorealCaribourangesinnortheasternBC,includingtheMaxhamish(1pack),Prophet(1pack)andSnake‐Sahtaneh(2packs;CraigDeMars,pers.comm.).Bearsandcaribougenerallypreferdifferenthabitats(Bastille‐Rousseauetal.2011,Lathametal.2011b)andbearsappeartobeanopportunisticpredatoroncaribou(Bastille‐Rousseauetal.2011).However,some
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 35
individualbearsprefertoforageinpeatlandsandmaycontributetocariboucalfmortality(Lathametal.2011b).IntheSnake‐SahtanehBorealCaribouRangeinnortheasternBC,Cullingetal.(2006)foundthatblackbearswerestronglyassociatedwithdeciduous‐dominateduplandandriparianhabitats,andearlyseralplantcommunitiesondisturbedsites(cutblocksandlinearopenings)duringthespringcalvingperiod.Theyalsofoundthatindividualbearsmadebriefforaysintoadjacentblacksprucepeatlands.Forbears,themostcommontechniqueforassessingpopulationsfocusesoncollectinghairfrombearsatbaitstationsandusingDNAtodistinguishbetweenindividuals.Astratifiedrandomblocksurveytechniquehastypicallybeenusedtoestimatemoosenumbers(Gasawayetal.1986).However,becausestratifiedrandomblocksurveysareexpensivetoconduct,aerialtransectsurveyscanbeusedtodeterminerelativedensityestimatestocomparedensitiesbetweenareasorbetweentimeperiods.Aerialtransectsurveyswereusedtocomparemooseandwhite‐taileddeerrelativedensitiesinnortheasternAlbertabetweenthemid‐1990s(Jamesetal.2004)andthemid2000s(Lathametal.2011a).Distancesamplinghasrecentlybeenusedtoestimatemoosepopulationsandisprovingtobeeffectiveandmoreefficientthanstratifiedrandomblocksurveys(Hebblewhiteetal.2010,Peters2010,Thiessen2010).Thiessen(2010)usedthedistancesamplingtechniquetoestimatemoosedensitiesintheHornRiverbasininnortheasternBC.Transectsusedduringthe2010survey(Thiessen2010)canbeusedforsubsequentsurveystomonitorchangesinmoosedensity.Althoughwhite‐taileddeernumbersarecurrentlylowinBorealCaribourangesinnortheasternBC(ConradThiessen,pers.comm.),incidentalsightingsduringthemoosedistancesamplingsurveyscouldpotentiallybeusedtoassessrelativechangesinwhite‐taileddeernumbers.BeaversarealsoanimportantpreyspeciesinsummerforwolvesthatuseBorealCaribouranges(Cullingetal.2006,Lathametal.2011b).AerialsurveysforbeaverswereconductedintheParkerandProphetrangesinfall2011(ConradThiessen,pers.comm.).
2.2.5 Performance Measures for Resource Review Areas Table5listsperformancemeasuresrecommendedforassessingtheeffectivenessofRRAsinsupportinggoalsandobjectivesinexistingplansforBorealCaribouandtheBurntPineCaribouHerd.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 36
Table5. RecommendedperformancemeasuresandmethodsforassessingeffectivenessofRRAs.
PerformanceMeasure Method
Populationrateofincrease(lambda,λ)
• adultmortalityratebasedonradio‐collaredcaribou
• calfrecruitmentbasedoncalveswithradio‐collaredcariboucowsorcalveswithallcowsobservedduringlatewinterrecruitmentsurveys
• λ averagedover2years(2013/14and2014/15)Adultmortalityrate • basedonradio‐collaredcaribou
• averagedover2years(2013/14and2014/15)
Calfrecruitmentrate • basedoncalveswithradio‐collaredcariboucowsorcalveswithallcowsobservedduringlatewinterrecruitmentsurveys
• averagedover3years(2012/13,2013/14and2014/15)
%areawithin500mofindustrialactivities
• BorealCaribou–useWilsonetal.(2010)disturbancelayerandaddnewfeaturesfromsatellitephotosin2012/13and2014/15
• BurntPinecaribou–updatedisturbancemapfromthisreportbyaddingnewfeaturesfromsatellitephotosin2012/13and2014/15
%areainburns<40years
• buildmapsfromfiredisturbancedatabaseandsatellitephotosin2012/13
• updatein2014/15
Undisturbedpatchsizedistribution
• usemethodsusedbyNagy(2011)• assessin2012/13and2014/15
Connectivitybetweenundisturbedpatches
• usecentroidconnectivityindexorclustersizedistribution
%areaofundisturbedlowgradientslope(BorealCaribou)
• slopeclasses:0‐0.3°,0.3‐0.6°and>0.6°• calculatebasedondisturbancelayerin2012/13and2014/15
Wolfdensity • wintercountsusingradio‐collaredwolvestolocatepacks(3radio‐collaredwolves/pack)
• averagedover3years(2012/13,2013/14,2014/15)
Moosedensity • distancesampling• averagedover3years(2012/13,2013/14,2014/15)
White‐taileddeerrelativedensity
• incidentalobservationsduringmoosedistancesampling
• averagedover3years(2012/13,2013/14,2014/15)
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 37
Performancemeasuresforpopulationconditionincludepopulationrateofincrease,adultmortalityrateandcalfrecruitmentrate.Althoughadultmortalityrateandcalfrecruitmentratearecomponentsofthepopulationrateofincrease,theyarealsorecommendedasperformancemeasurestoidentifywhichvitalrateismostinfluencingrateofchange.Wedonotrecommendcariboupopulationsizeasaperformancemeasurebecausepopulationestimatesaredifficulttodetermineandlacksufficientprecisiontodetectsmalltomoderatechangesinnumbers.Forhabitat/rangeanddisturbance,performancemeasuresaddressbothlevelofdisturbance,andcharacteristicsofundisturbedpatches.Forindustrialdisturbance,becausetherehavebeennostudiesofdisturbanceonBorealCaribourangesinnortheasternBC,werecommendusinga500mbufferarounddisturbancetoaccommodatethevariationindisturbancedistancesindifferentareas(EnvironmentCanada2011c:Appendix7.4).Ameasureofareaburnedisalsorecommendedsincedisturbancefrombothindustrialactivitiesandnaturaldisturbancehavebeenlinkedtopopulationchange(Sorensonetal.2008).Undisturbedpatchsizedistributioncanbeusedtoassessthesizeandcompositionofareasbeyondtheindustrialdisturbancezone.Areaswithlarger,well‐connectedundisturbedpatchesprovidecaribouwithmoreopportunitiestodistancethemselvesfromdisturbancesandpotentialincreasedpredationrisk.ForBorealCaribou,wealsorecommendthepercentofundisturbedareasconsistingofverylowgradientslopes(0‐0.6°)asanindicatoroftheextentofpreferredhabitats(Cullingetal.2006)withinundisturbedpatches.Performancemeasuresforotherspeciesincludewolfdensity,moosedensityandwhite‐taileddeerrelativedensitysincetheinteractionbetweenindustrialdisturbance,numbersofotherungulatespeciessuchasmooseandwhite‐taileddeer,numbersandhuntingefficiencyofwolves,andwolfencounterrateswithcaribouisbelievedtobethedrivingforcebehindBorealCariboupopulationdeclines(McLoughlinetal.2003,Schneideretal.2010,Boutin2010,Festa‐Bianchetetal.2011).Althoughblackbearscontributetobothcaribouadultandcalfmortality,wedonotincludeblackbeardensityasaperformancemeasuresinceblackbearpredationratesoncaribouarenotnecessarilyrelatedtoblackbeardensity.WedidnotlistbeaverdensityasaperformancemeasurebutdorecommendassessingbeaverdensitiesaspartofongoingmonitoringsincebeaversareasignificantcomponentofthesummerdietofwolvesinBorealCaribouranges(Cullingetal.2006,Lathametal.2011b).
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 38
3 Boreal Caribou Resource Review Areas Performance Measures and Monitoring Plan
3.1 Performance Measures Indicators/performancemeasuresdiscussedinSection2canbeusedtoevaluateeffectivenessofRRAsincontributingtotheobjectivesandgoalsoftheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan.BecausetheroleofRRAsistoprovideconditionsthataremorefavourableforcariboupersistencethanconditionsthatexistoutsideRRAs,performancemeasureswillneedtoevaluateconditionsbothwithinandoutsideRRAs.ForBorealCaribou,effectivenessofRRAswillbeassessedat3levelsofspatialresolution:• RRA;• BorealCaribourange;and,• BorealCariboupopulationanddistribution.
BecauseastablepopulationisnotoneofthegoalsoftheImplementationPlan,wecannotuseaperformancemeasurebasedonrelationshipspreviouslydevelopedbetweenvitalratesandlevelsofdisturbanceandassociatedthresholdsforself‐sustainingpopulations(Sorensonetal.2008,EnvironmentCanada2008,2011c).Instead,webaseperformancemeasuresonthefollowingquestionsusedtoevaluateeffectivenessofRRAsatthreespatialscales.1. DotheRRAscontainappropriateconditionsforcaribou?2. ArecaribouinRRAsbetteroffthancaribououtsideofRRAs?3. ArecaribouinrangeswithRRAsbetteroffthancaribouinranges
withoutRRAs?PerformancemeasuresattheRRAlevelfocusonrangeconditions(habitatanddisturbance)whileperformancemeasuresattherangeandBorealCariboupopulationlevelsincludebothrangeconditions(disturbance,predatorabundance,alternatepreyabundance)andcariboupopulationcondition.AmonitoringprogramtoassessperformancemeasuresisprovidedinSection3.2.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 39
3.1.1 Resource Review Area Level DotheRRAscontainappropriateconditionsforcaribou?AttheRRAlevel,availablebaselineinformation(seeTable2)indicatesthathighvalueBorealCaribouhabitat,definedasextremelylowslopegradients(0°to0.6°slope),isavailableinallfourRRAs.AlthoughtheChinchagaRRAdoesnotcontainanycorehabitats,designatedareas(WildlifeHabitatAreas,UngulateWinterRanges)orcariboulocations,presenceofextremelylowslopegradientssuggeststhattheRRAcontainssuitablecaribouhabitat.PerformancemeasuresattheRRAlevelforthenext3yearsfocusonnoincreaseintheindustrialdisturbancezonewithinRRAs(Table6).TheseperformancemeasuresaccountfortheinfluenceofactivitiesintheareasadjacenttotheRRAboundariesaswellaswithintheRRA.AlthoughnonewoilandgastenuresarepermittedwithintheRRAs,accesstoreachexistingtenuresembeddedwithintheRRAsmayneedtobeconsidered.Inthosesituations,usingexistingdisturbancefeaturesasmuchaspossible,andavoidingfragmentinglargerundisturbedpatcheswillhelpmeettargets.Table6. PerformancemeasuresforBorealCaribouRRAsattheRRA
level.PerformanceMeasure Target
%RRAwithin500mofindustrialactivities
Noincreasebetween2012and2015
%RRAinburnedarea<40years
Noincreasebetween2012and2015
Undisturbedpatchsizedistribution
Noincreaseinsmallerpatchsizesordecreaseinlargerpatchsizesbetween2012and2015
Connectivitybetweenundisturbedpatches
Nodecreasebetween2012and2015
%oflowgradientslope(0°to0.6°slope)intheundisturbedzone
Nodecreasebetween2012and2015
Thelackofradio‐collaredcariboulocationsintheChinchagaRRAandinportionsoftheCalendarRRAslikelyreflectsalackofanimalscollaredinthoseportionsofthoserangesandidentifiesanimportantknowledgegapthatneedstobefilled.Inadditiontotrackingperformance
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 40
measures,theproportionoflocationsinRRAsofeachcariboucollaredinanRRAshouldbetrackedtoassesshowmuchtimecaribouthatareknowntouseRRAs,spendtimeinthem.
3.1.2 Boreal Caribou Range Level ArecaribouinRRAsbetteroffthancaribououtsideRRAs?ToevaluateeffectivenessofRRAsattheBorealCaribourangelevel,asuiteofperformancemeasuresthataddresscariboupopulationtrends,disturbance,andotherspeciesneedtobeconsidered(Table7).Adultcariboumortalityrateandcalfrecruitmentratearecomponentsofthepopulationrateofincrease(λ),butarealsousefultoconsiderindependentlytoassistindetermininghoweachvitalratecontributestopopulationchanges. Table7. PerformancemeasuresforBorealCaribouRRAsattherange
level.PerformanceMeasure Target
CaribouPopulationrateofincrease(lambda,λ)1
λRRA>λOutsideRRA
Cariboumortalityrate1 MortalityrateRRA<MortalityrateOutsideRRA
Cariboucalfrecruitment1 CalfrecruitmentRRA>CalfreruitmentOutsideRRA
Wolfdensity WolfdensityRRA<WolfdensityOutsideRRA
Moosedensity MoosedensityRRA<MoosedensityOutsideRRA
White‐taileddeerrelativedensity
White‐taileddeerrelativedensityRRA<White‐taileddeerrelativedensityOutsideRRA
%areawithin500mofindustrialactivities
%disturbanceRRA<%disturbanceOutsideRRA
%areainburnedarea<40years
%burnedRRA<%burnedOutsideRRA
Undisturbedpatchsizedistribution
%oflargerundisturbedpatchesRRA>%oflargerundisturbedpatchesOutsideRRA
Connectivitybetweenundisturbedpatches
ConnectivityRRA>ConnectivityOutsideRRA
1thesemeasureswillbeusedifitcanbedeterminedthattheyarenotconfoundedbycaribouusingareasoutsideoftheintendedunit(e.g.insidevs.outsideRRA)
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 41
Althoughwolfpredationisaprimaryproximatelimitingfactorforcariboupopulations(Seip1992,Bergerud1996,McLoughlinetal.2003),wolfdensitiesareinfluencedbyanumberofspeciesincludingmooseandwhite‐taileddeer(Lathametal.2011b).InnortheasternBC,beaverisalsoanimportantcomponentofwolfsummerdiet(Cullingetal.2006).Increasesinbeaverandwhite‐taileddeerhavebothcontributedtoincreasedwolfdensitiesinnortheasternAlberta(Lathametal.2011b).Trackingwolfandalternatepreydensitieswillhelpidentifymechanismsofcariboupopulationchangeandwillultimatelycontributetomoreinformedmanagementefforts.Althoughbeaverdensityisnotlistedasaperformancemeasure,beaverdensityshouldalsobeassessedsincebeaverscontributesignificantlytothewolfsummerdiet.Performancemeasuresfordisturbancearebasedonlevelsofdisturbanceandsizeofundisturbedarea.TargetsforperformancemeasuresforRRAsattherangescalearebasedonperformancemeasurelevelsinRRAscomparedtolevelswithinthesamerangebutoutsidetheRRA.WhenassessingcariboupopulationperformancemeasuresinRRAsversusareasoutsideofRRAs,theamountoftimethatRRAcaribouspendoutsidetheRRAwillneedtobeaddressedtodetermineiftheirfatesareinfluencedbyconditionsoutsidetheRRAboundaries.Inadditiontoadultmortalityrates,causesofadultmortalityshouldalsobedeterminedtoassesstherelativecontributionofdifferentmortalityfactorstooverallcariboumortality.Also,theshapeofeachRRA(e.g.areastoperimeterratio)shouldbeassessed.
3.1.3 Boreal Caribou Population Level ArecaribouinrangeswithRRAsbetteroffthancaribouinrangeswithoutRRAs?ThesuiteofperformancemeasuresattherangelevelarealsorelevantattheBorealCaribouPopulationlevel(Table8).However,targetsarebasedonperformancemeasurelevelsinrangeswithRRAsversusrangeswithoutRRAs.Becauseperformancemeasuresaddressingwholerangeswillbeinfluencedbythedegreeofdisturbanceineachrange,eachperformancemeasuremustbeweightedbytheamountofdisturbanceintherange.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 42
Table8. PerformancemeasuresforBorealCaribouRRAsattheBorealCaribouPopulationlevel.
PerformanceMeasure Target
CaribouPopulationrateofincrease(lambda,λ)(weightedbylevelofdisturbanceinrange)
λCalendar,λChinchaga,λProphet,>λParker,λMaxhamish,λSnake‐Sahtaneh
Cariboumortalityrate(weightedbylevelofdisturbanceinrange)
MortalityrateCalendar,MortalityrateChinchaga,MortalityrateProphet,<MortalityrateParker,MortalityrateMaxhamish,MortalityrateSnake‐Sahtaneh
Cariboucalfrecruitment(weightedbylevelofdisturbanceinrange)
CalfrecruitmentCalendar,CalfrecruitmentChinchaga,CalfrecruitmentProphet,>CalfrecruitmentParker,CalfrecruitmentMaxhamish,CalfrecruitmentSnake‐Sahtaneh,
Wolfdensity(weightedbylevelofdisturbanceinrange)
WolfdensityCalendar,WolfdensityChinchaga,WolfdensityProphet,<WolfdensityParker,WolfdensityMaxhamish,WolfdensitySnake‐Sahtaneh
Moosedensity(weightedbylevelofdisturbanceinrange)
MoosedensityCalendar,MoosedensityChinchaga,MoosedensityProphet,<MoosedensityParker,MoosedensityMaxhamish,MoosedensitySnake‐Sahtaneh
White‐taileddeerdensity(weightedbylevelofdisturbanceinrange)
White‐taileddeerdensityCalendar,White‐taileddeerdensityChinchaga,White‐taileddeerdensityProphet,<White‐taileddeerdensityParker,White‐taileddeerdensityMaxhamish,White‐taileddeerdensitySnake‐Sahtaneh
%rangewithin500mofindustrialactivities
%disturbedCalendar,%disturbedChinchaga,%disturbedProphet,<%disturbedParker,%disturbedMaxhamish,%disturbedSnake‐Sahtaneh
%rangeinburnedarea<40years
%burnedCalendar,%burnedChinchaga,%burnedProphet,<%burnedParker,%burnedMaxhamish,%burnedSnake‐Sahtaneh
Undisturbedpatchsizedistribution
%oflargerundisturbedpatchesCalendar,%oflargerundisturbedpatchesChinchaga,%oflargerundisturbedpatchesProphet,<%oflargerundisturbedpatchesParker,%oflargerundisturbedpatchesMaxhamish,%oflargerundisturbedpatchesSnake‐Sahtaneh
Connectivitybetweenundisturbedpatches
ConnectivityCalendar,ConnectivityChinchaga,ConnectivityProphet,>ConnectivityParker,ConnectivityMaxhamish,ConnectivitySnake‐Sahtaneh
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 43
3.2 Monitoring Program RRAswereestablishedinJune2010witha5yearwindowforevaluatingtheireffectiveness.Therefore,monitoringandanalysismustbecompletedinthenext3years.Table9summarizesthemonitoringprogramschedulefrom2012to2015.Table9. BorealCaribouRRAmonitoringplanactivityschedule.
April–March April–June
Activity 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015
BaselineGISwork
Collectdata
GIS/mapindicators
Collectdata Collectdata Analyze/assesseffectiveness
CaribouRadio‐collars1
Initialcaptures
Supplementasneeded
Supplementasneeded
Radio‐collars‐Habitatuse/movementsetc.
Collectdata–winter
Collectdata–allyear
Collectdata–allyear
Analyze/assesseffectiveness
Calfrecruitment
Collectdata Collectdata Collectdata Analyze/assesseffectiveness
Adultmortality Collectdata Collectdata Analyze/assesseffectiveness
Adultmortalitycauses
Collectdata Collectdata Analyze
Wolfdensity Collectdata Collectdata Collectdata Analyze/assesseffectiveness
Moosedensity;white‐taileddeerrelativedensity
Collectdata Collectdata Collectdata Analyze/assesseffectiveness
Beaverdensity Collectdata Collectdata Collectdata Analyze1 Planningfortheradio‐collaringprogramshouldstartassoonaspossible(orderingcollars,acquiringpermits,etc.)toavoiddelaystothe2012capturework.Orderstoradio‐collarmanufacturersshouldbeplacednolaterthanAugustandallrequiredpermitsshouldbeinplacebeforemidOctober.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 44
GIS‐basedmonitoringofdisturbancescanbeginrightaway,whileaugmentingtheexistingsampleofradio‐collaredcariboucanstartinlatefall/earlywinter.Cariboupopulationrateofincreaseandadultmortalityratecanonlybeassessedfor2years(2013/14and2014/15)becausethenextopportunitytodeployradio‐collarsisnotuntillatefall2012/13.Calfrecruitmentratecanbeassessedduringallthreeyearssincecalfrecruitmentsurveysareconductedinlatewinter.EffectivenessofRRAswillbeassessedin2015.TheassessmentwillincluderecommendationsonthefuturestatusofeachRRAandpotentialboundaryadjustments.Themonitoringprogramincludesmaintainingasampleof20radio‐collaredcaribouineachofthefollowingmonitoringunits:RRAs(4);non‐RRAportionsofrangeswithRRAs(2);and,rangeswithoutRRAs(3)tosupportcollectionofcalfrecruitment,adultmortalityandpopulationrateofincreaseperformancemeasures.Atotalof9monitoringunitsarerecommended(Table10).Themaindifferencebetweenstrategiesinthe9unitsarethepresenceorabsenceofanRRA.TheBorealCaribouImplementationPlanalsocallsforrestorationactivitiesinsomeoftheunits,buttheeffectsofrestorationwillnotberealizeduntilafterthisinitialmonitoringperiodiscompleted.Table10.BorealCariboumonitoringunitsandassociatedplanstrategies,
andradio‐collarsrequired.#Radio‐collars
PlanStrategies1 Current
Range Unit RRA Restore VHF2 Iridium3 Target
RRA 20Chinchaga
Non‐RRAX X
2 20
Maxhamish Non‐RRA 10 9 20
RRA1 20
RRA2 20Calendar
Non‐RRA
X 1
20
Snake‐Sahtaneh
Non‐RRA X 5 4 20
Prophet RRA X X 6 20
Parker Non‐RRA X 5 201 Otherplanstrategiesareappliedacrossallrangesandincludemitigation(predatorcontrol,firesuppression)andmanagingthedevelopmentfootprint.
2 AflightshouldbeconductedtoreassessstatusofVHFradio‐collaredcaribou(alive,dead,collarmalfunction).
3 AllexistingIridiumcollarsarecurrentlyscheduledtoberemovedinJuly2013.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 45
InrangeswithoutRRAs(Maxhamish,Snake‐Sahtaneh,Parker),samplingeffortshouldbefocusedincorehabitats,whichcontainthehighestcapabilityBorealCaribouhabitatinthoseranges.Radio‐collarsshouldbesatellitelinked(Iridium)totrackstatusofanimals(alive/dead)inrealtime,allowingaprecisedeterminationoftimingofmortalityandaquickresponsetimeforassessingmortalitycauses,andtoaugmentexistingtelemetrydatatosupportfuturerangeandcorehabitatrefinement.AllcurrentlydeployedIridiumcollarsarescheduledtoberemovedinJuly2013(CraigDeMars,pers.comm.)andthereforewillnotcontributetoafullyearofadultmortalityandcalfrecruitmentmonitoringin2013/14.Consequently,themonitoringprogramwillrequire180newcollarstobeplacedonBorealCaribouin2012.Ifpossible,thosecollarsshouldbeprogrammedtolastuntiltheendofMarch2015toavoidhavingtoreplacecollarsin2014/15.Additionalcollarsandcaptureworkwillberequiredin2013/14and2014/15toincreasetheradio‐collaredcaribousamplebackto20tocompensateformortalitiesandcollarmalfunctions.TheVHFcollarsampleshouldbeincludedincalfrecruitmentandadultmortalitymonitoringinadditiontotheIridiumsample.
3.3 Other Strategies RRAsareonlyonecomponentofasuiteofstrategiesrecommendedintheBorealCaribouImplementationPlan.PredatorreductionisoneoftheotherstrategiesproposedforimplementationacrossallsixBorealCaribouranges.AlthoughreductionofpredatorsistobeappliedconsistentlybetweenRRAsandareasoutsideofRRAsineachrange,andacrossallsixranges,itismorelikelytoresultinrelativelyinconsistentapplication.Therefore,toaidinassessingtheeffectivenessofRRAs,predatorreductioneffortswillneedtobetakenintoaccountasaco‐variant.
3.4 Future Conditions Themonitoringprogramrecommendedinthisreportisrestrictedtothethree‐yearwindowstillremainingbeforetheeffectivenessofRRAshastobeassessed.Becausethemonitoringprogramonlymeasurescurrentconditions,itdoesnotaddresseffectivenessoftheRRAsunderfutureconditions.Asmoreofthelandscapeisdisturbedbydevelopment,the
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 46
relativecontributionoftheRRAstosustainingBorealCaribouwilllikelyincreaseaslongasRRAscontainadequateconditionsforBorealCariboutopersist.WhenassessingtheeffectivenessofRRAsattheendofthe5yearevaluationperiod,thefutureeffectivenessofRRAsshouldalsobeconsidered.Informationcollectedduringtheinitial5yearmonitoringperiodshouldbeusedtopredicteffectivenessofRRAsinthefuturerelativetoareasoutsideofRRAs.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 47
4 Burnt Pine Caribou Resource Review Area Performance Measures and Monitoring Plan
TheBurntPineCaribouHerdResourceReviewAreaislocatedinthewesternhalfoftheBurntPineCaribouRange.ThemostimportantwinteringareasfortheherdarelocatedathighelevationsintheMt.LeHudetteandMt.Stephensonareas,andkeycalvingandsummerrangesarelocatedinPine‐LeMorayPark(Jones2007,2008,D.Seip,pers.comm.,seealsoSection1.2).ThenorthernstripoftheRRAincludesaportionofthehighelevationrangeonMt.Stephenson,butalthoughmostoftherestoftheRRAshowssomeusebyBurntPinecaribou(seeFigure13),themajorityofuseinthesouthernpartoftheRRAisbytheKennedy‐Sidingcaribouherd(Jones2007,2008,SeipandJones2011).UnliketheBorealCaribousituationwherealackoflocationsinRRAsmayreflectalackofsamplingratherthanalackofuse,radio‐collaredcaribouintheBurntPineCaribouHerdhavebeenmonitoredsince2002(Jones2007,2008,SeipandJones2011)andimportanthighuseareashavebeenidentified.
4.1 Performance Measures AlthoughbothmanagementplanssetagoaltoincreasetheBurntPineCaribouHerdtomorethan50animals,in2011,only5caribouwereseenduringapopulationsurvey(SeipandJones2011).Furthermore,duringthemostrecentsurveyinMarch2012,onlyonecaribouwasseen(D.Seip,pers.comm.).DuetotheapparentlackofcaribouintheBurntPineCaribouHerd,wefocusedperformancemeasuresfortheBurntPineRRAonlyonhabitat/rangecondition(Table11).WerecommendassessingrangeconditionswithintheRRAandalsospecificallywithintheMt.StephensonportionoftheRRAwherethemajorityofusebytheBurntPineCaribouHerdhasoccurred.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 48
Table11.PerformancemeasuresfortheBurntPineCaribouHerdRRA.PerformanceMeasure Target
%RRAwithin500mofindustrialactivities
Noincreasebetween2012and2015
UndisturbedpatchsizedistributionintheRRA
Noincreaseinsmallerpatchsizesordecreaseinlargerpatchsizesbetween2012and2015
Connectivitybetweenundisturbedpatches
Nodecreaseinconnectivity
%RRAintheMt.Stephensonareawithin500mofindustrialactivities
Noincreasebetween2012and2015
UndisturbedpatchsizedistributionintheMt.StephensonportionoftheRRA
Noincreaseinsmallerpatchsizesordecreaseinlargerpatchsizesbetween2012and2015
AlthoughthecurrentcontributionoftheRRAtothepopulationgoalfortheBurntPineCaribouHerdmaynotbepossibletoassessatthispointintime,thecontributionoftheRRAtothepopulationgoalfortheKennedy‐Sidingcaribouherdarepossibleandshouldbeconsidered.OnepotentialmechanismforrecoveringcaribouintheBurntPineareamaybetoprovideconditionsthatwillallowtheKennedy‐SidingherdtoincreaseandexpandintotheBurntPineCaribouRange(D.Seip,pers.comm.).Therefore,rangeconditionsinboththeKennedy‐SidingandBurntPinecaribouranges,andrangeusebyboththeKennedy‐SidingandBurntPinecariboupopulationsshouldbemonitored.OneportionoftheBurntPineRRAthatdoesnotcontaincaribouhabitatisthenorthwesternmostblockthatislocatedatlowelevationadjacenttoHighway97.ThatblockdoesnotappeartocontributeanycurrentvaluetoeithertheBurntPineorKennedy‐Sidingcaribouranges(DSeip,pers.comm.).
4.2 Monitoring Plan PerformancemeasuresforrangeconditionsidentifiedinTable11shouldbeassessedin2012andin2015.Inaddition,caribouthatusetheMt.StephensonareaandtherestoftheRRAshouldbemonitoredregardlessofwhichherdtheybelongto.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 49
SurveysoftheRRA(andnon‐RRAportionoftheMt.Stephensonarea)shouldbeconductedmonthlyfromDecembertoMarcheachyearandcariboufoundintheRRAshouldberadio‐collared.Inearlywinter,Kennedy‐Sidingcaribouuselowelevationpineforestsintheirrange(Jones2007)soanycaribouusingtheMt.StephensonareaatthattimearelikelytobeBurntPinecaribou.Aswinterprogresses,Kennedy‐Sidingcariboumovetohigherelevations(Jones2007)socariboupresentintheMt.StephensonareaduringlatewintercouldbeeitherKennedy‐SidingorBurntPinecaribou.
4.3 Future Conditions AsrecoveryoftheBurntPineCaribouHerdprogresses,performancemeasuresforpopulationconditionsimilartothoserecommendedforBorealCaribouRRAsshouldbeincluded.
WoodlandCaribouResourceReviewAreas–PerformanceMeasures 50
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